the new french - canadian bourgeoisie

113
Jorge Niosi
THE NEW
FRENCH - CANADIAN
BOURGEOISIE
This paper will examine
teristics
of contemporary
make a rapid overview
present
the findings
the conclusions
1.
ferior position
bourgeoisie.
ity, which
Bourgeoisie
and finally
and society,
have immediately
the place of the
or "bourgeoisie"
pointed
by this group in relation
is concomitant
population
offer
in the Literature
"businessman"
These authors
French-Canadian
own research
then
that follow from that research.
'entrepreneur,"
occupied
It will first
on the subject,
all the authors who have examined
economy
the main charac-
capitalism.
literature
of the author's
and predictions
French-Canadian
Canadian
French-Canadian
of existing
The French-Canadian
Almost
and seek to explain
as a whole
economic
in comparison
out the in-
to the anglophone
have then sought to explain
with the inferior
in the
this inferior-
status of the
to English-speaking
114
Canadians.
wardness"
They are not, in these analyses,
of Quebec vis-a-vis
a "backwardness"
industries,
evident
in the fact that per-capita
equal distribution
the province
whole,
the other provinces
in the traditional
10% lower than elsewhere,
etc.
Rather,
In other words,
French-Canadians
to the "back-
in Confederation--
nature
of major Quebec
income in Quebec
is always
they are talking
about the un-
of income and occupation
itself.
referring
by "ethnic"
group within
in Quebec as in Canada
hold the least qualified,
as a
least remunerative
positions.
Different
and cultural
authors
have proposed
explanations,
irreconcilable.
theory,
The new metropolis
financial
ties with England:
commerce,
transportation
vities of the country,
for a century
and have remained
knowledge
that there was no existing
preventing
Latin
largely
commercial
to maintain
and
a dominant
the very presence
it needed
of Britain
position.
as
Granted
who were francophone
of a new anglophone
It is unlikely
(cf. S<'guin) into agriculture:
very pro-
they had always been,
of a creole bourgeoisie
acti-
in the hands of the
of the laws and customs
simply left them where
the formation
America.
(1), undoubtedly
and a half, English-Canadian
such a class from taking shape.
that they were "driven back"
the Conquest
favoured
class of large entrepreneurs
at the time of the Conquest,
prevented
Seguin
complementary.
This group had all the advantages
well as of the English market)
bably,
and often
and finance have been the main economic
bourgeoisie.
contacts,
and sociologically
put forth by Maurice
offers part of the answer.
bourgeoisie
exclusive
political
Yet, it is not hard to see that some of these hypo-
The Conquest
(language,
of economic,
as if they were mutually
theses are, in fact, both historically
Anglo-Saxon
a variety
such as emerged
thereby
in
115
In the period
French-Canadian
controlled
clothing,
from 1760 to the end of the 19th century,
petty and middle
several
paper)
banks,
where
eliminated
industries
existed.
Linteau
(especially
urban,
shoes,
companies.
This theory, which
(2), seems adequately
Meanwhile,
settlers)
the
and service
the great majority
remained
tied to agriculsystem of produc-
small family agriculture)
concentrated
is that
to explain
banks and manufacturing
(the original
by the more dynamic,
It
in most of the sectors
As we know, under the capitalist
tion, agriculture
finance
and transportation
in the years 1900 to 1930.
tural activities.
(food, textile,
control
of French-Canadian
of French-Canadians
came into being.
took place in the first third of this
bourgeoisie
by Paul-Andre
disappearance
which
French-Canadian
a francophone
offered
some industries
and some commercial
But the wave of mergers
century
bourgeoisie
a
activities
is exploited
of commerce,
and industry.
From 1930 to 1940, the Depression
fields
they already
occupied
confined
capitalists
and few new companies
were founded.
War II then stimulated
economic
branches
It was at this time, for example,
of industry.
growth and the development
family of Sorel built up Marine
Steel Foundries
rare.
(3).
It is at this point
tural factors
developments
bourgeoisie.
the development
confined
itself
to a conservative
and Sorel
political
and cul-
1930 to 1960--
Until
1960, the
of a French-Canadian
It had not given itself the means
goal; it did not even have such a goal.
that the Simard
were still fairly
the long delay--from
of a new francophone
World
of new
Sorel Industries
that one must introduce
state did not promote
bourgeoisie.
such
in order to explain
in the creation
Quebec
However,
Industries,
to the
to accomplish
such a
The state under Duplessis
and clerical
nationalism.
had
The system
116
of higher
education
nuns, professionals
had limited
itself to the training
in the liberal arts and men of letters.
technology,
administration
The federal
state, like the provincial
ment according
American,
and economics
to criteria
European
of priests
were almost
of profitability,
and English-Canadian
Science,
totally
one, promoted
and
ignored.
industrial
develop-
and these criteria
favoured
enterprises.
Errol Bouchette
was the first to insist upon the role that the Quebec and Canadian
states should play in the promotion
The francophone
century
bourgeoisie
almost entirely
Boivin
Beique
(hydro-electricity),
Rolland
(paper), Brillant
etc.--all
whatever
reasons,
borders
kets.
(shoes), Barsalou
operated
of 1900-1930)
to Quebec.
ways),
rivals.
almost exclusively
in the Quebec market.
never spilled
at the turn of the century
Other hypotheses
of this situation
The familial
nature of French-Canadian
Norman Taylor),
(cf. Fernand
effects
feriority
economic
of economic
the conservative
Ouellet)
of socio-economic
itself is better
and political
explained
structures
maror
enterprise
its fragility.
enterprise
are, in this author's
of the situation
Canada-wide
seem to mistake
inferiority,
mentality
For
by English-Canadian
which have been put forward
consequences
(banks),
over the provincial
nature of French-Canadian
helps to explain
(rail-
(sawmills),
Beaudry
had no hope of dominating
The provincial
its ac-
Leduc
Desjardins,
~ost of them were fated to be absorbed
American
(4).
(retail commerce),
(finance, paper),
(electricity),
and they therefore
had limited
The big families--Senecal
(soap), Dupuis
Forget
their empires
industry
of the late 19th and early 20th
(wiped out by the mergers
tivities
of French-Canadian
for its cause.
(cf. Jacques Melan~on,
of francophone
opinion,
by the dependent
entrepreneurs
simply peripheral
inferiority
and the resulting
the
(5).
The in-
nature of the
educational
system.
117
Moreover,
the causes of this economic
inferiority
as a whole and of their bourgeoisie)
centuries
and today,
post-war
dynamism
of a new French-Canadian
now dependent
2.
The Contemporary
private
the ownership
ones do not pUblish
therefore,
does not include
kerage houses
wholly-owned
(like Levesque,
family
concerns
of $10 million
Beaubien,
of Montreal.
companies
graphical
information
came from the Financial
Martindale-Hubbell
Law Directory
dictionaries,
The Canadian
Inc.), or
or Sorel
have been taken
Post, as well as
Cooperatives
and entrepreneurs
of the Quebec
Supplementary
bro-
and
We have also drawn on the monthly
1950 by Commerce
Commissions.
Express
of Consumers,
companies
came from the Bulletins
since
Our list,
or Rene T. Leclerc
by The Financial
including
Information
and Ontario
published
Who's Who and Who's Who in Canada
since
Securities
of these
of Directors,
and from the major Canadian
Biographies
por-
on stock ownership
about the directors
Post Directory
which,
Data on
French-Canadian
assets and history
traits of French-Canadian
magazine
or more.
companies,
like J.B. Baillargeon
by the Quebec Ministry
companies
statements.
the most important
Surveys published
(6).
and society
Bourgeoisie
their financial
from the annual
Institutions
The
the development
an economy
for publically-owned
Data on company
Financial
seem to apply.
of all French-Canadian
Steel Foundries.
from Reports
over the
States.
French-Canadian
can only be gathered
varied
has permitted
within
at the end of 1975, had total assets
assets
no longer
capitalism
bourgeoisie
on the United
We studied
have probably
in large measure,
of Canadian
(of French-Canadians
the
bio-
Canadiennes-Francaises,
(7).
118
All this information
is summarized
in Appendix
I.
Sixteen of
these companies had total assets of more than $100 million at the end
of 1975:
the nine largest companies
in the Power Corporation
(see Graph no. 1, page 129), two development
poration and Allarco Developments),
of Canada, Bank Canadian National,
Montreal
City and District
Quebec commercial
of Ottawa.
companies
group
(Campeau Cor-
Bombardier Ltd., General Trust
the Provincial
Savings Bank.
Bank of Canada and
In August 1977, ProvigO, a
company, joined this list by absorbing M. Loeb Ltd.
These are the giants of the French-Canadian
French-Canadians
control only 11% of the 136 biggest companies
under Canadian control at the end of 1975.
are underrepresented
business world.
Francophones,
in the Canadian big bourgeoisie
therefore,
(8).
Except for the banks, almost all these companies have been
recently formed
Developments
(Bombardier in 1942, Campeau Corp., in 1953, Allarco
in 1954, Provigo in 1969) and are still in the hands of
their founder-owners.
by French-Canadians:
In some cases, control was recently acquired
Paul Desmarais,
for example, bought Power Corp.
from the Nesbitt and Thompson families in 1968.
Only General Trust,
founded in 1909, and the three banks named above, have not only been
in existence
for a long time, but French-Canadians
as well, right from
the start.
All these companies are active in more than one province:
are trans-Canadian
and, in some cases, transnational.
portant difference
from the large French-Ganadian
of the century, whose interests were restricted
they
This is an im-
companies
of the turn
almost entirely to
Quebec.
The non-Qu~becois
Louis Desmarais
element is also well represented:
(Power Corp.) and Robert Campeau
Paul and
(Campeau Corp.) are
119
Franco-Ontarians,
while Charles
Allard
~llarco
Developments)
is a
Franco-Albertan.
One may therefore
the development
conclude
that the post-war
of a French-Canadian
bourgeoisie
with trans-Canadian
bourgeoisie
is certainly
under Canadian
(not uniquely
and transnational
under-represented
control,
but it is dynamic
million
companies,
(see Appendix
the immediate
whose
I).
post-war
French-Canadian
period.
Alphonse
control.
T. Brodeur
and growing
public
Cassidy's
grocery
stores.
industrial
companies,
Bombardier
financial
including
a number
L'Unique,
La Solidarite,
of assurance
bourgeoisie
Logistec
One of the eleven
the war and
Perron,
.Te1e-
Inc.
Most of the
have been established
since 1940,
Union).
companies
Appendix
of the companies
of these companies
Paul Desmarais,
(e.g.,
II gives
the year
on our list.
did not belong
of the turn of the century.
tune in one generation.
and Vachon
United
by three large
companies,
Normick
and mutual-fund
Canadian
(9).
and went
Ltd., was formed during
institutions
and place of incorporation
The owners
families
after the war.
Simard-Beaudry
on
in 1953 by
Prefontaine
after the war--Quebecor,
Te1e-Metropo1e,
medium-sized
and Yui1e
Two of the three transportation
seven of the others,
Capita1e,
Ltd. was purchased
were founded
date from
companies
is the result of a 1969 merger
Corp. and La Verendrye,
to $100
1868) is under long-standing
in 1926 by Charles-E.
in 1961; Provigo
This
there are also some thirty
Of the four commercial
(established
big
quickly.
than half of them barely
from the Prentice
Auto Parts was founded
markets.
assets range from $10 million
More
our list, only Dupuis Freres
Queb~cois)
in the major companies
As well as these large enterprises,
medium-sized
period has seen
to the francophone
Most of them made
Charles
Allard,
their for-
Robert
Campeau,
120
Antoine
Turmel, Rene Provost,
Paul Tardif,
Gerard Parizeau,
Paul Gourdeau,
Fernand
Marc Carriere,
Jean-Louis
Paul and Benoit Vachon,
the Perron brothers,
Alphonse
biographer
or historian
of course,
including
Beaubien),
the Rolland
(part-owners
of 1940.
the Beaubien
family
of Melchers
family
Michel
T. Brodeur,
Doyon ••• these names would have meant nothing
Canadian
L~vesque,
Latraverse,
Pierre Peladeau,
to the French-
There are a few exceptions,
(of Beaubran
Corp. and Levesque,
(Rolland Paper) and the Marchand
Distilleries,
Jean-
which declared
family
bankruptcy
in
1977) •
It is difficult
of French-Ganadians
just as marked
to estimate
in medium-sized
more than one thousand
published
of the Ministry
companies
of Consumers,
is meant
Post and by Moody's,
companies)
the
in the Reports
and Financial
Institutions,
holds true, even if
(for example,
some brokerage
houses,
that do not publish
in French-Canadian
the capacity
or a majority
their
on that board.
group or family
shares in a given company.
by Jean-Marie
Chevalier
100% of the vote), majority
49%) and internal control
is very high.
Control
semi-absolute
therefore
the categories
control
(50% - 79%), minority
(0% - 4.9%).
of
that holds the largest bloc
This study adopts
(10):
control
companies
to elect the board of directors
of positions
lies with the individual,
defined
by studying
size listed in the
This marginality
and transportation
The almost marginal
statements.
By "control"
of voting
of comparable
companies
The degree of control
a company,
but it is certainly
can be confirmed
Cooperatives
sources.
one adds in the private
financial
enterprise
by The Financial
and in other public
and industrial
companies,
here as it is in the larger ones.
nature of French-Canadian
Annuals
the degree of under-representation
(80% -
control
(5%
121
The 46 compan~es
the degree of control
have been classified
company, unless
subsidiary
itself.
on our list have been classified
(see Iable I).
according
on the list
exercised
by the latter on its
is less than that exercised on the parent company
Jean-Louis
Fund, which in turn wholly
Inc.
final control.
the classic
L~vesque
is classified
This classification
company
has 35.9% control of F.I.C.
owns the industrial
This subsidiary
to
to the degree of control of the parent
the degree of control
For example,
Lambert
The subsidiaries
according
company
of Alfred
as being under minority
system is the one followed by all
studies done on the subject of control.
TABLE I
Degree of Control
No. of Companies
Internal
5 (10%)
Minority
8 (17%)
Majority
25 (52%)
Semi-absolute,
Private
and
9 (19%)
Unknown
1 (2%)
Total
48 (100%)
This Table would not change significantly
twenty or so private
statements,
Laurentian
companies
that do not publish
or the various mutual-assurance
the
their financial
companies
such as the
group.
The five companies
Canadian
if we took into account
chartered
banks,
under internal control
the Montreal
and the two major subsidiaries
Imnat and Canagex.
the Jean-Louis
group
City and District
of the Bank Canadian
The companies
Levesque
are the two French-
under minority
Savings Bank,
National,
namely
control are those of
(see Graph no. 5. page l32).two of the
122
Power Corporation
Douglas),
group
(Consolidated
and Provigo.
control and another
very concentrated
20% under semi-absolute
involved:
(A)
The conditions
It is also, however,
This
of the scale
a result of
and of the "outsider"
bourgeoisie
nature of
has developed
since the
of its growth have been as follows:
The growth of new sectors of economic
quire an industrial
velopment,
control.
capitalists.
Thus, a new French-Ganadian
war.
or private
they are all smaller than the firms studied
youth of the companies
the new francophone
are under majority
is largely a function
by the classic works on the subject.
the comparative
and its subsidiary,
More than half the companies
degree of control
of the companies
Bathurst
technology.
activity
that did not re-
One example here is real-estate
which was sparked by urbanization
and accompanying
de-
financial
speculation.
(B)
The post-war
companies
(C)
a chance
concentration
of retail commerce
to build huge corporations
From 1940 on, rising revenue
Canadians
in particular
Per-capita
small
in the distribution
field.
for Quebec in general and for French-
has swelled
the market
for local capitalists.
income in Quebec has gone from a mere $363 in 1926 to $655
in 1946 (an increase
of 80%) and to $4,504 in 1974 (an increase
almost 700% since 1946).
increasingly
surance,
gave several
solvent.
French-Canadians,
They have acquired
of
since the war, have been
new financial
and urban homes, and are fully integrated
services,
in-
into the market
economy.
(D)
Religious
logy adopted
Canadian
(E)
ideology has declined,
relatively
speaking,
and an ideo-
in its stead which is better suited to the contemporary
capitalist
society.
Since 1960, the Quebec state has been promoting
French-Ganadian
123
capitalists.
stitutions
The Quiet Revolution
whose purpose
Two important
the General
examples
is to help develop
Corporation
tion in the share-capital
panies,
take-over
which
have helped
supported
of Quebec.
of many Quebec
boards
and placed French-Canadians
Through
in-
bourgeoisie.
and Investment
francophone
in the capitalization
French-Canadian
a group of public
a francophone
are the Quebec Deposit
Investment
institutions
established
Fund, and
their participa-
enterprises,
these
of French-Canadian
of directors
on the boards
com-
under threat of
of enterprises
in
they hold shares.
The Quebec Deposit
the height
Lesage.
of the Quiet Revolution,
It administers
Insurance
Commission,
governmental
between
hospitals,
and the investment
kinds of bonds
assets).
Board,
organizations.
the supposed
of various
Its assets
(totalling
secrecy
It supports
French-Canadian
examples
and other French
the shares in circulation
in the retail-commerce
Sobey Stores--a
15% - 20%
in a variety
in Provigo,
companies.
of ways, as the
demonstrate.
At the end of August
with consolidated
are divided
of the Fund's
and Eng1ish-Canadian
capitalists
other
Hydro-Quebec,
it is known that it owns large blocs of shares
Logistec
of Jean
the Quebec Health
municipal,
companies
in 1965, at
government
portfolios
(provincial,
Despite
Bombardier,
following
by the Liberal
etc.) and shares in Canadian
of the Fund's
Fund was founded
the Quebec Pension
and para-governmental
various
holdings,
and Investment
1977, Provigo
Ltd. bought
of M. Loeb Ltd., an Ontario
field.
Provigo
assets approaching
thus became
$300 million.
almost
80% of
transnational
a commercial
Two weeks
group
later,
Nova Scotia group owned 54% by the Sobey family and
40% by the Westons,
of G. Weston
The shares of the Quebec company
Ltd.--managed
to buy 12.5% of Provigo.
had gone for $7 in May 1977, but were
124
bought
in September
by Sobey's at a price of $14 each.
The risk of a
take-over was very real, since the private French-Ganadian
trolling
Provigo
itself held no more than 18% of the shares.
the Quebec Deposit
and Investment
to sell to Sobey's.
fore protected,
saying,
group con-
Fund held 24.6% of Provigo,
The Turmel-Provost-Lamontagne
and on September
Fortunately
24 Le Devoir
and refused
control was there-
could run a headline
"Provigo will remain a Quebec company":
"Thanks to the support of various financial institutions,
the management of Provigo has been able to ensure that
company control will remain firmly in its own hands,"
yesterday stated the chairman of the board, M. Antoine
Turmel.
(Le Devoir, 24 September 1977, page 11).
The opposite
Desmarais
situation
had arisen
tried to seize control
which held Argus
in March-April
of the Argus Corporation.
shares as well, promptly
in order to support his take-over
The Fund,
sold those shares to Desmarais
bid (11).
In April 1976, Marcal Cazavan,
Director-General
clared that it had drawn up a list of francophoneswho
elected
1975, when Paul
to the boards of the major corporations
of the Fund, deought to be
in which
the Fund held
shares.
"The Quebec Deposit and Investment Fund intends to play
a more active role in the selection of the directors
of the companies in which it holds an interest" yesterday declared the Director-General
of the Fund to Le Devoir.
With a portfolio of more than $600 million in common shares,
the Fund can have some say in the choice of directors in
various major Canadian corporations •••
Recently M. Robert Despr~s of the University of Quebec was
named to the boards of the Campeau Corp. and Norcen Energy,
two companies in which the Fund has large interests.
(Le Devoir, 6 April 1976, page 16).
It is obvious
of directors
matically
that the mere election
of companies
enlarge
in which
of French-Canadians
the Fund holds shares will not auto-
the French-Ganadian
chosen representatives
to the boards
bourgeoisie.
of State interests
But it may initiate
into the secrets
of corporate
125
senior management
and perhaps,
at the same time, into the art of be-
coming a millionaire.
3.
Conglomerate
Organizing
In both Canada
ganization
form.
into entirely
distinct
(12).
third the mutual
phone newspaper
studied
funds of Canada
circulation
insurance
largest
trust company
company
(Laurentide
company
Paul Desmarais
like Canadian
albeit
Levesque
Pacific,
in one or two related
are today conglomerates
Argus Corporation,
conglomerate
note that through
(Investors
Group),
(Gesca Ltee),
Corp.),
the subsid-
the sixthfinance
paper company
(Dominion
Glass)
of this conglomerate.
groups have adopted
on a smaller
the fourth-
the third-largest
the fourth-largest
has 53% control
one-
the major Great
Lines),
glass producer
in
half the franco-
(Great West Life),
Trust),
the largest
The new French-Ganadian
Jean-Louis
groups
the Power Corporation
in Canada
Financial
of
of goods and services
(Canada Steamship
(Montreal
Bathurst),
structure,
or groups
in form from the start.
in Quebec
company
largest
•••etc.
are companies
from 1960 to 1973, Power Corp. now controls
transportation
(Consolidated
has adopted
active
We shall here merely
iaries it acquired
by the formation
fields of activity.
in 1945, was conglomerate
some detail
tional
formerly
and electricity),
We have elsewhere
Lakes
In Canada,
or-
bourgeoisie
whose production
Ltd. and Power Corp.,
reaching
founded
Conglomerates
activities.
(transportation
industrial
has been characterised
under one control,
spans non-related
fields
States, post-war
The new French-Canadian
this same management
Brascan
and the United
and reorganization
of conglomerates.
companies
in the New Groups
scale.
the same organiza-
The group controlled
(see Graph no. 5, page 132) includes
such major
by
126
enterprises
brokerage
as Levesque,
Beaubien
Inc., the largest French-Ganadian
house in stocks and bonds, and F.I.C. Fund, a holding
pany whose subsidiaries
on wholesale
a racetrack
manufacture
and retail hardware
(Windsor Raceway
shoes
business
Holdings).
Levesque
has controlled
Dupuis Freres
poration
Sherbrooke
(C. Durant
Jean-Louis
the largest known bloc of share capital
which in turn controls
(Alfred Lambert
in General
Trust.
Corporation
Ltd.), and run
also holds
Trust of Canada,
At one time or another,
conglomerate,
J.-L.
as well, including
the Trans Canada
Fund, which was bought by Paul Desmarais
into the Power Corp. group.
Inc.), carry
Levesque
a number of other companies
in 1949 and another
com-
Cor-
in 1963 and integrated
It was after the sale of the Trans Canada
Fund that Levesque
became
interested
in the companies
which
now form his new conglomerate.
The Savings and Investment
a much longer history.
Alphonse
Control
group
(see Graph no. 2, page 130), has
The parent company was founded
in 1928 by
Tardif under the name of the Savings and Investment
passed
to his son Jean-Paul
in 1953 with the formation
Corp.
in 1947 and diversification
of the St. Maurice
Insurance
began
Company.
In 1957, the group was joined by two newly-incorporated
companies,
Aeterna-Life
Mutual
Canada,
Ltd.
other mutual
gether,
and the Savings and Investment
Savings and Investment
Trust was created
funds in the group followed
they make up a family-controlled
1975 assets of $141 million.
page 131) consists
of insurance
and the managment
brokerage,
of reinsurance
in 1972 as the financial
conglomerate
in 1961; the
group
To-
with December
(see Graph no. 3,
which are active in the fields
reinsurance
companies.
link between
Fund of
in 1968, 1972 and 1975.
The Sodarcan
of a dozen companies
and reinsurance
Corporation
itself, consulting
Sodarcan
Ltd. was founded
all these companies.
The majority
12]
GRAPH NO, I
THE POWER CORPOAATION
GROUP
P. Desmarais
100%
Canada
57.9%
Steamship
Laurentide
Lines
cial Corp.
Investors
reat West Life
Insurance
SOURCES:
Montr.eal Trust
Consolidated
Dominion
Co.
Financial
Post Directory
F.P. Survey
Assets
Group
of the Group
of Directors,
of Industrials,
(December
1976.
1976.
1975) - $6,236 million.
Glass
Finan
128
GRAPH NO.2
THE SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT GROUP
Savings and Investment Group
St. Maurice Life
54.4%
98.8%
Assurance CO.
l'-----IIH+----71
<
Jean-Paul Tardif
Levis Tardif
Aeterna-Life
Assurance Co.
Savings and Investment
Savings and Investment
American Fund Ltd.
F---IHrIIllIf----,Corp.
- Mutual Fund of
Canada
Savings and Investment
Retirement Fund
Group Assets
SOURCES:
Investment
(end of 1975) = $141 million
Financial Post Directory of Directors, 1976.
Financial Post Survey of Funds, 1976.
Ministry of Consumers, Cooperatives and Financial
Institutions:
Annual Report of Assurance Services,
Quebec Official Publisher, 1976.
Financial Post Survey of Industrials, 1976.
(1) The Savings and Investment Trust administers both the Savings
and Investment Retirement Fund and the Savings and Investment Trust
Fund.
129
GRAPH NO.3
THE SODARCAN
GROUP
Gerard et Robert
Parizeau
Insurance
Brokers
Consulting
Companies
Reinsurance
Brokers
Reinsurance
Co.
+
Managment Co.
For Reinsurance
Companies
I
I"N-a-t-i-o-na-l-R-e-i-n-s-u-r-a-n-c-e'
G. Parizeau
Ltee
Le Blanc, Eldridge Parizeau
J.E. Poitras
Inc.
Canadian Reinsurance Broker
Canadian
Reinsurance
ntermediaries
of America
(USA)
National-MGFVIE
Management Cor'p]
Group assets
SOURCE:
(November
La Presse,
50%
Hebert, Le
HouiHier
et
Ass.
Company
of Canada
Co.
--'
1975) = $45 million
11 November
1975.
GRAPH NO.4
THE YORK LAMBTON
CORP. GROUP
M. Latraverse
J.R. Findley and Assoc.
BFG Industries
\0.-.--Gasex Lt~e
Group Assets
SOURCE:
(November
F.P. Directory
_
1
1975) = $124 million
of Directors,
1976; F.P. Survey of Industrials,
1976.
130
GRAPH NO.5
THE JEAN-LOUIS
LEVESQUE
GROUP
J.-L. LEVESQUE
35.9%
Levesque,
Beaubien
Fondation
L~ves ue
1.6%
J-L
0.9%
C. Durand
I
Ltd.
W~ndsor Racewa1
Holdings
Group Assets
SOURCES:
(exc1. L~vesque
Beaubien
Inc), (December
1975)
$150 million
F.P. Survey of Industrials, 1976,
Bulletin, Ontario Securities Commission,
Bulletin, Quebec Securities Commission.
GRAPH NO.6
LE MOUVEMENT
DESJARDINS/DESJARDINS
MOVEMENT
I
I Federation
de Quebec des Caisses Popu1aires
Desjardins
("Quebec Federation of Desjardins Credit Unions")
,nn'l: .--::---:=------,,.------,
I La Sauvegarde
l
Societe d'Assurance des
Caisses Popu1aires
~ r
("Caisses Pop. Ins. Co. ")1
t
Le Securite
insurance
r general
Desj ardins Mutual
Co.
r Assurance
1
co.
Life
100%
1
life insurance
r
Association
~----------+-----~~~IDesjardins
r ("Des.
I
Cooperative
Cooperative
---
l
lsocieted 'Investissements I
83% I Vachon Inc.
Desj ardins
::--=Jj-----------t------=;;..:..""i.-.:.-==::.-==~----------J
"Desjardins Investment Co;")
23%
Provincial Bankl
of Canada
J
[
Group assets
SOURCES:
(end 1975)
Annual Reports
=
$8,971 million
of the member
companies
I
.!
1
r
1
I
Assn. ")
%
.=1~0~0"'--1
Quebec Trust
+-
l-
co.
of this group.
I
131
GRAPH NO.7
THE CASSIDY
I
GROUP
A.T. Brodeur
and sons
100%
CONTINENTAL
I
MANUFACTURERS
Montreal
LTD.
75%
175%
GAYLORD REGETHERMIC CANADA LTD.
Montreal & Toronto
LORLEA
I
M.K.E.
61%
INDUSTRIES
Montreal
1100%
GH Kitchen
Equipment
Inc.
Montreal
INC.
hOO%
Robinson &
Webber Ltd.
Manitoba
CASSIDY LTD.
Montreal
100%
ImbrexCassidy
Ltd. New
Brunswick
1100%
Packer
Floor Coverings Ltd
Montreal
1100%
Arbutus
Food Equif
ment Ltd.
B.C.
1100%
Cody's Food
Equip. Ltd.
N.B.
SOURCE:
STEELS LIMITED
Toronto
Cotmllercemagazine.
July 1977. p , 30.
I
40%
100%
Buscome
Food Equif
ment Ltd.
B.C.
I
60%
A.B.C. Cassidy
Co. VancouverCalgary-Edmtn.
1100%
Terminal
Sheet
Metal Wks
Ltd. B.C.
132
of Sodarcan
shares are held by G~rard and Robert
and brother
respectively
the Parti Qu~b~cois
founded
government.
or purchased
the National
of Jacques
Reinsurance
in 1975 totalled
Company
$29 million)
Par izeau , Minister
The companies
after the war.
Par izeau , the father
The most important
of Canada
was bought
America
it works through
(reinsurance
Canadian
brokers);
Reinsurance
of them all,
(whose year-end
assets
in 1965 from La Nationale
group is very active both in Canada
In the U.S.A.,
subsidiary.
The
and in the United
its subsidiary,
Intermediaries
it also own an Ontario
Brokers Ltd., which it bought
States.
of
subsidiary,
in 1972.
The total
assets of this group at the end of 1975 were about $45 million
Finally,
Latraverse
Corp.
and Associates
Beaudry
a holding
4.
Corp.),
purchased
company,
products
glass panels
(Superseal
by Michel
d'Expansion
in construction
(BEG Industries
(13).
the Wellington
the Corporation
company with subsidiaries
Inc.), electrical
(GM Plastic
group, which is controlled
through a private
In May 1975, York Lambton
Financi~re,
ducts
the York Lambton
for
in this group were
de Paris and had until that time been its Canadian
Sodarcan
of Finance
(Simard-
Ltd.), plastics
Corp.) and petroleum
pro-
(Gasex Ltd.).
Lawyers:
the Organic
Our sources
have permitted
chaff by distinguishing
companies
Intellectuals
us to separate
the true holders
from the non-ownership
advisers
the wheat from the
of control
in French-Canadian
and consultants
who sit on
their boards.
Members
of legal firms and independent
men settle a multitude
Nevertheless,
of questions
these lawyers,
lawyers do help business-
which have legal implications.
like management
or investment
consultants
133
or actuarial
advisers,
are not to be confused
with the bourgeoisie
itself.
Appendix
III lists the lawyers who sit as outside
on the FrendrCanadian
these companies
companies
companies
here under consideration.
use the services
and the average
for the companies
Those companies
using the services
from
firms.
board of General
and the fifth,
Lawyers
taking General
of December
Sirois,
M. Daniel Doheny,
216.
were worth between
lay with Jean-Louis
common
5,375 and 100 shares.
tinental
Bherer,
Paul Desmarais,
shares at 6% (each worth
shares at 5% (each worth
Cassidy's
1,166 and
Trust that year
meetings
Manufacturers,
or indirectly,
94,441
The four counsels
Pierre Genest,
respectively,
by contrast,
ten votes)
Control
on
Claude
2,500, 100,
holds
1,353,035
and 1,585,058
preferred
one vote), which give him 53% of the votes
of the corporation.
Ltd. is 61.1% controlled
The counsel
Again
shares, M. Lavery
Pich~,
shares of General
and the Hen. John P. Robarts--hold
in the shareholders'
they advise.
1,023, M. Marcel
who held, directly
Wilbrod
on the
practice.
$17.50 and $22.00 on the Stock Exchange.
Levesque
them
and using the final declarations
shares at a value of roughly $2 million.
preferred
per board.
legal firms
has an independent
holds only 1,153 common
The common
the Power Corp. board--Mes.
Pratte
to four different
in the companies
3.533, M. Isidore Pollack,
on the board,
four of the five lawyers
the Hon. Edouard Asselin,
1975, M. Asselin
director
of more than one lawyer choose
Trust of Canada belong
Trust as an example
Only 17
on our list is 1.4 lawyers
For example,
hold few shares
Most of
of at least one lawyer.
(or 36%) have no lawyer as an outside
different
directors
by the Brodeur
which holds 458,497
for this company,
F.C. Cope
As a final example,
family through
of Cassidy's
(of the Montreal
Con-
common shares.
law firm of
134
Ogilvy,
Cope, Porteous,
Montgomery,
owns only 480 common shares
In a few instances,
partly
own, a company
Herv~ Baribeau
to legal firms and own, or
D~lisle
Canadian
holds
M.
each own the same number of shares as
the three men control
the company.
This is,
list.
on boards
of directors
concerned:
directors
anything
meetings
advise.
to classify
They are merely
linked to the dominant
of the board and receive
Given the number of shares they own, their
on the board and their remuneration,
the term "capitalist"
it would be an abuse of
them as part of the group which
the non-ownership
intellectuals,
companies
use the services
law firms, but this is far from being an absolute
notably
anglophone
firms--for
sized companies
organically
of francophone
rule.
The largest
those of the Power Corp. group, use lawyers
example,
Clarke and Kirkpatrick
of Toronto.
they
class.
Most French-Canadian
companies,
positions
from $2,000 to $8,000 per year, depending
on the size of the company.
position
rarely hold management
nine times out of ten, they are simply
who come to monthly
for their services
well.
of
and only a few similar cases are to be found on the English-
in the companies
Berlis
and LaRue,
(or, 25% of the vote) of Tele Capitale.
and J.A. Pouliot
Lawyers
Renault,
a member
the single example of this kind on our list of French-Canadian
companies,
outside
(14).
lawyers belong
Stein, Marseille,
M. Pratte and, together,
however,
Clarke and Kirkpatrick)
as well. Claude Pratte, for example,
the firm of Letourneau,
73,864 Class B shares
Renault,
Anglophone
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous,
of Montreal,
and Aird,
from
Montgomery,
Zimmerman
and
laws firms are called upon by medium-
(Beaubran Corp., Cassidy's
Ltd., Rolland
Paper) as
135
The corporate
or economic
John Porter and Wallace
member
Clement
in Canada,
of a board of directors.
these theories
the exclusive
(15).
property
of radical
Industry
and Commerce
Shortly before
sociologists,
for the former liberal
defeat of his party
the francophone
corporate
are not
Minister
of
in Quebec.
(and himself),
that every company
of
for this
government
should place at least two French-Canadians
to enlarge
to every
that such theories
Canadian
Club of Montreal
those of
made a critique
by such as M. Guy St.Pierre,
the electoral
told the Canadian
including
give equal weight
We have already
It is worth noting
point Qf view is expressed
Quebec
elite theories,
he
operating
in
on its board
in order
elite.
"About twenty francophones belong to the directorship
elite and sit on the boards of the biggest and most
prestigious companies, in accordance with the muchcriticized principal of musical chairs."
(Le Devoir, 6 April 1976, page 17).
And, acting
on his own convictions,
the position
trolled
of Chairman
francophone
that of Ogilvy,
of Montreal,
the case for the second-largest
Beaulieu,
McKell
which
T~treault,
with 42 lawyers.
associates,
are exclusively
Lesage,
is con-
and
This is the case for the largest
Cope, Porteous.
Montgomery,
which has 76 lawyers.
in the province,
and Clermont,
again for the third-largest:
firm of Amyot,
for Ogilvy Mills,
1977 accepted
(16).
and associates.
and Kirkpatrick
Allison,
in October
legal firms in Quebec have both. anglophone
partners
firm in all Canada,
Clarke
of the Board
by Brascan Ltd. of Toronto
The largest
M. St.Pierre
Weldon,
It is equally
Martineau,
Walker,
which has 44 members.
Courtois,
Clarkson,
Renault,
And
Parsons
Other firms, with many fewer partners
French-Canadian.
de Grandpr~,
Colas,
Thus,
Bernard
for example,
and Drolet
and
and
the
of Quebec,
136
with
23 lawyers;
Montreal,
or Desjardins,
companies
and most prestigious
among their clients,
businesses.
controlled
Their principal
by interests
the two principal
and Valli~res
Monast--sat
(a subsidiary
(American);
partners
from allover
partners
on the boards
of
St. Laurent
of the following
LAC Ltd.
Rothmans
Lafarge,
of Pall Mall
gives some information
are associated.
on the major
and Andre
Noranda Mines
National
family);
IBM Canada
(South African).
Walters
among others:
Stores,
(The Bronfman
in 1975
Monast,
(now deceased)
Bank Canadian
France);
of companies
For example,
companies,
Dominion
Life (English-Canadian);
of Ciments
sit on the boards
the world.
foreign
and English-Ganadian
in the firm of St. Laurent,
Bank of Commerce,
(French-Canadian);
lawyers
and Bourque
legal firms number
as well as French-
of Quebec--Renault
Imperial
Confederation
Life
Desjardins
with 28 members.
The largest
Canadian
Ducharme,
the
and
and Imperial
Canada
Cement
and Home Oil
Table No.2,
below
firms with which French-Ganadian
137
Table No.2
Major
French-eanad;i.an Law Fums
Amyot, Lesage, deGrandpr~,
Colas, Bernard & Drolet
(Que)
Barnard, Fournier, Savoie,
Demers, Caron, Tanguay et
Dupr~ (Sherbrooke)
Bherer, Bernier,
Dionne, Houle
Casgrain
22
1
23
8
1
9
Emery
Ducharme,
(Mtl)
14
5
& Stewart
19
20
(Mtl)
DeGrandpre, Colas, Amyot,
Lesage, Deschenes & Godin
Desjardins,
& Bourque
Counsels
C8te, Ouellet,
& Morin
(Que)
Blain, Piche, Godbout,
& Blain (Mtl)
Byers,
No. of
Associates
No. of
partners
Law Firm
(Mtl)__
20
26
1
27
2
28
1
20
Desjardins
11
Flynn, Rivard, Cimon,
& LeMay (Que)
15
Leaaar d
19
Gagnon, deBilly, Cantin, Dionne,
Martin, Beaudoin & Lesage (Que)
14
14
Guy, Vaillancourt,
Bertrand,
Bourgeois & Laurent (Mtl)
11
11
Letourneau,
Stein, Marseille,
Delisle & LaRue (Que)
16
16
Martineau, Walker, Allison,
Beaulieu, Mackell &
Clermont (Mtl)
_
25
16
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke,
& Kirkpatrick
(Mtl)
72
3
44
4
76
Riel, Vermette, Ryan, Dunton
& Ciaccia
(Mtl)
St-Laurent,
Vallieres
Monast,
(Que)
Walkers
&
7
Weldon, Courtois, Clarkson,
Parsons & Tetreault (Mtl)
SOURCE:
Note:
Martindale-Hubbell
39
7
3
Law D;i.rectory, 1976
Some firms do not list partners
separately
from associates.
42
138
5.
The Unified
Petty Bourgeoisie:
The Quebec Cooperative
a financial
December
l
jardins
and commercial
movement
giant.
1975, the Federation
dominates
the Quebec Cooperative
With assets of $5.2 billion
du Quebec des Caisses
trust, management
iaries had assets of $717 million,
Bank of Canada
or the $27 million
December
of becoming
of Vachon
(23% controlled
Desjardins
subsid-
the $3,059 million
by the Federation)
Inc. (83% controlled).
1975, the Mouvement
Des-
At the
and investment
not counting
in
Populaires
the savings and credit field in Quebec.
end of 1975, its insurance,
of the Provincial
is in the process
Movement
All told, in
and its subsidiaries
had net
total assets of some $9 billion.
Other parts of the Quebec coOperative
behind.
This group includes,
du QU~bec2
Coop~rative
Caisses
(with $116 million
Agricole
d'Economie
for example,
de Quebec
are left far
the Cooperative
Feder~e
in assets at the end of 1975); the
de Granby3
4
movement
($67 million);
($28 million);
the F~deration
des
and the Pecheurs Unis
du Quebec. 5
Founded
populaires)
in 1900 by Alphonse
movement
Desjardins,
got off to a slow beginning.
113 credit unions with 32,000 members
the 1920s, regional
Trois Rivieres,
came together
the credit union
groupings
Montreal,
to form the Federation
In 1920, it numbered
and assets of $6.3 million.
(unions regionales)
and Gaspe.
(caisses
During
were formed in Quebec,
In 1938, those regional
de Quebec des Caisses
"Quebec Federation of Desjardins Credit Unions"
"Federated Cooperative of Quebec"
"Agricultural Cooperative of Granby"
"Federation of SaVings Unions of Quebec"
"United Fishermen of Quebec"
English equivalents of titles for which no official
trans1. note.
groupings
Populaires
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
English
exists:
139
Desjardins.
In 1945, a dozen of the Montreal
from the F~d~ration
Montr~al
de Qu~bec
Desjardins
ganized
has become
something
(as a mutual)
Assurance
life-assurance
founded
Mutual
Quebec Trust, a registered
separate
mutual
Ducharme
family the majority
a life insurance
funds.
Desjardins
Life Assurance
Co.
a
created
In 1962, it
trust fund, which administers
Still in 1962, the Mouvement
company.
1901 and controlled
the Soci~t~ d'
In 1948, SACP became
That same year, Mouvement
the Desjardins
In 1943, it or-
company,
(SACP)2.
de
years the Mouv~ent
of a conglomerate.
Populaires
mutual.
another mutual,
In the post-war
its first insurance
des Caisses
split off
in order to form the F~deration
DeSjardins.l
des Caisses
credit unions
of the share capital
The Ducharmes
bought
from the
of La Sauvegarde,
had founded
it until the 1962 sale.
six
this company
Two members
of the Du-
charme family still sit on the board of directors
of La Sauvegarde,
which
Desjardins.
is now entirely
controlled
1963, La S~curite,
Compagnie
bought
financiers.
from French
4
Cooperative
company
Desjardins
by the Mouvement
d'Assurance
In 1963 as well,
La Sauvegarde,
is under the majority
de QU~bec.5
du canada3,
La S~curit~
control
subsidiaries
of the Unions R~gionales
in 1971 - haVing as its purpose medium
was
In turn, ACD
de la Federation
Desjardins6
and long-term
trust
of the Mouvement,
and Quebec Trust.
The Societ~ d'Investissements
In
the Association
(ACD) was set up as a non-prof it-making
to hold the shares of several
including
G~nerales
in
(CID) was created
credit and invest-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
''Montreal Federafion of Desjardins Credit Unions"
"The Credit Union Insurance Company"
"Security General Assurance Company 'of Canada"
"Desjardins Cooperative Association"
"Regional Unions of the Quebec Federation"
English equivalents of titles for which no official
trans1. note.
English
exists:
140
ment in both new and existing
SID is a registered
commercial
fund company,
de Quebec.
Desjardins
the major shareholder
Canada,
the sixth-largest
In 1970, the Mouvement
supplies
As well,
charter
bought
controlled
in the 1960s, the Mouvement
in the Provincial
bank in Canada
83% of Vachon
Bank of
in terms of assets.
Inc., the company which
55% of the Quebec cake market.
The management
of the Mouvement
cratic right from the start.
the shareholders
vote.
companies.
with its share-capital
by the Federation
became
and industrial
The members
by French-Canadian
of a particular
sit on the boards
each shareholder
has effectively
capitalists.
set out to be demo-
of the credit unions
and in the annual meetings,
This type of structure
and development
Desjardins
prevented
It has also favoured
group of people,
of the Fed'ration
de Quebec,
are
has one
take-over
bids
the emergence
the shareholders
the regional
who
unions
and the subsidiaries.
This group is drawn from the ranks of lawyers,
notaries,
doctors,
accountants,
local entrepreneurs,
the directors
engineers
of the credit unions
Desjardins
owners
in order to finance a political
would be an error to confuse
the Mouvement
geoisie
economic
Desjardins
of the private
the most prosperous
regions
of the province.
for their personal
party of their choice.
with the French-Canadian
nor the political
the large and medium-sized
members
However,
benefit,
Therefore,
big or medium
of the bourgeoisie
non-cooperative
come
nor
it
which administers
This petty bourgeoisie
weight
of
and they may not dis-
the petty bourgeoisie
sector.
small
The great majority
of the Mouvement
pose of the assets of its institutions
actuaries,
and its subsidiaries
They represent
in the different
they are not the private
pharmacists,
and the like.
of the Mouvement
from the petty bourgeoisie.
dentists,
companies.
bour-
has neither
which controls
the
141
There is, in some of the Mouvement's
type of director
from the one just described.
family sit on the board of Vachon
shares.
Some French-Canadian
vincial
Bank of Canada,
(Ur'geL, Bourgie
subsidiaries,
Two members
capitalists
sit on the board of the Pro-
Antoine
Inc.) and P. H. Plamondon
Turmel
with the Desjardins
subsidiaries
Canada.
accountants
who also advise
Two examples
Desrochers
Edmonton,
De Billy is a partner
Beaudoin
and Lesage
Dominion
Bank.
vincial
Accountant
Dallaire,
Gagnon
the French-Canadian
jardins
Belanger
of the Federation
the control
and Jacques
Desrochers
and Associates.
de Billy.
of
Dionne,Martin,
is on the board of the Pro-
as well.
plus its lawyers,
firm of
Nonetheless,
accountants
and
on the boards of Mouvement
and they are not represented
The Mouvement
of the French-Canadian
accountant
He sits on the board of
and other companies
de Quebec.
in
of the Bank of Montreal.
of the Quebec chartered
form a very small minority
subsidiaries
companies
and sits on the board of the Toronto
Marcel
bourgeoisie
there are a
private
in the firm of De Billy, Cantin,
John Labatt Ltd., Provigo
actuaries
some of the biggest
of Quebec,
of
on the boards of Mouvement
in the law firm of McCraig,
Bank and a member
B~langer,
and actuaries
and one of the directors
Two members
As well,
are lawyers Louis Desrochers
is a partner
Alberta
group.
The Ducharmes
their former family com-
on the board of La S~curite.
number of lawyers,
(Provigo), Marc Bourgie
(La Solidarit.f).
the family sit on the board of La Sauvegarde,
pany and another
of the Vachon
Inc., and hold 17% of the company's
including
have also become directors
a different
Des-
at all on the board
Desjardins
petty bourgeoisie,
remains
whose
under
interests
it promotes.
The same conclusion
of the Quehec
cooperative
follows
movement.
from an analysis
The Cooperative
of the other parts
Federee
de Quebec
142
was founded
in 1922 through
By 1972, it had 52,000 members and a turnover of $255
cooperatives.
million.
whose
the union of three Quebec agricultural
The Coop~rative
F~d~r~e
is a rapidly-growing
sales are in the areas of farm supplies
(23%) and the dairy business
(35%).
farms and poultry
in Quebec,
Poultry
businesses
in May 1975.
the membership
"one person,
it issues.
one vote."
level of its owners,
employees,
conditions,
follows
the standard
CNTUI publication
This democracy,
has pointed
Fed~ree
is directed
almost
dairy products;
warehouse.
of the business
production
a dozen industrial
Confederation
of the Cooperative.
sectors
Federee,
of National
Salaries,
of businesses •••all this
profit-seeking.
As a
procedures,
(17).
Its control
founded
and manufacture
the
The Cooperative
lies with the
in 1938, specializes
of milk and related
of farm machinery,
tools and raw
whose 1975 sales were $52 million.
factories,
the Quebec milk market
in related
Like the Cooperative
1.
to the
de Granby,
it is also a supplier
It dominates
is,
of Quebec.
It owns 70% of Qu~bec-Lait,
It also operates
meetings
it does not extend
institution
by farmers.
of
plus the common and pre-
out, in its management
Agricole
in the commercialization,
consists
at the
of capitalist
petty bourgeoisie
The Coop~rative
capital
Quebec
remains
and closing
is a capitalist
entirely
for example,
of course,
the member-farmers;
criteria
many dairies,
The rule in shareholders'
the opening
Cooperative
materials.
F~deree's
who have no say in the decisions
working
agricultural
including,
shares bought by its members
ferred shares which
(42%), the meat business
It has acquired
The Coop~rative
conglomerate
five dairies
and has a growing
such as powdered
it is administered
and a grain
milk and butter.
by farmers
Trade Unions--transl.
share
note.
and, again
143
like the cooperative
the agricultural
F~deree,
it promotes
Caisses
de Montreal
d'Economie
accounts
institutions
in Quebec--such
des Caisses Desjardins,
de Quebec,
the P~cheurs
for half the fish business
etc.--may
the F~d~iation
in Quebec),
forestry
that unite the Quebec petty bourgeoisie
as a class by the process
commercial
concentration.
and financial
The French-Canadian
The political
Bourgeoisie
weight
des
(which
cooperatives,
but they too are or-
posed to their existence
6.
of
as the
Unis du Quebec
have fewer means at their disposal,
ganizations
interests
petty bourgeoisie.
The other cooperative
F~deration
the economic
against
the threat
of industrial,
and Politics
of the francophone
bourgeoisie
is limited
by the fact that it is a small group, with a weak base of accumulation
(the Quebec market)
a short history.
Liberal
and, as far as the big capitalist
As a group,
or Progressive
simple:
these people are federalist,
Conservative.
as soon as French-Canadian
of production,
whole.
companies
controls
a factory
Windsor
1977, Provigo bought an Ontario
35% of the Ontario
in Scarborough,
Raceway
Holdings,
group is trans-Canadian
snowmobiles
Allarco
Ontario.
market
subsidiary,
Rolland
level
as a
M. Loeb
field.
Paper owns
F.I.C. Fund has a sUbsidiary,
in Ontario.
Every member
of the Power Corp.
Bombardier
allover
the country.
in Ottawa,
does business
Developments
a certain
retail commerce
cake market.
in its operations.
and trailers
with its headquarters
as well.
reached
they begin to think about the Canadian
In August
whether
The reason for this is very
Ltd., and so became a giant in the Canadian
Vachon
are concerned,
Campeau
Ltd. sells its
Corporation,
in Quebec and Alberta
is balled in E<iIIIonton.Alberta.
Cassidy's
144
Ltd. has offices
in Cochrane,
geoisie
in several provinces.
Ontario.
is concerned,
principal
market,
its position
the separation
on the Canadian
bourgeoisie
the Liberal
The Liberal
Distilleries)
Liberal
senator,
exists between
The Progressive
Moreover,
by Power Corp.
(Paul
(part-owner
has regularly
and the Liberal
that
Party.
Party has always been less recepIn the past, it has fav-
which Quebec has never accepted.
some francophone
supplied
Conservatives.
senators,
One
family
(Beaubran
this family of
provincial
ministers
and
governments.
bourgeoisie
as well.
Guy Joron in the PQ Cabinet
giance of the francophone
shuns the New Democratic
and, with only a few exceptions,
The presence
heralds
bourgeoisie.
editors, writers,
of Jacques
Parizeau
The Parti Qu~b~cois
professors,
and
alle-
is and
in the use of language:
artists,
Party,
avoids
no change in the political
to be a party led by experts
lawyere,
of Melchers
of the closeness
For four generations,
with its labour orientation
the Parti Qu~b~cois
and federal
Party has never had a French-Canadian
The French-Canadian
naliste,
bourgeoisie
federalism
Beaubien).
funds to Conservative
continues
It's
example of this rare breed is the Beaubien
Corp.; L~vesque,
businessmen
Liberal.
ties of the Simard family to the
point of view.
There are, of course,
noteworthy
chains operated
Conservative
the Conservative
leader.
is overwhelmingly
are only two examples
tive to the French-Canadian
oured a centralizing
scene.
Paul Desruisseaux
the francophone
its
and weaken
Party at both the provincial
and the traditional
Party in Quebec,
bour-
truncate
its companies
and international
no secret that the large newspaper
level.
of Quebec would
force it to reorganize
support
Perron has a factory
In sum, as far as the French-Ganadian
The French-Canadian
Desparais)
Normick
jour-
teachers,
145
notaries.
The preoccupations
of either the bourgeoisie
occupations
therefore
see in the assimilation
and negates
in part the already
the anglophone
bourgeoisie
classic
leaves for the French-Canadian
role of a petty bourgeoisie.
divides
ting into two distinct
is still represented
have underestimated
phone bourgeoisie,
by the Liberal
they contend,
of managers
and its potential
that the Parti Qu~becois
bourgeoisie
teachers
appeal
represents
and civil servants.
to the most backward
franco-
With French-Canadian
it is reasonable
than just a "petty bourgeoisie"
sector.
Also, it would appear
of the traditional
as well as the majority
The p~quiste
elements
and Frenette
of the big and medium
a segment
of the liberal professions,
civil ser-
that Bourque
of giant companies,
private
split-
sector faction which
for growth.
to claim that these groups< are far more
the Quebec and Canadian
Party from 1960
of state companies,
both the importance
a number
and re-
Party and the other a techno-
It seems to us, however,
groups now controlling
One is tradi-
is now progressively
one a private
by the Quebec Liberal
vants and the like.
They claim that
from 1936 to 1960; the other is modern,
sub-groups,
consisting
by
entrepreneur
the liberal professions)
and represented
This latter group,
Bourque
exercised
into two major sections.
by the Union Nationale
urban and industrial,
in part
made by Gilles
bourgeoisie
(farming, petty commerc~and
within
analysis
supports
They hold that the domination
this petty bourgeoisie
faction,
of symbols and who
(18).
only the subordinate
to 1967.
they are the pre-
of the Quebec nation a direct attack
of the francophone
and Nicole Frenette
presented
workers;
are not those
and their ideologies.
Our analysis
cratic
or of salaried
government
of people who live by the manipulation
on their interests
tional
of the pequiste
program,
of agriCulture
however,
petty
of
can only
and local industry,
146
i.e., to those who need protection
agree with Bourque
whether
federal
and Frenette
or provincial,
for the interests
from Canadian
competition.
is saying that the Liberal
appears
We do
Party,
to be the most likely channel
of the new francophone
bourgeoisie.
Conclusion
Ever since World War II, a new francophone
developing,
primarily
(though not exclusively)
be found in the field of financial
funds),
in commerce,
traditional
sectors
which has pioneered
services
transportation
of industry
a new industrial
role and where technical
in Quebec.
(insurance,
and real estate,
(Bombardier
had access to those sectors where
bourgeoisie
It is to
trusts, mutual
and in several
Ltd. being an exception
field).
technology
developments,
has been
In other words,
it has
does not play a major
therefore,
do not bar the way
to new competitors.
The growth
of this bourgeoisie
ment of new sectors,
by the anglophone
of sectors
by absorbing
advantage
bourgeoisie.
gave various
their rivals.
of constantly
rapid rise in personal
their subsequent
housing
and commerce).
by the creation
As well, the belated
on the develop-
small entrepreneurs
demand,
income of French-Canadians
to them (financial
Finally,
of a provincial
tions both able and anKious
could also take
which was generated
into markets
which until then
insurance,
capitalism
Quebec state, equipped
to stimulate
by the
since the war and
services,
francophone
al-
the chance to grow
Local small capitalists
growing
centralization
where a local petty bourgeoisie
entry as consumers
has been inaccessible
partly
such as real estate, which are not controlled
like retail commerce,
ready existed,
depends
urban
was boosted
with institu-
the growth of a French-
147
Canadian
bourgeoisie.
Liberal
That was the political
project
of the Quebec
Party and of the Quiet Revolution.
This new bourgeoisie
has trans-Canadian
its funds and sells its products
to the independence
of Quebec.
from sea to sea.
of this rising bourgeoisie:
the interests
of the liberal professions
and of civil servants,
in short, the employees
of Quebec and the nationalization
nessman
who dreams
donations--differentiates
parties
capacity,
The electoral
succeeds,
finance,
individual
and rich individuals,
and
not open to any
in the dynamic
bourgeoisie,
to do its expanding
bourgeoisie
sectors
research
of in-
and development
like the cooperative
in the traditional
demonstrated--it
the control
of already-existing
degree
of technical
capitalist
transportation,
complexity.
bourgeoisie
move-
sectors.
has already
the new francophone
the lines of the anglophone
commerce,
market.
and, apparently,
to compete
panies which have a certain
approach
the busi-
(19).
Paul Desmarais
from the anglophone
based on the separation
fund of the PQ is essentially
of the lack of a technological
ment, will be forced
editors--
that depend
of the PQ--limited
it from companies
the French-Canadian
Occasionally--as
methods
whatsoever
Since it is unable
dustry because
of services
the Canadian
in composition
large contribution
writers,
es-
as well, part of whose funds come from popular
groups and trade unions.
petty bourgeoisie
and notaries,
artists,
project
represents
of symbols cannot attract
of conquering
Even the very financing
from workers'
(lawyers
teachers,
A political
cannot represent
the PQ primarily
and petty producers
on the use of language.
It invests
Thus, it is opposed
The Parti QU~b~cois
the interests
pecially)
interests.
will seize
com-
If this
will develop
along
class and in the same sectors:
service,
real estate development.
148
If, however,
the province of Quebec forms an autonomous
the control of its petty bourgeoisie,
then the new franco phone bour-
geoisie will try to seize that state with the weapons
possesses--almost
of those parties,
Our analysis
parties,
participation
etc.
(cf. Marcel Rioux).
It refutes also the ana-
lyses of those who see in the new French-Canadian
bryonic "national"
bourgeoisie.
class.
are trans-Canadian.
bourgeoisie
In reality, this francophone
geoisie is nothing other than the French-Candian
Its markets,
The petty bourgeoisie
its investments,
It may lean on the Quebec state
of the cooperative
could find in both the programs
some nourishment
the aggression
the "wordsmiths"
bour-
its aims, all
(Which it has
movement,
of Quebec.
on the other hand,
and the practice of the pequiste
for its dreams of self-defence
of big capital.
an em-
section of the Cana-
helped to build), but it has no interest in the separation
government
in the
squarely refutes the concept 'of the Quebec nation
as an "ethnic class"
dian capitalist
that it already
total control of the means of mass communication,
the funding of one or more political
management
state under
This petty bourgeoisie,
against
along with
of the public sector (20), are today in Quebec the
major bearers and creators of the independentist
ideology.
149
Footnotes
(1)
M. Seguin:
"La Conquet.e et la vie .fconomique des Canadiens,"
in R. Durocher
and P.-A. Linteau
et l'inferiorite
(2)
economique
Trois Rivieres,
P.-A. Linteau:
"Quelques
1850-1914,"
Le "Retard"
des canadiens
Bor{al Express,
quebecoise
(eds.):
franxais,
du Quebec
Les Editions
1971, pp. 93-111.
reflexions
autour de la bourgeoisie
in R~vue d'Histoire
de l'~rique
Fran-
caise, vol. 30, no. 1, June 1976, pp. 55-66.
(3)
Commerce
(4)
E. Bouchette:
(ed.):
magazine,
Montreal,
"Emparons-nous
L'essor
economique
1961, pp. 233-273.
Quebec
(5)
fran;aise,"
E. Bouchette:
"Retard
~.
(6)
Beauchemin,
(ed.):
L'essor
sociale
du Quebec 1760-1850,
Maclean
Hunter Ltd.:
canadien-
and P.-A. Linteau
Financial
(eds.)
des canadiens-francais,
Histoire
economique
et
1971.
Post Survey of Corporate
ties, Annual,
Annual,
du Quebec,
2 vol., Fides, Montreal,
Financial
du
canadienne-
economique
"L'industriel
in R. Durocher
F. Ouellet:
economique
de l'enterprise
du Quebec et l'inferiorite
cit., pp. 43-74.
Montreal,
1977.
N.W. Taylor:
et son milieu,"
Le "Retard"
Montreal,
in R.J. Bedard
in R.J. Bedard
L'independance
de croissance
2P.' cit., pp. 158-176.
fran~ais
de l'industrie,"
du Quebec,
(1906), La Presse,
J. Me1anl'0n:
August 1951, pp. 14-20.
1928-1946,
Securi-
Toronto
Post Survey of Industrials,
1947-76,
Toronto
Financial
Post Survey of Mines, Annual,
1926-176,
Toronto
Financial
Post Survey of Oils, Annual,
150
1936-76,
Maclean-Hunter
Toronto
Financial
Ltd:
Post Survey of Funds, Annual,
1962-76,
Ministry
of Consumers,
Rapport
de l'inspecteur
Official
Publisher,
and Financial
(7)
Quebec
1976.
Maclean-Hunter
Ltd:
Toronto.
<raises:
Biographies
regular,
Bulletin,
Cooperatives
Annual
Montreal,
1974-77.
Toronto,
1967-77.
Bulletin,
Post Directory
Les Editions
1912-76,
des Assurances,
Quebec
Report,
1975.
Financial
of Directors,
Biographiques
Press Ltd.:
Toronto.
Canadian
Annual,
Canadiennes-Fran-
canadiennes-fran~aises,
International
Institutions,
de fideicommis,
of Consumers,
Service
Commission,
1931-76,
Montreal.
Ministry
Commission,
Securities
and Financial
des compagnies
Publisher,
Securities
Ontario
Cooperatives
Institutions,
Quebec Official
Toronto
irregular,
1920-76,
Who's Who in Canada,
Who's Who, irregular,
ir1912-76,
Toronto.
(8)
J. Niosi:
The Economy
of Canada,
Black Rose Books, Montreal,
(9)
(10)
Commerce
magazine,
J.-M. Chevalier:
a study in ownership
and control,
1979.
May 1950 and July 1977.
La structure
financiere
de l'industrie
ameri-
caine, Cujas, Paris, 1970.
(11)
"The Investment
Fund will sell its shares,"
in Le Devoir,
11
April 1975, p. 17.
(12)
J. Niosi:
(13)
"Sodarcan
The Economy
out to conquer
club," in La. Presse,
(14)
Bulletins
of Canada,
op. cit. chapter
the closed international
11 November
2.
reinsurance
1975, p , El.
of the Quebec and Ontario
Securities
Commissions.
151
(15)
J. Porter:
1965.
The Vertical
W. Clement:
University
The Canadian
and Stewart, Toronto,
see J. Heap (ed.):
Ltd., Toronto,
MOsaic,
of Toronto Press,
Corporate
Elite, McClelland
1975; for a critique
of elite theories
Everybody's
Canada, Burns and MacEachern,
1974, and J. Niosi:
The Econo~
of Canada,
op.
cit., chap. III.
(16)
(17)
"Guy St. Pierre,
two francophone
directors,"
Confed~ration
G. Bourque
MOntreal,
translation
"Classes
(1760-1970),"
1970, MOntreal,
in G. Teeple:
6 April 1976, page 17.
La Cooperative
sociales
et ideologies
in Socialisme
pp. 13-55.
Capitalism
and the National
of Toronto Press,
1978).
Committee
Expenses,
Information
Ottawa,
1966, Parties,
Pal tiel:
Political
of Canada,
Hurtubise
Toronto,
Party Financing
1970.
HMH, Montreal,
apr~s,"
Montr~al,
10-11 November,
Question
Canada,
1966.
K.S.
in Canada, McGraw-Hill
Co.
Le Parti Queb~cois,
1976, pp. 149-150.
("travailleurs
in his excellent
(One Year Later)
Canada, Ottawa,
V. Murray:
The concept of "wordsmiths"
by Marcel Fournier
Report,
Information
quebecois,
(English
in Canada, University
on Election
Federee
1974.
and N. Frenette:
au Quebec
7 October
in Quebec must have
in Le Devoir,
des Syndicats Nationaux:
No. 20, April-June
(20)
in Le Devoir,
"Every company operating
nationalistes
(19)
of Ogilvy,"
1977, page 17.
est capitaliste,
(18)
hairman
du langage")
presentation
Seminar at the Universite
1977.
was used
to the "Un An
du Quebec a
APPENDIX
French-Canadian
Assets
1.
1.1
Assets
Insurance
1975
(millions)
4,872
3,059
969
Internal (1)
Mouvement Desjardins
Internal (2)
(23%)
Mutual
757
411
68
53
37
170
Power Corp., via Investors Group (50%)
J.-L. Levesque (10.6%), Simard family (8%) (3)
Savings and Investment Group (94%)
,...
General Trust of Canada (90%)
en
N
Private
Allarco Financial Corporation
(91.9%)
Companies
Great West Life Insurance Co.
Imperial Life Assurance Co.
La Sol Ldar Lt e"
National Reinsurance Co.
United Provinces Assurance Co.
Canadian Union
L'Unique
1.4
December
Trust Companies
Montreal Trust
General Trust of Canada
Savings and Investment Trust
Sherbrooke Trust
National Trust
North West Trust Company
1.3
Companies
Banks
Bank Canadian National
Provincial Bank of Canada
Savings Bank
1.2
and Control,
I
2,349
714
39
29
25
23
12
Power Corp.
Power Corp.
Private
Gerard and Robert Parizeau
Private (Major family?)
Private
Private (Belanger family?)
(+50%) (4)
Funds
Investors Group
Savings and Investment
Beaubran Corp.
Canagex Ltd.
Mutual
636
25
22
15
Power Corp. (56.2%)
Savings and Investment
Beaubien family?
Bank Canadian National
Group
)99%)
1.5
Holding Companies
Power Corp.
Corporation d'Expansion
York Lambton Corp.
F-I-C Fund
1.6
Mortgage
Financial
Corp.
429
Power Corp.
(57.9%)
29
Bank Canadian
National
(50%)
Industry
Alfred Lambert Inc.
Bombardier Ltd.
Consolidated Bathurst
Melchers Distilleries
Dominion Glass
East Sullivan Mines
Normick Perron
QuJbecor
Rolland Paper Co.
T~l~ C~pitale
Tele Metropole
Simard Beaudry Inc.
Vachon Inc.
3.
Paul Desmarais (53%)
York Lambton Corp. (79%)
Wellington Corp. (66.6%)
J-L Levesque (35.9%)
Companies
Imnat Ltd.
2.
579
51
50
39
Finance Companies
Laurentide
1.7
Financiere
10
145
662
22
107
47
40
34
62
11
37
23
27
F-I-C Fund (100%)
Bombardier family (75%)
Power Corp. (38.1%)
Hon. Paul Desruisseaux
(45.9%); S. Marchand (6.5%)
Consolidated Bathurst Corp. (96%)
Beauchemin family
Normand, Michel and Jean Perron (75%)
Pierre Peladeau and family (72.8%)
L.G. Rolland and family (54.5%)
H. Baribeau, J. Pouliot, Cl. Pratte (75%)
J.A. De Seve Heritage (82.6%)
Corporation d'Expansion Financiere (100%)
Mouvement Desjardins (83%), Vachon family (17%)
Commerce
Cassidy's
Dupuis Fr~res
Provigo
U.A.P. Inc.
24
21
77
43
Cont. Manufacturers
(Brodeur family)(6l.l%)
Marc Carriere (75%)
A. Turmel, J. Lamontagne, R. Provost & Assoc.
Pr~fontaine family (100%)
(18%)
4.
Transportation
and Service
Canada Steamship Lines
Le Verendrye Management
Logistec Corp.
5.
Real-Estate
Allarco
Campeau
394
21
21
Power Corp. (100%)
Board of directors and executive committee
P. Gourdeau, R. Paquin & Assoc. (30%)
101
402
Dr. Charles Allard (48.2%)
Robert Campeau (62.5%)
Development
Development
Corp.
(1)
At the end of August 1977, the Quebec Deposit and Investment Fund and Hydro-Quebec held 10% of the
shares, Canadian Pacific held 4.5%, Sun Life Assurance Co. held 3.7%, General Trust held 3.5%, Canadian
National held 1.9%, the Mouvement Desjardins held 1.8% and Montreal Trust held 1.6% (La Presse, 3
September 1977, p. A7).
(2)
At the end of January 1977, the Quebec Deposit and Investment Fund held 10% of the shares, Canada
Permanent Trust held 10%, Credit Foncier held 5%, Trucina held 5%, Laurentian held 6% (La Presse,
26 February 1977).
(3)
La Presse,
21 September
(4)
La Presse,
11 November
1974, p. A6.
1975, p. El.
(32.9%)
155
APPENDIX
French-Canadian
II
Companies,
1975
Year and place of incorporation
YEAR
National
1873
Dominion
Bank of Canada
1861
Dominion
Savings Bank
1971
Dominion
Montreal
1889
Quebec
1909
Quebec
1961
Quebec
Trust
1874
Quebec
Trust Co.
1981
Quebec
Bank Canadian
Provincial
Trust
General
Trust of Canada
Savings and Investment
Sherbrooke
National
Trust
North West Trust Co.
1962
Edmonton
Great West Life
1891
Dominion
Imperial
Life
1896
Dominion
La SolLdar Lt e
1942
Quebec
Canadian
1943
Quebec
Union
L'Unique
1967
Quebec
United
1927
Quebec
1948
Dominion
1957
Dominion
1947
Charlottetown
1969
Dominion
1925
Dominion
Provinces
National
Reinsurance
Co.
Savings and Investment
Beaubran
Canagex
Corp. Mutual Fund
Corp.
Fund
Power Corp.
Corporation
d'Expansion
Financi~re
York Lambton Corp.
F-I-C Fund
Laurentide
Financial
Imnat
Corp.
1957
Quebec
1926
Dominion
1962
Quebec
1950
Victoria,
1971
Quebec
1937
Quebec
INDUSTRY
Alfred
Lambert
Bombardier
Consolidated
Me1chers
Inc.
Ltd.
Bathurst
Distilleries
1942
Quebec
1928
Dominion
1898
Quebec
B.C.
156
INDUSTRY
(Cont'd)
Dominion
Glass
1913
Dominion
East Sullivan Mines
1944
Quebec
Normick
1968
Quebec
1965
Quebec
1880
Quebec
Perron
QU~b~cor
Rolland
Paper
Simard Beaudry
1964
Quebec
The
1953
Dominion
Capitale
Tele Metropole
1960
Quebec
Vachon
1947
Quebec
Cassidy's
1796
Quebec
Dupuis
1868
Quebec
U.A.P.
1926
Quebec
Provigo
1969
Quebec
COMMERCE
Freres
TRANSPORTATION
AND SERVICE
1913
Dominion
La Verendrye
1962
Quebec
Logistec
1952
Quebec
Canada
Steamship
Lines
Corp.
REAL-ESTATE
DEVELOPMENT
Allarco
Developments
1954
Alberta
Campeau
Corporation
1953
Ontario
SOURCES:
Financial
Post Survey of Industrials,
Financial
Post Survey of Funds, Toronto,
Toronto,
1928-76, Annual.
1962-76,
Annual.
Ministry of Consumers, Cooperatives and Financial Institutions,
Rapport Annuel du Services des Assurances, Quebec Official
Publisher, 1976.
157
APPENDIX
Lawyers
on the Boards of Directors
of French-Ganadian
Company
Bh~rer, Bernier, Cet~, Ouellet, Dionne,
Houle & Morin (Que.)
Lagass~, Lagass~, Lagasse (Sherbrooke)
St-Laurent, Monast, Walters & Valli~res
(Que. )
J. Lagasse
R. St-Laurent
Bank of Canada
Desjardins, Ducharme, Desjardins
Bourque (Mtl.)
Renaud & Renaud (Mtl.)
C. Ducharme
Hon. J.D. Renaud
Savings
(1975)
National
W. Bherer
Provincial
Companies
Law Firm
and Lawyer
Bank Canadian
III
&
Bank
none
General
Trust of Canada
Independent (Mtl.)
Sirois & Tremblay (Que.)
Letourneau, Stein, Marseille, Delisle
& LaRue (Que.)
Blain, Piche, Godbout, Emery & Blain
(Mtl. )
Doheny, Mackenzie, Grivaker, Gervais
s Lemoyne (Mtl.)
Hon. Edouard Asselin
L. Sirois
J.C. Pollack
M. Piche
D.O. Doheny
Sherbrooke
Trust
(subsidiary
J. Lemieux
Savings
and Investment
Trust
Hon , J. Flynn
Trust
(subsidiary
M.S. Hannon
D.A.
K.H.
Hon.
Hon.
Trust)
Lemieux,
J. Taschereau
Montreal
of General
Berlis
Brown
J.M. Godfrey
J. Lesage
(subsidiary
Royer & Asso~.
(Sherbrooke)
of Savings and Investment
Group)
Taschereau, Grenier, Wright, Grainville
& Champagne (Que.)
Flynn, Rivard, Cimon, Lessard & Le May
(Que. )
of Investors
Group)
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery,
Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.)
Aird, Zimmerman & Berlis (Tor.)
Lafleur & Brown (Mtl.)
Campbell, Godfrey & Lewtas (Tor.)
Howard, McDougall, Ewasaw, Graham &
Stocks (Mtl.)
158
Montreal
Trust
(Cont'd)
Duquet, Mackay, Weldon & Bronstetter
(Mtl.)
Stewart, Mackeen & Covert (Halifax)
Sheperd, Mackenzie, P1axton, Little
& Jenkins (London, Ont.)
Owen, Bird (Vancouver)
R. de W. Mackay
J.W.E. Mingo
A. E. Sheperd
Hon , W. Owen
The North West Trust Co.
none
National
Trust
none
Great West Life Insurance Co.
J.B. Macaulay
Imperial Life Ass.
Aikins, Macaulay
(subsidiary
J.G. Porteous
& Thorya1son
(Winnipeg)
of Power Corp.)
Ogi1vy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery,
Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mt1.)
St-Laurent, Monast, Walters & Va11i~res
(Que. )
R. St-Laurent
Canadian
(subsidiary of Investors Group)
Union Insurance Co.
none
La Prevoyance
Bh~rer, Bernier, Cate, Ouellet, Dionne,
Houle & Morin (Que.)
Ahern, deBrabant, Nuss, Drymer (Mt1.)
W. Bh~rer
J. Ahern
La Solidarite
none
L'Unigue
Jules Landry
United Provinces
Independent
Insurance Co.
B.F. Clarke
Ogi1vy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery,
Renault,
Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mt1.)
Howard, McDougall, Ewasew, Graham &
Stocks (Mtl.)
Hon. J. Lesage
Investors Group
(subsidiary
of Power Corp.)
none
Savings and Investment
Hon. J. Flynn
J. Taschereau
Corp. Mutual Fund
Flynn, Rivard, Cimon, Lessard & Le May (Que.)
Taschereau, Grenier, Wright, Grainvi11e
and Champagne (Que.)
159
Beaubran
Corp.
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, ~ontgomery,
Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.)
R.L. ~unro
Canagex
Fund Ltd.
none
Power Corp.
W. Bherer
Bh~rer, Bernier, Cote, Ouellet, Dionne
& Morin (Que.)
Cassels Brock (Tor.)
Letourneau, Stein, ~arseille, Delisle
& LaRue (Que.)
Stikeman, Elliott, Robarts & Bowman (Tor.)
P. Genest
C. Pratte
Hon. J.P. Robarts
York Lambton
Corp.
P.F. Vineberg
J.G. Porteous
Philips & Vineberg (Mtl.)
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery,
Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.)
Guy, Vaillancourt, Bertrand, Bourgeois
& Laurent
(Mtl.)
Byers, Casgrain & Stewart (Mtl.)
J. Guy
P. Casgrain
Corporation
d'Expansion
Financiere
J. Guy
Guy, Vaillancourt, Bertrand,
& Laurent
(Mtl.)
Bourgeois
F-I-C Fund
none
Laurentide
Finance
Co.
(subsidiary
of Power Corp.)
none
Imnat
(subsidiary
of BeN)
none
INDUSTRY
Company
Alfred
and Lawyer
Lambert
Law Firm
Inc. (subsidiary
of F-I-C Fund)
none
Bombardier
Ltd.
none
Consolidated
Bathurst
Hon. J.B. Aird
(subsidiary
of Power Corp.)
Aird, Zimmerman
& Berlis (Tor.
160
Consolidated
Bathurst
(Cont'd)
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery,
Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.)
R.E. Morrow
Melchers
Distilleries
none
Dominion
Glass
(subsidiary
Hon. J.B. Aird
of Consolidated
Bathurst)
Aird, Zimmerman
& Berlis (Tor.)
East Sullivan Mines
C. Beauchemin
Normick
Independent
Perron
none
Quebecor
P.W. Gauthier
Rolland
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery,
Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.)
Paper
E.J. Courtois
Hon. J.B. Aird
Weldon, Courtois, Clarkson, Parsons
& T~treault
(Mtl.)
Aird, Zimmerman & Berlis (Tor.)
T~le Capitale
C. Pratte &
R. Letourneau
W. Bherer
R. Amyot
Letourneau, Stein, Marseille, D~lisle
& La Rue (Que.)
Bherer, Bernier, Cot~, Ouellet, Dionne,
Houle & Morin (Que.)
,
Amyot, Lesage, de Grandpre, Colas,
Bernard & DrSlet (Que.)
Tele-Metropole
M. Godbout
M. Piche
Simard-Beaudry
J. Guy
Vachon
Inc.
none
&
(subsidiary
Blain, Piche, Godbout,
Em~ry & Blain (Mtl.)
of Corpex)
Guy, Vaillancourt, Bertrand,
& Laurent (Mtl.)
Bourgeois,
161
COMMERCE
Company
Law Firm
and Lawyer
Cassidy's
Ltd.
Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery,
Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick
(Mtl.)
F .C. Cope
Dupuis
FrE;res
none
Provigo
Inc.
Lagasse, Lagasse, Lagasse (Sherbrooke)
Belanger, d'Allaire, Gagnon & Assoc. (Que.)
J. Lagasse
M. Belanger
U.A.P.
Inc.
Desjardins, Ducharme,
Bourque (Mtl.)
C. Ducharme
TRANSPORTATION
Company
Law Firm
Steamship
Lines
(subsidiary
W. Bherer
Management
of Power Corp.)
Bherer, Bernier, Cate, Ouellet, Dionne,
Houle & Morin (Que.)
Stikeman, Elliott, Robarts & Bowman (Tor.)
Hon. J.P. Robarts
La Verendrye
&
AND SERVICE
and Lawyer
Canada
Desjardins
Corp.
none
Logistec
Corp.
R. Amyot
Amyot, Lesage, De Grandpre,
Dr8let (Que.)
Colas &
REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT
Company
Allarco
and Lawyer
Law Firm
Developments
none
Campeau
Corporation
F. Mercier
R.W. Macaulay
Stikeman, Elliot, Tamaki, Mercier
Robb (Mtl.)
Macaulay & Perry (Tor.)
&