29 ANNUAL ONSITE WATER PROTECTION CONFERENCE

Transcription

2 9 T H A N N U A L O N S I T E W AT E R
PROTECTION CONFERENCE
Expanding the
Water Boundaries –
Our New Normal
Economy, Technology, and Government
October 8–10, 2013
Jane S. McKimmon Center
Raleigh, North Carolina
Sponsored by
North Carolina State University
Soil Science Department
North Carolina Cooperative Extension
NC Dept. of Env. and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
NC Dept. of Health and Human Services
Division of Public Health
Local Health Departments
Co-Sponsored by
Carolina On-Site Water Recycling
Association
National Association of Consulting Soil
Scientists
Product Manufacturers and Consultants
Conference Sponsors
Well Contractor Scholarship Program
Well Contractor Certification Commission
Student Scholarship Program
Agri-Waste Technology, Inc.
Break Service
Aquapoint
Crumpler Plastic Pipe, Inc.
Edwin Andrews and Associates, PLLC
T-shirt Sponsors
A.R. Rubin and Associates
Advanced Drainage Systems
Applied Resource Management, PC
Aquapoint
AQWA
Aseptic Inspections
Ashtecs/BIOKUBE
BB Hobbs Company
Benchmark Tools & Supply
Central Carolina Soil Consulting
Infiltrator Systems, Inc.
JDG Consultants
Jerry’s Trucking & Septic Service, Inc.
POLYLOK
S&EC
S&ME, Inc.
SJE-Rhombus
T&J Panel, Inc.
Tetra Tech
Zoeller
Thank you for your generous support!
Conference Exhibitors
Damon Hunley
Winter Garden, FL
Phone: 804-651-2563
Email: [email protected]
Benchmark Tool & Supply, Inc.
Chuck Harris
Raleigh, NC
Phone: 919-835-2140
American Manufacturing Co.
Tom Ashton
Elkwood, VA
Phone: 800-345-3132
Bradford Sales Co.
Jerry Jenkins
Charlotte, NC
Phone: 704-882-3440
Aquapoint
Bill Freed
Harbinger, NC
Phone: 252-491-5277
Houston Crumpler
Roseboro, NC
Phone: 910-525-4046
AQWA
Steve Barry
Wilson, NC
Phone: 252-243-7693
Drillers Service, Inc
Roy Lawson
Hickory, NC
Phone: 336-337-2632
Ashtecs/Biokube
Joe Walsh
Greensboro, NC
Phone: 336-790-8895
Infiltator Systems
Tim Wood
Old Saybrook, CT
Phone: 888-292-7073
BB Hobbs Company
Brian Pickens
Darlington, SC
Phone: 843-395-2120
Innovative Environmental Products
Chris Keiger
Greensboro, NC
Phone: 336-918-5436
Bear Onsite
Theo Terry
Somerville, TN
Phone: 901-831-5155
Nature Works, Inc.
Michael Burch
Burgess, VA
Phone: 804-453-7946
3
NC Septic Tank Association
Doug Lassiter
Danbury, NC
Phone: 336.345.8357
SJE-Rhombus
Brett Wilfong
Detroit Lakes, MN
Phone: 218-847-1317
Orenco Systems, Inc.
Todd Harrell
Darlington, SC
Phone: 843-861-5310
Sim/Tech
Gary Koteskey
Boyne City, MI
Phone: 231-582-1020
POLYLOK
Dewey Conrad
Wallingford, CT
Phone: 877-765-9565
Snider Inc.
Dana Jones
Charlotte, NC
Phone: 704-609-3398
Presby Environmental
Sean McGuigan
Whitefield, NH
Phone: 603-837-3826
T & J Panel
Brad Johnson
Statesville, NC
Phone: 704-924-8600
Salcor, Inc.
Jim Cruver
Fallbrook, CA
Phone: 760-731-0745
Joanne Rutkofske
Raleigh, NC
Phone: 919-707-5881
4
Award Presentations
North Carolina Onsite Water Protection Hall of Fame
In recognition and gratitude for outstanding and meritorious contributions
to the Onsite Water Protection Program.
David Hutson
Acme Well Company
Durham, NC
Robert Uebler
NC DHHS, Retired
Washington, NC
Steinbeck Achievement Award
In honor of a career of dedicated service
to environmental protection and public health in the State of North Carolina.
Vencent Dodge
Pender County
Burgaw, NC
5
North Carolina Onsite Water Protection
Hall of Fame
Steinbeck Achievement Award
1995
Chester Cobb
2006
David Lindbo
1996
Joel W. Cawthorn
2007
Tom Konsler
1997
Jimmy D. Collins
Rollin W. Johnson
2008
Rich Holder
2009
Walter & Joanna Bright
2011
Ken Castelloe
2012
Robert Jordan
2013
Vencent Dodge
1998
Ed Ruppert
Louis E. Aull
1999
Jon Harrison
C. Alan Clapp
2000
Roger A. Wesley
Jack and Gwen Dezern
2001
Moulton A. Bailey
2002
Andy Adams
2003
W. Everette Lynn, Jr.
Nancy E. Deal
2004
William R. Marlin
Furman R. Nicholson
Toney C. Jacobs
2005
Daryl Poe
Robert W. Muller
2006
Steve Steinbeck
Larry Smith
2007
Jimmy Shoaf
2008
Steven Berkowitz
Tim Bannister
2010
Aziz Amoozegar
2012
Greg Bright
2013
David Hutson
Robert Uebler
6
Conference Agenda
Day 1 – Tuesday, October 8th
Session 1: Opening General Session
Moderator: Jason Koontz, Davidson County
Room 1
8:15am
Welcome and Introduction
Jason Koontz, Davidson County
8:30am
Economic Outlook: Are We Still Improving?
Mike Walden, NC State University
9:20am
The New Normal in Government
Layton Long, NC DHHS
10:10am
Break in the Exhibit Hall
10:30am
Total Water Management: Integrating Wastewater, Stormwater and Water Resources
Edwin Andrews, Edwin Andrews and Associates, PLLC
11:30am
Banquet and Award Presentations
MC Doug Young, Crane Pumps & Systems
Concurrent Breakout Sessions
Session 2:
Environment
Session 3:
Soils and Siting
Session 4:
Technology/Engineering
Doug McVey,
Pender County
Diana Rashash,
NCSU
Jeff Vaughan,
Agri-Waste Technology
Room 3
Room 6
Room 4
1:00-1:30pm
The Proper Use of Bentonite
in Well Construction
George Dugan, CETCO
Comparison of Groundwater and Surface Water
Phosphorus in Watersheds
Served by Onsite Wastewater and Municipal Sewer
Charlie Humphrey, East
Carolina Univ., with E.
Anderson-Evans, M.
O’Driscoll, A. Manda, and G.
Iverson
Assessment of BiOWiSH
Technologies, Inc. Septic
TM
Tank Aid as a Septic Tank
Additive
Jeff Vaughan, Agri-Waste
Technology, Inc.
1:30-2:00pm
Oil and Gas Activities: Rule
Development and Expected
Applications
Walt Haven, NC DENR
Comparison of
Groundwater and Surface
Water Nitrogen in
Watersheds Served by
Onsite Wastewater and
Municipal Sewer
Guy Iverson, East Carolina
Univ., with M. O’Driscoll, C.
Humphrey, and A. Manda
Permit Options for
Treatment Systems in North
Carolina
Steve Barry, AQWA, Inc.
Moderator:
7
Room 3
Room 6
Room 4
2:00-2:30pm
Break
Meteorological Controls on
Nitrogen Dynamics in
Treatment Beneath Onsite
Systems in Coastal North
Carolina
Mike O’Driscoll and Charlie
Humphrey, ECU
Advanced Treatment
Technology Options for
Large and Small Scale,
Residential and High
Strength Systems
Bill Freed, Aquapoint
2:30-3:00pm
What is a Surficial Aquifer
and How to Assess It
Edwin Andrews, Edwin
Andrews & Assoc.
Break
3:00-3:30pm
Water Legislative Update:
2012-2013 Session
Erin Wynia, NC League of
Municipalities
Mini-Session: Special Site
Assessments
3:30-4:00pm
Mini-Session: Failure Rate
Investigations
Overview of Field
Performance Studies of
Septic System Failure Rates
Sushama Pradhan, NCSU
Henrietta Locklear, Raftelis
Recommended Guidance
for the In-situ Measurement
of KSAT by the Constant
Head Well Permeameter
Method
Karen Wallace, NC DHHS
Break
Restaurant/Strip Mall
Expansion Project: An
Engineering and Technology
Case Study
Darian Creed, Hugh Creed
Assoc.
Trish Angoli, NC DHHS
4:00-5:00pm
NCOWCICB Rules for Installers and Inspectors
This is a required session for Installers and Inspectors.
4:00-4:30pm
Failure Rates in the
Central/Western Piedmont
of Davidson County
Jason Koontz, Davidson Co.
4:30-5:00pm
Failure Rates in the Eastern
Piedmont of Person and
Granville Counties
Harold Kelly and Jimmy
Clayton, Person County
5:00-6:00pm
Ice Cream Social in the Exhibit Hall
Door Prize Drawings
MCs Doug Young, Crane Pumps & Systems, and Jason Koontz, Davidson County
A Consultant’s Perspective
on Special Site Assessments
Jim Beeson, Piedmont
Environmental Associates
Engineering and
Performance of Dual
Septic/Pump Tanks
Todd Harrell, Orenco
Systems, Inc.
Pit Latrines and Their
Impacts on Groundwater
Quality: A Systemic Review
Matt Polizotto, NCSU
Jay Graham, George
Washington Univ.
8
Day 2 – Wednesday, October 9th
Concurrent Breakout Sessions
7:30-8:30am
Continental Breakfast in the Exhibit Hall
Session 5:
Water Supply &
Groundwater
Session 6:
Customer
Relations/Government
Session 7:
Decentralized
Wastewater Reuse
Drew Morgan,
NC DHHS
Andy Adams,
Orange County
Alan McKinney,
Appalachian Health Dist.
Room 3
Room 4
Room 6
8:30-9:00am
Groundwater
Contamination Database
Lisa Corbitt, Mecklenburg
County
Being an ACC Champion
Chris Whittaker, Union
County
Reuse System Design,
Operation, Management,
and Performance
Bob Rubin, A. R. Rubin &
Assoc.
9:00-9:30am
Sources and Variability of
Manganese Concentrations
in Well Water of the NC
Piedmont
Elizabeth Gillispie with M.
Polizzotto, NC State Univ.
and Rick Bolich, NC DENR
Septic System Database
Repair and Information
Program (SSDRIP): Lessons
Learned
Diana Rashash, NC State
Univ.
Update on North Carolina’s
First DHHS-approved Reuse
System
Cory Brantley, David
Brantley & Sons
9:30-10:00am
Hydrogeochemical Controls
on Arsenic Contamination of
Groundwater in Cambodia
Matt Polizzotto, NCSU
Break
Decentralized Wastewater
Reuse Panel Discussion
Break
Onsite System Management
as a Part of the County’s
Stormwater/Watershed
Program
Cory Brantley, David
Brantley and Sons, Inc.
North Carolina Solid Waste
Program – When to Call
Mike Scott, NC DENR
Break
Moderator:
10:0010:30am
10:3011:00am
Mini-Session: TCE Studies
Groundwater
Contamination – Stony Hill
Road Incident – Wake
County
Greg Bright, Wake County
Steven Berkowitz, NC DHHS
9
Jon Risgaard, NC DENR
Room 3
Room 4
Room 6
11:0011:30am
Vapor Intrusion and Soil
Vapor Sampling
Gerald Paul and Thomas
Whitehead, S&ME, Inc.
I&E (Innovative and
Experimental) Approval
Process and Product
Updates
Designing Small-scale
“Living” Graywater
Filtration Systems for Salons
and Spas in North Carolina
Bobbie Jo Swinson with J.
Johnson, K. Gamble, J.
Houser, and M.
Hambourger, Appalachian
State Univ.
11:30am12:00pm
TCE Panel Discussion
Customer Relation Tips to
Sustain Your Business in
Today’s Economy
Kevin Davidson, Agri-Waste
Technology
Conjunctive Use Reclaimed
Water Program in Johnston
County
Jamie Guerrero, Johnston
County
Greg Bright, Wake County
Gerald Paul, S&ME, Inc.
Thomas Whitehead,
S&ME, Inc.
12:00-1:30pm
Lunch on your own
Session 8: Closing General Session
Moderator: Trish Angoli, NC DHHS
Room 1
1:30-2:30pm
Saltwater Intrusion and Migration in the Coastal Plain
Richard Spruill, East Carolina University
2:30-3:30pm
Shale Gas 101 – Natural Gas Exploration/Development: A North Carolina Perspective
Kenneth Taylor, NC DENR
3:30-4:00pm
Break
4:00-5:00pm
Future Direction of Onsite
Nancy Deal, NC DHHS
10
Day 3 – Thursday, October 10th
Field Sessions
Choose 1 of 7 Options
Transportation to your selected field session is on your own.
Maps: Pick up at map for your field session at the registration desk.
Start Time: 8:30am
End Time: Varies depending on travel time. All tours will have a full 3 hours of instruction.
#1 – Wake County, Lake Wheeler:
Understanding OSHA Laws and What They Mean for Your Business
Leader: Alan Gaddis, AG Environmental Management, and Robert O’Neal, NC DOL
This field tour will explore the facets of an OSHA Inspection. The discussion and demos will include the Labor One
Mobile Training Booth and cover trenching and excavation, confined space entry, and personal protection
equipment.
Starting Location: Labor One Mobile Training Booth
4000 Chi Rd.
Raleigh, NC
#2 – Cabarrus County:
Commercial and High Strength Wastewater
Leader: Jeff Vaughan and Kevin Davidson, Agri-Waste Technology, Inc.
This tour addresses advanced wastewater technology with visits to a repair system for a large commercial facility
(McKenzie Sports) and a new system service a small slaughterhouse.
Starting Location: Cruse Meat Processing
4701 Rimer Road
Concord, NC 28025
Recalibration of Soil Profiling Skills
Leaders: John Davis and Andy Adams, Orange County, and Jon Risgaard, NC DENR
Recalibrate your soil profiling skills using known samples and standards for texture, structure, moist consistence,
and color.
Starting Location: Pole Barn Shelter
4000 Chi Rd.
Raleigh, NC
11
Advanced Pretreatment
Leaders: Bob Rubin, A. R. Rubin & Associates, and Trish Angoli, NC DHHS
This tour will use operational demos and displays to present the pretreatment technologies available and capable
of achieving the NSF-40, TS1, TS2, and reuse standards, including design, O&M, installation, and performance.
Starting Location: Pole Barn Classroom
4000 Chi Rd.
Raleigh, NC
#5 – Pender County:
Large Systems with Advanced Treatment
Leaders: Steven Berkowitz, NC DHHS, and Douglas McVey, Pender County
This tour begins at Queens Grant Townhomes, featuring both subsurface and above-ground drip irrigation along
with an Envirofilter tank array with UV disinfection. The second stop is the Serenity Point Condominiums,
comprised of 54 two-bedroom units, which are served by a dual-train Fluidyne ISAAM SBR treatment plant with UV
disinfection and two LPP drainfields.
Starting Location: Queen's Grant on Topsail Island
926 N Anderson Blvd
Holly Ridge, NC 28445
Well Grouting and Sealing Hands-on Demo
Leaders: George Dugan, CETCO, and Drew Morgan, NC DHHS
This tour consists of hands-on demos of proper well grouting and sealing practices for aquifer protection.
Starting Location: Booth Field Learning Lab
4000 Chi Rd.
Raleigh, NC
#7 – Rutherford County:
Industrial Wastewater from Food Production
Leaders: Alan McKinney, Appalachian Health District, and Karen Wallace, NC DHHS
This tour will visit the American Miso Corporation, a unique food production facility in Rutherfordton with an
approved repair system that addresses all its wastewater characteristic issues.
Starting Location: American Miso Corporation
4225 Maple Creek Road
Rutherfordton, NC
12
Session 1:
Opening General Session
Economic Outlook: Are We Still Improving?
Mike Walden
Reynolds Distinguished Professor
NC State University
Abstract:
•
•
•
•
•
The job market is coming back, but issues still linger.
Consumers are spending more.
Home prices are rising.
Interest rates have taken a jump.
Updates on Federal Government Policies and North Carolina Economy.
Biography:
Mike Walden is the Wm. Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Agriculture and Resource Economics and a
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Specialist at NC State University. Mike’s expertise and research interests
include consumer economics, regional economics, public policy and the North Carolina economy. Mike is coauthor of the NCSU podcast, “Economic Perspective,” a daily podcast focusing on economic issues facing North
Carolina and the nation. A world-renowned economist, Mike has published eight books and numerous research
papers. He is a much sought leader regarding North Carolina economics.
Contact for Further Information:
Mike Walden
Dept of Ag and Resource Economics
Campus Box 8109, NCSU
Raleigh, NC 27695-8109
919-515-4671
[email protected]
13
Session 1:
The New Normal in Government
Layton Long
Section Chief
Environmental Health – Division of Public Health
NC DHHS
Abstract:
Implementation of governmental programs and regulations has always been challenging. In recent years the
landscape of how government carries out its functions has changed dramatically and has required regulators to
adjust, adapt and seek new ways of carrying out their tasks. Knowing how to operate in this "New Normal" of
government is essential to accomplishing mission objectives. This discussion will be about understanding the new
normal in government, discussions on strategies and methods to assist regulators in navigating the new
environment and how to accomplish the mission.
Biography:
Layton Long began his career in public health in 1988 with the Union County Health Department as an
environmental health specialist. Layton progressed through positions of increasing authority over the next 25
years, including Environmental Health Supervisor with Transylvania County, Environmental Health Director in
Buncombe County, and Health Director for the Davidson County Health Department. Currently Layton is serving as
the Section Chief for the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, Department of Health and
Human Services. Layton is a past president of the NC Environmental Health Supervisors Association, a member of
the NC Public Health Association, and has served on a variety of committees addressing environmental health
issues.
L. Layton Long, Jr.
N.C. Department of Health and Human Services
Section Chief, Environmental Health - Division of Public Health
1632 Mail Service Center
(Office) 919.707.5855
(Fax) 919.845.3973
14
Session 1:
Total Water Management: Integrating Wastewater, Stormwater and Water Resources
Edwin E Andrews III, PG, NCLSS
Edwin Andrews & Associates, PC
Abstract:
Big changes in NC DENR and NC Environmental Health, reflect the title subject. As academic and regulatory
functions became more complex with the advancements in Hydrogeology, Engineering, Soil Science and
Environmental Sciences, tasks have become fragmented focusing on the details of each discipline. As the scientific
knowledge expanded; 1) Water Resources was placed in hands of Hydrogeologists, Engineers, the Water Supply
Branch. The Division of Water Resources,and the Division of Water Quality. Aquifer Protection Section (standards);
2) Waste water management was placed in the hands of Soil Scientists, Hydrogeologists and Engineers, the On Site
Section and the Division of Water Quality, Aquifer Protection Section (Permitting); and 3) Stormwater was
managed primarily by Engineers (BMP’s), and soil scientists, with involvement of Land Quality from an
erosion/sedimentation perspective. This organization divided management into unintended compartments that
occasionally ignored the basis for all of the professions, The Hydrologic Cycle,
Water resources (surface or groundwater) are not consumed. We are not running out of water. Rather we are
relocating and possibly contaminating the water into other parts of the hydrologic cycle. Artificial Recharge
(evolved into Aquifer Storage and Recovery) to aquifers was a first step
Wastewater management does not dispose of any water. Ending a site investigation with the water reaching the
surficial aquifer, (as disposal) is misleading. Rather we are relocating and possibly contaminating the water into
other parts of the hydrologic cycle, Water Reuse, land application for agronomic benefits was a first major step.
Stormwater Best Management Practices started as a control to reduce sediment loading, and attached
contaminants to surface streams. The water component of stormwater management is only partially relocated
into other parts of the hydrologic cycle (infiltration). The use of stored stormwater as a reclaimed water is a
needed step.
The thought process for each discipline needs to integrate the fate and need for the water as part of the
Hydrologic Cycle.
Biography:
After graduating with an MS in Geology in 1973, Mr. Andrews became the Chief Regional Geologist with the
Virginia State Water Control Board (now DEQ). This was a time where the job function changed from an assistance
agency to a regulatory agency with the development of a Critical Groundwater Area regulation addressing major
water level declines in Southeastern Virginia. In 1976, Mr. Andrews worked as a geologist with Layne Atlantic Co.
evaluating water resources and groundwater in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. From 1978 to 1982, formed
a contracting/consulting company, Groundwater Development Company drilling water supply wells for municipal
and large users. From 1982 to the present, Mr. Andrews provided hydrogeologic and soils consulting services
primarily in Eastern North Carolina with work emphasis shifting from water resources to land application analyses.
Since 1985, has been involved largely with the growth of the North Carolina Outer Banks, both from a Water
Resource perspective and a Wastewater perspective.
Edwin Andrews
919-851-7844
[email protected]
15
Session 2:
Environment
The Proper Use of Bentonite in Well Construction
George Dugan
CETCO Drilling Products
Abstract:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
AMCOL/CETCO
Bentonite 101
Types
The Sodium Advantage
Grouting & Sealing Purpose
Water Cycle
Walkerton, ON Canada
A brief look at a groundwater tragedy
Proper Grouting Technique
Surface Protection
Co-mingling of Aquifers
Monitoring Wells
Geothermal Closed Loop Systems
Bentonite Materials Used In Grouting and Sealing
Chips
Tablets
Coated Tablets
Granular
High Solid Grouts
Driven Casing
Grouting Materials
Review Formation Loss
Specialty Bentonite Grouts
Grounding
Geothermal
George Dugan
2870 Forbs Avenue
Hoffman Estates, IL 60192
Office: 587.331.7196
Fax 847.851.1387
[email protected]
16
Session 2:
Environment
Oil and Gas Activities: Rule Development and Expected Applications
Walt Haven, PG
NC Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources
Abstract:
The presentation will address the current status of rule development related to oil and gas exploration and
production operations. Discussion will also address situations that may be encountered by local health
department officials related to oil or gas activities.
Biography:
Bachelor’s Degree and Master’s Degree in Geology from NCSU, as well as a GIS Graduate Certificate from NCSU.
Holds Professional Geologist License. Prior work experience involves groundwater pollution site investigation and
remediation, reservoir and draining basin sedimentation, geomorphology, and geophysics. Currently serving as
the Energy Program Supervisor within the N.C. Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources.
Walt Haven
(919) 717-9220
[email protected]
17
Session 2:
Environment
What is a Surficial Aquifer and How to Assess It
Edwin E Andrews III, PG, NCLSS
Edwin Andrews & Associates, PC
Abstract:
The surficial aquifer is commonly called the Water Table Aquifer. It is bounded by the Water Table surface on top,
a semi-confining layer on the bottom, and rivers, streams, oceans or just atmosphere to the sides. This permeable
layer has characteristics that influence both water resources and wastewater management whether one is dealing
with well and drain field or larger systems.
Analysis should include aquifer testing (coefficients), detailed water table surface analysis (shape) , environment of
sinks (geomorphic, vegetation, surface water), environment of sources (contaminant, ponds and irrigation). All of
these pieces need to fit into a hydrologic analysis.
Prior to computer analysis, the surficial aquifer was analyzed using a “three point” problem to determine
groundwater flow direction and gradient. Other tools included; slug tests, Ksat and even grain size analyses. With
the advent of computer simulations the complete shape of the water table surface now provides clues to the
surface aquifer.
Biography:
After graduating with an MS in Geology in 1973, Mr. Andrews became the Chief Regional Geologist with the
Virginia State Water Control Board (now DEQ). This was a time where the job function changed from an assistance
agency to a regulatory agency with the development of a Critical Groundwater Area regulation addressing major
water level declines in Southeastern Virginia. In 1976, Mr. Andrews worked as a geologist with Layne Atlantic Co.
evaluating water resources and groundwater in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. From 1978 to 1982, formed
a contracting/consulting company, Groundwater Development Company drilling water supply wells for municipal
and large users. From 1982 to the present, Mr. Andrews provided hydrogeologic and soils consulting services
primarily in Eastern North Carolina with work emphasis shifting from water resources to land application analyses.
Since 1985, has been involved largely with the growth of the North Carolina Outer Banks, both from a Water
Resource perspective and a Wastewater perspective.
Edwin Andrews
Edwin Andrews and Associates, PC
PO Box 30653
Raleigh, NC 27622
919-851-7844
[email protected]
18
Session 2:
Environment
Water Legislative Update: 2012-2013
Erin Wynia
NC League of Municipalities
Abstract:
This session will focus on statewide political trends in North Carolina, with a focus on recent legislative and
regulatory changes to local government environmental programs. It will also detail ongoing regulatory reform
efforts by the state legislature and the N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Biography:
Erin works as the Legislative & Regulatory Issues Manager for the NC League of Municipalities and oversees all
environmental issues advocacy for League members. In this capacity, she advocates for League members’ interests
throughout the legislative and regulatory process and represents the League membership in negotiations with
legislators, state agency decision-makers, and appointed boards.
Also, as a member of the governmental affairs team, she contributes to the League's member policy development
process as lead staff to the Regulatory Advisory Committee and the Planning & Environment Legislative Action
Committee. She writes and oversees the monthly publication of EcoLINC, the League’s electronic environmental
newsletter. In addition, she serves as the League liaison to the N.C Chapter of the American Public Works
Association. From 2010-2012, she held an appointment to the N.C. Bar Association Government & Public Sector
Section Council.
Prior to joining the League staff in January 2009, Erin worked on waterfront access policies for the N.C. Coastal
Resources Law, Planning, and Policy Center. She also conducted research on land use topics for Clarion Associates
in Chapel Hill, and served as a legislative assistant at the N.C. General Assembly for two years. Erin holds a
bachelor’s of music from UNC-Chapel Hill, a master’s of music from the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music,
and a juris doctor from UNC-Chapel Hill.
Erin Wynia
215 North Dawson St
Raleigh, NC 27603
919-715-4126
[email protected]
19
Session 2:
Environment
Overview of Field Performance Studies of Septic Systems Failures
Sushama Pradhan
Soil & Water Technology Researcher
Formerly with NC State University
Henrietta Locklear
Raftelis
Abstract:
One in every four houses in the United State relies on on-site systems for their household wastewater treatment.
On-site systems, which are also known as septic systems or decentralized systems, are equally popular in both
rural areas and in suburbs. According to a study conducted by the US Census Bureau for the 2007 American
Housing Survey, 50 % (13.1 million) of the total housing units served by on-site systems were in rural areas, 47%
(12.3 million) were in suburbs and 3% (774,000) were in central cities with easy access to public sewer systems.
On-site systems process and dispose household wastewater near the point of generation. On-site systems can be
environmentally friendly, safe to human health, and a permanent wastewater treatment solution, if closer
attention is provided to their use, inspection, operation, and management. Improper management of systems can
lead to system failure (malfunction) which can pose a threat to public health as well as surface and groundwater
quality.
The Granville County and Person County septic system field performance survey was conducted as a partial
fulfillment of the Counties’ requirement to perform an inventory of properly functioning and malfunctioning septic
systems under 15A NCAC 02B .0278 for the Falls Lake Nutrient Strategy. The survey goal was to conduct a sciencebased septic system field performance study that correctly determines representative surface discharge failure
(malfunctioning) rates for the entire population of septic systems installed within the Falls Lake watershed portions
in Granville County and Person County. The surface discharge failures included systems with straight pipe direct
discharges of untreated sewage effluent including greywater and hydraulically failing septic systems.
The Department of Soil Science at NCSU and the County Cooperative Extension Centers from Granville County and
Person County provided technical directions and assistance to aid in designing and implementing a scientifically
sound and pragmatic failure rate assessment study. A protocol developed by Dr. Hoover, Professor of Soil Science
at North Carolina State University, was used in this study. The study population was designed to include all on-site
systems in the watershed regardless of the age of the system (up to 2012), the facility served (home, business,
commercial or type of residence), type of on-site technology used, etc. Ultimately 165 samples were randomly
selected from a population of approximately 5,748 septic systems in Falls Lake Watershed area within the portion
of Person County and 120 samples were randomly selected from a population of approximately 3,663 septic
systems in Falls Lake Watershed area within the portion of Granville County.
st
nd
th
th
The septic system field performance evaluation was conducted on October 1 and 2 , and October 29 and 30 of
2012 in Person County and Granville County respectively. All the field samples were studied within a two day
timeframe to minimize biases resulting from changing weather conditions which could potentially affect system
performances. The survey area was divided into five Survey Districts (Granville County) and six Survey Districts
(Person County) based upon the proximity and the number of study sites in each district to minimize travel time
and to facilitate easy location of study sites. Separate Survey Teams were used for each Survey Team. Each team
consisted of a team leader who was an employee of a local Health Department, but not necessarily from the
Person County Health Department or Granville-Vance Division Health Department, and a technical assistant or
local expert from various areas.This was done so as to minimizes the potential of any one individual, organization,
or department from interjecting bias into the study results. Additionally, 15% of the total sample were randomly
selected for a second “blind survey” for quality assurance and control. In order to reduce personal and professional
20
bias, different surveyors were used to gather Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) information than the
Survey Team originally assigned to that Survey District. A consistency training session with question and answer
was conducted on the morning of the first survey day to assure that all teams collects information using the same
systematic process.
Field survey data and homeowners’ interview data were formatted and entered into an Excel spreadsheet. To
ensure both data consistency and team compliance with field survey procedures, the QA/QC data were first
compared to the field survey data. Then field data was analyzed to identify the surface discharge failure rate. In
addition, statistical analyses were conducted at the 95% confidence level ( = 0.05) to determine the significance
of relationships between about 18 parameters and system failure rates. For the purpose of this study, surface
failure of an on-site septic system was defined very specifically as either: sewage being observed on the soil
surface during the day of the survey, or sewage surfacing with pressure from the surveyor’s foot or presence of a
straight pipe. The terms “failure” and “malfunction” are used interchangeably in this report. Therefore, “failure”
as used here does not mean that a particular septic system has reached the end of its useful lifespan for the
system owner. The systems identified in this study that are in a state of malfunction can frequently be remediated
to become functional again.
On the day of survey a total of six sites were found to be surface discharging, resulting in an overall surface failure
rate of 6.2% for the portion of the Granville County that occurs within the Falls Lake watershed. These included 4
sites with sewage present on the ground surface over the system, 1 site with a straight pipe direct discharge and 1
site with both (sewage on the ground surface over the system and a straight pipe).
In Person County, a total of 13 sites (8 sites with sewage present on the ground surface over the system, 4 sites
with a straight pipe direct discharge, and 1 site with both) were found to be surface discharging, resulting in an
overall surface hydraulic failure rate of 9.3% for the portion of the Person County that occurs within the Falls Lake
watershed. However, high levels (10%) of non-participation in the surveys raise the question of whether the survey
results are biased introduced non-failing systems. One way to address this concern would be to consider the true
surface failing rate of the total population as something greater than 9.3% but less than 19.4%.
Example --- Study plan including project phases, tasks and responsible lead organizations planned for the
Granville County-North Carolina State University surface discharge failure rate study.
Phases
Phase 1:
Planning and
Study Design
(Steps 1 – 15)
Tasks
1. Define the problem
2. Evaluate the decisions that will need to be made after the
study is completed
3. Determine the questions to be answered
4. Develop the hypothesis (and null hypothesis) to be tested
5. Determine the factors to be assessed
6. Develop a written protocol with proper statistical tests
and sample size for detecting important differences
7. Have the protocol peer-reviewed
8. Study leadership via third party scientists to maintain
independence from funding agency (whether it is a
manufacturer or a regulatory body)
9. Identify critical attributes of an appropriate study area
(locality)
10. Determine the stratification factors to be tested or to be
controlled by blocking
11. Define the study population from permit data or other
21
Primary Organization
1. CHD, CCE and NCSU
2. NCSU and CHD
3. CHD and NCSU
4. NCSU
6. NCSU
7. NCSU
8. NCSU
10. NCSU and CHD
11. CHD, CCE & NCSU
Phase 2:
Preparation for
Field
Performance
Assessment
(Steps 16 – 27)
datasets (determine if there are permit data summary logs
or files)
12. Minimize bias during selection of the population to be
studied
13. Assign every system in the population a numerically
sequential number
14. Generate sets of random numbers and use to randomly
select the study sample for each stratum in the population
15. Over-select the sample size to allow for unusable sites
including systems with incomplete or no permit records as
well as for non-viable sites
16. Collect permit data and records
17. Assign each sample site a unique identifier number for
quality control during data collection and analysis
18. Define “failure” for the study in very specific terms to
minimize bias during data collection and analysis
19. Plan to evaluate the system of interest (the treatment)
under the same weather conditions as the experimental
control (the standard for comparison)
20. Plan to conduct the field performance
assessment over no more than 3-10 days (3-5 preferred) to
minimize data noise from fluctuating weather conditions
21. For efficiency during the field performance assessment
survey itself, reconnaissance of the sites can be conducted
prior to the survey to identify their locations and viability
(do not contact homeowners during this stage)
22. Use GIS/GPS, tax parcel ID, 911 address
23. Develop a field survey evaluation instrument to serve as
a site specific data collection and compilation guide
24. Transfer permit data to the survey instrument
12. NCSU
13. NCSU
14. NCSU
15. NCSU
16. CHD and NCSU
17. NCSU
18. CCE and NCSU
19. NCSU
20. NCSU
21. NCSU, CHD & CCE
22. CHD
23. NCSU, CHD & CCE
24. NCSU and CHD
Study plan including project phases, tasks …… (cont.)
Phases
Phase 2:
Preparation
for Field
Performance
Assessment
(Steps 16 – 27
Phase 3:
Study
Execution and
Data
Collection
Tasks
25. Prepare information packets to give to residents during
the survey
26. Divide the study area into survey districts to equally
distribute the workload between survey teams
27. Organize files into survey district packets for each team
and include GPS locators, GIS locator maps, reconnaissance
data and/or detailed field maps for each survey district
packet along with field data collection methods and
interview instructions
28. Utilize teams for QA/QC during the field performance
assessment
29. Train teams together for QA/QC
30. Use mock practicum site(s) for QA/QC
31. Disperse teams and begin data collection
32. Use a one-pass approach for evaluation
33. Use single-blind survey for QA/QC
34. Construct teams to include multi-agency representation
22
Primary Organization
25. NCSU
26. NCSU
27. NCSU and CHD
28. NCSU
29. NCSU
30. NCSU, CHD & CCE
31. NCSU, CHD & CCE
32. NCSU, CHD & CCE
33. NCSU (optional)
34. NCSU, CHD & CCE
(Steps 28 – 39)
•
for QA/QC
35. Make joint decisions as a team
36. Type of data collected can include system type, water
supply, installation date, system location, system inspection
data, as-built data, soils data from field assessment, soils
data from permit files, number of bedrooms, number of
occupants, system history, ponding levels, system
performance, failure (Y/N), etc.
37. Data collected includes site performance data, permit
data and questionnaire/interview data
38. Use a quality control team to re-assess performance of
approximately 10-20% of systems
39. For failing systems observed during the survey, use the
FACTSS and Pump-FACTSS process to determine the causes
of failures and assess the extent to which the observed
hydraulic performance is due to siting, design, inherent
technology factors, installation and/or operation, use and
maintenance
40. Assess system performance relative to system type,
stratification or blocking factors, climate, soil conditions,
landscape position and topography, design, permitting
process, installation, operation and maintenance, etc.
41. Have final report peer-reviewed
42. Publish the results, preferably in a journal, if at all
possible
35. NCSU, CHD & CCE
36. NCSU and CHD
37. NCSU and CHD
38. NCSU, CHD & CCE
39. Not included in project.
CHD to conduct following
field survey.
40. NCSU and CHD
41. NCSU
42.* NCSU and CHD
Note step 42 is only intended to be “started” with this project – the final project report developed in this
project will become a stepping stone to later (following project completion) publication of the research
results in peer-reviewed journals and in conference proceedings.
Surface Hydraulic Failure Rates of On-Site Systems:
Failure Rate Methodology to Assess System Reliability
Michael T. Hoover, Ph.D.,
Retired from Soil Science Dept., North Carolina State University, NC Cooperative Extension
Failure rate methodology manual outline:
1. What is an on-site wastewater system and how do they function
2. Why are surface hydraulic failure rate and system reliability studies beneficial?
3. Surface hydraulic failure rate scientifically sound methodologies
 Principles and steps to plan scientifically sound failure rate studies
 Methods and processes to implement dependable failure rate studies
4. Results from scientific studies
 Demonstration of use of the failure rate methodology in recent studies
 Results from broad-scale failure rate studies
 Other sources of surface failure rates and system reliability data
This document currently focuses upon Sections 1, 2 and 3 above, at this point in time. The extent and details
of this manuscript will be expanded, over time, to include more specificity and research methodology details for
each aspect of planning and conducting failure rate studies. The manuscript will also more fully address Sections 3
23
and 4 above, as the document evolves throughout this project. This manuscript, once finished, will define a
scientifically sound methodology to be used for assessment of on-site wastewater system performance via failure
rate studies. Once Section 4 is completed it will also be a source for lessons learned in other similar studies
throughout North Carolina and the country regarding those factors and under what conditions have the most
significant effect upon on-site wastewater treatment system failure. Thus the manuscript will provide the methods
and process to establish sound and useful failure rate studies. This methodology manual, and particularly parts
number one (1), two (2) and three (3) described above, is a necessary step to properly prepare for the failure rate
assessment to be implemented in this watershed as a part of this project as early as next spring.
1.
What is an on-site wastewater system and how do they function?
What is an on-site wastewater treatment system?



Traditionally -- includes a septic tank, drainfield and the soil beneath the drainfield that all function via
gravity flow.
Alternatively - system sometimes includes advanced pretreatment technologies and/or improved
distribution methods.
Septic tank, distribution device (D-box), drainfield and soil beneath the drainfield are shown.
 3-D view shown in Figure 1
 Cross-sectional, longitudinal view shown in Figure 2
How do these systems function?







Sewage flows from the home or other facility into a septic tank where the larger solids are retained,
The liquid effluent is distributed to the drainfield via flowing through a distribution device,
This effluent is temporarily held with the trenches until it is absorbed into the soil
During downward flow through aerobic unsaturated soil the treatment processes occur removing many
contaminants,
Some contaminants, for instance nitrogen, are not removed to any great extent in the soils usually sought
out and preferred for pathogen removal purposes,
The treated wastewater flows through the water table and into the saturated zone, i.e., a groundwater
aquifer, where it is later withdrawn for use in a well, or
The groundwater flows down gradient to aquifer discharge points, such as streams, rivers, lakes, etc.
where it enters water bodies as base flow or as surface seeps adjacent to the water bodies.
Where do failures occur?
 Failures can occur hydraulically or via performance malfunction with resultant discharges of untreated
sewage at many locations or with poorly treated sewage including the following.
 Hydraulic failures
 backup of sewage into the home,
 discharge of sewage over the system and above the
o supply line from the home to the tank,
o the tank itself,
o the line between the tank and the distribution device,
o the lines between the distribution device and the drainfield and
o the drainfield,
 downhill of the drainfield
 Un-permitted sewage discharges via a “straight pipe” including
 raw domestic sewage from the entire facility in a ditch,
 partially or untreated sewage as graywater in a ditch, or
 direct discharge to the ground surface or to a stream, river or other water body.
 Inadequately treated sewage discharged through the soil and into the groundwater.
24
Figure 1. Three dimensional view of conventional septic system showing tank, distribution device and supply lines
leading into the drainfield.
Figure 2. Cross-section, longitudinal view of conventional septic system showing septic tank, distribution device, a
longitudinal section of one drainfield trench and the soil beneath the drainfield.
2.
Why are surface hydraulic failure rate and system reliability studies beneficial?
 Difficulty and expense of implementing replicated side-by-side field research for numerous wastewater,
soil and climatic conditions.
 Surface failure rate studies can be used to assess the performance reality of on-site systems
 Determine how well systems work after a number of years in real-life use?
 Evaluate how reliable various systems are under a specified range (e.g. soil type, loading regime,
flow, etc.) of real-life operating conditions?
 Compare performance of technologies under the same climatic and/or soil conditions (comparison study).
 Evaluate longevity and determine the effects of factors that are thought to influence system function,
performance and/or longevity.
3.
Surface hydraulic failure rate scientifically sound methodologies
25

Principles and steps to plan scientifically sound failure rate studies
Four phases to a scientifically sound failure rate study (or field survey) – 42 steps
 Phase 1: Planning and Study Design
 Steps 1 - 15
 Phase 2: Preparation for Field Performance Assessment
 Steps 16 - 27
 Phase 3: Study Execution and Data Collection
 Steps 28 - 39
 Phase 4: Data Analysis and Report Preparation
 Steps 40 – 42
Phase 1: Planning and Study Design (Steps 1 – 15)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Define the problem
Evaluate the decisions that will need to be made after the study is completed
Determine the questions to be answered
Develop the hypothesis (and null hypothesis) to be tested
Determine the factors to be assessed
Develop a written protocol with proper statistical tests and sample size for detecting important
differences
Have the protocol peer-reviewed
Study leadership via third party scientists to maintain independence from funding agency (manufacturer
or regulatory)
Identify critical attributes of an appropriate study area (locality)
Determine the stratification factors to be tested or to be controlled by blocking
Define the study population from permit data or other datasets (determine if there are permit data
summary logs or files)
Minimize bias during selection of the population to be studied
Assign every system in the population a numerically sequential number
Generate sets of random numbers and use to randomly select the study sample for each stratum in the
population
Over-select the sample size to allow for unusable sites including systems with incomplete or no permit
records as well as for non-viable sites (e.g. sites connected to sewer, sites that can’t be found in the field,
sites that have dangerous animals, etc.)
Phase 2: Preparation for Field Performance Assessment (Steps 16 – 27)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Collect permit data and records
Assign each sample site a unique identifier number for quality control during data collection and analysis
Define “failure” for the study in very specific terms to minimize bias during data collection and analysis
Plan to evaluate the system of interest (the treatment) under the same weather conditions as the
experimental control (the standard for comparison)
Plan to conduct the field performance assessment over no more than 3-10 days (3-5 preferred) to
minimize data noise from fluctuating weather conditions
For efficiency during the field performance assessment survey itself, reconnaissance of the sites can be
conducted prior to the survey to identify their locations and viability (do not contact homeowners during
this stage)
Use GIS/GPS, tax parcel ID, 911 address
Develop a field survey evaluation instrument to serve as a site specific data collection and compilation
guide
Transfer permit data to the survey instrument
26
25. Prepare information packets to give to residents during the survey
26. Divide the study area into survey districts to equally distribute the workload between survey teams
27. Organize files into survey district packets for each team and include GPS locators, GIS locator maps,
reconnaissance data and/or detailed field maps for each survey district packet along with field data
collection methods and interview instructions

Methods and processes to implement dependable failure rate studies
Phase 3: Study Execution and Data Collection (Steps 28 – 39)
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Utilize teams for QA/QC during the field performance assessment
Train teams together for QA/QC
Use mock practicum site(s) for QA/QC
Disperse teams and begin data collection
Use a one-pass approach for evaluation
Use single-blind survey for QA/QC
Construct teams to include multi-agency representation for QA/QC
Make joint decisions as a team
Type of data collected can include system type, water supply, installation date, system location, system
inspection data, as-built data, soils data from field assessment, soils data from permit files, number of
bedrooms, number of occupants, system history, ponding levels, system performance, failure (Y/N), etc.
37. Data collected includes site performance data, permit data and questionnaire/interview data
38. Use a quality control team to re-assess performance of approximately 10-20% of systems
39. For failing systems observed during the survey, use FACTSS process to determine the causes of failures
and assess the extent to which the observed hydraulic performance is due to siting, design, inherent
technology factors, installation and/or operation, use and maintenance
Phase 4: Data Analysis and Report Preparation (Steps 40 – 42)
40. Assess system performance relative to system type, stratification or blocking factors, climate, soil
conditions, landscape position and topography, design, permitting process, installation, operation and
maintenance, etc.
41. Have final report peer-reviewed
42. Publish the results, preferably in a journal, if at all possible
Sushama Pradhan, Ph. D; LSS
919-791-8868
[email protected]
Henrietta Locklear
919-260-5714
[email protected]
27
Session 2:
Environment
Failure Rates in the Central/Western Piedmont of Davidson County
Jason Koontz
Davidson County Environmental Health
Sushama Pradhan
Former Soil & Water Technology Researcher
NC State University
Abstract:
Approximately 30,000 housing units in Davidson County rely upon on-site systems for their household wastewater
treatment. On-site systems process and dispose household wastewater near the point of generation. On-site
systems can be environmentally friendly, safe to human health, and a permanent wastewater treatment solution,
if close attention is provided to their use, inspection, operation, and management. Improper management of
systems can lead to system failures (malfunctions) that pose a threat to public health as well as to surface and
groundwater quality.
A letter of intent for this study and a homeowner questionnaire were mailed to all of the randomly selected study
participants four weeks prior to the study execution. The septic system field performance evaluation was
nd
th
conducted on May 22 to May 24 , 2013. The Davidson County Health Department and the Department of Soil
Science at NCSU provided technical directions and assistance to aid in designing and implementing a scientifically
sound and pragmatic failure rate assessment. A protocol developed by Dr. Hoover, retired Professor of Soil Science
at North Carolina State University, was used in this study. The population studied included all on-site systems in
Davidson County regardless of system age, the facility served (home, business, commercial or type of residence),
type of on-site technology used, etc. A sample of 250 systems was randomly selected from the study population of
approximately 30,000 septic systems in Davidson County. The random selection process specifically used a
random number generator applied to an Excel list of the 30,000 systems in the study population. This initial
sample number was finally reduced to a total of 210 viable study sites after the elimination of sites which were
vacant homes, could not be located, or were served by centralized sewer system.
Then, the study sample across the county was grouped into eight geographic Survey Districts based upon the
proximity and the numbers of study sites in each district to minimize travel time and to facilitate easy location of
study sites. Each Survey District contained 18 to 37 study sites. More than five Survey Teams were used in this
study. Each team consisted of a team leader who was an employee of a Davidson County Health Department and a
technical assistant or local expert. This was done so as to minimize the potential of any one individual,
organization, or department from interjecting bias into the study results. Additionally, 25 sites were randomly
selected for a second “blind survey” for quality assurance and control. In order to reduce personal and professional
bias, a number of surveyors other than the original Survey Teams were tasked to gather Quality Assurance and
Quality Control (QA/QC) information.
On the day of survey a total of 15 sites (12 sites with sewage present on the ground surface over the system, 2
sites with a straight pipe direct discharge, and 1 site with both) were found to be surface discharging, resulting in
an overall surface hydraulic failure rate of 7%. Hence, it is expected that about 2,100 systems were in surface
hydraulic failure during the spring of 2013 in the Davidson County.
28
Biography:
Jason Koontz graduated from NC State University in May 2000 with a BS in Agronomy; soil concentration. Jason
has been employed with the Davidson County Health Department since 2004. He has served two years on the
Planning Committee of the annual Onsite Water Protection Conference, notably as Co-chair in 2013.
Jason Koontz, REHS
Davidson County Environmental Health
336-242-2384
[email protected]
Sushama Pradhan, PhD, LSS
919-791-8868
[email protected]
Session 2:
Environment
Failure Rates in the Eastern Piedmont of Person and Granville Counties
Harold Kelly
Person County Health Department
With Jimmy Clayton, Henrietta Locklear, Sushama Pradhan
Abstract:
Reviewing the process of determining failure rates as a requirement of the Falls Lake Rules and the approach used
to address failing systems.
Biography:
Harold Kelly
Supervisor, Person County Environmental Health
Person County Health Department
New Hanover County Health Department
NC Division of Soil and Water Conservation
BS, University of Delaware
MS, University Arizona
Harold Kelly
336-597-7435
29
Session 3:
Soils and Siting
Comparison of Groundwater and Surface Water Phosphorus in Watersheds Served by Onsite Wastewater and
Municipal Sewer
Charlie Humphrey
Environmental Health Sciences Program
East Carolina University
Abstract:
Septic tank effluent is discharged into the subsurface for further pollutant treatment and dispersal. Effluent
percolates through the soil eventually reaching the water table, thus helping to recharge groundwater. If
wastewater pollutants such as phosphorus are not transformed and/or removed in the unsaturated zone,
groundwater and adjacent surface water quality may be impacted. The objectives of the research were to
determine if the groundwater and surface water phosphorus concentrations in watersheds served by onsite
wastewater systems (OWS) were significantly different in comparison to watersheds served by municipal sewer
systems (MWS) systems. Physical and chemical parameters including electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen,
temperature, flow, and turbidity were measured monthly for one year at 3 streams served by OWS and 3 streams
served by MWS. Ten residential sites (5 OWS and 5 MWS) were instrumented with networks of piezometers for
groundwater sampling and characterization. Groundwater environmental readings and phosphorus analyses were
performed least quarterly for the 10 sites. Results indicate that watersheds served by OWS have significantly
higher total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus concentrations and loads than MWS watersheds. Groundwater
down-gradient from OWS systems had significantly higher dissolved phosphorus and electrical conductivity than
groundwater in MWS yards. However, background groundwater phosphorus concentrations in OWS watersheds
were similar to groundwater in MWS yards. MWS effluent had dissolved phosphorus concentrations similar to
groundwater within the plume core near the stream banks of the OWS sites, and overall, OWS were more efficient
at reducing phosphorus loads before discharge to surface waters.
Biography:
BS in Ecosystems Assessment from NCSU, MS in Soil Science from NCSU, PhD in Coastal Resources Management:
Geosciences as primary track. 3 years of experience as Environmental Health Specialist, 7 years of experience as
NCSU Cooperative Extension Environmental Agent, 4 years of experience as ECU faculty.
Charles Humphrey
(252) 737-1479
[email protected]
30
Session 3:
Soils and Siting
Comparison of Groundwater and Surface Water Nitrogen in Watersheds Served by Onsite Wastewater and
Municipal Sewer
Guy Iverson
Coastal Resources Management Program
With M. A. O’Driscoll, C. P. Humphrey Jr., A. K. Manda, and R. K. Spruill
Abstract:
The goal of this study was to determine if significant differences in groundwater and surface water N
concentrations and loads were observed in watersheds served by onsite wastewater systems (OWS) in relation to
watersheds using centralized sewer (CS). Piezometers (65) were installed at 5 residential sites in an OWS
watershed and 5 sites in a CS watershed. Staff gauges were installed at 6 streams, 3 in CS-served watersheds and 3
in OWS-served watersheds. Groundwater samples from piezometers and surface water samples near staff gauges
were collected and analyzed for N concentrations and speciation, pH, temperature, specific conductance, dissolved
oxygen, and turbidity (streams only). Discharge and loads were calculated. Baseflow surface water samples were
collected monthly and groundwater samples were collected quarterly for a year. Watersheds served by OWS had
greater total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentrations in background groundwater and surface water than
watersheds served by CS. Mean groundwater TDN concentrations at the intensive sites, declined with increasing
distance from the drainfield to near-stream. Near-stream groundwater TDN concentrations were significantly
elevated relative to background groundwater within OWS watersheds, but were similar to the wastewater
treatment plant effluent TDN concentrations (6.9 mg/L). Preliminary results indicate that groundwater and surface
water TDN concentrations and loads in OWS-served watersheds were significantly higher than in CS-served
watersheds. However, groundwater TDN concentrations down-gradient from OWS were similar to wastewater
treatment plant effluent concentrations and TDN treatment efficiencies for OWS and CS were similar.
Biography:
BS, MS in Geology from ECU
Current PhD candidate in the Coastal Resources Management Program at ECU
Guy Iverson
[email protected]
31
Session 3:
Soils and Siting
Meteorological Controls on Nitrogen Dynamics in Treatment Beneath Onsite Systems in Coastal North Carolina
Mike O’Driscoll
With Charlie Humphrey, Nancy Deal, David Lindbo, Shawn Thieme, and Max Zarate-Bermudez
Abstract:
The spatial and temporal variability of N inputs from OWTS to surficial aquifers and surface waters is not wellconstrained and the influence of meteorological controls on temporal variability of N loading from OWTS has
received minimal study. This two-year field study (October 2009-2011) evaluated N inputs from an OWTS to a
coastal aquifer. Soil/hydrogeological characterization and seasonal monitoring of septic tank performance and
groundwater quality were conducted at a residence adjacent to the Pamlico River Estuary, Beaufort County, North
Carolina. Rainfall was elevated during the first year of study relative to the annual mean. In the second year,
drought conditions were followed by extreme precipitation from Hurricane Irene in August 2011. Extreme weather
events influenced N speciation and concentrations in groundwater. Dissolved nitrogen in groundwater beneath the
drainfield was dominated by nitrate during the drought, whereas during wetter periods ammonium and dissolved
organic N (DON) were common. Groundwater nitrate-N concentrations beneath the drainfield were typically
higher than 10 mg/L when total bi-weekly precipitation was less than evapotranspiration (precipitation deficit:
P<ET). Nitrogen concentrations in groundwater decreased with increasing distance downgradient from the OWTS.
Groundwater data suggested that DON and NO3 transported from the OWTS could migrate at least 40 m from the
drainfield to the adjacent estuary. Denitrification and dilution were the main processes reducing nitrogen
concentrations in the groundwater downgradient from the OWTS drainfield. Precipitation excess (P>ET) influenced
N loading from OWTS, due to its influence on ground water recharge and discharge processes. Due to increases in
groundwater levels and hydraulic head gradients during periods of precipitation excess the groundwater export of
N from the drainfield was highest during the dormant season (November-April), even though the groundwater N
concentrations were generally lower during this period. Increased discharge during wet periods had a large
influence on N exports from the drainfield.
Biography:
Dr. O’Driscoll has been a faculty member of the Geological Sciences Department at East Carolina University (ECU)
since 2004. He is currently the Director of the Coastal Water Resources Center at ECU. He holds graduate degrees
in Geology, Environmental Pollution Control, and Forest Resources from Penn State University. His research
focuses on utilizing tracers and other hydrogeological, geochemical, and geophysical techniques to develop
insights into the geological controls and land-use effects on surface water-groundwater interactions and
contaminant transport. This knowledge is critical for estimating the potential responses of rivers and wetlands to
stresses such as increased water demands, wastewater disposal, land-use change, and climate change.
[email protected]
252-328-5578
32
Session 3:
Soils and Siting
Recommended Guidance for the In-situ Measurement of KSAT by the Constant Head Well Permeameter Method
Karen Wallace
Onsite Water Protection Branch
NC DHHS
Abstract:
Saturated hydraulic conductivity data is an important consideration in the design of on-site wastewater systems in
unsaturated soil horizons above the water table. A group of licensed professional soil scientists from the private
and public sectors were asked to form a committee to develop guidance on procedures for collection of saturated
hydraulic conductivity data. The purpose of the document is to assist licensed professionals in the collection and
submission of saturated hydraulic conductivity data to the On-site Water Protection Branch and local health
departments. The recommendations contained in this document are intended to expedite project review and
permitting. This presentation provides an overview of the process of developing the guidance and a report on its
status.
Biography:
Karen Wallace is a North Carolina native and currently resides in Weaverville. She is a graduate of North Carolina
State University with a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science, Concentration in Soil Science and Minor in
Botany, and a Master of Science in Soil Science. She is a Licensed Soil Scientist and Registered Environmental
Health Specialist. She is currently the Onsite Water Protection Branch Regional Soil Scientist for the Mountain
Region, covering twenty seven counties.
Karen Wallace
[email protected]
33
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5"{+-:t1!-d,z
North Catolina Depaftment of Health and Human Services
Division of Public Health
AldonaZ. Wos, M.D.
Pat McCrory
Ambassador (Ret.)
Secretary DHHS
Govemor
Daniel StaleY
Acting Division Director
September 17,2013
RECOMMENDED GUTDANCE FOR IN.SITU MEASUREMENT OF SATURATED
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY BY THE CONSTANT HEAD WELL PERMEAMETER
METHOD AND FOR REPORTING RESULTS
The purpose of this document is to assist licensed or registered professionals in
collection and submission of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) data to local health
departments and the On-site Water Protection Branch. Saturated hydraulic conductivity
daia should be collected and reported by licensed soil scientists (LSS), licensed
geologists (LG), or professional engineers (PE) as required pursuant to G'S. 89C, 89E,
or 8gF, as appiicable. Saturated hydraulic conductivity data is an important factor in the
design of on-site wastewater systems in unsaturated soil horizons above the water
taUte. This information is specific to the constant-head well permeameter method (also
known as borehole permeameter method or constant-head borehole infiltration test).
Procedures contained in ASTM Standard D 5126-90, Methods of Soil Analysis and
Drainage Monographs published by Soil Science Society of America have been
incorporated into this guidance. Procedures such as those presented in ASTM D 512690 or in the aforementioned monographs may also be used for determining soil
hydraulic conductivity although they are not otherwise discussed in this guidance'
These recommendations were developed by private and public soil scientists as well as
the On-Site Water Protection Branch staff. The recommendations contained herein are
intended to specify minimum information and reporting that will expedite review of
permit requests and potentially eliminate the need for repeat measurements. Licensed
professionals may submit or propose alternative methods of Ksat data collection.
l.
Equipment
a.
b.
A commercially available permeameter or similar device for maintaining a
constant depth of water in a cylindrical auger hole at a desired depth and
measuring the flow rate of water into the soil
A set of augers and planer auger for boring a cylindrical hole
www.ncdhhs.gov ' www.publicliealth.nc.gov' http://ehs.ncpublichealth com
Tel 888-251-5543 ' Fax 919-845-3972
&
1k
Location: 5605 Six Forks Road ' Raleigh, NC 27609
Mailing Address: 1632Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC27699-1632
An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer
34
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North Carolina
Public Health
Page 2
c.
ll.
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September 18, 2013
Any additional equipment specified/recommended in the respective procedure or
by the manufacturer of the permeameter (Deviations from the respective
procedure or manufacturers' specifications should be explained.)
Evaluation
Perform all activities (including saturation)according to the respective procedure
a.
or man ufacturer's i nstru ment-s pecific man ual.
Steady-state should be achieved. lf steady-state cannot be achieved the
licensed professional conducting the evaluation should include an explanation as
to why steady-state was not achieved.
c. Measurement depths
i. Take Ksat measurements at the proposed trench depth where possible, and
at every distinct horizon within and beneath the treatment zone, as applicable.
ii. Where appropriate, measurements should be conducted within a single
horizon. lnclusion of more than one (1) horizon (i,e., saddling two [2]or more
horizons) should be avoided if the thickness of the master horizon under
consideration is greater than the required depth of the water in the hole.
iii. Only Ksat measurements greater than six (6) inches from the ground's
surface are considered valid.
iv. The depth of water in the hole should be selected according to the
recommendations outlined in the respective procedures. For commercial
devices, consult the manufacturer's manual for selection of an appropriate
water depth.
d. Measurement locations
i. Note: The licensed professional conducting the evaluation is responsible for
selecting the number (replicates) and location of measurements necessary to
adequately characterize the hydraulic conductivity of the initial drainfield(s)
and repair area(s), if applicable. This determination is based upon field
assessment of the variability of soil types and landscape positions present,
and system capacity. For the purposes of this guidance document, the
minimum recommended number of measurements to be collected should
meet the criteria set forth in Sections d.ii, d.iii, and d.iv. below.
ii. Daily design flow s 480 gallons per day (gpd)
1. Measure Ksats at the locations that best characterize the soil and site
conditions within each zone and soil type on the site'
2. Typically, a minimum of three (3) nests of Ksat measurements should be
made. A nest includes all appropriate depths as indicated in Section ll.c.i
and ll.c.ii.
iii. Daily design flow > 480 gpd but < 3000 gpd
1. Measure Ksats at the locations that best characterize the soil and site
conditions within each zone and soil type on the site.
2. Typically, a minimum of three (3) Ksat nests are performed per soil type
and at least two (2) nests per acre of evaluation area. A nest includes all
appropriate depths as indicated in Section ll.c.i and ll.c.ii. For example, for
a one-acre site, a minimum of three (3) replicate Ksat nests would be
performed (in three different representative locations); and for a two-acre
b.
35
Page 3
of5
September 18,2013
site, minimum of four (4) replicate Ksat nests would be evaluated (in four
d ifferent representative locations).
iv. Daily design flow ) 3000 gPd
1. Due to the increased complexity of siting these systems, it is strongly
recommended that the licensed professional conducting the testing meet
with the local health department and regional soil scientist to discuss
testing locations prior to performing saturated hydraulic conductivity
measurements.
2. Measure Ksats at the locations identified and agreed upon through
discussions with the regional soil scientist and local health department
representative that best characterize the soil and site conditions within
each zone and soil tYPe on the site.
v. The consultant's report should include justification for the number and
locations of the measurements.
e. Measurement recording frequency
i. Measure Ksats at time intervals outlined in the respective procedures or
manufacturer's instrument-specific manual'
ii. As a general guide, for Group ll and lll soil textures, Ksat measurements are
to be taken at intervals of 15 minutes for a minimum run time of two (2) hours
and until steady-state is achieved.
iii, As a general guide, for Group lV soil textures, Ksat measurements are to be
taken at intervals of 30 minutes for a minimum run time of four (4) hours and
until steady-state is achieved.
iv. Steady-state is achieved when three (3) consecutive flow rate measurements
are the same.
v. Procedure differentiations from this guidance document should be
accompanied by justifications from the licensed consultant.
lll.
Data Reporting
At a minimum, a "complete" report includes, but is not limited to:
Date, time, and weather conditions when data were collected
Description of methodologY
Equipment type used
Soil profile descriptions for each measurement boring
Locator map showing location of all Ksat measurements with soil profile
description of borings including relative ground surface elevation at each nest
location
vi. Adequate description of constants and equations used
vii. The following for each measurement:
1. Auger hole diameter
2. Depths of measurements
3. Depth of water in the hole under the constant head
4. Saturation start time and steady-state time
5. Clock time
6. Reservoir readings
7. Change in time
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
36
Page 4
of5
September 18, 2013
8. Change in the water level in the permeameter
9. Flow volume
10. Flow rate (flow volume/time)
11. Graph of volume of water displaced vs. time
b.
Note: Recommended calculations using the Glover Equation are as follows:
i.
Fors22H:
Ksat
Where:
A
- {sinh-1(Hir)- t(/H)2 *
= AQ
1)''' + rlHlt(2nH2)
ii. Fors<2H:
Ks61
= BQ
Where:
3 = {3ln(H/r)/[nH(3H + 2s)]]
Q is the steady-state rate of water flow from the permeameter
Sinh-1 is the inverse hyperbolic sine function
r is the radius of the borehqle
H is the depth of water in the hole
s is the distance from the bottom of the hole to an impermeable layer
ln(H/r) is the natural logarithm of Hlr.
c. An alternative equation other than Glover Equation may be offered for use if
sufficient justiflcation is provided to support its use by the manufacturer or
practitioner.
d. Measurements should generally be taken when ambient temperatures are
between 60 degrees F and 1 10 degrees F. Temperature correction based on
temperature variations in the viscosity of water (as suggested by the respective
procedure) should be used when appropriate. Use of correction factors should
be practiced with caution, and should be based on measurement of the
temperature of the water in the hole (not ambient temperature). Explanations of
temperature correction should be included as part of the report.
e. ln addition to the usual units of length over time (e.9., in/day, cm/hour), the
equivalent value for Ksat should be reported in gallons per day per square foot
(gpd/ft").
f. Complete reports include the date of completion and signature and seal of the
Licensed Soil Scientist, Licensed Geologist, or Professional Engineer providing
the service.
lV. Results
a. Ksat values are used to support a proposed long term acceptance rate (LTAR)
and perform lateral flow calculations. ln general, the LTAR should not exceed
37
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b.
c.
of5
September 18,2013
10% of the average measured Ksat values for untreated effluent (i.e. primary
septic tank effluent), and 25% for TS-l and TS-ll treated effluent.
Ksat measurements cannot be used as a means to validate unsuitable soils.
LTAR and lateral flow analysis calculations should be based on the geometric
mean.
The above guidance is designed to encourage more uniform measurement and
reporting of Ksat data. Consultants who use methods, procedures and equipment that
vary from the procedures described above should include an explanation justifying the
variation.
V.
References:
Aardvark Permeameter Ooeratinq lnstructions. SoilMoisture Equipment Corp. 2011.
Amoozegar,
A. Compact Constant Head Permeameter User's Manual. Ksat, lnc.
A. Amoozegar and A.W. Warrick, 1986. Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Soils: Field
Methods. Chapter 29, ln: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and
Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy Monograph no. 9 (2nd Edition), ASA-CSSASSSA, Madison Wl. Pp 735-770.
Amoozegar, A., and G. V. Wilson. 1999. Methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity
and drainable porosity. p.1149-1205. ln R. W. Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde
(ed.) Agricultural Drainage. Agronomy Monograph No. 38, ASA-CSSA-SSSA,
Madison, Wl.
ASTM Standard D 5126. 2006. Standard guide for comparison of field methods for
determining hydraulic conductivity in vadose zone. Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, ASTM lnternational, West Conshohocken, PA.
Johnson Permeameter lnstruction Manual. Johnson Permeameter, LLC. 2012.
Reynolds, W.D., and D.E. Elrick. 2002. Constant head well Permeameter (vadose
zone), p. 844-858, Methods of Soil Analysis, Part4, Physical Methods. Soil
Science Society of America, Madison, Wl.
USBR 73OO-89. Procedure for Performing Field Permeability Testing by the Well
Permeameter Method. Geotechnical Services Branch, code D-3760, Research
and Laboratory Services Division, US Department of the lnterior, Bureau of
Reclamation, Denver Office. Pp. 1227-1236.
38
Session 3:
Soils and Siting
A Consultant’s Perspective on Special Site Assessments
Jim Beeson
Piedmont Environmental Associates, PA
Abstract:
A consultant’s perspective to guidance issued by the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
Division of Public Health entitled “RECOMMENDED GUIDANCE FOR IN-SITU MEASUREMENT OF SATURATED
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY BY THE CONSTANT HEAD WELL PERMEAMETER METHOD AND REPORTING RESULTS”.
This talk will address important changes in site assessment where hydraulic measurements are required by the
Section regarding septic system permits. Historically a wide range of techniques have been used for these types of
assessments. This guidance document is intended to standardize these methods and to give consultants some
indication of the requirements that must be met for such evaluations. This talk will address why some of the
requirements were included and what they will mean to consultants as pertaining to the level of effort and
understanding in regard to this document.
Biography:
Jim Beeson is the founder and president of Piedmont Environmental Associates, PA. For the last twenty five years
Jim has specialized in evaluation of soils for both small and large scale wastewater disposal systems. Jim has also
installed and designed wastewater disposal systems. Jim has been qualified as an expert witness in court cases
that require expert witness on such matters. Jim also directs developers in making decisions based on soils,
environmental, and financial issues. Jim also assists clients in making applications for wastewater disposal
systems.
Jim Beeson
336-215-8820
[email protected]
39
Session 4: Technology and Engineering
Assessment of BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. Septic Tank Aid
TM
as a Septic Tank Additive
Jeff Vaughan
Abstract:
TM
BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. Septic Tank Aid is a septic tank additive that is specified for usage is
domestic septic systems. The benefits listed for the product include odor reduction, solids
degradation (to reduce the need for pumping), and degradation of fat layers. Septic Tank AidTM
can also reduce solids accumulation in septic system leachfields (drainfields) according to
product descriptions. The product usage specifications indicate quarterly treatment to maintain
proper septic system operation.
Agri-Waste Technology, Inc. (AWT) was approached in July 2010 to evaluate the effectiveness of the product. A
study was initiated by AWT in July 2010 on numerous low pressure pipe (LPP) septic systems to determine the
product impact on solids/scum levels, biochemical constituents (BOD, TSS, FOG, & TN), and pump flow rate. The
results of the study will be presented and discussed.
Biography:
Jeff Vaughan is the Senior Agronomist/Soil Scientist with Agri-Waste Technology, Inc.
Jeff Vaughan
[email protected]
Session 4:
Technology and Engineering
Permit Options for Treatment Systems in North Carolina
Steve Barry
AQWA
Abstract:
Onsite treatment systems in NC are regulated by several different authorities. This talk will highlight some of the
differences and discrepancies between the permits issued. The purpose of the presentation is to facilitate
discussion within the industry in hopes of safely streamlining the permitting process.
Steve Barry
AQWA
252-243-7693
[email protected]
40
Session 4:
Advanced Treatment Technology Optioins for Large and Small Scale, Residential and High Strength Systems
Bill Freed
Enviro-Tech, Aquapoint
Abstract:
Introduction and Context. A brief history lesson of Large Scale Wastewater Treatment in the U.S. followed by a
brief history of On-Site Wastewater in the U.S. and a discussion of how far we have come as an Industry.
Discussion of technologies generally accepted currently, strengths of each technology relative to application.
Discussion of new requirements and technology applications to address ever increasing demands of the regulatory
community and general public.
QA and discussion from attendees.
Biography:
Bill Freed is a thirty year veteran of the “not large scale” wastewater industry who owns and operates business
interests covering the gambit from providing sewer service in community’s via a Public Utility to manufacture of
wastewater treatment equipment .
[email protected]
[email protected]
252-207-5853
41
Session 4:
Restaurant/Strip Mall Expansion Project: An Engineering and Technology Case Study
Darian Creed
Hugh Creed Associates
Trish Angoli
Environmental Engineer
OWPB, NC DHHS
Abstract:
In 2011, a presentation was given on the Hillsdale Shopping Center wastewater treatment and disposal system in
Guilford County. This included shopping center expansions that placed the design flow over 3,000 gallons per day
with high strength wastewater (multiple restaurants including a bakery). This is an update to those two systems,
including the pretreatment added, what the sampling results are, and the proposed modifications for additional
future expansion.
Biography:
Tricia Angoli has Bachelors and Masters degrees in Civil Engineering from West Virginia University. She worked for
the National Small Flows Clearinghouse for ten years, for a private consulting firm in Pennsylvania that dealt with
onsite and small community subsurface wastewater systems, and is currently with the Onsite Water Protection
Branch.
Darian Creed
336-275-9826
[email protected]
Trish Angoli
OWPB, NC DHHS
919-707-5878
[email protected]
42
Session 4:
Engineering and Performance of Dual Septic/Pump Tanks
Todd Harrell
Abstract:
Engineering and Performance of S.T.E.P (Septic Tank Effluent Pump)
•
•
•
•
How it works - Overview
Components - What makes up a STEP package
Performance - Comparing STEP to Gravity and Grinder systems
How we can use STEP concept on site to drain fields - Orenco ProPak approval.
Todd Harrell
843-861-5310 (Cell)
[email protected]
43
Session 4:
Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review
Matt Polizzotto
Department of Soil Science
NC State University
Abstract:
Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is
on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is
concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may
negatively affect human health. Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review
empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d)
identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and consequences of groundwater contamination by latrines.
We used existing survey and population data to calculate global pit latrine coverage. We reviewed the scientific
literature on the occurrence of contaminants originating from pit latrines and considered the factors affecting
transport of these contaminants. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports identified
using Web of Science, PubMed, Google, and document reference lists. We estimated that approximately 1.77
billion people use pit latrines as their primary means of sanitation. Studies of pit latrines and groundwater are
limited and have generally focused on only a few indicator contaminants. Although groundwater contamination is
frequently observed downstream of latrines, contaminant transport distances, recommendations based on
empirical studies, and siting guidelines are variable and not well aligned with one another. In order to improve
environmental and human health, future research should examine a larger set of contextual variables, improve
measurement approaches, and develop better criteria for siting pit latrines.
Biography:
2010-present
2009-2010
2007-2009
2001-2007
Assistant Professor, North Carolina State University
AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, USAID
Postdoctoral Scholar, Stanford University
Graduate Research Fellow, Stanford University
Matthew Polizzotto
919-515-2040
[email protected]
44
45
Session 5:
Water Supply and Groundwater
A System for Permitting Water Supply Wells and Managing Groundwater Contamination Sites
Lisa Corbitt
Mecklenburg County Environmental Health
Land Use & Environmental Services Agency
Abstract:
Mecklenburg County is located in the Piedmont geographic region of North Carolina. The groundwater aquifer is
unconfined and unnamed. The population utilizes groundwater for residential drinking water, irrigation and
industrial purposes. Water supply wells are found throughout Mecklenburg County. In 2005, Mecklenburg County
began permitting water supply and monitoring wells through the adoption of the Mecklenburg County
Groundwater Well Regulations.
Groundwater is a reliable resource to meet our community's demand for water. Typically the groundwater in
Mecklenburg County requires little or no treatment when used as a water supply. However, there are areas of
Mecklenburg County where groundwater has been contaminated and should not be used for drinking water,
irrigation or industrial processes.
There are more than 1,300 known soil and/or groundwater contamination sites in Mecklenburg County. The
Mecklenburg County Well Regulations define areas of regulated groundwater usage around these sites. New wells
are not permitted within 1,000 feet of a contamination site unless there is no other source of water. In order to
protect the water supply, additional well construction requirements and sampling are required for wells within
1,500 feet of a contamination site.
The Environmental Data Management System (EDMS) is a GIS based system that includes both off the shelf
(Cityworks) and custom database programs (MAPS and WASPS) to manage groundwater contamination sites,
subsurface investigation permits, monitoring wells and the permitting of water supply wells and septic systems.
Information is retrieved by staff through reporting (Business Objects), electronic files (Onbase), and geographic
information (ArcGIS Server 10). EDMS identifies areas that require a hydrogeologic review and routes well
applications to a hydrogeologist for their input prior to permitting by an Environmental Health Specialist. The
public can access information on contamination sites, wells and sample results through the Well Information
System.
Biography:
Lisa Corbitt is a Program Manager for Mecklenburg County Environmental Health, a division within the Land Use
and Environmental Services Agency. She graduated with a BA in Geology from UNCW and a MS in Geology from
ECU. Lisa is a Licensed Geologist (1988) and a Registered Environmental Health Specialist (2006) in North Carolina.
She has worked on groundwater issues in Mecklenburg County for 26 years, first as a hydrogeologist and then as a
program manager. Lisa is an Adjunct Professor for Montreat College.
Lisa Corbitt
Mecklenburg County Groundwater & Wastewater Service
700 N Tryon Street
Charlotte, NC 28202
[email protected]
46
Session 5:
Sources and Variability of Manganese Concentrations in Well Water of the NC Piedmont
Elizabeth Gillispie
NC State University
Abstract:
Manganese (Mn) is a naturally occurring groundwater contaminant of growing concern. Consumption of high
quantities of Mn in well water may lead to severe neurological problems and increased infant and cancer-induced
mortality rates. Approximately 50% of sampled wells in North Carolina have Mn concentrations that exceed the
-1
state drinking water standard of 0.05 mg L . The sources of Mn to groundwater are generally unknown, and spatial
-1
patterns of concentrations, which range from below detection limits to greater than 2 mg L , are variable, making
it difficult to predict where high concentrations might occur and thereby minimize public exposure. The primary
objective of this research is to identify the surface and subsurface properties that regulate dissolved Mn
concentrations in groundwater of the NC Piedmont region. In particular, we are examining Mn spatial associations,
characterizing potential solid-phase sources of Mn, and determining Mn retention capacities within different
subsurface locations. Chemical analyses of Mn in soil, saprolite, and bedrock samples from ten NC Division of
Water Quality (DWQ) groundwater research stations are being integrated with existing US Geological Survey and
NC Department of Public Health well-water data, NC Geological Survey geology maps, and NC soil maps. Across the
Piedmont, concentrations of Mn that exceed health limits are generally found in shallow wells. High
concentrations are clustered within the Carolina Slate and Mesozoic geozones, which are overlain by the Carolina
terrane and Triassic Basin soil systems. Initial results suggest that Mn may be drawn into groundwater from nearsurface sources. Field data and ongoing laboratory studies of Mn release and transport will be used to develop
groundwater susceptibility maps that identify locations at risk for high Mn concentrations in well water.
Elizabeth Gillispie
[email protected]
47
Session 5:
Hydrogeochemical Controls on Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Cambodia
Matt Polizzotto
NC State University
Abstract:
Over 100 million people in South and Southeast Asia routinely consume groundwater that has unsafe arsenic
levels. Arsenic is naturally derived from soils and aquifer sediments, and is believed to enter solution following
reductive release from solid phases under anaerobic conditions. However, the processes governing aqueous
concentrations and locations of arsenic release to pore water remain unresolved, limiting our ability to predict
arsenic concentrations spatially (between wells) and temporally (future concentrations) and to assess the impact
of human activities on the arsenic problem. Here, I will describe field investigations of the hydrologic and
(bio)geochemical processes governing arsenic distributions in the Mekong River delta of Cambodia. Arsenic is
released from near-surface, river-derived sediments and transported, on a centennial timescale, through the
underlying aquifer, contaminating groundwater. The observation of strong hydrologic influence on arsenic
behavior indicates that release and transport of arsenic are sensitive to continuing and impending anthropogenic
disturbances. In particular, groundwater pumping for irrigation, changes in agricultural practices, sediment
excavation, levee construction and upstream dam installations will alter the hydraulic regime and/or arsenic
source material and, by extension, influence groundwater arsenic concentrations and the future of this health
problem.
Biography:
2010-present
2009-2010
2007-2009
2001-2007
Assistant Professor, North Carolina State University
AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, USAID
Postdoctoral Scholar, Stanford University
Graduate Research Fellow, Stanford University
Matthew Polizzotto
919-515-2040
[email protected]
48
Session 5:
Groundwater Contamination – Stony Hill Road Incident – Wake County
Greg Bright
Wake County Environmental Services
Abstract:
Groundwater has been and continues to be an important component of Wake County’s water resources. “The
Wake County Comprehensive Groundwater Investigation”, May 2003, estimated that almost one-quarter of the
County’s residents relied upon groundwater for their water supply. In June 2012, the discovery of contaminated
wells in a neighborhood in northern Wake County near Stony Hill road underscored the need to properly
investigate, test and monitor the quality of water from private wells located near known contamination sites. The
initial discovery of the Stony Hill contamination site occurred in 2005 when Wake County Environmental Services
(WCES) sampled a well for volatile organic analysis upon the owner’s request. Test results reported the presence
of chlorinated solvents. Follow up testing in June 2012 led to the eventual discovery by EPA of 21 wells
contaminated with the chlorinated solvent TCE, a known carcinogen.
Biography:
Mr. Bright graduated from East Carolina University in 1984 with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Environmental
Health. He began his career in 1984 with the Nash County Health Department and has worked for both Franklin
and Wake Counties. He has been employed by Wake County Environmental Services since 1995 and is currently
serving as supervisor of the Groundwater Program.
Mr. Bright is an active member of the Eastern District North Carolina Public Health Association and the North
Carolina Environmental Health Supervisors Association. He is a past member of the Environmental Health State of
Practice Committee and served four terms on the North Carolina Well Contractors Certification Commission.
Greg Bright, R.E.H.S., Supervisor
Groundwater Program
Wake County Department of Environmental Services
336 Fayetteville Street
PO Box 550
Raleigh, NC 27602
919.856.7465
[email protected]
49
Session 5:
Vapor Intrusion and Soil Vapor Sampling
Gerald Paul and Thomas Whitehead
S&ME, Inc.
Biography:
Gerald Paul, S&ME, Inc.
Project Manager with S&ME for 6 Years with over 14 years of experience in the environmental field in North
Carolina. Extensive experience managing the technical and regulatory aspects of environmental projects.
Currently manages multiple landfill sites under the Pre-Regulatory Landfill Contract as well as several sites under
our IHSB Orphan priority sites contract.
Gerald Paul
(919) 801-6482
Session 5:
TCE Panel Discussion
Moderator: Drew Morgan, WCCC, NC DHHS
Panel Members:
Greg Bright
Wake County Department of Environmental Services
Gerald Paul
S&ME, Inc.
Thomas Whitehead
S&ME, Inc.
50
51
Session 6: Customer Relations and Government
Being an ACC Champion
Chris Whittaker
Union County
Abstract:
This presentation will incorporate four basic characteristics for great customer relations: Attitude,
Communication, Commitment, and Character. For all who deal with the public on a daily basis.
Chris Whittaker
Union County
500 North Main St, Suite 47
Monroe, NC 28110
704-288-3686
[email protected]
Septic System Database Repair and Information Program (SSDRIP): Lessons Learned
Diana Rashash
NC Cooperative Extension
Abstract:
The Septic System Database, Repair, and Information Program (SSDRIP), funded by the Clean Water Trust Fund
(CWTF), was conducted in Onslow from Jan. 2009 to Jan. 2013. This presentation will discuss the highlights:
successes, failures, and most importantly, the lessons learned during the program. One lesson learned was that
homeowners with little equity and a high system repair cost ($25,000+) will opt to “walk away” from their homes,
even with the offer of assistance. Is this “sustainable”? One owner commented that having information about the
repair system would have affected their decision to purchase the home.
Biography:
The author grew up in rural upstate New York, where she got to play with water, snakes, rocks, and nature in
general. She decided to focus on “environmental” before environmental was cool (think 70s!). Toward that goal,
she obtained her BS in Applied Biology from Georgia Tech, and her MS and PhD in Environmental Sciences &
Engineering from Virginia Tech.
Diana has been with NC Cooperative Extension as an Area Specialized Agent – Natural Resources for the past 17
years.
Diana Rashash
[email protected]
52
Onsite System Management as a Part of the County’s Stormwater/Watershed Program
Henrietta Locklear
Raftelis
Abstract:
Onsite systems have long been an integral part of watershed management programs, since water supply
watershed rules enforce less intensive development and that development, in turn must rely on decentralized
wastewater management. Despite their interrelationship with watershed programs, onsite programs were still
able to maintain a primary focus on their public health mission and view onsite system management from that
perspective. In recent years, however, the relationship between watershed and on-site programs is changing. In
some areas, as a part of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), onsite systems have been identified as contributing
factors in poor water quality. New stormwater and water quality regulations may demand increased septic system
management based on a water quality imperative. This change presents some challenges, as programs balance
public health and regulations-driven water quality priorities, ensure that management approaches are supported
by good research, and stretch resources further to meet requirements. Opportunities abound as well, including an
opportunity to corral new resources and gain increasing visibility. This talk discusses models of integration
between watershed/stormwater and onsite programs, views from the watershed perspective, and challenges and
opportunities.
Henrietta Locklear
Raftelis
919-260-5714
[email protected]
53
North Carolina Solid Waste Program – When to Call
Mike Scott
Solid Waste Section
NC DENR
Abstract:
Solid Waste management in North Carolina covers a broad range of activities and waste types from septage to
construction waste. Understanding the proper management of Solid Waste and knowing appropriate contacts for
the mismanagement of waste provides a greater protection of public health and the environment in North
Carolina.
Biography:
Michael obtained BS and MS degrees from NCSU in Agronomy and is a licensed NC soil scientist. Michael has
worked for DENR for 11 years in solid waste working within the composting and land application branch and now
as the Section Chief of the Solid Waste Section. As Section Chief he is responsible for permitting, compliance and
reporting activities related to Solid Waste management in North Carolina.
Michael Scott
919-707-8246
[email protected]
I&E (Innovative and Experimental) Approval Process and Product Updates
Abstract:
I&E systems are defined under General Statute 130A-343 and approved in accordance with Rule 15A NCAC 18A
.1969 – Approval and Permitting of On-Site Subsurface Wastewater Systems, Technologies, Components, or
Devices. These systems are not listed or identified anywhere else in the rules. Applications for I&E systems are
reviewed by a technical committee made up of members from the on-site wastewater industry, both public and
private.
Biography:
Tricia Angoli has Bachelors and Masters degrees in Civil Engineering from West Virginia University. She worked for
the National Small Flows Clearinghouse for ten years, for a private consulting firm in Pennsylvania that dealt with
onsite and small community subsurface wastewater systems, and is currently with the Onsite Water Protection
Branch.
Trish Angoli
919-707-5878
[email protected]
54
Customer Relation Tips to Sustain Your Business in Today’s Economy
Kevin Davidson
Abstract:
This presentation will focus on the meaning of customer service and the interaction of consultants and installers
with their clients. The discussion will also consider the interaction between consultants and installers with
regulatory agencies.
Biography:
Kevin is a Senior Project Engineer with Agri-Waste Technology, Inc., which is located in Raleigh, NC. He specializes
in subsurface, surface application and surface discharge wastewater systems for residential, commercial, and
industrial applications.
Kevin Davidson
919-859-0669
[email protected]
55
Session 7: Decentralized Wastewater Reuse
Planning for On-site Reuse – A Brief Look at Long Term Water Availability, Population Growth, Resource
Allocation and Resource Management
Robert Rubin
A. R. Rubin and Associates
Abstract:
Increasingly the nexus of weather, climate, population pressures, water and energy resource availability and water
quality requirements will dramatically influence water resource management nationwide; here in the southeast
where watersheds are relatively small and throughout the country where drought and water scarcity issues are
emerging. Examination of news articles indicate that water shortages and drought events are increasingly
common, even in areas like the southeastern U.S. once considered a water rich area. Water resource managers are
increasingly challenged to provide high quality water to a thirsty public and societal and climactic factors
exacerbate the challenge.
•
Will water management practices of the future include opportunities for energy recovery and water reuse
onsite?
•
What barriers exist to promotion of wise onsite water management strategies that recognize the value of
long term planning and reuse?
•
How can communities large and small benefit from onsite and distributed reuse?
Realization of reuse efforts will require:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sound and reliable technologies to treat, disinfect, distribute water;
Standards that enable third-party technology evaluation to support acceptance and permitting
Competent well trained individuals to operate and maintain components of the system;
organizations manage and operate systems;
Regulatory agencies which recognize the value of all resources and regulate in accord with sound science
and effective public policy, and lastly;
An educated populace that values the necessity to manage resources in a manner that minimizes risk to
individuals and maximizes benefits to the community.
Demographers project that the population of United States will increase 25 to 30% by 2025 and the population of
North Carolina is expected to grow to over 9 million by 2020. Much of this growth will target rural, sub-urban or
peri-urban areas – the small and medium sized community or inner city areas where “gentrification” is occurring.
In addition, industrial growth and development, recreation, and agriculture will continue to exert demands on
available water resources. Clearly there are many drivers for water resource management programs that include
increasing reliance on reuse and improved management. Water uses are critical in this discussion; water fit for
purpose is the new mantra for the water industry. Potential water sources include wastewater, greywater,
contaminated groundwater, harvested rainwater, and stormwater; each potential source must be considered as a
part of a total water management program. Each is a potential source for water deemed fit for purpose in a thirsty
world.
Water Resources: The availability of water is a major driver in economic development. States along the eastern
seaboard are unique; our watersheds begin in the Appalachian Mountains and generally flow eastward to the
56
Atlantic; all states in the region have been influenced by drought in recent years and water resource allocations are
increasingly impacting availability of water. These watersheds are small when compared to the watersheds in the
western states. In many areas there is a perception of plentiful water, but the supply has been strained for the last
few years and the increasing pressures on the current levels will only exacerbate resource management
challenges.
Water reuse can play a major role in allocation of water resources throughout the nation water resource managers
may increasingly supplant dwindling sources with reclaimed water, harvested rainwater, and treated stormwater.
In fact, a recent study by the National Association of Counties suggests that many counties will face significant
water shortages in coming years.
Treatment Technologies: Natural water reuse systems have been in use for millennia as water cycled through the
hydrologic cycle. Human intervention in the water cycle necessitates management of the resource and
management necessitates reliable and robust treatment technologies. State agencies responsible for permitting
reuse systems have developed rules and regulations to assure reuse programs provide water deemed fit for
purpose.
Regulatory agencies often specify required levels of treatment and redundancy in critical processes rather than a
specific technology. System designers must document that a treatment technology specified in a reuse application
is capable of achieving required levels of treatment. Often the treatment for non-potable reuse specifies BOD, TSS,
Turbidity, and indicator organism levels for microbiologic indicators such as coliform, C. perfringens, or phage.
Specific requirements for the treatment technology are often specified. One frequent requirement following
biological treatment is fine filtration and dual disinfection. These technologies are required to assure the liquid
generated meets the stringent water quality standards deemed necessary to protect public health and
environmental quality.
NSF International (NSF) has developed a standard for evaluating wastewater and graywater treatment
technologies that claim to produce effluent suitable for many reuse, non-potable applications. The Standard
approved in 2011is listed as NSF 350. The standard can be used to assure wastewater and graywater treatment
products specified for reuse applications meet treatment levels deemed protective of health. The NSF Standard
was developed through a lengthy consensus driven effort involving public health and environmental professionals,
manufacturers, academicians, regulators and engineers.
Reuse applications of the treated effluent include indoor use, such as toilet and urinal flushing, and outdoor use,
such as irrigation. The effluent criteria of the Standard are established consistent with these end uses. The effluent
quality criteria are the same regardless of the source of water, i.e. whether it is residential wastewater, graywater,
or only bathing or laundry water. There are two separate criteria, one for the overall test average and another for
individual samples established as a single maximum that no sample can exceed. Class R is specific to single family
residential dwellings, whereas Class C is specific to multi-family residential units and commercial facilities. One
manufacturer has been tested and certified under this new NSF 350 Standard. The standards are listed below and
are consistent with NCDENR requirements.
Table1. Summary of draft NSF Standard 350 effluent criteria for individual classifications:
Measure
CBOD5 (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
Class R
Single Sample
Test Average
Maximum
10
25
10
Class C
Single Sample
Test Average
Maximum
10
25
30
10
57
30
Turbidity
(NTU)
2
E. coli
(MPN/100 ml)
pH (SU)
Storage vessel
disinfection
3
(mg/L)
Color
5
10
2
5
14
240
2.2
200
6.0 – 9.0
NA
6.0 – 9.0
NA
≥ 0.5 –
≤ 2.5
NA
≥ 0.5 –
≤ 2.5
NA
NA
MR
NA
Non-offensive
Nondetectable
NA
4
MR
1
Odor
Non-offensive
NA
Oily film and
NonNon-detectable
foam
detectable
Energy
MR
NA
consumption
1
NA: not applicable.
2
Calculated as geometric mean.
3
As chlorine. Other disinfectants can be used.
4
MR: Measured and reported only.
Non-detectable
MR
NA
Table 2. Typical Reuse Standards Used by State Water Quality Agencies
Standard
CA
FL
NC
VA
NYC
Turbidity
<=2
<5(2)
<2
<2.0
BOD
NS
<20
<=10
<=10
<10
TSS
NS
<5
<=5
<=5
<10
Coliform
<2.2
ND
<=14/100mL
<=14/100mL
2.2/100 ml as
E.coli
C. perfringens
Coliphage
3 log reduction
4 log reduction
Trained and certified operators: Competent operators are critical to assure systems designed, permitted and
installed to provide reuse quality water are operated to meet those standards. State agencies are responsible to
assure wastewater system operators are trained and certified. The North Carolina Technical Assistance and
Certification Branch provides training and certification programs for all reuse systems. Many state agencies are
now developing programs in cooperation with the Association of Boards of Certification. Competent system
operators serve as the backbone for the reclaimed water industry.
Management entities: Organizations – public and private that assume management responsibilities necessary to
assure reuse systems are managed properly. Management functions are an essential component of sustainable
management programs. Critical management activities involved in sustainable management efforts must address
the workforce and workforce development, condition assessments of essential reuse assets, and long term
financial management to assure longevity of the reuse infrastructure.
Management entities can be public or private. There is a misperception that only municipal sources of reclaimed
water are suitable, but many private entities produce and manage reclaimed water beneficially. With the new NSF
standards previously discussed and state program requirements an entity with necessary management attributes
is an acceptable entity to oversee reuse operations.
Rules and regulations that enable: Most states have rules or guidelines addressing water reuse. The USEPA has a
comprehensive guide available in both printed and CD formats on reuse and available from your EPA at:
58
www.epa.gov/ttbnrmrl
The Guidelines for Water Reuse (EPA/625/R-04/108, August 2004) is available through the EPA ORD Technology
Transfer Program as a Manual of Practice. It presents recommended water reuse guidelines for a wide range of
practices where reclaimed water could supplant potable demands (e.g., agricultural and urban irrigation, industrial
reuse [e.g., cooling water, boiler make-up water, industrial process water], impoundment and stream
augmentation, groundwater recharge, and indirect potable reuse) and provides supporting information for the
benefit of the water and wastewater utilities, regulatory agencies in the U.S., the concerned pubic and decision
makers.
Reuse is emerging as an integral component in our developing water management strategy. Fears and
misunderstandings abound. Through education and demonstration, research and development, and proper
management reuse will become integrated into the water management paradigm.
State agencies are responsible for establishing appropriate water quality standards and treatment requirements in
reclaimed water programs. In addition, NSF has now established a water use standard (NSF 350) which describes
water quality needs associated with end-use applications – regardless of the source, water must be fit for intended
use and this standard reflect this realization. Water quality standards can vary depending on the intended use of
the reclaimed water. Regardless of the intended use, water quality standards are stringent. The most stringent
standards are associated with reuse activities that may expose residents of a community to reclaimed water.
Outdoor uses such as golf courses, athletic field irrigation or wetland augmentation and indoor uses such as toilet
flushing all require adherence to stringent water quality standards, adherence to strict design standards, and a
management plan. The risk determines the treatment levels required.
Educated advocates and planning: The most effective tool we have in our reuse efforts is educated advocates for
these programs. The technology to achieve reclaimed water standards reliably and efficiently exists; personnel to
operate, maintain and manage reuse systems are available; organizations to sustain these efforts are formed and
regulated; and rules and regulations encouraging reuse are present at appropriate levels.
Planning for reuse will require that communities assess potential demand. This can be done by examining water
uses and identifying activities amenable to reuse. Planners can incorporate access to water reuse pipelines as a
tool in land use decisions. Activities such as toilet flushing, fire protection, heating and cooling water, irrigation,
aesthetic uses, ecosystem enhancements and dust control can all be accomplished with non-potable or reclaimed
water.
Demand management is a critical step in the planning for reuse effort. Once potential demands have been
identified, reclaimed water generators must assess the supply issues associated with meeting the demands. This
requires assessment of seasonal needs and volumes. The pumping systems, line sizes, and storage requirements
necessary to support reuse must be assessed in this phase of a reuse effort. Competing demands for available
water are already creating allocation issues throughout the region. Changing weather and rainfall patterns may
exacerbate already sensitive allocation issues.
Reuse in NC
The importance of reuse was recently codified in NC with passage of the Drought Management Bill in 2008 (20081943). This bill establishes requirements for any entity withdrawing or transferring over 100,000 GPD from surface
or groundwater sources, and it also assigns responsibility to NCDA to initiate a survey of all agricultural,
silvicultural, and horticultural users withdrawing 10,000 GPD or more from any source. Section 143-355.5 of the
bill contains provisions for reuse. The bill states that reuse is critical to meet existing and future water demands in
North Carolina. We have a mandate to reuse reclaimed water; consequently a responsibility to do that wisely. This
bill is an important tool to help communities plan wise water management strategies and state governments
should be required to develop similar legislation encouraging reuse. Further, the Water Reuse Rule is in process of
59
redevelopment and new provisions in the rule encourage and enable expanded uses for reclaimed water (15 A
NCAC 2U).
Our onsite reuse efforts in North Carolina as permitted through DEH are limited, but we will see increased reliance
on reuse in a variety of settings. The Wilkerson Park in Wake County utilizes a membrane system for treatment, an
indoor reuse system for toilet flush and a permitted soil absorption system to receive effluent not reused. This was
permitted by Wake County Health Department and Wake County Building Department following extensive
consultation with appropriate state agencies. To date, the water has been reused and recycled effectively and the
system has consistently performed outstandingly thanks to the outstanding service provided by the onsite
operator.
Commencement – Not Conclusion: What do implications associated with changing demographics and changing
rainfall patterns hold for us all? Climatologists tell us that the annual volume of rainfall may not change markedly,
but the distribution of that rainfall will. Short and intense rainfall events are likely. The volume of water that can
enter complex aquifer systems may be reduced. This reduces the volume of water available to groundwater
aquifers and potentially to surface streams. Supplying the demand for water will become increasingly difficult, and
reclaimed water programs will play an increasingly critical role in water resource management programs vital to
the state. Effective water reuse program planning must begin now. The Drought Management Bill and the Reuse
Rule in NC are prescient indicators of our collective future. More and more entities recognize the need to better
manage precious resources sustainably.
Reuse is a vital and necessary component of comprehensive water planning efforts. Throughout the country and
worldwide available water supplies are challenged. System managers are examining opportunities to incorporate
reclaimed water into municipal and onsite applications. State and federal agencies are examining mandates to
reduce water and energy needs in buildings and facilities.
Reuse efforts will continue to develop and evolve, available technology will become more efficient, operators are
become more professional, management entities are becoming more sustainable, reuse regulations and standards
are developing that reflect the concern for protecting health and the environment, and publics are recognizing the
need to better manage resources. Reuse has been a part of the water management paradigm for millennia;
planned and managed reuse will allow us to better manage this vital resource.
Biography:
Dr. Robert (Bob) Rubin is an Emeritus Professor in the Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department at North
Carolina State University. He currently consults on water and solids management projects. From 1999 through
2005, Dr. Rubin served as a Visiting Scientist at the USEPA in Washington, DC.
Robert Rubin
[email protected]
60
Update on North Carolina’s First DHHS-approved Reuse System
Cory Brantley
David Brantley & Sons
Abstract:
Permitting, permitting, permitting. The biggest hurdle moving forward.
Biography:
My dad started a small family business around 1964. When I say family I mean the entire family. My mom did the
paperwork and my brothers and I started working with him at a young age. Back then it was mostly residential
gravity type systems with the occasional pump system. Now it’s installation, maintenance and pumping of any type
system from simple gravity to advanced treatment.
Cory Brantley
[email protected]
Decentralized Wastewater Reuse Panel Discussion
Moderator: Bob Rubin, A.R. Rubin and Associates
Panel Members:
Steven Berkowitz
NC DHHS
Cory Brantley
David Brantley and Sons, Inc.
Jon Risgaard
NC DENR
61
Designing Small-scale “Living” Graywater filtration Systems for Salons and Spas in North Carolina
Bobbie Jo Swinson
Appalachian State University
Abstract:
Researchers at Appalachian State University have been researching and designing a modular, biologically based,
“living” graywater filtration system to be installed in a local hair salon in Boone, NC. This presentation will give an
overview of the research and development process and offer the latest information regarding graywater filtration
regulations and requirements in North Carolina. Finally, we will share our prototype designs and information
regarding the effectiveness of such systems.
Bobbie Jo Swinson
[email protected]
62
Conjunctive Use Reclaimed Water Program in Johnston County
Jamie Guerrero, PE, CPSWQ
Development Engineer, Environmental, and Stormwater Manager
Johnston County Public Utilities
Abstract:
The NC General Assembly established reclaimed water rules (15A NCAC 02U) effective June 18, 2011. Prior to the
reclaimed water rules, reclaimed water was regulated by the Waste Not Discharged to Surface Waters rules (15A
NCAC 02T). The purpose of the rule change was to encourage and promote safe and beneficial use of reclaimed
water in a manner that is protective of both public health and the environment. Session Laws 2011-48 (House bill
268) and 2011-218 (House Bill 388) required the Environmental Management Commission (EMC) to make further
revisions to the reclaimed water rules to incorporate changes made by the General Assembly during the 20112012 legislative session.
The 02U rules allow irrigation of agricultural crops, including irrigation of ornamental crops by field nurseries and
aboveground container nurseries, supplied with reclaimed water as part of a conjunctive use reclaimed water
system and approved by the reclaimed water provider. Under the 02U rules it is not necessary for the Division
to issue individual permits or coverage under a general permit for construction or operation of this type of
utilization system. In addition, the 02U Rules extended the use of reclaimed water from non-food chain crops
to certain food chain crops that are peeled, skinned, cooked, or thermally processed before consumption. With
this change in utilization, there is renewed interest in the agricultural community within Johnston County to use
reclaimed water for a reliable source of irrigation waters. Johnston County has developed policies and
procedures to permit and encourage reclaimed water usage.
Biography:
Mr. Guerrero is a North Carolina licensed Professional Engineer and a Certified Professional Stormwater Quality.
Mr. Guerrero is a graduate of NC State University and worked 5 years with the private sector specializing in
environmental engineering and consulting before joining the public sector at N.C. Department of Transportation
(NCDOT) and later local government for Johnston County. In 2005, Mr. Guerrero worked for the NCDOT as the
Division 4 Environmental Officer. He joined Johnston County in 2008 as the Stormwater Manager and is currently
working as the Utility and Environmental Department Manager.
Mr. Guerrero has extensive experience with stormwater quality, stream and wetland delineation,
mitigation, and 401/404 permitting, as well as water, wastewater, and reclaimed water distribution. He also
owns his own environmental engineering consulting firm that he established in 2006.
Jamie Guerrero
(919) 209-8333 or (919) 624-8825
j [email protected] or [email protected]
63
Session 8:
Closing General Session
Saltwater Intrusion and Migration in the Coastal Plain
Richard Spruill
Professor
Abstract:
Abstract. Large regional groundwater withdrawals have induced the migration of saltwater into the previously
freshwater portions of the Upper Floridan Aquifer beneath Hilton Head Island. This has caused Hilton Head Public
Service District (the District) to lose a significant portion of their fresh groundwater supply. The District has
considered several options to reduce saltwater intrusion by managing their existing Upper Floridan Aquifer
wellfield. The District has also developed alternative sources that are both reliable and economically viable.
Strategies for managing the existing groundwater supply include the construction of new wells in the Upper
Floridan Aquifer away from the saltwater-freshwater interface located near Port Royal Sound. Groundwater
modeling has been utilized to guide management of the existing wellfield to more evenly distribute withdrawals,
thereby reducing the potential for developing coalescing cones of depression and large-scale inflections on the
potentiometric surface. These management strategies reduce the potential for localized saltwater intrusion
and/or upcoming, and extend the life of the wellfield.
The Middle Floridan Aquifer is being developed as an alternative source of water to be treated by reverse
osmosis (RO). Detailed aquifer testing and analyses were utilized to address regulatory concerns regarding the
potential to create further water level declines in the Upper Floridan Aquifer. To investigate the hydrogeologic
feasibility of using the Middle Floridan Aquifer as a supply source, the District constructed a Middle Floridan
Aquifer production well and two monitoring wells. The primary goal of this testing was to evaluate the hydraulic
properties of the Middle Floridan Aquifer and to evaluate the impact of withdrawals from the Middle Floridan
Aquifer on water levels in the Upper Floridan Aquifer. Results of this testing program indicated that development
of the Middle Floridan Aquifer is feasible and will not create significant impacts on the Upper Floridan Aquifer.
Other potential strategies that have been investigated include the utilization of saltwater extraction wells from
the Upper Floridan Aquifer near Port Royal Sound to create a pressure trough to inhibit further saltwater migration
beneath Hilton Head Island. Water from extraction wells could be treated with RO and utilized as a water
resource. The District has also considered the utilization of Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) to create a freshwater
pressure ridge to prevent further saltwater migration beneath Hilton Head Island. Reverse osmosis treated water
from brackish sources can be utilized during off peak periods to recharge ASR wells, that can be used conjunctively
with existing Upper Floridan Aquifer wells to meet peak demands.
The District provides an excellent example of how multi-faceted management strategies can be successfully
applied to mitigate saltwater intrusion issues in developed coastal areas. Too often, coastal communities will
simply add more treatment to existing sources without addressing the causes of saltwater intrusion and without
fully evaluating other economical alternatives.
64
Biography:
Richard Spruill is a professor and hydrogeologist at East Carolina University specializing in the evaluation and
development of the groundwater resources of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. He has worked closely with
municipalities, industries and the regulatory community to provide scientific insight during the planning and
development of large-scale groundwater withdrawal projects. Richard has a particular interest in groundwater
protection regulations and has played a significant role in solving the major problems facing North Carolina
groundwater users.
Richard Spruill
[email protected]
65
Session 8:
Shale Gas 101 – Natural Gas Exploration/Development: A North Carolina Perspective
Kenneth B. Taylor, PG
State Geologist of North Carolina and Chief
NC Geological Survey
Abstract:
The 1823 organic act which created the North Carolina Geological Survey (NCGS) tasked us to examine, describe
and map the geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources of our State and publish these findings in NCGS
reports and maps. During the last 190 years, the Survey has provided unbiased, impartial and relevant technical
information to all parties. The NCGS is custodian of rock cores, cuttings, geophysical logs, commodity files, and
other records on the mineral potential in the State.
In 1925, oil and gas exploration began in Craven County where Great Lakes Well #2 was drilled to a depth of 2,404
feet. During the next 74 years, 128 oil and gas wells were drilled in 23 counties. From 1974 to 1998, eight oil and
gas wells were drilled in Lee County, with the last being AMVEST Butler #3. The deepest well was ESSO #1
(Hatteras Light) with a total depth of 10,044 feet.
Beginning in 2008 with the publication of the U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2008-1108, Dr. Jeffrey Reid
with the NCGS published a series of research papers and abstracts on the shale gas potential of the Mesozoic rift
basins in North Carolina. The research showed a total petroleum system (TPS) containing source rock, seals and
traps/reservoirs existed in the Deep River Basin, a 150-mile-ling northeast trending half-graben (rift basin) with a
steeply dipping eastern border fault. The led to a three-year joint NCGS-USGS geological assessment NCGS-USGS
and a USGS numerical assessment of a unconventional (continuous) TPS in both the Deep River and Dan River –
Danville basins.
Biography:
Dr. Kenneth B. Taylor is the State Geologist of North Carolina and Chief of the N.C. Geological Survey Section in the
Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources, N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NC
DENR). As the senior scientist he coordinates the Survey’s geologic investigations and educational outreach efforts
across the State.
During his 18 years with state government, Dr. Taylor has shared his extensive experience in both emergency
management and geologic investigations in more than 50 abstracts, reports and professional papers. As a
geologist and geophysicist, he is the senior technical specialist/advisor to the State Emergency Response Team on
earthquakes. He has also responded to significant regional earthquakes in North Carolina, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky
and South Carolina to capture aftershock sequences for source analysis; worked in the oil fields of Texas on
secondary oil/gas recovery techniques; and utilized geophysical methods to characterize geological problems.
Dr. Taylor earned his Bachelor of Science in Geology from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1979, his
Master of Geology from the University of South Carolina in 1981 and his doctorate in geophysics from Saint Louis
University in Saint Louis, Missouri in 1991. Dr. Taylor was the 1991-1992 Geological Society of America
Congressional Science Fellow where he served as a professional staff member in the U.S. Senate.
Dr. Kenneth B. Taylor, P.G.
(919) 707-9211 (work)
[email protected]
66
Session 8:
Future Direction of Onsite
Nancy Deal
OWPB, NC DHHS
Abstract:
We face significant challenges in light of continued economic uncertainty, unique administrative constraints and
recent legislative activities. This atmosphere warrants the use of inventive approaches to customer service
improvement. In this presentation, the Onsite Water Protection Branch Head will outline short and long-term
objectives intended to streamline operations, promote consistency and facilitate communication.
Biography:
Nancy Deal began her environmental health career in 1990 in the Martin-Tyrell-Washington District. In 2000,
Nancy became an Extension Associate at NC State University, where she developed curricula and delivered training
and technical assistance regarding decentralized wastewater treatment. In 2010, Nancy joined the NC DHHS and
most recently accepted the position of Branch Head for the Onsite Water Protection Branch.
Nancy Deal
OWPB, NC DHHS
919-707-5875
[email protected]
67
Registration List
Last Name
Adams
Alley
Anderson
Andrews
Angoli
Anthony
Arreguin
Ashton
Bailey
Bannister
First Name
Andy
Glen
Ron
Edwin
Trish
William
Gilbert
Tom
Eric
Tim
Barefoot
Barringer
Barry
Barry
Beeson
Berkowitz
Bernard
Berry
Bitting
Black
Bolich
Bolton
Boone
Bowyer
Boyer
Brantley
Brantley
Brantley
Bright
Brooks
Brooks
Brothers
Brown
Brown
Bullard
Burch
Burdette
Burris
Burton
Cahill
Caldwell
Callis
Carignan
Casebolt
Champion
Clapp
Clark
Clayton
Clayton
Coen
Cole
Jeff
BK
Steve
Mike
Jim
Steven
Jane
Stephen
Veronica
Stuart
Rick
Jerry
Robert
Ken
James
Cory
Shane
Nick
Gregory
Bill
Mark
Marshall
Galen
Robert
Jeffrey
Michael
Matt
David
Rob
Charles
Craig
Joseph
Neil
Hiram
Cassandra
Alan
Richard
Michael
Jimmy
Keith
Scott
Company
Orange Co. Env. Health
Ashtecs/Biokube
Drillers Service, Inc.
Edwin Andrews & Associates
NC DHHS
AAA Septic Tank Pumping
American Manufacturing Co.
Davidson County Health Dept
Tri-County Wastewater Mgmt.
Appalachian District Health
Dept.
Piedmont Design Associates
AQWA
AQWA
Piedmont Env. Associates
NCDHHS
NCDENR
NCDENR
SERCAP, Inc.
NCDENR-PWSS
NCDENR
Bolton's Backhoe, Inc
Halifax Co. Health Dept.
Forsyth Co. Env. Health
Transylvania Co. Env. Health
Wake Co. Environmental Svcs
Sim/Tech Filter
Brooks Engineering Associates
Warren County Health Dept.
Jerry's Trucking & Septic Svc.
City of Raleigh
Nature Works, Inc.
Bateman Civil Survey Company
Virginia Dept. of Health
Forsyth County
NCDENR
Wake County
Granville Vance Health Dist.
Orange Co. Health Dept.
Ray Clark Construction
Enviro-Tech
Granville-Vance Dist. Health
Guilford Co. Public Health
City
Hillsborough
Hickory
Greensboro
Raleigh
Raleigh
Winter Garden
Hope Mills
Elkwood
Lexington
Wingate
State
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
FL
NC
VA
NC
NC
Work Phone
919-245-2371
828-431-3285
828-431-3245
919-851-7844
(919) 707-5878
919-796-9873
910-484-2020
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Greensboro
Winston-Salem
Greensboro
Supply
Burlington
Willow Springs
Nashville
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
TN
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
910-796-7218
919-557-3889
919-707-8246
336-703-3153
(336) 822-4784
919-995-3759
336-401-8334
919-231-6126
336 703 3128
336.514.1142
252-908-4369
336-597-1790
252-257-1185
336-597-1790
336-849-7687
252-328-4399
919-658-6109
919-658-6109
919-662-7272
72
704-902-0308
252-531-3471
252-491-5277
252-636-4936
828-749-9126
828-406-6067
252-670-3025
252-451-2111
919-707-9211
910-938-5851
901-831-5155
919-776-2178
(704) 920-1266
704-301-4881
910-893-7547
336-703-3149
919-807-6446
919-859-0669
(919) 245-2362
919-880-3137
919-515-4671
704-336-5570
704-283-3525
336-380-1183
(704) 930-4889
336 790 8895
336-771-5287
(336) 641-6840
919-698-0546
336 570-6367
919-552-9884
(919) 218-2643
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Warren
Washington
Watts
Weeks
Welch
Wells
Werley
West
White
White
Whitehead
Whitley
Whittaker
Wilfong
Willcox
Williams
Withrow
Withrow
Wood
Wood
Wood
Woodlief
Woodward
Wynia
Young
Young
Yurkovich
Kim
Alton
Jon
Mark
Dave
Donald
Scott
Joe
David
Justin
Thomas
Kevin
Christopher
Brett
Rob
John
Lorna
Bruce
Jeffrey
Tim
Michael
Brian
Woody
Erin
Doug
Gene
Evan
Chatham Co. Public Health
Al's Septic Tank Cleaning
1st Choice Septic & Env. Svcs.
Brunswick Co. Health Dept.
S&EC
EMS Environmental, Inc.
Lee Co. Environmental Health
Conetec
Surry County
S&ME, Inc.
Wayne County
SJE-Rhombus
S&ME, Inc.
Porters Neck Projects
NC DHHS
Brunswick County
Franklin County
Infiltator Systems
The Catena Group, Inc.
David Brantley & Sons, Inc.
Infiltrator Systems
Crane Pumps and Systems
Applied Resource Mgt
Altamont Environmental, Inc.
Pittsboro
Fayetteville
Lincolnton
Bolivia
Zebulon
Raleigh
Durham
Sanford
Jackson
Dobson
Wilmington
Goldsboro
Monroe
Detroit Lakes
Greensboro
Wilmington
Raleigh
Bolivia
Louisburg
Old Saybrook
Hillsborough
Zebulon
Old Saybrook
Raleigh
Hickory
Hampstead
Asheville
73
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
SC
NC
NC
NC
NC
MN
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CT
NC
NC
CT
NC
NC
NC
NC
919-545-8319
910-323-4274
704-995-2164
910-253-2277
252-478-3721
919-846-5900
919-201-0462
919-718-4641
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336-401-8335
910-789-2386
(919) 731-1174
704-283-3686
218-847-1317
336-288-7180
910-622-0438
(919) 715-3270
(910) 253-2280
919-496-8100
888-292-7073
919-732-1300
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919-280-3028
919-715-4126
937-214-7347
910-270-2919
828-281-3350
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Program Evaluation
29th Annual Onsite Water Protection Conference, October 8-10, 2013
Your Job Title: ________________________________ Occupation: ____________________________
1. What days did you attend?
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
2. Overall Evaluation:
a. The objectives of this program were:
Clearly Evident 5 4 3 2 1
Vague
b. The presentation of material was:
Excellent
5 4 3 2 1
Poor
c. My expectations were:
Exceeded
5 4 3 2 1
Not Met
d. Overall, I consider this program:
Excellent
5 4 3 2 1
Poor
e. My attendance at this program should prove:
Very Beneficial 5 4 3 2 1
No Benefit
3. What sessions did you like the best and why? ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What sessions did you like the least and why? ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Your suggestions for topics for next year’s conference: _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Please provide comments about this program for us to include in our next brochure.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. If we include your comments on a future brochure, we would like to print your name. If you are willing to disclose your
name, PLEASE PRINT YOUR NAME BELOW.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP
Conference Planning Committee
Co-Chairs
Jason Koontz, Davidson County
Mike Hoover, Retired, NC State University
Committee Members
Andy Adams, Orange County
Jim Beeson, Piedmont Environmental Associates, PA
Eddie Broussard, Drillers Service
Bill Freed, Enviro-Tech/Aquapoint
Alan Gaddis, AG Environmental Management
Tim Johnson, T&J Panel
Wayne Jones, Randolph County
Alan McKinney, Appalachian Health District
Doug McVey, Pender County
Andrew Morgan, NC DHHS
Diana Rashash, NC State University
Bob Rubin, A. R. Rubin and Associates, Inc.
Jeff Vaughan, Agri-Waste Technology, Inc.
Keith Vernon, Vernon Septic Tank Service
Doug Young, Crane Pumps & Systems

29 ANNUAL ONSITE WATER PROTECTION CONFERENCE

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