1. Frank L. Pedrotti, "Introduction to Optics"

1. Frank L. Pedrotti, "Introduction to Optics"

Introduction to Optics
Lecture homepage : http://optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/syllabus-Optics-Part I.html
Professor : 송석호, [email protected], 02-2220-0923 (Room# 36-401)
Textbook : 1. Frank L. Pedrotti, "Introduction to Optics", 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall Inc.
2. Eugene Hecht, "Optics", 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Evaluation : Attend 10%, Homework 10%, Mid-term 40%, Final 40%
(Genesis 1-3) And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
Also, see Figure 2-1, Pedrotti
Optics
www.optics.rochester.edu/classes/opt100/opt100page.html
빛의 역사 (A brief history of light & those that lit the way)
저자: Richard J. Weiss
번역: 김옥수
Introduction to Optics – 3rd
A Bit of History
“...and the foot of it of brass, of the
lookingglasses of the women
assembling,” (Exodus 38:8)
Rectilinear Propagation
(Euclid)
Shortest Path (Almost Right!)
(Hero of Alexandria)
Plane of Incidence
Curved Mirrors
(Al Hazen)
-1000
0
Wave Theory (Longitudinal)
(Fresnel)
Empirical Law of
Refraction (Snell)
Light as Pressure
Wave (Descartes)
Transverse Wave, Polarization
Interference (Young)
Law of Least
Time (Fermat)
Light & Magnetism (Faraday)
v<c, & Two Kinds of
Light (Huygens)
Corpuscles, Ether
(Newton)
1000
1600
1700
EM Theory (Maxwell)
Rejection of Ether,
Early QM (Poincare,
Einstein)
1800
1900
2000
(Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University)
More Recent History
Laser
(Maiman)
Polaroid Sheets (Land)
Optical Fiber
(Lamm)
Speed/Light
(Michaelson)
HeNe
(Javan)
GaAs
(4 Groups)
CO2
(Patel)
Holography
(Gabor)
Spont. Emission
(Einstein)
1920
SM Fiber
(Hicks)
Optical Maser
(Schalow, Townes)
Quantum Mechanics
1910
Phase
Contrast
(Zernicke)
Hubble
Telescope
Erbium
Fiber Amp
FEL
(Madey)
Commercial
Fiber Link
(Chicago)
Many New
Lasers
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
(Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University)
Lasers
Nature of Light
• Particle
– Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
– Optics
• Wave
– Huygens (1629-1695)
– Treatise on Light (1678)
• Particle, again
– Planck (1900), Einstein (1905)
• Wave-Particle Duality
– De Broglie (1924)
Maxwell -- Electromagnetic waves
Planck’s hypothesis (1900)
• Light as particles
• Blackbody – absorbs all wavelengths and conversely emits
all wavelengths
• Light emitted/absorbed in discrete units of energy (quanta),
E=nhf
• Thus the light emitted by the blackbody is,
⎞
2πhc ⎛⎜
1
⎟
M (λ ) =
hc
5
⎜
λ ⎝ e λkT − 1 ⎟⎠
2
Photoelectric Effect (1905)
• Light as particles
• Einstein’s (1879-1955) explanation
– light as particles = photons
Light of frequency ƒ
Kinetic energy = hƒ - Ф
Electrons
Material with work function Ф
Wave-particle duality (1924)
• All phenomena can be explained using either
the wave or particle picture
h
λ=
p
• Usually, one or the other is most convenient
• In PHYSICAL OPTICS we will use the wave
picture predominantly
Photons and Electrons
Nanophotonics, Paras N. Prasad, 2004, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., ISBN 0-471-64988-0
Both photons and electrons
are elementary particles that
simultaneously exhibit particle
and wave-type behavior.
Photons and electrons may
appear to be quite different as
described by classical physics,
which defines photons as
electromagnetic waves
transporting energy and
electrons as the fundamental
charged particle (lowest mass)
of matter.
A quantum description, on the
other hand, reveals that
photons and electrons can be
treated analogously and
exhibit many similar
characteristics.
Let’s warm-up
일반물리
전자기학
Question
How does the light propagate through a glass medium?
(1) through the voids inside the material.
(2) through the elastic collision with matter, like as for a sound.
(3) through the secondary waves generated inside the medium.
Secondary
on-going wave
Primary incident wave
Construct the wave front
tangent to the wavelets
What about –r direction?
Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell’s Equation
G G Q
∫ E ⋅ dA =
Gauss’s Law
G G
∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
No magnetic monopole
ε0
G G
dΦ B
⋅
=
−
E
d
s
Faraday’s Law (Induction)
∫
dt
G G
dΦ E
Ampere-Maxwell’s Law
⋅
=
μ
+
ε
μ
B
d
s
i
∫
0
0 0
dt
Maxwell’s Equation
G G ρ
G G
G G
ρ
Gauss’s Law
∇⋅E =
E
⋅
d
A
=
∇
⋅
E
dv
=
dv
⇒
∫
∫
∫ε
ε0
0
G G
G G
G G
No magnetic monopole
⇒
∇⋅B = 0
∫ B ⋅ dA = ∫ ∇ ⋅ Bdv = 0
G
G G
G G G
d G G
G
G
∫ E ⋅ ds = ∫ ∇ × E ⋅ dA = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA ⇒ ∇ × E = − ∂B
Faraday’s Law (Induction)
∂t
G G
G G G
dΦ E
B
⋅
d
s
=
∇
×
B
⋅
d
A
=
μ
i
+
μ
ε
∫
∫
0
0 0
dt
G
G
G
G G
G
G
G
d
∂E
= μ 0 ∫ j ⋅ dA + μ 0 ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA ⇒ ∇ × B = μ 0 j + μ 0 ε 0
dt
∂t
G
G G
G G
∂E G
⇒
ε0
= jd
∇ × B = μ 0 ( j + jd ) Ampere-Maxwell’s Law
∂t
Wave equations
G
G G
∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
G
G G
∂E
∇ × B = μ 0ε 0
∂t
In vacuum
G
G G G
G
G
∂
∂ ⎛ ∂B ⎞
⎟
∇ × ∇ × B = μ 0ε 0 ∇ × E = μ 0ε 0 ⎜⎜ −
∂t
∂t ⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠
G G G
G
2
∇ × ∇ × B = −∇ B
(
(
)
)
G
2
G
∂ B
∇ 2 B = μ 0ε 0 2
∂t G
G
∂2E
2
∇ E = μ 0ε 0 2
∂t
G
∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ
∇=
i+
j+
k
∂x
∂y
∂z
G
G G
G G G
G
G
2
2
∇ × ∇ × B = ∇ ∇ ⋅ B − ∇ B = −∇ B
G G G
G G G
G G G
A× B × C = A⋅C B − A⋅ B C
(
(
) ( )
) ( ) (
∂2B
∂2B
− μ 0ε 0 2 = 0
2
∂x
∂t
Wave equations
2
2
∂ E
∂ E
−
μ
ε
=0
0 0
2
2
∂x
∂t
)
Scalar wave equation
∂ 2Ψ
∂ 2Ψ
− μ 0ε 0 2 = 0
2
∂x
∂t
Ψ = Ψ 0 cos( kx − ω t )
k − μ0ε0ω = 0
2
2
ω
k
=
1
μ 0ε 0
=v≡c
Speed of Light
c = 2.99792 ×108 m / sec ≈ 3 ×108 m / s
Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM) waves
G
G G
∂E
∇ × B = −μ 0 ε 0
∂t
⇒
G G
E⊥B
Electromagnetic
Wave
Energy carried by Electromagnetic Waves
Poynting Vector : Intensity of an electromagnetic wave
G 1 G G
S=
E×B
(Watt/m2)
μ0
1
⎞
⎛B
⎜ = c⎟
S=
EB
⎝E
⎠
μ0
1 2 c 2
=
E =
B
cμ 0
μ0
Energy density associated with an Electric field : u E =
1
ε0 E 2
2
Energy density associated with a Magnetic field : u B =
1 2
B
2μ 0
Reflection and Refraction
Smooth surface
Rough surface
Reflected ray
n1
n2
Refracted ray
θ1 = θ1′
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
Reflection and Refraction
In dielectric media,
c
n (λ ) =
=
v (λ )
με (λ )
μ 0ε 0
(Material) Dispersion
Interference & Diffraction
Reflection and Interference in Thin Films
• 180 º Phase change
of the reflected light
by a media
with a larger n
• No Phase change
of the reflected light
by a media
with a smaller n
Interference in Thin Films
δ = 2t = (m +
1
2
(
m + 12 )
)λ n =
λ
n
Bright ( m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ···)
Phase change: π
n
t
No Phase change
δ = 2t = mλ n =
m
λ
n
Dark ( m = 1, 2, 3, ···)
δ = 2t = mλ n1 =
Phase change: π
n1
n2
m
λ
n1
Bright ( m = 1, 2, 3, ···)
t
Phase change: π
n2 > n1
δ = 2t = (m + 12 )λ n1
(
m + 12 )
=
λ
n1
Bright ( m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ···)
Interference
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Interference
The path difference
δ = d sin θ = mλ
δ = r2 − r1 = d sin θ
⇒ Bright fringes
δ = d sin θ = (m + 12 )λ ⇒ Dark fringes
The phase difference φ = δ ⋅ 2π = 2πd sin θ
λ
λ
m = 0, 1, 2, ····
m = 0, 1, 2, ····
Diffraction
Hecht,
Optics,
Chapter 10
Diffraction
Diffraction Grating
Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals
Reflected
beam
Incident
beam
θ
θ
θ
d
dsinθ
2d sin θ = mλ
: Bragg’s Law
Regimes of Optical Diffraction
d >> λ
Far-field
Fraunhofer
d~λ
Near-field
Fresnel
d << λ
Evanescent-field
Vector diff.
d << λ : Nano-photonics
d << λ
Science, Vol. 297, pp. 820-822, 2 August 2002.
Ag film, hole diameter=250nm,
groove periodicity=500nm,
groove depth=60nm, film thickness=300nm
Ag film, slit width=40nm,
groove periodicity=500nm,
groove depth=60nm, film thickness=300nm
Beaming light through a sub-wavelength hole
Surface plasmons
gold
Nano-scale focusing and guiding:
A single-photon transistor using nanoscale surface plasmons,
Nature physics VOL 3 NOVEMBER 2007, pp.807-812.
Er
Plasmonics: Merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions,
Science, 311, 13 January (2006)]
Ez
Er
42
Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 137404 (2004)]
Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators,
Nature, 440, 23 March (2006)]
Nano Photonic Lasers
Photonic crystal laser
O. Painter et al, Science, 284, 1819-1821(1999)
Single photon generation
PRL 97, 053002 (2006)
Fiber coupling to PCL
- Barclay et al, Opt. Lett. 29, 697 (2004)
Tapered SP coupling
Nature physics VOL 3 NOVEMBER 2007, pp.807812.
Nano-scale photon measurement
NSOM & AFM
www.nanonics.co.il
Single gold nanoparticle interferometer
S.-K. Eah et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 86,031902 (2005)
Nanophotonics for Bio-Sensing
SERS & 대장균
A nalyte
Silver colloid
La ser &
detection point
Silver nanoparticle
A nalyte
Silver
nanoclusters
Nano 구조물
Analog WGPD
폴리머 or 실리카
도파로
LD (TM polarized)
Analog
M-WGPD
Sensing area
(Cr 10nm, Au 50nm)
NPIC chip
실리콘 기판
A future of Nanophotonics; IBM, Purdue
Fiber coupler
Nano plasmonic delay line
Plasmonic photodetector
Plasmonic coupler
Plasmonic splitter
Plasmonic enhanced
integrated chip
Plasmonic crystal bends
46
Plasmonic switch
A future of Nanophotonics; OPERA ERC
Optical MEMS Devices
Plasmonic
Crystals
Silicon Modulator
Intra-Chip
Nano plasmonic
Interconnection
Plasmonic
Bio-Sensors
RF-Photonic Devices
Photonic Network
Chip-Chip
Plasmonic Interconnection
47
첨단 과학기술을 이끄는 광학
Nanophotonics