SMILE Harvard Referencing 2015–16

Transcription

SMILE Harvard
Referencing
2015–16
Contents
Contact ILS
03
About this booklet
04
What is referencing?
05
Why do it?
06
Citing
07
Reference lists and bibliographies
13
How to reference sources
15
Frequently asked questions
66
02
SMILE Harvard Referencing
Contact ILS
Information Learning Services
York St John University
Lord Mayor’s Walk
York, YO31 7EX
T: 01904 876696
E: [email protected]
W: www.yorksj.ac.uk/ils
@YSJ_ILS
If you’re on campus, you can also
visit us at the Service Desk.
www.yorksj.ac.uk/smile
03
About this booklet
This booklet is designed to help you
understand how to cite and reference
your information appropriately using
the Harvard system of referencing.
Our guide is intended to give you help
with some of the common types of
information you may need to cite and
reference. It is not possible to include
every single type of information
but once you are familiar with our
guidance, you should be able to use
it to create references for types of
information which are not included.
04
What is referencing?
Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you have used the ideas and work
belonging to someone else. It demonstrates that you have undertaken an
appropriate literature search and carried out appropriate reading.
The following are examples of sources you might access and need to reference:
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Books
E-books
Journal articles
E-journal articles
Web pages
E-mails
Video, film, CDs and audio recordings/clips
Newspapers
Conference papers
Pamphlets
Radio/TV broadcasts – you must check with your lecturer that this type of material
is okay to use in your assignment!
• Personal communication – you should ask permission from the other person(s)
before quoting personal communication
• Interviews – if this is a personal interview, you must always ask permission of the
interviewee before using such material
05
Why do it?
• Anyone reading your assignments
should be able to trace the sources
you have used in the development
of your work.
• Referencing gives you the
opportunity to demonstrate the
work you have put into creating your
assignment. If you’ve done a lot of
hard work, why keep quiet about it?
• Referencing allows you to show
which parts of the assignment
are your own thoughts, ideas and
evaluation.
06
• Good quality references give you a
good basis for your argument.
• Accurate referencing is good
academic practice and enhances
the presentation of your work. If you
have referenced fully and accurately
you can be sure that you won’t be
accused of plagiarism.
• Accurate referencing can improve
your marks!
Citing
When you have used an idea from a
book, journal article or other source,
you must acknowledge this in your
text. We refer to this as ‘citing’.
When you cite someone else’s work,
you must always state the author or
editor and the date of publication. If
the work has two authors or editors
you must cite both surnames when
citing in the body of your own work.
Only use the author and date; do not
include the title, place of publication,
and other information, because these
are included in your reference list at
the end of your assignment.
If the work has multiple authors or
editors you should cite all names unless
there are four or more authors/editors.
If this is the case, you should use the
abbreviation et al. (which is short for et
alia and means ‘and others’) after the
name of the first author.
However, in your reference list or
bibliography you should include all
the author names, regardless of how
many there are.
Read on for more on where and how
you will need to cite.
07
Citing in the body of the text
When you cite a piece of work you
must always state the author/editor
and the date of publication. If the work
has two authors/editors you must cite
both names. When citing in-text, you
only use the author and date; do not
include the title, place of publication
etc as these further details are written
in your reference list at the end of your
assignment. g
– With one author:
The work of Smith (2002) emphasises
that the research […]
If the work has four or more authors/
editors, then use the abbreviation ‘et
al.’ This should be used after the name
of the first author. g
– Authors cited in your text:
The work of Smith et al. (2002)
emphasises that […]. However,
Theakston and Boddington (2001)
considered that […]
Remember, in your reference list or
bibliography, you will need to include
all author names, so make sure you
keep a record of who they are.
If you cite an item which has the same
author and was written in the same
year as an earlier citation, you must
use a lower case letter after the date to
differentiate between the two. g
08
– With two authors:
The work of Theakston and Boddington
(2002) emphasises that the research […]
– With paraphrased text:
There has been some considerable
debate (Theakston and Boddington
2002) […]
– Paraphrasing in your text:
[…] however, this caused even further
debate. (Smith et al. 2006)
– Citing different work by the same
author from the same year:
The work of Smith (2002a) emphasises
that the research […]
Quoting in the text
Often it is better to paraphrase than to use direct quotes. Paraphrasing is putting
text from source material into your own words. This demonstrates that you have
understood the meaning and context of what you have read. You must always
reference paraphrased material. However, if a direct quote from a publication is
used, you should:
• use quotation marks.
Either ‘single’ or “double” quotation marks may be used, but you should always
remain consistent and not switch between the two.
• state the page number in addition to the author and year.
Simpson (2002, p. 6) declared […]
• use an ellipsis (three dots, or full stops) in square brackets to indicate that part of
the original text has been omitted from the quotation.
“In 1664 the most common female crime […] was that of battering men.”
• have a separate, indented paragraph for quotes that take up more than two lines
of text, such as in the example below. If you are indenting a quote, you should not
use quotation marks as well.
Boden (1998, p. 72) states:
In 1664, the most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions
was that of battering men. This would suggest that women were not the
passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to
believe they were.
Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc should be treated as direct quotes in
that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown; both in your
text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and in the caption written for it.
09
Citing from an interview or
personal communication
When citing from an interview, always
use the surname of the interviewee/
practitioner and the year the interview
took place.
Citing from chapters written by
different authors
Some books may contain chapters
written by different authors. When
citing work from such a book, the
author who wrote the chapter should
be cited, not the editor of the book.
For more information on referencing
chapters, see page 18.
10
Secondary referencing
Secondary referencing occurs when
you are reading an author who refers
to another author’s work and you want
to use this information to support an
argument in your assignment.
Ideally, you should try to locate the
original work so that you can cite
directly from it. However, it may not
be possible to access the original work
or it may not be appropriate (eg when
referring to well established theories).
When citing a secondary reference we
recommend that both the author of
the primary source and the author of
the work it was cited in should be used:
Ellis (1990), cited by Cox (1991),
discusses […]
In your reference list you should only
reference the work you have read and
cited in your assignment. Therefore,
if you haven’t read and cited from the
original work, you shouldn’t reference
it.
The same principle applies to your
bibliography (if you decide to include
one). You should only list the work
you have read for your assignment.
Therefore, if you haven’t read the
original work, you shouldn’t reference
it.
NB: Some subject areas ask that
secondary referencing should be
avoided where possible. Check with
your Academic Liaison Librarian for
more information.
11
Citing and quoting from multimedia and online resources
Electronic journal (e-journal)
articles
When citing from an e-journal article
it should be treated in the same way
as a paper journal, using the author’s
surname and the publication date. For
more information on what to include
in your reference list, see our page on
e-journals on page 27.
Web pages
If the website has an obvious
author and date of publication, the
information should be cited like a
book or journal article. If there is not
an obvious author, but the work is
situated on an organisational website,
the organisation can be used as a
corporate author:
The Department of Health (2003)
reported that […]
12
CDs
If there is not an obvious author, use
the title of the CD as the main point of
reference:
[…] as found by Encyclopedia
Britannica (2001).
Multi-media
If a video/DVD recording or audiocassette is cited, the series title should
be used as the author:
World in Action (2002) raises the
point that […]
Reference lists and
bibliographies
Reference lists
Your reference list contains all the
items you have cited or directly quoted
from. For example:
The reference list is a list of all the
sources that have been cited in
the assignment. The list is inclusive
showing books, journals, etc, listed in
one list, not in separate lists according
to source type.
Life on Campus. (2006) [DVD]
London, Imperial College London.
• The list should be in alphabetical
order by author/editor/organisation.
• Books, paper journal articles,
e-journal articles, etc, are laid out
in a particular format that must be
followed.
Rymer, J., Smith, T. and Jones, E.
(2001) Nottingham Forest – Dream
Team. London, Blackwell.
Picard, J. (2001) Logistics and the
Borg. Starbug Tribune, 36 (3), pp.
44-49.
The layout for each type of publication
can be found later in this booklet,
starting on page 15.
13
Bibliographies
There may be items which you have
consulted for your work, but not cited
anywhere within your assignment’s
text. These can be listed at the end
of your assignment in a bibliography.
The items which form a bibliography
should be listed in alphabetical order
by author and laid out in the same way
as items in your reference list.
If you cite from every source you
consulted, you will only need a
reference list. If you wish to show
to your reader (examiner) the
unused research you carried out, a
bibliography will show your extra
effort.
14
How to reference sources: Layouts for
your reference list and bibliography
When finding information for any of
your essays, dissertations or other
pieces of work, always remember to
collect information on your source that
you can use later to properly reference
it. Once you have done this, you should
then reference this source using the
correct format.
Over the next few pages are some
layout guidelines for you to use if
you’re ever unsure of how to correctly
reference a source. Remember, it
isn’t possible to include every type of
information source, but you can use
these guidelines to help decide how to
reference anything which isn’t listed.
Blogs16
Official publications (inc. Acts
of Parliament)
Books (inc. e-books)
17
Conference proceedings
22
43
Patents46
Performances (live and published)
47
Personal communications
52
Databases24
E-mails25
Podcasts53
Journals (inc. e-journals)
26
Images (inc. art and exhibitions)
28
Presentations/lectures54
Reports58
Interviews (broadcast and
personal)32
Standards60
Maps34
Statutory instruments
Multi-media35
Theses62
Music38
Web pages
Newspaper articles
Miscellaneous64
41
61
63
15
Blogs
Format (substitute all red text):
Author/Corporate author
(Year of publication, if available)
Title of blog [Internet].
Available from URL
[Accessed date of access].
Example:
Tyler, R. (2009) The mechanical interface of the TARDIS [Internet].
Available from http://www.dalekcity.org/publication3.html [Accessed 19th
April 2013].
16
Image by MichaelMaggs (2007)
Books
Author/Editor/Corporate author – if an editor, always follow with “ed.”
(Year of edition’s publication)
Title: subtitle.
Edition, if not first edition, followed with “ed.”
Series title and number, if part of a series.
Place of publication – if more than once place is listed, use the first named,
Publisher.
Examples:
Fox, R. (2005) Teaching and learning: lessons from psychology. Oxford,
Blackwell.
Rose, G. (2007) Visual methodologies: an introduction to the interpretation
of visual materials. 2nd ed. London, Sage.
Rose, G. (2012) Visual methodologies: an introduction to the interpretation
of visual materials. 3rd ed. London, Sage.
Image by Stewart Butterfield (2006)
17
Chapters in anthologies and edited books
Author of the chapter
Title of chapter.
In: Editor ed.
Title of publication.
Edition, if not first edition,
Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,
Publisher,
Page numbers – use p. before a single page and pp. where there are
multiple pages.
Example:
Stone, T. (2002) Libraries in the twenty-first century. In: Woolley, M. ed.
The changing world of information retrieval. Luton, UOL Press, pp. 23-45.
18
Translated books
Trans. Name of translator
Publisher.
Example:
Kawanashi, M. (2002) The history of Japan. Trans. Bean, S. Hakodate,
Hakodate Publishing.
19
Books written in a foreign language
Title of work, in original language
[Title, in English].
Publisher.
Example:
Milani, F. (2001) Le fantôme de l’opéra [The phantom of the opera]. Paris,
Leroux.
20
E-books
[Internet]
Publisher.
Available from URL
Example:
Simpson, H., Jones, E. and Miles, C. (2007) The history of Springfield.
2nd ed. [Internet] Derby, Bugle Press. Available from http://explore.bl.uk/
primo_library/libweb/ [Accessed 10th June 2013].
Image by Maximilian Schönherr (2011)
21
Conference proceedings – published with named
author or editor(s)
(Year of publication)
Title of conference proceedings.
Location of conference,
Date of conference.
Place of publication,
Publisher.
Example:
Ryker, W. (2002) The astrologics of warp engines. Inverness, 3 February
2002. Aberdeen, FCP.
22
Image by Dan Machold (2007)
Paper within a conference proceeding
In: Author/Editor/Corporate author (ed.)
Location of conference,
Date of conference.
Publisher.
multiple pages.
Example:
Grigio, P. (2002) Aphides and the Pasqua grape. In: Rosemount, T. (ed.)
Proceedings of the 5th annual conference. Veneto, Italy, 15th June 2002.
Florida, Florida Press, pp. 43-56.
Image by Dan Machold (2007)
23
Databases
Many different types of item, such as reports, can be found through databases.
Simply name the item as you would in other references. If you would like to directly
reference the database itself, this guide provides an outline layout.
Database name
(Year of item’s publication)
Title of item
[Internet].
Place of publication.
Publisher.
Available from URL
Example:
FAME (2012) Company report: Nestle (UK) Limited [Internet]. Brussels,
Bureau van Dijk. Available from http://fame.bvdinfo.com [Accessed 11
September 2013].
24
Image by Jean Ruaud (2006)
E-mails
Sender
(Sender’s e-mail address)
Day, month and year of sending.
Subject title of message.
[E-mail]
Message to: recipient’s name
(Recipient’s e-mail address)
Example:
Hornblower, H. ([email protected]) 16th May 2011. Treaty
of Luneville. [E-mail] Message to Pellew, C. ([email protected])
[Accessed 8 June 2011].
N.B.
Copies of personal correspondence should be kept as they may need to be
submitted as appendices.
Image by Christian Guthier (2007)
25
Journal articles
Author
Title of journal article.
Title of journal,
Volume number
(Part number),
Page numbers of the article – use p. before a single page and pp. where
there are multiple pages.
Example:
Picard, J. (2001) Logistics and the Borg. Starbug Tribune, 36 (4), pp. 44-49.
26
Image by Quinn Dombrowski (2009)
E-journals
Author
Title of journal article.
Title of journal [Internet],
Volume number
(Part number),
there are multiple pages,
Available from URL
Example:
Picard, J. (2001) Logistics and the Borg. Starbug Tribune [Internet], 6 (3),
pp. 122-123. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.
fcgi?DB=pubmed [Accessed 6th June 2012].
Image by Maximilian Schönherr (2011)
27
Images and illustrations (print)
Artist’s name
(Year the work was produced)
Title of work
[Medium of work, if known].
In: Author/Editor/Corporate author of publication the work has appeared in
Publisher,
multiple pages.
Example:
Krasner, L. (1956) Birth. In: Weidemann, C., Larass, P. & Klier, M. (2008)
Fifty women artists you should know. Munich, Prestel, p.104.
28
Image by Thomas Hawk (2006)
Images and illustrations (online)
Artist’s name
Title of work.
[Internet].
Available from URL
Example:
Mehta, D. (1996) Tiger yawn, Asia, 1996 [Internet]. Available from http://
photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/wallpaper/tiger-yawn_
pod_image.html [Accessed 22nd August 2008].
29
Original works of art
Artist’s name
Title of work
[Medium of work].
Name of gallery,
Location of gallery.
Example:
Monet, C. (1899) The water lily pond [Oil on canvas]. National Gallery,
London.
– Medium of work:
Common media include those such as ceramic, acrylic on canvas, sculpture, etc.
30
Exhibition catalogues
Author
Title of catalogue.
Publisher/Gallery.
Example:
Gill, J., Hoffman, J. and Tawadros, G. (2006) Alien nation. London, Institute
of the Contemporary Arts.
– Author:
If there is no named author or corporate author, simply keep this format and cite the
gallery/museum rather than an author.
31
Broadcast interviews
Name of interviewee
(Year of interview)
Interviewed by: Name of interviewer
Title of interview, if any,
Title of programme.
Time of broadcast,
Date of broadcast – not necessarily first broadcast,
Production information.
Example:
Kirk, T. (2011) Interviewed by: Picard, J. Newsnight live. 22:00, 24th June
2011, Channel 6.
32
Image by Brad Wilmot (2012)
Personally conducted interviews
Name of interviewee
(Year of interview)
Title of interview.
[Interviewed by name of interviewer]
Place interview was conducted,
Date interview was conducted.
Example:
Potter, H. (2012) He who must not be named [Interviewed by Snape, S.]
Hogwarts School, 11th October 2012.
Image by Brad Wilmot (2012)
33
Maps
Title.
Scale.
Publisher.
Example:
Geographical Survey of Great Britain (1972) Brighton. 1:50,000. London,
AA Publishing.
34
Image by Sara Richards (2009)
Multi-media: broadcast/recorded TV
Episode title
(Year of first broadcast)
Programme title
[Material type, if relevant].
Country or city of origin/production,
Publisher/studio,
Date of first broadcast, if known.
Examples:
Snow leopard: beyond the myth (2008) Natural World. London, BBC2, 4th
January.
Ink and incapability (1987) Blackadder the Third. [DVD]. London, BBC.
Image by DRs Kulturarvsprojekt (2012)
35
Multi-media: film
Title of film.
(Year of release)
[Material type, eg ‘Film’ if seen in cinema]
Directed by Director.
Place of production,
Production company.
Examples:
Frozen. (2013) [Film] Directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee. Hollywood,
CA, Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Up. (2009) [DVD] Directed by Pete Docter and Bob Peterson. Hollywood,
CA, Pixar Animation Studios.
– Director:
Convention typically dictates that a name be formatted as Surname, F. – in the case
of directors etc, the format is Firstname Surname.
36
Multi-media: broadcast/recorded audio
(Year of publication/broadcast)
Title of audio recording/broadcast
[Material type, if relevant].
Country or city of origin/production,
Publisher,
Date of broadcast, if known.
Example:
British Diabetic Association (2002) Guidelines on nutrition [CD]. London,
BDA.
37
Music: CDs
Artist/Author/Corporate author
Title of work
[CD]
Record label.
Example:
Lakeman, S. (2006) Freedom Fields [CD] (s.l.), Relentless.
– Sine locum:
If there is no named place of publication, use the bracketed abbreviation (s.l.). This
stands for sine locum, meaning no place.
38
Image by Timo Beil (2005)
Music: scores
Composer
Title of work.
Edited or Arranged or Scored by Editor/Arranger/Scorer, if named.
Publisher.
Example:
Mozart, W.A. (1959) Concerto in A major for piano and orchestra No. 23.
Edited by Hermann Beck. London, Barenreiter.
– Year of publication:
Note that the dates refer to the particular published article you have referenced, not
to the original publication dates.
– Editor/Arranger/Scorer:
Convention typically dictates that a name be formatted as Surname, F. – however, in
the case of arrangers etc, the format is Firstname Surname.
39
Music: sleeve notes
(Year of notes’ publication)
Title of notes.
Programme notes in: Artist/Author/Corporate author
(Year of work’s publication)
Title of work.
Record label.
Example:
Fricke, D. (2007) Hot, new English group Led Zeppelin. Programme notes
in: Led Zeppelin (2007) Mothership. (s.l.), Atlantic Records.
40
Newspaper articles (printed copy)
Author
Title of article.
Title of newspaper,
Day and month of publication,
Example:
Furness, H. (2012) Facebook is a nightmare, says head. Daily Telegraph,
23rd October, p. 16.
Image by Patrickneil (2010)
41
Newspaper articles (online)
Author
Title of article.
Title of newspaper,
[Internet],
Day and month of publication,
Available from URL
Example:
Hardman, R. (2011) One man and his hi-tech dog; killed off by the BBC
11 years ago, sheep dog trials are back on TV – with speedometers on
the collies. Daily Mail, [Internet], 17th September, p. 32. Available from
http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.yorksj.ac.uk/ps/retrieve.do [Accessed 23
October 2012].
42
Image by Patrickneil (2010)
Official publications: non-parliamentary
Author – typically a department or committee of the Government
Publisher – typically HMSO (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office) or TSO (The
Stationery Office).
Example:
Department for Education and Skills (2007) Care matters: time for change.
Norwich, TSO.
Image by Alex France (2008)
43
Official publications: Acts of Parliament
Title of Act, including year
(c. Chapter number)
Publisher.
Example:
National Health Service Act 2006 (c. 41) London, TSO.
– Chapter number:
The chapter number indicates which number of Act it is to have been passed that
year. For instance, (c. 41) indicates the 41st Act to have been passed in that particular
year.
N.B.
Acts passed prior to 1963 followed a slightly different format. If you need to
reference such an Act, please contact Information Learning Services for assistance.
44
Official publications: Hansard – House of Lords/
House of Commons parliamentary debates
HL Deb or HC Deb
[Internet]
Series part number (eg 3 for the third part)s,
vol volume number,
col column number.
Available from URL
Example:
HL Deb (2010-11) [Internet] 3s, vol 721, col 3. Available from http://www.
publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/ [Accessed 2nd June
2011].
45
Patents
Inventor(s)
Title of patent.
Authorising organisation or Place.
Patent no. Patent number.
Example:
Allard, M.J.R., Dyson, J. and Spaven, J.W. (2004) A cleaning head for a
cleaning appliance. UK Intellectual Property Office. Patent no. GB2402047.
46
Image by xlibber (2011)
Performances: published plays
Playwright/Dramatist
Title of work.
Series title.
Publisher.
Example:
Shakespeare, W. (1975) Twelfth Night. The Arden Shakespeare. London,
Arden Shakespeare.
– Year of publication:
Note that the dates refer to the particular published article you have referenced, not
to the original publication dates.
Image by Trey Ratcliff (2006)
47
Live theatre performances
Author
(Year of performance)
Title of performance.
Directed by Director.
Name of theatre company, if known.
Venue of performance,
Location of venue
[Day and month of performance].
Example:
Middleton, T. (2007) The revenger’s tragedy. Directed by Jonathan Moore.
Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester [4th June].
– Director:
of directors etc, the format is Firstname Surname.
48
Live dance performances
Choreographer
Title of performance.
Dance company.
Venue of performance,
Location of venue
[Day and month of performance].
Example:
Tharp, T. (2007) In the upper room. American Ballet Theatre. Sadlers
Wells, London [14th February].
49
Live classical music concert
Title of concert.
Conducted by Conductor.
Name of orchestra.
Venue of concert,
Location of venue
[Day and month of concert].
Example:
The virtuoso cello (2012). Conducted by Vasily Petrenko. Royal Liverpool
Philharmonic Orchestra. Liverpool Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool [3rd
November].
– Conductor:
of conductors etc, the format is Firstname Surname.
50
Live popular music concert
Name of act
Title of tour.
Venue of concert,
Location of venue
[Day and month of concert].
Example:
Metallica (2012) The full arsenal tour. Rogers Arena, Vancouver, BC [24th
August].
51
Personal communication with a professional
practitioner
Name(s) of person/people conversed with, written to, etc
(Year of communication)
Title of communication.
[Personal communication, day and month of communication].
Example:
Mulholland, J. (2013) The weather in York. [Personal communication, 26th
April].
52
Image by Spencer E Holtaway (2008)
Podcasts
Title of podcast.
[Podcast].
Available from URL
Example:
Nature podcast. (2006) [Podcast]. Available from http://www.nature.com/
environmental/index.html [Accessed 25th May 2006].
Image by Albert/yinyang (2006)
53
Presentation/lecture
Speaker
(Year of presentation/lecture)
Title of presentation/lecture.
Presented at title of conference/meeting/event.
Place of event.
Example:
Yoda, M. (2005) Code of ethics for the Jedi: are they outdated?. Presented
at the Annual Jedi Conference. Wrexham.
54
Image by
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, NTNU (2010)
Online presentation/lecture
Speaker
(Year of presentation/lecture)
Title of presentation/lecture.
[Internet].
Presented at title of conference/meeting/event.
Place of event.
Available from URL
Example:
Solo, H. (2004) Light speed and prevailing problems [Internet]. Presented
at the School of Aeronautics. London. Available from http://starwars.org.uk
[Accessed 4th May 2005].
Image by
55
Presentation/lecture by an external lecturer
Speaker
(Year of lecture)
Title of lecture.
[Lecture].
Series, if applicable.
Venue of lecture,
Location of venue
[Day and month of lecture].
Example:
Afshar, H. (2011) The politics of fear: what does it mean to those who are
otherised and feared [Lecture]. Ebor Lectures. Fountains Lecture Theatre,
York St John University, York [9th February].
56
Image by
Presentation/lecture by an internal lecturer
Lecturer/tutor
(Year of lecture)
Title of lecture.
[Lecture notes].
Course module and title.
Venue of lecture
[Day and month of lecture].
Example:
Edgar, R. (2010) Film noir [Lecture notes]. 1FT010 Introduction to
Film Studies. Fountains Lecture Theatre, York St John University [20th
November].
Image by
57
Reports (printed)
Author or Organisation
Title of report.
Report no. report number, if applicable.
Place,
Publisher.
Example:
Leatherwood, S. (2002) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western
North Atlantic. Report no. 63. Washington D.C., U.S. Dept. of Commerce.
58
Image by Loty (2006)
Reports (online)
Author or organisation
Title of report.
Report no. report number, if applicable.
[Internet].
Place,
Publisher.
Available from URL
Example:
Leatherwood, S. (2002) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western
North Atlantic. Report no. 63. [Internet] Washington D.C., U.S. Dept. of
Commerce. Available from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33527/33527-h.
htm [Accessed 31st December 2012].
Image by Loty (2006)
59
Standards
Standard body/institution
Standard number
Title of standard.
Publisher.
Example:
British Standards Institution (1998) BS 5950-5:1998 Structural use of
steelwork in building: code of practice for design of cold formed thin gauge
sections. London, BSI.
60
Image by Chris (2009)
Statutory instruments
Title of statutory instrument
SI Statutory instrument number.
Publisher.
Example:
The Public Contract Regulations (2006) SI 2006/5. London, The Stationery
Office.
61
Theses
Author
Title.
Type of thesis, eg MSc thesis,
Academic institution.
Example:
Anderson, C.R. (1996) Local government in transition: LCC to GLC 19621967. PhD thesis, University of Luton.
– Academic institution:
If the name or status of the institution has changed since the publication of the
thesis, refer to the name as it was at the time of publication.
62
Image by Svein Halvor Halvorsen (2008)
Web pages
Author/Editor/Corporate author
Title of page.
[Internet].
Available from URL
Example:
Edelson, S. [n.d.] Asperger’s Syndome [Internet]. Available from http://
www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002].
– Author
If there is no named author or corporate author, skip this detail and place the title of
page before the year.
– Year of publication
If no date can be found, subsitute this detail for the abbreviation (n.d.), meaning no
date.
Image by Frank Farm (2009)
63
Miscellaneous – brochures and leaflets
Author/Organisation
[Brochure].
Place of publication, if known,
Publisher, if known.
Example:
York Art Gallery (n.d.) Take your own grand tour: discover 600 years of
British and European art. [Brochure]. York, York Art Gallery.
64
Image by Kevin Lau (2008)
Miscellaneous – scripture
References to the Bible should include book (abbreviated), chapter and verse - never
a page number. Traditionally a colon is used between chapter and verse:
Isaiah 4:5-6.
Ruth 1:22.
Luke 2:7-16.
References to the Bible are not typically included in your bibliography, but if you
want to reference the particular Bible that you have been using, please do so as you
would a book (see page 17). Treat references to the sacred and highly revered works
of other religious traditions similarly to how those of the Judeo-Christian tradition
are treated.
If this remains unclear, please contact Information Learning Services for assistance.
Image by Kevin Lau (2008)
65
What do I do if the publication has
no date?
– Write “no date” in round brackets,
where the date should be.
Frequently asked
questions
What if there is no obvious author
for an item on the web?
– You can use the organisation
whose website it is (such as the BBC)
as the corporate author. However, if
there is no author and it is not a site
belonging to an organisation, you need
to question whether or not this is a
reliable source of information.
N.B.
If you are unsure of the layout of a
source in your reference list, check
the reference layout – you can find
these from pages 16 though to 65.
For further help, please contact
Information Learning Services.
There is no obvious publisher or
place of publication, what should I
do?
– This would be fairly unusual. Usually
you would have at least one of these
pieces of information. If you can’t
determine the publisher, then you
can use the name of the organisation
responsible. If you don’t have this
information either, then you can use
(s.n.) which is an abbreviation for sine
nomine which means no name.
– If you don’t have the publisher’s
name then it will probably be very
difficult to find out the place of
publication. In the unlikely event of this
happening you can use (s.l.).
– The above abbreviations should only
be used if you really cannot find the
information.
66
Can I mix referencing styles?
– No. You must only use one
referencing style. Be consistent!
What is the difference between a
bibliography and a reference list?
– A reference list is a list of all the
sources you have cited from. A
bibliography is a list of items you
have read during the course of
your research, but not cited in that
particular assignment.
I can’t find guidance on how to
reference an item, what should I do?
– You can use the principles outlined
in our guidance to create a reference
for an item which isn’t listed. Think
carefully about the item and what
information you need to include about
it. Have a go at creating a reference
and you can ask Information Learning
Services for advice if you are unsure.
67
Images used in this
publication
Albert/yingyang (2006) Yoda, Darth and a shuffle [Internet]. Available from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/13445889@N00/292241075/ [Accessed 8th
September 2014].
Beil, T. (2005) Telefunken Musikus 108 vAS [Internet]. Available from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATelefunken_Musikus_108_vAS.
jpg [Accessed 8th September 2014].
Butterfield, S. (2006) A Bookshelf [Internet]. Available from http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABookshelf.jpg [Accessed 5th
September 2014].
Chris (2009) Plug [Internet]. Available from https://www.flickr.com/
photos/21450297@N06/3362894191/ [Accessed 8th September 2014].
Dombrowski, Q. (2009) Kosovar journal of Turkish [Internet]. Available
from https://www.flickr.com/photos/53326337@N00/3738602012/
[Accessed 5th September 2014].
DRs Kulturarvsprojekt (2012) VHS tape [Internet]. Available from https://
www.flickr.com/photos/69385801@N07/6498618187/ [Accessed 5th
September 2014].
68
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology NTNU (2010)
Mekanikkforelesning i S3 [Internet]. Available from https://www.flickr.com/
Farm, F. (2009) The Cost of Poor URL Design [Internet]. Available from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/14469908@N00/3289108001/ [Accessed
8th September 2014].
France, A. (2008) Big Ben + Houses Of Paliament [Internet]. Available from
September 2014].
Guthier, C. (2007) Postage stamp [Internet]. Available from https://www.
flickr.com/photos/60364452@N00/380458236/ [Accessed 5th September
2014].
Halvorsen, S. H. (2008) At school [Internet]. Available from https://www.
flickr.com/photos/52436778@N00/2211946621/ [Accessed 8th September
2014].
Hawk, T. (2006) Scene From a Gallery, Plate 2 [Internet]. Available from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/305371249/ [Accessed 5th
September 2014].
Holtaway, S. E. (2008) Apple iPhone [Internet]. Available from https://
www.flickr.com/photos/15507194@N00/2335215026/ [Accessed 8th
September 2014].
Lau, K. (2008) M&M’s [Internet]. Available from https://www.flickr.com/
Loty (2006) College Math Papers [Internet]. Available from http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACollege_Math_Papers.jpg [Accessed
8th September 2014].
Machold, D. (2007) books [Internet]. Available from https://www.flickr.
com/photos/55569773@N00/397222262/ [Accessed 5th September 2014].
69
Maggs, M. (2007) QWERTY keyboard, on 2007 Sony Vaio laptop
computer [Internet]. Available from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File%3AQWERTY_keyboard.jpg [Accessed 5th September 2014].
patrickneil (2010) The Hoya stack [Internet]. Available from http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThe_Hoya_stack.jpg [Accessed 8th
September 2014].
Ratcliff, T. (2006) A Night in the Opera House [Internet]. Available from
September 2014].
Richards, S. (2009) walking on the world [Internet]. Available from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/sararichards/4059368740/ [Accessed 8th
September 2014].
Ruaud, J. (2006) Folders [Internet]. Available from https://www.flickr.com/
Schönherr, M. (2011) EBook between paper books [Internet]. Available
from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AEBook_between_paper_
books.jpg [Accessed 5th September 2014].
Wilmot, B. (2012) CQ [Internet]. Available from https://www.flickr.com/
xlibber (2011) Machine Plate [Internet]. Available from https://www.flickr.
com/photos/56844661@N00/5649536551/ [Accessed 8th September
2014].
70
www.yorksj.ac.uk/ils | E: [email protected] | T: 01904 876696
71
Contact us
Information Learning Services
York St John University
Lord Mayor’s Walk
York, YO31 7EX
T: 01904 876696
E: [email protected]
W: www.yorksj.ac.uk/ils
© 2015 ILS at YSJ

SMILE Harvard Referencing 2015–16

Transcription

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INTRODUCTION