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Proceedings
of International scientific and technical
Conference
named after Leonardo da Vinci
№2
Wissenschaftliche Welt, e.V.
2014
Scientific publication
Proceedings of International scientific and technical
Conference named after Leonardo da Vinci. № 2. –Berlin:
Wissenschaftliche Welt e. V., 2014. -85 p.
This volume presents scientific works of participants at the
International scientific and technical Conference named after Leonardo
da Vinci spring session (Mühlhausen/Thüringen, May 21-24, 2014,
Germany).
The subject of the Conference is devoted to the problems and
results of of creation and implementation of technologies; problems and
solutions in the field of natural and technical sciences in different
branches (mechanical engineering, instrument engineering, chemistry,
informatics, agriculture, medical science, veterinary science, etc.).
The goal of the conference is to organize multi-language exchange
of scientific knowledge. Working languages of the Conference are
Russian, German and English. Realization conditions of the Conference
provide free publication of scientific works of postgraduate students.
The Proceedings is published at the same time in Russian (ISSN
2307-7433 print, ISSN 2307-7441 on-line), German (ISSN 2307-745X
print, ISSN 2307-7468 on-line) and English (ISSN 2307-7417 print, ISSN
2307-7425 on-line) and can be accessed freely through Internet at the site
of the Conference www.ikdv.org.
© Authors of articles, 2014
© Science and production institution
“Federative Information System” (dummy copy), 2014
© Wissenschaftliche Welt, e.V. (preparation), 2014
Publisher:
Wissenschaftliche Welt, e.V.
Geibelstraβe 42, 26721, Emden, Deutschland
Printed in Germany
ISSN 2307-7417 (print)
ISSN 2307-7425 (on-line)
Contents
Organizing Committee of the Conference
5
Editorial Board of periodical
"Proceedings of International Scientific and Technical
Conference named after Leonardo da Vinci"
7
1.
Abramovich B.N., Sychev Y.А., Fedorov A.V.
Intellectual system of monitoring and control of use of
energy resources and electric power level of quality at
the distributed generation from alternative and
renewables for the enterprises of a mineral and raw
complex
10
2.
Bataev D.K-C., Mazhiev KH.N., Gaziev M.A.,
Salgiriev R.R., Mazhiev K. Kh., Mazhieva A. Kh.
Change of seismic resistance of fine-grained cellular
concrete during carbonization
17
3.
Ershov A.M., Ershov M.A., Pokholchenko V.A.
Similarity effects of dehydration at the processes of fish
drying, smoking and frying
26
4.
Klyachenkova O.A.
Research of adhesion of wood modified with
phenylborates
35
5.
Kostin V.I., Dozorov A.V., Isaychev V.A.,
Oshkin V.A.
Prospects of use of growth regulators of new generation
and microelements-synergists in technology of
cultivation of a sugar beet
41
6
Litvinenko V.S., Vasiliev N.I., Dmitriev А.N.,
Podoliak А.V.
Aspects of multilateral wells drilling in ice via drills on
a carrying cable
51
3
7.
Popov V.K.,Kalacheva N.I., Polonskaya M.S.
Application of 3D cadastre in Russia
61
8
Russkikh S.V.
Equations of Movement of Solid Body on Two Wheels
with Spring Suspension on the Flat Curve
64
Information about the authors
77
4
Organizing Committee of the Conference
Stadt Mühlhausen/Thüringen (Germany)
(general partner)
Research and Manufacturing Institution
“Federal Information System”
(institutional arrangements)
Gnezdilov Vladimir Alekseevich
(co-financing)
Moscow Aviation Institute
(National Research University)
(co-financing and the host party of the summer session)
Wissenschaftliche Welt e.V.
(publisher)
Chairmen
Dr. Gnezdilov Vladimir A.,
Honoured Designer of Russian Federation,
Founder of LLC "Mir Desing"
Deputy chairman
Dr. Sholl Evgeny I.,
Director General of "Scientific-Production Association
'Federative Information System'" "
5
Members
Dr. Bruns Johannes
Oberbürgermeister Stadt Mühlhausen/Thüringen (Germany)
Dr. Shevtsov Viacheslav A.,
Vice-rector for research and development Moscow Aviation
Institute (National Research University)
Lidyaeva Natalia I.,
Deputy Director General of
Scientific-Production Association
“Federative Information System"
Bögel Ludmila,
Deputy Director of Publishing House
Verain «Wissenschaftliche Welt»
6
Editorial Board of periodical
"Proceedings of International Scientific and Technical
Conference named after Leonardo da Vinci'"
Scientific degree, rank
Chairman
Pomazanov
Vladimir
Vasilievitch
Doctor of Engineering Science,
professor,
Director General of SRO
"CentrReakhim"
Vice-Chairman
Pershin
professor,
Ivan
Mitrofanovitch Head of the Department of
Management and Informatics in
Engineering Systems at Pyatigorsk
State Humanitarian and Technological
University
Members
Belkov
Valery
Petrovitch
Bessarabov
Arkady
Markovitch
Vasiliev
Victor
Andreevich
associated professor,
Scientific consultant at Federal State
Unitary Enterprise "Scientific Research
Institute of Chemical Agents and
highly purified materials"
professor,
Deputy director of Scientific Center
"Small-Tonnage Chemistry"
professor,
Head of the Department of Moscow
Aviation Technological University
named after K.E. Tsyolkovsky,
Honored Worker of higher school of
Russia
7
professor,
Dean of Aerotechnical School of
Moscow Aviation Technological
University named after K.E.
Tsyolkovsky
Doctor of Chemistry, professor,
Grinberg
Deputy director of Federal State
Eugeny
Unitary Enterprise "Scientific Research
Efimovitch
Institute of Chemical Agents and
highly purified materials"
Dorokhov
professor,
Igor
Professor of the Department of
Nikolaevitch
Cybernetics of chemical-engineering
processes at Russian University of
Chemical Engineering named after D.I.
Mendeleev
Komissarova
leading researcher of the Department
Lidya
of Organic Chemistry at Moscow State
Nikolaevna
University named after M.V.
Lomonosov
Meshalkin
Corresponding Member of Russian
Valery
Academy of Sciences, Head of the
Pavlovitch
Department of Logistics at Russian
University of Chemical Engineering
named after D.I. Mendeleev
член-корреспондент Российской
академии наук
Miroshnikov
professor,
Vyacheslav
Professor of the Department "Quality
Vasilevitch
Management" at Bryansk State
Technological University
Oleinyk
professor,
Andrey
Vladimirovitch Pro-rector of Moscow State University
of Food Production
Galkin
Viktor
Ivanovitch
8
Doctor of Biological Sciences, senior
researcher
Head of division at Federal State
Unitary Enterprise "State Scientific
Research Institute of Biological
Instrument engineering"
Pankina
professor,
Galilna
Vladimirovna Rector of Academy of Standardization,
Metrology and Certification
Raziapov
professor,
Anvar
Chief Researher of State University of
Zakirovitch
land management
Rodchenko
professor,
Vladimir
Deputy Yead of the department at MAI
Victorovitch
Serdan
Leading researcher Department of
Ankhel
Chemistry at Moscow State University
Ankhelevitch
named after M.V. Lomonosov
Siluyanova
associated professor,
Marina
Vladimirovna Professor of the Department "DLA &
T", Head of the department of Thesis
Councils at Moscow Aviation
Technological University named after
K.E. Tsyolkovsky
Tsyrkov
professor,
Alexander
Vladimirovitch Head of complex GKNPC named after
Khrunichev
Chernyaev
professor,
Alexander
Vladimirovitch Professor of Moscow Aviation
Technological University named after
K.E. Tsyolkovsky
Osin
Nikolay
Sergeevitch
9
Abramovich B.N., Sychev Y.А., Fedorov A.V.
Intellectual system of monitoring and control of use of energy
resources and electric power level of quality at the distributed
generation from alternative and renewables for the enterprises
of a mineral and raw complex
Around the world technologies of the distributed generation
are directed on increase of efficiency of power supply of industrial
and household facilities with the maximum approach of a source to
the consumer in the conditions of absence or considerable removal
of the centralized power networks. The enterprises of the mineral
and raw complex (MRC) occupying a considerable segment in
economy of the Russian Federation, in the majority are located in
the territory which hasn't been captured by centralized power
supply, and the dispersed consumers incorporate responsible from
the point of view of a continuity of technological process
territorial. Thus, in the conditions of the Russian Federation
technologies and the principles of the distributed generation it is
the most expedient to start introducing at the MRC enterprises.
Basis of technology and the principle of the distributed
generation is complex sharing of various type alternative and
renewable sources. In the conditions of MRC Russian Federation
according to results of numerous theoretical and pilot studies most
effectively by criteria of reliability, uninterrupted operation and
energy saving sharing of energy of associated oil gas, a wind and
the sun.
Successful functioning of power systems of the distributed
generation in the conditions of MRC Russian Federation requires
the solution of the following scientific and technical tasks:
- effective monitoring of use and management of an expense of
energy resources;
- improvement of quality of electric energy;
- providing effective modes of collaboration various alternative
and renewable sources within a uniform complex;
- possibility of parallel work of local sources with the centralized
power supply system;
- adaptability to nature of change of schedules of electric
loadings and power consumption modes.
10
At introduction of systems of the distributed generation and
independence of the centralized power supply systems, first of all
existence of effective methods and monitors and control of use of
energy resources and a level of quality of electric energy for which
creation it is necessary to unite various functions in a uniform
complex is necessary.
The realization of key functions is enabled by technical
means and solutions of the information technologies relating to a
subclass focused on creation and use of automated systems of
support of decision-making on the basis of the complex analysis of
situations and forecasting of a condition of difficult dynamic
systems in non-stationary and non-uniform environments. Within
the specified systems and technologies development of virtual
predictive scenarios of development of difficult multidimensional
situations is carried out. In case of systems of the distributed
generation on the basis of alternative and renewables a difficult
multidimensional situation is set of a mode of power supply from
any one or several types of power sources, a mode of power
consumption any one or several functional groups of
electroreceivers, an electromagnetic situation, a level of quality of
electric energy, structure of a considered power system.
Therefore for creation of intellectual system of complex
monitoring and control of use of energy resources and a level of
quality of electric energy in the conditions of the distributed
generation it is necessary to consider key characteristics and
parameters of modes of generation and energy consumption, and
also indicators of quality of electric energy and the current
configuration of a power system.
For the MRC enterprises of the Russian Federation besides
the specified features the special role is played by degree of
responsibility of consumers by criterion of stability and providing a
continuity of technological process at short-term breaks of power
supply that defines demanded level of reliability and uninterrupted
operation of power supply from various sources [1]. Proceeding
from it the Russian Federation needs creation of the qualifier of
consumers MRC [2, 3] on is long to admissible time of a break of
power supply at which failure of technological process won't
happen, for possibility of situational management of collaboration
various alternative and renewable sources and parallel work to the
centralized power supply system at its existence.
11
Thus, when developing intellectual system of complex
monitoring, control of use of energy resources and a level of
quality of electric energy [4] in the conditions of the distributed
generation it is necessary to consider first of all degree of the
importance of concrete technical factors on process of generation,
distribution, transformation and consumption of electric energy
from various sources. The most significant factors defining
efficiency of complex monitoring, control of use of energy
resources and level of quality of electric energy in the conditions of
the distributed generation, are: the size of the located power of each
of used power sources, presence of especially responsible
consumers by criterion of stability of technological process, the
characteristic and parameters of a mode of power consumption
(production schedules, level of a distortion of current and tension)
[5, 6].
Also in the course of control and monitoring of level and a
mode of consumption of energy resources it is necessary to
consider degree and nature of influence of the obvious and hidden
regularities proceeding in a power system with distributed
generation and which in different degree depend on significant
factors, on power consumption and power supply modes. Results
of the numerous theoretical and pilot researches conducted in
power supply systems of territorial of dispersed objects MRC by
the Russian Federation, showed that the most essential regularities
are:
- character of modes of power supply and power consumption
depending on level of the highest harmonicas in a distributive
network;
- dependence of a mode of power consumption on size and
nature of change of tension in an electric network;
- influence of size and duration of failures of tension on effective
functioning of consumers and stability of modes of power
supply and power consumption;
- starting characteristics of electric motors of various types as a
part of consumers at various modes of power supply;
- influence of various damages to a power supply system on
stability of modes of power consumption and power supply.
The generalized structure of a power system is given in fig. 1
with the distributed generation and the offered intellectual system
12
of complex monitoring, control of use of energy resources and a
level of quality of electric energy.
Fig. 1 Generalized structure of a power system with the distributed
generation and the offered intellectual system of complex
monitoring, control of use of energy resources and a level
of quality of electric energy
13
From fig. 1 it is visible that the intellectual system of
monitoring of use of energy resources controls three main
processes: generation, distribution and consumption. At all
specified stages collecting and the analysis of information on
significant factors, the obvious and hidden regularities, their
influences on power processes that allow to form in real time
management information influences for separate elements of
system of the distributed generation proceeding from the current
modes of power consumption and power supply is necessary.
The specified intellectual system [4] in the course of
functioning carries out three main operations: collection of
information about power consumption and power supply modes,
the analysis of development of a situation on the basis of received
information with formation of expected model of a power supply
system, and formation of management information influence.
Modes of power consumption and power supply are
characterized by set of key parameters which need to be controlled
in order to avoid emergencies in a power supply system and breaks
of power supply of various duration. In the conditions of territorial
the dispersed objects MRC the Russian Federation the specified
parameters treat: indicators of schedules of electric loadings, size
and duration of failures and tension deviations, indicators of quality
of the electric energy [7], the located power from various power
sources.
The analysis of the obtained data and formation on their base
of projection of a condition of a power supply system [4] includes
detection of the obvious and hidden regularities, an assessment of
the importance of factors, a choice of the most optimum by the
chosen criterion of structure of a power supply system, definition
of the main source of energy for the current modes of power supply
and power consumption.
In the conditions of MRC Russian Federation it is necessary
to carry out the analysis of influence of a form of curves and
tension and current level on stability of work of electric equipment
and consumers of the electric power, efficiency of power supply
from the microturbines working at associated oil gas, solar batteries
and wind power installations depending on set of technical and
climatic conditions, various structures of power supply depending
on a ratio responsible and irresponsible by criterion of a continuity
of technological process of consumers.
14
Formation of management information influence is made for
elements of a power supply system on the basis of modern
algorithms with use of the theory of phase transformations [6],
fuzzy logic, forecasting methods.
Thus, in the conditions of gradual refusal of the centralized
power supply, development of systems of the distributed
generation and complex introduction alternative and renewable
sources (wind power, the sun and associated oil gas), creation of
flexible, universal and effective intellectual system of complex
monitoring, control of use of energy resources and a level of
quality of electric energy which is one of key factors of increase of
level of energy saving and power efficiency is actual.
Bibliography
1. Abramovich B.N., Sychev Yu.A., Ustinov D.A. Introduction of
technologies of intellectual electric networks at the oil-extracting
enterprises // Electronic scientific journal «Neftegazovoe delo».
2011. #6. s. 4-9.
2. Abramovich B.N., Polischuk V.V., Sychev Yu.A. The monitoring
system and improvement of quality of electric energy in networks of
the enterprises of mineral and raw complex. // Gornoe
oborudovanie i elektromehanika 2009. # 9. S. 42-47.
3. Complex of automatic minimization of distortions of curves of
current and tension in networks of the enterprises of nonferrous
metallurgy / Abramovich B.N., Lozovskiy S.E., Tarasov D.M.,
Sychev Yu.A., Zagrivnyiy Ya.E. // Tsvetnyie metallyi. 2008. # 12.
S. 72-76.
4. Problems of control and compensation of harmonious
distortions in networks of the enterprises of nonferrous metallurgy
/ Abramovich B.N., Tarasov D.M., Ustinov D.A., Sychev Yu.A.,
Zagrivnyiy Ya.E. // Tsvetnyie metallyi. 2008. # 9. S. 90-94.
5. Sychev Yu.A. Measurement and the analysis of indicators of
quality of electric energy in networks of the oil-extracting
enterprises / Zapiski Gornogo instituta. 2007. T. 173. S. 109-111.
6. Abramovich B.N., Polischuk V.V., Sychev Yu.A. Way of
compensation of the highest harmonicas and correction of power
factor of a network. Patent RU 2354025, date 04.05.2008.
7. Abramovich B.N., Sychev Yu.A., Gulkov Yu.V. Systems of
correction of curves of current and tension in electrotechnical
15
complexes of the oil-extracting enterprises / Energetika v
neftegazodobyiche. 2005. # 1-2.
Key words
Energy saving, power efficiency, intellectual, monitoring, energy
resources alternative, renewable, energy, mineral and raw, power
supply, power supply system.
Annotation
Relevance of introduction of technologies and the principles
of the distributed generation on the basis of alternative and
renewable sources taking into account growing requirements to
level of energy saving and power efficiency, and also to decrease in
a power component in prime cost of an industrial output is proved.
Need of development of the system of monitoring of energy
resources for conditions of the distributed generation on the basis
of alternative and renewable sources is shown. The structure of
system of monitoring of energy resources is developed for
conditions of the distributed generation on the basis of alternative
and renewable sources.
<Translated from Russian>
16
Bataev D.K-C., Mazhiev KH.N., Gaziev M.A., Salgiriev R.R.,
Mazhiev K. Kh., Mazhieva A. Kh.
Change of seismic resistance of fine-grained cellular concrete
during carbonization
H. Shaffler [17] was the first one who researched the
impact of carbonization on the strength and seismic stability of
fine-grained cellular concrete. The density of the concrete was in
the range of 500-700 kg/m3. The samples have been stored for
three years in the air conditions at different relative humidity.
Some samples were kept above water in 20% carbon dioxide
concentration environment.
The author noted that the strength of aerated concrete under
all conditions of storage has remained approximately at the primary
level, and the strength of gas-silicate decreased by 20-30%. The
strength of all tested concrete composing a binder that contained
lime, decreased by 12-30% after storing in the atmosphere.
Experiments of K.E. Goryainov showed, that the strength of
autoclave gas-ash silicate and gas-ash concrete stored for a long time
in air-dry conditions, reduced. At the same time, the density of
concrete increased [7].
In the research of the Ural Industrial Building Project [13,
14] revealed that the impact of CO2 in any concentration on finegrained cellular concrete results in decomposition of hydro silicate
crystalline concretion forming calcium carbonate and silicic acid
gel. This process is accompanied by changes in the physical and
physical-mechanical properties of concrete, respectively, its seismic
resistance. Density of cellular concrete in carbonization increases. For
concrete with a density of up to carbonization, about 700 kg/m3,
this increase makes up 10-14%. Strength characteristics of cellular
concrete in compression and bending due to exposure to carbon
dioxide 0.5; 2; 10 and 100% concentrations, respectively, are reduced
by 25-40% and 30-40%. The greatest decrease in strength and seismic
resistance are observed in fine-grained cellular concrete on lime.
In the works of U.M. Butt, A.A. Vorobyov, G.V. Topilskiy
[5] A.D. Gumulyauskas and K.A. Puodzhyukinas [6] L.N. Novikova,
B.O. Bagrov [4] and others are noted a decline of physical and
17
mechanical characteristics of cellular concrete when exposed to a
100% carbon dioxide.
In the research of N.A. Kamerloh received data that
increasing the duration of carbonization up to 35 days, strength and
seismic resistance of concrete can increase [9].
Z. Shuman studied the effects of CO2 10% concentration on
the change of strength of gas concrete during two years [18].
According to his data, the compressive strength of gas concrete
decreased by 5-10%.
I. Vashichek [16] presents data of the effect of carbon
dioxide 1, 10 and 100% concentration on the strength and
deformative characteristics of aerated concrete and gas silicate with
density 500-700 kg/m3 . Qualitative picture of the influence of
carbon dioxide concentration on the strength and modulus elasticity
cellular concrete, obtained in this work, agrees with data of E.S.
Silaenkov and G.V. Tikhomirov [13, 114].
From the analysis of the literature data it is impossible to
get a consensus about the influence of atmospheric carbon dioxide
on the physical and mechanical characteristics of cellular concrete.
According to A. Fedin’s data, in conditions of natural
carbonization, ultimate strength of gas silicate when compressed
does not practically change [15].
G.Y. Amkhanitskiy, S.N. Levin, T.P. Kudin [2] published
the results of research of strength drilled out in cellular concrete
panels of samples with the degree of carbonization of concrete 7790% (the useful life o building 10 years). According to the authors,
the strength of the concrete has decreased slightly compared to its
initial value.
B.E Bagrov also noted a slight reduction in the strength of
the cellular concrete on slag alkali binder during long storage in air
conditions [4].
In the works of L.N. Novikov [11], M.B. Ivanov and A.A.
Kalgina [49], as well as L. I. Ostrat, K.K. Eskusson [12] point out
that the decrease of strength and modulus elasticity of cellular
concrete in their natural carbonization, respectively by 5-11% and
17-25%.
According to data of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Research Institute, after 12 years of exploitation, the strength of
aerated concrete 1:1 D/S, BT = 0.45 at a density of concrete 600
kg/m3 decreased by 17-25%.
18
Inconsistency of data about impact of carbonization of finegrained cellular concretes on their strength and seismic stability
can be explained by the results obtained in the work of E.S.
Silaenkova [13]. According to this work, regardless of the type of
binder and hardening conditions the direction of concrete strength
change when interacting with carbonic acid is determined by the
basicity of newly formed cement stone.
With increase the basic hydrated calcium silicate,
components of cement stone, volume of crystalline portion of the
solid phase of the stone during carbonization is increased. At low
basicity of hydrated calcium silicate we can observe the opposite
phenomenon.
Therefore, if newly formed cement stone of autoclaved
aerated concrete is presented by hydrosilicates increased basicity
(CaO/SiO2>1), then the carbonization of such concrete increases its
strength and seismic stability.
According to this, we can assume as some authors have
observed an increase in the strength of cellular concrete as a result
of carbonization connected with the fact that the tested concretes
had contained hydrosilicates increased basicity.
We investigated the effect of the natural carbonization on
the change of strength and deformability characteristics of aerated
concrete with density of 600 and 700 kg/m3 class B2,5 and B3,5
respectively, and gas-ash concrete with density of 600 kg/m3 class
B2,5.
Samples sizes 4x4x16 cm with the initial humidity of
concrete 15-20% by weight had been kept in air conditions under
relative air humidity of 75 ± 10% and under temperature of 20±2°С.
After a certain period of storage of the samples were
subjected to tests. For each degree of carbonization in determining
the strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete had 6 samples of
twins.
Figure 1 shows the data about changes in the prism strength
and modulus of elasticity of aerated gas-ash concrete depending on
the degree of carbonization.
As follows from figure 1, a, with the increase of the degree
of carbonization of concretes compressive strength decreases. So,
at the maximum possible under natural conditions the degree of
carbonization of the aerated concrete with density of 600 and 700
kg/m3 the prism strength on average decreased accordingly by 9
19
and 11% and the gas-ash concretes’ reduction was 24%. The
decrease of the modulus of elasticity of concrete is 18-20%, and
gas-ash concrete’s is 23% (figure 1, b).
Qualitatively similar pattern of changes in strength
deformative characteristics of cellular concrete were observed in
several other research [1, 5, 13, 14] carried out on foam silicate,
foamed concrete, aerated concrete, gas silicate.
In the research papers [13, 14] reduction of accuracy and
elastic modulus of cellular concretes due to their carbonization is
explained, mainly by the decrease of the volume of crystalline part
of the solid phase, as well as the appearance of micro-defects
during its restructuring in the process of carbonization.
a)
20
b)
Fig.1. Change in the strength (a) and elastic modulus
(b) of cellular concretes due to carbonization by
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
1, 2 – aerated concrete with density 600 and 700 kg/m3;
3 – gas-ash concrete with density 600 kg/m3.
21
Fig.2. Shrinkage of cellular concretes due carbonization
by atmospheric carbon dioxide
1, 2 – aerated concrete with density 600 and 700 kg/m3;
3 – gas-ash concrete with density 600 kg/m3.
22
To determine the amount of shrinkage due to the action of
atmospheric carbon dioxide was carried out the following experiment.
Samples with humidity of concrete of 15-20% by mass were placed
in a sealed chamber with a relative humidity of 75±3%, in which
was lime. Samples-twins were placed on the shelves in a labor
room with a relative humidity 75 + / -10% and were exposed to the
action of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The shrinking deformation
value measured on the basis of 100 mm permanently installed on
both sides of the sample with strain gauges of Gugenberger with
measuring sensitivity of 0.001 mm the changes in the degree of
carbonization of concrete in time were defined on the control
samples.
The value of carbonizing shrinkage was defined as the
difference between relative shrinkage deformations of samples
stored on the shelves, and shrinkage of the samples, which were in
the atmosphere without CO2 (airtight chamber with lime).
From the data obtained (fig. 2) we can see that the
shrinkage of tested concretes disproportionately increases with the
growth of degree of carbonization and at complete concrete
carbonization is 1,01÷1,3 mm/m (101÷130) ·10–5. These data are
consistent with the results obtained by E.S. Silaenkov and G.V.
Tikhomirov [13,14] and A. P. Merkin [10], according to which
carbonization leads to changes in the strength and seismic resistant
properties of fine-grained cellular concrete, which is the subject of
research.
Bibliography
1. Aizenberg Y.M., Mazhiev KH. N., Bataev D.K-S.,
Batdalov M.M., Murtazaev S-A.U. Materials and structures to
enhance the seismic resistance of buildings and constructions. –M:
«Komtekh-Print», 2009. – 447 p.
2. Amkhanitskiy G.Y., Levin S.N., Judina T.P. The study of
phase transitions of vibro aerated concrete in exterior wall panels
// life service of concrete structures of the autoclave. -Tallinn.
1978. P.94-98.
3. Armatom A.R., Baranov A. T., Ukhova T.V., bissenov K.B.
Change the strength characteristics of gas concrete blocks tested
in natural conditions // life service of structures of autoclaved
concrete. -Tallinn. 1984. Part II. P. 205-207.
23
4. Bagrov B.O. Carbonization resistance of concrete with slag
binder // life service of structures of autoclaved concrete. -Tallinn.
1981. P.97-99.
5. Butt Y.M., Vorobyov A.A., G.V. Topilskaya. About resistance
of aerated concrete to carbon dioxide corrosion // life service of
concrete structures of the autoclave. -Tallinn. 1972. P. 108-113.
6. Gumulyauskas A.D., Puodzhyukinas K.A. Study of cellular
concrete creeping under tension during artificial carbonation // The
life service of concrete structures of the autoclave. -Tallinn. 1975.
P.80-82.
7. Garianov K.E., and other. Technology of mineral insulation
materials and lightweight concrete. - M: «stroiizdat" 1966. - 432 P.
8. Ivanov M.V., Kalgin L.A. To the question about the influence
of the processes of structure formation on the operational stability
of products from cellular concretes // life service of structures of
autoclaved concrete. -Tallinn. 1981. Part 1. P.31-33.
9. Kamerlokh N.A. To the question about the mechanism of
recrystallization of microstructure of cellular concrete during
carbonization // life service of structures of autoclaved concrete. Tallinn. 1984. Part 1. P.129-131.
10. Merkin A.P., Gorlov Yul., Zeifman M.I. Increase crack
resistance of cellular concrete due to the formation of the rational
structure of silicate rock // life service of structures of autoclaved
concrete. -Tallinn. 1978. P.57-60.
11. Novikov L.N. Carbonization resistance of cellular concrete
// life service of structures of autoclaved aerated concrete.
-Tallinn. 1975. S-85.
12. Ostrat L.I., Eskusan K.K. About changing some of the
strength and deformation properties of gas silicate in age // life
service of structures of autoclaved concrete. -Tallinn. 1981.
Part II. SL-167.
13. Silenkov Y.S. Durability of products from cellular concrete.
-M: stroiizdat, 1986. -176 P.
14. Tikhomirov G.V. Investigation of the influence of carbon
dioxide on the properties of autoclaved aerated concrete: the
dissertation for scientific degree of the candidate of Sciences / Ural
PromstroyNIIproekt. -Sverdlovsk, 1967. - 142. P.
15. Fedin A.A., Durability of silicate and cellular concrete and its
ways to improve / / The durability of concrete structures from the
autoclave. -Tallinn. 1978.P.11-15.
24
16.Vasicek I. Trvanlivost a odolnost autoklavovovanych
porovitych betonu pri posobeni susnych Vnejsich jena. -Stavivo,
1965, N6, p. 136-149.
17.Schaffler H., Druckfestigkeit von dampfgehartetem
Casbeton nach, vershildener lagerung. -In: Ligttweight Concrete /
RILEM, Göteborg, 1961, s. 62-78.
18.Sauman Z. Carbonation of porous concrete and its main
builing components. - Cement and Concrete Research, 1971, v.1,
№6, p. 645-662.
Key words
Gas-slag silicate, gas-slang-ash concrete, aerated concrete, gas-ash
concrete, hydro silicate, calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide, lime,
seismic resistance, shrinkage, deformation, foamed silicate, foam,
gas-silicate.
Annotation
It’s determined that the effect of carbon dioxide of any
concentration on fine-grained cellular concrete leads to
decomposition of hydro silicate crystalline concretion with forming
carbonate of lime and silicic acid. This process is accompanied by
changes in the physical and physical and mechanical properties of
concrete , respectively, its seismic resistance . The density grained
cellular concrete during carbonization increases proportionally, and
the shrinkage with growing degree of carbonization increases
disproportionately. It is also found that the most reduction in
strength and seismic resistance is observed in fine-grained porous
concrete on lime.
25
Ershov A.M., Ershov M.A., Pokholchenko V.A.
Similarity effects of dehydration at the processes of fish drying,
smoking and frying
The physical essence of the dehydration processes consists of
following. On the curves of the kinetics of fish dehydration there
are critical points K1 and K2 (pic.1).
Pic.1. Dehydrationkineticscurve:
I – the period of constant rate of dehydration (the heating up period is
not considered due to its insignificance);
II – the period of rate falling of dehydration
The critical point К1 characterizes the ending of moisture
removing, that is hold on fish surface by surface tense forces and
moisture of macro capillaries and osmotically-bound moisture.
These types of moisture have the lowest binding energy with the
material, that’s why they removed first. Usually the second critical
point in the capillary-porous colloidal solids appears by the
transition from the removal of micro capillary moisture to
adsorption connected one. Though, there is no more than 10 % of
26
the total weight of adsorption connected moisture in fish. The final
moisture content is considerably higher in the processes of drying,
cold-, semi hot-, hot smoking and frying. Question, why during the
removal of moisture of micro capillaries there is a critical point К2
on the kinetics curves that is typical for the case of transition from
moisture removal with lower binding energy to the removal of one
with a higher binding energy with material?
During the studying of the radius of micro capillaries in the
dehydration process it was established that radius of capillaries
may be reduced by 5-7 times as dehydration goes [1]. The smaller
the radius means the higher binding energy with material. That’s
why by reaching in the point К2 the critical moistness ω k 2 the
product hardens and, therefore, the sizes of micro capillaries
decrease, especially in the surface layers of the product. In this
case, τ k 2 shows the changing of the inner structure of material, its
internal properties. This changing influences the deceleration of the
dehydration process.
The critical moistures ωk1 and ωk 2 of fish dehydration don’t
depend on the regime parameters, geometrical size of the fish,
method or technique of energy supply. Basically, they depend on
the chemical composition.
In fish water dominates above the other chemical compounds;
that’s why it is preferable to find the change of the critical moistures
from the initial moisture content ω0 , %. This dependence
significantly expressed in the following equations [1]:
ωk1 = 1,069ω00,969 ;
ωk 2 = 0,784ω0 + 2 .
(1)
(2)
From the equations (1), (2) it is obvious that critical moistures
ωk1 and ω k 2 are a function of initial moisture ω0 , on the other
hand, on the curves of kinetics dehydration ωk1 and τ k1 , ω k 2 and
τ k 2 are the coordinates of critical points К1 and К2, that characterize
the influence of regime parameters, geometrical sizes, chemical
composition and also the change of internal properties of the product
on the rate of dehydration.
The dehydration duration τ k1 until the first critical moisture
ω k1 is inversely proportional to the dehydration rate N during the
27
period of constant dehydration rate τ k1 = ϕ (1 / N ) . In turn,
dehydration rate N depends on the chemical composition of a
product (in this case ω0 ), geometrical sizes of solid and regime
parameters of drying agent. Therefore, the duration τ k1 depends on
all the factors mentioned above.
From the above the following conclusion could be made: the
duration of dehydration τ k1 from the initial moisture ω0 to the first
critical moisture ωk1 characterizes the effect on the intensity of the
dehydration process of chemical composition, geometrical sizes of
solid and parameters of the drying agent; the duration of
dehydration τ k 2 from the first critical moisture ωk1 to the second
critical one ω k 2 indirectly takes into account the effect on the rate
of the process of the change of internal material properties.
The generalization of plurality in the processes of drying,
cold-, semi hot-, hot smoking and frying of fish [1, 2, 3] is proposed
to undertake on the basis of following dimensionless similarity
numbers:
τ τ
ω ω ω am am
,
,
,
,
(1)
τ k1 τ k 2 ω k1 ω k1 ω k 2 a m k 1 a m k 2
where τ k1 - the duration of dehydration from the initial
moisture ω0 to the moisture ωk1 in the first critical point K1 on the
kinetic dehydration curve (pic.1); τ k 2 - the duration of dehydration
from the first critical point К1 with moisture ωk1 to the second
critical point К2 with moisture ωk 2 on the kinetic dehydration curve
(pic. 1); a mk1 , a mk 2 - conductivity coefficients of the potential water
transfer in the points К1 and К2 on the kinetic dehydration curve; τ ,
ω , a m - the current values of the duration of dehydration,
moisture, conductivity coefficients of the potential water transfer,
respectively. Here moistures ω , ωk1 , ωk 2 are considered as an
amount of moisture in fish, related to dry matter, %.
By using the presented similarity numbers, we found the
mathematical models of the kinetics of fish dehydration in the
mentioned above processes [1, 2, 3]:
а) frying
28
1
ω 
) ,
(3)
ωk1 
b
where a and b – coefficients (a=0,946, b=0,048 with dehydration
in the limits from ωk1 to ωk 2 ; a=0,982, b=0,098 with dehydration from
ωk 2 to the final moisture ω fin );
б) drying and cold smoking
τ = τ k1 + τ k1 ⋅τ k 2 exp (a −

ω ω 
)
τ = τ k1 ⋅τ k 2 exp(6,84 − 6,3
ωk1 ωk 2 

в) semi hot and hot smoking
0, 5


ω ω 2 
τ = τ k1 ⋅τ k 2 exp 3,99 − 3,88(
) 
ωk1 ωk 2  


In the equation (3) the dependence
,
(4)
0,5
.
(5)
ω
τ τ
= ϕ(
) was used
τ k1 τ k 2
ωk1
for the process summarizing, and in the equations (4) and (5) -
ω ω
τ τ
= f(
).
ω k1 ω k 2
τ k1 τ k 2
In order to find the multiplication τ k1 ⋅τ k 2 from the equations
(3), (5), it is necessary to find τ k1 first:
ω − ω k1
,
(6)
τ k1 = 0
N
here N – the dehydration rate during the first warm fish
processing (the period of the constant dehydration rate). The remaining
designations are known.
In order to find the dehydration rate N in the processes of frying
the following empirical equation is suggested:
N = −36,6 + 0,18ω 0 + 63,5(S / m − 0,171) + 0,67 (To − 423) , (7)
where ω0 – the initial moisture of fish on its’ dry weight, %;
S/m - specific fish surface, m2/kg; To – the temperature of oil when
frying, К.
Limits on the use of the equation (7):
230 ≤ ω0 ≤ 430 %; 0,12 ≤ S / m ≤ 0,234 m2/kg; 403 ≤ To ≤ 463 К;
29
The duration of dehydration τ k 2 from ωk1 to ωk 2 we can
find from the following:
1
ω
τ k 2 = τ k1 exp(
(0,982 − k 2 )) .
(8)
0,098
ωk1
In order to determine the multiplication τ k 1 ⋅τ k 2 in the
equation (4) it’s necessary to find the moisture of fish after 6, 24 or
48 hours of dehydration and put those values τ and ω in the
equation (4).
The values of ω and τ we can find from the equations:
ω (τ =24 ) = ω1 − 3,024 X r 0, 25 (ω0о − 50)(10S / m − 0,6) 0 ,5 ,
ω (τ =48) = ω1 − 3,792 X r
ω (τ =6 ) = ω1 −
here X r = t (1 −
ϕ
0 , 25
(ω − 50)(10S / m − 0,6)
о
0
1,158X r (ω − 50)
,
1 − 1,591S / m + 0,848(S / m ) 2
0 , 25
о
0
0,5
,
(9)
(10)
(11)
) - the regime rigidity ( t - an average
100
temperature, °C and ϕ - average relative moisture, %, during the
process); S / m – specific fish surface, m2/kg; ω0о – the initial fish
moisture on its total weight, %.
The equations (9) and (10) are valid under the following
68 ≤ ω0о ≤ 78 %;
conditions:
0,11 ≤ S / m ≤ 0,23
m2/kg;
5 ≤ Х r ≤ 22 .
The area of application of the equation (11) lies within the
range: 68 ≤ ω0о ≤ 78 %; 0,23 ≤ S / m ≤ 0,73 m2/kg; 5 ≤ Х r ≤ 22 .
Determining the duration of dehydration in the processes of
semi hot and hot smoking from the equation (5), there is a need to
find the dehydration rate in the first period N = ψ (ω 0 , S / m , X r , v ) ,
where ω0 - the initial fish moisture, %; S / m - specific fish surface,
m2/kg; Хr - rigidity of the regime; v - the velocity of drying agent,
m/sec.
For fish species of high fat content:
N=1,0+0,016( ω0 -180)+24,2( S / m –0,185)+0,131 (Хr –30)+
+0,350(v–2,0).
(12)
30
The limit of the equation usage (12): 180 ≤ ω0 ≤ 300 %;
0,19 ≤ S / m ≤ 0,34 m2/kg; 30,25 ≤ Х r ≤ 52,50 ; 2 ≤ v ≤ 10 m/sec.
For the lean fish species:
N=2,9+0,016( ω0 -300)+24,2( S / m –0,185)+0,131(Хr–30)+
+0,350(v–2,0).
(13)
The limit of application (13): 300 ≤ ω0 ≤ 500%;
0,19 ≤ S / m ≤ 0,34 m2/kg; 30,25 ≤ Х r ≤ 52,50 ; 2 ≤ v ≤ 10 m/sec.
We can find the duration of dehydration τ k 2 from the first
critical point К1 to the second critical point К2 from the equation
[3]:
τ k2 =
τ k1
.
(14)
exp [3,968 − 3,883 (ω k1 /ω k 2 ) 2 ]
By putting τ k1 and τk 2 in the equation (5), it’s possible to draw
a specific curve of dehydration kinetics during the semi hot and hot fish
smoking.
ω ω
a
a
, we
By using the similarity numbers m m and
a mk1 a mk 2
ω k1 ω k 2
have received the equation of generalized dependence of the
coefficients of potential conduction of mass transfer for the
processes of drying and cold smoking:
0,5


ω ω
− 6,36) . (15)
a m = a mk1 ⋅ a mk 2 exp(6,32
ω k1 ω k 2


If we find the multiplication τ k1 ⋅τ k 2 in the equations (3)-(5)
or a mk1 ⋅ a mk 2 in (15), then it becomes possible to find the concrete
dependence ω = f (τ ) or a m = f (ω ) in the process of drying and
cold smoking.
There is also an interest in possibility of generalization of
moisture diffusion coefficients in the processes of drying, cold-,
semi hot-, hot smoking and frying by the one generalized
a
am
ω ω
dependence m
=ψ (
).
a mk1 a mk 2
ω k1 ω k 2
This dependence is shown on pic. 2. The plurality of
experimental points, as it is obvious from the pic. 2, lays around one
31
curve. The Fisher criterion is rather high, more than 640, which
indicates that these quantities are interrelated. The mathematical curve
is shown on pic. 2, may be expressed by the following equation:
am am
ω ω
= 3,5 ⋅ 10 − 3 exp(5,73
).
(16)
a m k1 a m k 2
ωk1 ωk 2
In order to define the multiplication a mk1 ⋅ a mk 2 it is necessary
to find by the experimental way one value of coefficient of
potential conductivity of mass transfer a m with the specific
moisture ω and put those values in the equation (15) for drycuring and cold smoking; or in (16) – for all the processes
considered.
Therefore, the equations (3) – (5), (15), (16) are generalized
equations of plurality of dependence ω = f (τ ) and a m = ψ (ω ) .
Piс .2. Dependence
am am
ω ω
=ψ (
).
a m k1 a m k 2
ω k1 ω k 2
It is possible to make a conclusion that usage of
dimensionless similarity numbers
32
τ
τ τ
ω ω ω
,
,
,
,
τ k1 τ k1 τ k 2 ωk1 ωk1 ωk 2
am am
, in the analysis of fish dehydration during its heat
a m k 1 a mk 2
treatment allow to obtain relatively simple mathematical models. In
combination with the equations, that are found empirically, this
mathematical models open an unique opportunity to find the
kinetic curves of dehydration by calculation.
The discovered generalized dependences for the processes of
drying, cold, semi hot- hot smoking and frying of fish allow not
only to calculate the kinetics and dynamic of dehydration, but also
to develop optimal regimes of dehydration for specific industrial
installations.
Bibliography
1. Ershov А. М. The development and improving of the cold
smoking processes on the basis of intensification of mass transfer
of moisture and smoking agents. Dissertation ... Dr. of Technical
Sciences. – Murmansk: Murmansk State Academy of fishing fleet,
1992.
2. Ershov M.A. The improvement of calculating methods of
dehydration in the processes of cold smoking and drying of fish.
Dissertation …Ph.D. - Murmansk: Murmansk State Technical
University, 2007.
3. Pokholchenko V.A. The improvement of the fish smoking
processes in the production of canned fish. – Murmansk:
Publishing office «Murmansk State Technical University», 2010.
4. Glazunov Y.Т., Ershov А. М., Ershov М. А., Poholchenko
V. А. The processes of fish drying, dry-curing, smoking and
equipment design. - Kaliningrad: Publishing office «Kaliningrad
State Technical University», 2013.
5. Ershov А.М. The research of heat and mass transfer during
the fish frying in oil with usage of infrared radiation. Dissertation
…Ph.D. – Moskow: Moskow technological institute of foof
industry, 1982.
33
Keyword
Dehydration, drying, cold- , semi hot- and hot smoking, frying,
coefficient of moisture diffusion, critical moisture, regime rigidity,
dehydration kinetics, generalized dependence, similarity number,
empirical equation.
Annotation
Under the deep analysis of fish dehydration processes the
usage of dimensionless similarity numbers has allowed to obtain
quite simple mathematical models. The generalized dependences of
kinetic and dynamic regularities of fish dehydration during the
processes of drying, cold-, semi hot-, hot smoking and frying were
identified. The generalized mathematical models in combination
with equations found by empirical method open an unique
opportunity to calculate the kinetics and dynamics of fish
dehydration with the development of optimal operating conditions
for industrial equipment.
34
Klyachenkova O.A.
Research of adhesion of wood modified with phenylborates
For hydrofobic features of wooden structures covered with
paints the durability of their protective action depends on the
adhesion forces between paint coating and wood surface, i.e. the
magnitude of adhesion. It is known that it is possibleto improve
adhesion of the capillary porous materials, including wood and,
consequently, to increase the service life of protective coating by
the means of reducing the specific wood surface, as the reducing
the diameter of the capillaries, leading to increased condensation
and capillary forces as well as the depth of paint penetration into
material [1].
In addition an increase in the adhesive strength of the polar
film formers such as the majority of paints increases the polarity of
the substrate [2], for example chemical modification of wood
surface with modifiers containing polar groups leads to such a
result. It was empirically found that the presence on the surface of
substrate anim and protolitic groups facilitates the formation of
hydrogen links between molecules of adhesive and substrate and
enhance adhesion. In this case a sufficiently high adhesive strength
is the result of intermolecular forces of interaction [5, 6].
Therefore we hypothesized that the modification of wood
surface
with
aqueous
solutions
of
monoand
diethanolamine(N→B)phenylborates
containing
amin
and
protolytic –OH groups is able to increase adhesion of paint coating
of wood surface.
Modification of with aqueous solution of mono - and
diethanolamine(N→B)-phenylborate
(10
%,
hereinafter,
composition 1 and composition 2 ) at chamber temperature by the
means of immersion for 3 hours. Then the samples were dried in
air until they get constant weight.
The specific surfacearea were examined by sorption[7].
Taking into account that the quantity of samples did not change
during the adsorption process the specific wood surface area can be
calculated with the formula:
∆m ⋅10 −3
S уд =
⋅ NA ⋅S ;
m0 ⋅ g ⋅ M r
35
where:
∆m - difference between the mass of the sample during the sorption
equilibrium and the initial weight of the sample , g;
m0 - initial weight of the sample, g;
g – densityof the sorbate , water, g/cm3 ;
MR - molar mass of adsorbate, g/mol ;
NA - Avogadro's number , mol-1 ;
S - sectional area of the adsorbate molecule, m2.
The contact angle was estimates according to the usual
procedure [8]. Water absorption of wood were studied in
accordance with GOST 16483.20-72 within thirty days .Adhesion
value was estimated according with GOST 27325-87.
Fig. 1 shows the results of measurement of the specific
surface area of modified wood and the control samples . Figure 1
shows that the modification of wood with compositions 1 and 2,
leads to significant decrease in the specific wood surface.
Fig. 1. Surface area of the modified wood and control samples,
m2/g
Much lower specific surface of the samples modified with
compositions 1 and 2, compared with unmodified samples of wood
can be explained by the fact that mono- and
36
diethanolamine(N→B)phenylborates
gouging
capillaries
(chemically interact with the hydroxyl groups of ligno- and
carbohydrate complex of wood) significantly reduce their crosssection.
The increase in the polarity of the wood surface modified
with compositions 1 and 2, can be estimated according the contact
angle of water and wetting coatings. It is interesting to mention that
waterdrops deposited on the surface of the unmodified wood
retained its shape for a longer period, although the contact angle in
this case was less than 90 °. Waterdrops deposited on the surface of
wood, modified with compositions 1 and 2 immediately spread out
in both cases, indicating an increase in the polarity of the wood
surface.
However, water absorption (W,%) of modified wood is
considerably smaller ( ~ 2-fold) of than that of absorption of
unmodified wood (fig. 2), which is correlated with the aforesaid
data for a specific wood surface, and acts is a further confirmation
of the fact of chemical interaction of substrate and modifier.
Fig.2. Water absorption of modified wood and control samples
Samples of modified wood and control samples were coated with
one coat of paint PF-115 and dried for 24 hours. Estimation of
adhesion was carried out by simultaneous separation of the
cylinder, according with GOST 27325-87. According with GOST
37
27325-87, the following types of damage are named: adhesive one
- in which the damage occurs at the interface between materials;
cohesive one - in which the damage concerns one of the materials,
mixed one - the combination of adhesive and cohesive types of
damage. In the case of high adhesion of coatings to pine wood
cohesive damage of the wood itself is detected, as in this case
binding energy between molecules within the wood composite is
less than binding energy of substrate and coatings . The test results
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Test results
Control
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Type of
damage
adhesion
adhesion
mixed
adhesion
adhesion
adhesion
mixed
mixed
adhesion
adhesion
Wood, modified with
composition 1
Sample
Type of
number
damage
1
cohesive
2
cohesive
3
cohesive
4
cohesive
5
cohesive
6
cohesive
7
cohesive
8
cohesive
9
cohesive
10
cohesive
Wood, modified with
composition 2
Sample
Type of
number
damage
1
mixed
2
cohesive
3
cohesive
4
cohesive
5
mixed
6
cohesive
7
mixed
8
cohesive
9
cohesive
10
cohesive
Table 1 shows that unmodified wood is characterized by
adhesive damage characterized at the paint-wood boundary, while
modified wood is characterized by cohesive damage. Thus, the
amount of adhesion of paint coating of pine wood modified is
higher than intermolecular forces of wood components. That is
proved, by the predominant cohesive damage.
Adhesion was calculated according with GOST 27325-87 by
the formula:
Р
σА =
;
Sо.
where:
σ А − adhesion , MPa ;
P - magnitude of the damaging load , N;
S0 - separation area , mm2.
38
The average value calculated for unmodified wood is
2.782931 MPa. Unfortunately, it was impossible to estimate
adhesion of paint coating to calculate of modified wood because of
obvious existance of cohesive damage.
However, according to [ 4, 8 ] the contact angle of the
surface painting coating of modified and unmodified wood. The
measurement results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Test result of the contact angle
Type of wood
unmodified
modified with composition 1
modified with composition 2
cosθ
0,9285
0,9637
0,9637
Cosθ characterizes surface wettability. Table 2 shows that
modification increases the wettability of wood. Wettability (cosθ)
is related to the equilibrium adhesion work, which is demonstrated
by they equation [3]:
Wa = σ (1 + cos θ );
where
σ − surface tension of liquid.
Then in both cases the ratio of modified wood to unmodified
wood is 1.02, which means that equilibrium adhesion work of
modification is only increased with 2%. Thus the surface
wettability contributes little to the adhesion strength of the coating
and plays a major role only at the stage of formation of the coating.
Experimental data, allow to conclude the following.
Modification of wood surface with the produced compositions
increases its polarity, reduces the specific surface area, decreases
water absorption twice. This improves wettability of wood surface
and increases the adhesion strength of painting coatings, which is
the result of intermolecular forces of interaction. The latter
provides increased servic elife of coatings.
Bibliography
1. Yakovlev A.D. Chemistry and technology of coatings . Leningrad: Khimiya , 1989.
39
2. Adhesion of films / A.A. Angles , L.M. Anischenko ,
S.E. Kuznetsov . - M.: Radio and communication, 1987.
3. Sanaev V.G. Wood Science in the forestry sector .-M.:
MGUL, 2007.
4. M. Chaudhury Surfaces, chemistry and applications.
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002.
5. D.A. Dillard Mechanics of adhesion. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
2002.
6. Simon A.D. Adhesion and wetting fluid .M., "Chemistry",
1974.
7. Greg S.K. Sing Adsorption, specific surface area, porosity New York: Wiley , 1970.
8. Rabek J. Experimental Methods in Polymer Chemistry:
2 parts - NewYork: Wiley, 1983.
Key words
Adhesion, wood, modifier, surface area, contact angle, water
absorption, adhesion type of damage, cohesive type of damage,
mixed type of damage.
Annotation
Modification of wood surface with compositions produced on
the base of phenylboric acid esters of amin-alcohols increases its
polarity, decreases specific surface area and reduces water
absorption of wood twice. This improves wettability of water
surface and increases adhesion strength of paint coating which is
the result of intermolecular forces of interaction. The latter
provides increases service life of paint coating.
<Translation from Russian Klyachenkova O.A.>
40
Kostin V.I., Dozorov A.V., Isaychev V.A., Oshkin V.A.
Prospects of use of growth regulators of new generation and
microelements-synergists in technology of cultivation
of a sugar beet
Sugar beet - the most important crop in the Ulyanovsk
region, it are the region of the production sugar beet cultivation and
sugar refining.
This culture possessed high potential of productivity, which
now in Russia including in the Volga region it are us insufficiently.
Productivity and assembly depended not only from are soil climatic parameters, in the core it that in many economy growing a
sugar beet, achievements of a science was not use to the full, more
often the material base did not meet modern requirements.
We experience on use of import material resources by
production of the yield culture collected. Based on modern
mechanisms by us improved technique of cultivation of a sugar
beet in respect off was sew up plants, mineral nutrition and
application of growth regulators and unsalvaged microelements for
a foliar top dressing.
High performance to the yield agrotechnical method
guaranteed rather low the cost price and essential advantages of
extraroot use of microelements in comparison with addition are
more it’s are more their in the soil: the foliar top dressing allowed
to allocate normally small concentration of microelements evenly;
sparge by water solutions of leaves of a sugar beet excluded
possibility of linkage them are soil adsorption complex that
essentially increased quotient them uses by plants.
Influence of a foliar top dressing of a sugar beet, especially
trace elements whom not salvage in plants as separately, and
together with growth regulators, on physiological and biochemical
process of formation of a yield, especially technological qualities
of root crops when processing at sugar factory it are investigate a
little, practical and theoretical interest therefore had.
Experiences ma and spend now in specialized the sugar
seeding areas of the Ulyanovsk region on black earth leach by
medium-energy medium-humic medium-loamy. Processing made
0,05% solutions H3BO3, MnSO4, ZnSO4 and 1·10-7% solution of
melafen. The first top-dressing were made to the season of
vegetation (5-6 leaves) simultaneously with second weed control
41
spraying in the lateral mixture, second - in formation of root crops.
Water solutions of microelements prepare directly ahead of them
addition.
Indexes of the content of manganese, zinc and boron in
black earth soils was introduce to tab. 1.
Table 1
Quantity indicators of microelements, mg/1000 g of soil
Microelements
Boron
Manganese
Zinc
Very
poor
< 0,1
< 1,0
< 0,2
Poor
0,1–0,2
1,1–1,0
0,3–1,0
Average
availability
0,3–0,5
11-50
1,1–3
Rich
0,6–1,0
51–100
3,1–5,0
Very
rich
> 1,0
> 100
> 5,1
On fields the content of trace elements fluctuated in the
following limens: boron 0,1-0,18 (average of 0,14 mg/kg),
manganese 4,7-10,9 (average of 7 mg/kg), zinc 0,4-0,6 (on the
average 0,47 mg/kg). On boron and zinc of the soil very poor, on
the content of manganese - poor.
Characteristics of a phytoregulator of new generation
Melafen heterogeneous ring and organophosphorous
compound, namely melamine salt bis (oxymethyl) of phosphonic
acid. The drug are synthesized at institute of organic and physical
chemistry of A.E.Arbuzova (city of Kazan) [1]. Properties of this
bond in the literature was not describe. Bonds close on frame to
melafen and possess the same kind of activity, was not known. Salt
ortophosphoric and dialkyphosphorous of acids with cyanotriamide
stude as fire retardants or them useful properties not stude at all.
Formula of melafen:
42
It are known that the bis (oxymethyl) phosphonic acid are
the multifunctional bond having in the frame acid, phosphoryl and
oxymethyl bunches, capable to interreact with various biotargets. A
drug we will dissolve in water, and it water solutions was stable;
melafen of low-toxic for hematothermal, are more it’s LT50=2000
mg/kg for mice.
As a result of researches, incurred in laboratory of
genotoxicity of the Kazan state university of O.N. Ilyinskoy it were
position:
 drug did not display toxic effects on a strain of Salmonella
typhimurium TA 100 in investigated concentration from 0,4 mM to
0,46 mM;
 DNA - damaged activity are not reveal in one of melafen
investigated concentration;
 in Ames's paste doing not show mutagen properties in
variants of experience with a metabolic activation and without it
(doing not induce point mutations in cages of Salmonella
typhimurium, microsome fraction of a liver of rats practically
doing not modify mutagen potential of melafen).
Molecular weight 252,18 and analog of melafen - pirafen
with molecular weight 251,18.
According to the Federal law from July 19, 1997 №109-FL
«About safe handling with pesticides and agrochemical» melafen melamine salt bis (oxymethyl) of phosphonic acid receiving the
state registration for №2222-11-11-167-0-0-3-0 for time on
11/15/2021 year and it are supposed to a trade in the terrain of the
Russian Federation.
The obtained experimental data on culture of a chlorella
allowed to draw breeding that melafen had a wide action spectrum
and possessed high physiological activity, comparable with
connatural growth regulators, with action of ATF in low
concentration [2].
Our researches shown that under the influence of melafen
in comparison with control and a gibberellin there are an
augmentation of respiration already for 2nd hour of definition (fig.
1). Seeds steep at 18 o'clock in water.
43
Fig. 1. Respiration of seeds of a sugar beet, mcL О2 hour/g
Results of researches shown that under the influence of
melafen at seeds of a sugar beet respiration intensity increased on
33,4 % in comparison with control and on 12,1 % in comparison
with a gibberellin.
Integrated index of a physiological state of a plant cell are
speed of development of heat as this index reflected end-points of
interaction of all function systems of a vegetative organism (fig. 2).
44
Fig. 2. Heat production of seeds of a sugar beet under the influence
of melafen and a gibberellin, microW/g crude mass
The analysis of results of researches fig. 2 showed that
speeds of heat production in trial variants was slightly higher than
control magnitudes, especially at action of melafen that first of all
are connected with activation of power, enzymatic and metabolic
processes under the influence of melafen. Our early researches
testified to it on other crops where it are position that under the
influence of melafen there are an activation of oxidoreductases and
hydrolases on an example of a winter rye and wheat, and spring
wheat [3, 4]. Thus, our researches shown that melafen possessed
high physiological activity, a wide action spectrum on seeds of
crops.
Based on improved technique [5, 6, 7, 8] with 2006
studying of a foliar top dressing with various growth regulators,
including melafen are made. Now with 2011 researches on a foliar
top dressing unsalvaged was conduct by microelements and
melafen. At the analysis of a state and definition of tendencies of a
modern sugar beet breeding zonal distribution of the cultivation are
consider, all technology of cultivation of a sugar beet are adapt for
the data are soilborne parameters, presence of flexible system of
care by plants.
Results of researches shown that a foliar top dressing
growth regulators and fumarole acid promoted augmentation of
45
productivity on 2,3-6,3%, and at a combination with boric acid
productivity increased on 2,6-3,6 t/hectare, at productivity on
control on the average in 6 years - 37,7 t/hectare. Increase
statistically authentic. In droughty conditions 2007, 2009 and 2010
on trial variants the authentic increase, despite the general decrease
in productivity also are receive, it are possible to ascertain that the
growth regulator increased also drought resistance of a sugar beet.
Thus, new technological decisions promoted augmentation
of productivity of root crops of a sugar beet.
In 2012-2013 researches on use unsalvaged microelements
of manganese, boron and zinc without growth regulator and with
melafen was conduct.
Productivity of a sugar beet depending on application of
microelements and melafen are result in tab. 2.
Table 2
Influence of microelements on productivity of a sugar beet,
t/hectare
Variant
Control
H3BO3
ZnSO4
MnSO4
Zn + Mn
Zn + B
Mn + B
Zn + Mn
+B
LSD05
2012
year
2013
year
Average
42,3
46,8
45,6
45,9
50,0
50,9
51,8
51,6
53,5
58,5
56,3
57,7
62,6
63,8
64,3
63,9
47,9
52,6
50,9
51,8
56,3
57,4
58,1
57,7
2,93
1,56
Addition
% to
t/hectare
control
100,0
4,7
109,8
3,0
106,2
3,9
108,1
8,4
117,5
9,5
119,8
10,2
121,2
9,8
120,4
Results of researches shown that use of microelements for a
foliar top dressing are justify, as there are an augmentation of
productivity on the average for 2nd year on 6,2-21,2% that
compounded 3,0-10,2 t/hectare. At use of 2 and 3 elements there
are a synergism of action, i.e. magnification of effect of action of
an one element by another. The results of researches calculated by
us shown quotient of interaction of zinc and manganese who
46
compounded 0,178, zinc with boron - 0,189, manganese with boron
accordingly 0,16.
The obtained data testified that at collateral processing of
an agrophytocenosis of a sugar beet by two elements by manganese
with zinc, zinc with boron, manganese with boron absolute
synergism are display, i.e. the effect are more their than interaction.
At application of elements all three relative synergism as action of
isolate factors exceeded the sum of factors are display.
Statistical analysis by one-factor dispersion analysis
showed that all unsalvaged microelements as separately, and
combine yielded an authentic increase.
Us conduct also two-factor experience on influence of a
phytoregulator of melafen against microelements on productivity
of a sugar beet (tab. 3).
Table 3
Influence of a foliar top dressing by microelements and melafen on
productivity of root crops of a sugar beet, t/hectare
Variant
Melafen
H3BO3 +
melafen
ZnSO4 +
melafen
MnSO4 +
melafen
Zn + Mn
+
melafen
Zn + B +
melafen
Mn + B
+
melafen
Zn + Mn
+B+
melafen
Addition
% to
t/hectare
control
100,0
2012
year
2013
year
Average
44,9
55,3
50,1
49,2
61,4
55,3
5,2
110,3
48,8
60,8
54,8
4,7
109,4
47,9
59,7
53,8
3,7
107,2
52,6
65,4
59,0
8,9
117,7
53,8
66,3
60,0
9,9
119,7
52,8
65,2
59,0
8,9
117,7
54,7
68,4
61,5
11,4
122,7
47
LSD05
Аmelafen
LSD05
Бmicroel
1,0
0,95
2,01
1,91
Under the influence of melafen in comparison with control
productivity increased on 2,2 t/hectare.
By results of our researches most essential role in formation
of a crop are play by more large leaves who generate in the middle
of vegetation to third ten; in them life activity it are form 80 %
masses of root crops that promote by action unsalvaged
microelements of zinc, boron and manganese that removed time of
begin dying off of leaves. Also the content of sucrose, at the
expense of the elongate season of photosynthesis as a result
increased.
In two specialized farms production tests on application of
melafen microelements was conduct at a foliar top dressing in APC
"Novotimersyansky" on the area of 2000 hectares and in PFE
«Syapukov E.F.» on the area more than 600 hectares. Results of
researches was result in tables 4 and 5.
Table 4
Productivity and sugar content of root crops of a sugar beet
in the conditions of APC "Novotimersyansky"
Variant
Control
Trial
Addition
Productivity,
% to
t/hectare
t/hectare
control
51,2
54,8
3,6
100,0
107,0
Sugariness,
%
15,8
16,7
Probable
yield of
sugar,
t/hectare
8,10
9,15
Sugar content on the average for 2nd year of experiences
compounding 16,5% on control, on experience 17,1%.
The foliar top dressing affected on adequate quality of
normal juice, it increased with 84,4 to 86 c.u.
Thus, the twofold foliar top dressing can be us as a method
of yield increase, the content of sucrose and enriching of adequate
quality of normal juice when processing at sugar factory.
48
Table 5
Productivity and sugar content of root crops of a sugar beet in
PFE «Syapukov E.F.», t/hectare
Variant
2012
year
2013
year
Average
productivity
Control
Trial
43,8
48,6
54,2
60,8
49,0
54,7
Addition
% to
t/hectare
control
100,0
5,7
111,6
Bibliography
1. Pat. 2158735 Russian Federation, MPK C07D251/54,
C07F9/30, A01N57/24, A01N43/68. Melamine salt bis (oxymethyl)
of phosphonic acid (melafen) as a growth regulator and
development of plants and a mean are more its than reception /
Fattakhov S.G., Loseva N.L., Reznik V.S., Konovalov A.I., Alyabyev
A.Yu., Gordon L.Kh., Zaripova L.P.; applicants and patentee
Institute of organic and physical chemistry of A.E.Arbuzova of the
Kazan center of science of the Russian Academy of Sciences;
Kazan institute of biochemistry and biophysics of the Kazan center
of science of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - № 99115552/04;
announ. 7/13/1999; publ. 11/10/2000. - 2 p.: 14 fig., 9 tab.
2. Loseva, N.L. Research of influence of phosphororganic
bond of melafen on propagation and power processes of cells of
chlorella / N.L. Loseva, O.A. Keshmyu, A.Yu. Alyabyev, A.Kh.
Gordon, V.I. Tribunslikh // Dig. stuffs of the All-Russia seminar
meeting «A state of researches and prospect of application of a
growth regulator of plants of new generation "Melafen" in
agriculture and biogeotechnology». Kazan, 2006. - P. 12-26.
3. Kostin, V.I. Effect of researches on application of melafen
at cultivation of crops / V.I. Kostin, O.V. Kostin, V.A. Isaychev//
Dig. stuffs of the All-Russia seminar meeting. Kazan, 2006. - P. 3537.
4. Kostin, V.I. Elements of mineral nutrition and growh
regulator in an ontogenesis of crops / V.I. Kostin, V.A. Isaychev,
O.V. Kostin/ M.: Pub. "Ear", 2006. - 290 p.
5. Kostin, V.I. Technology of cultivation of a sugar beet in
PFE "Amethyst" of the Tsilninsky area Ulyanovsk region / V.I..
49
Kostin, E.E. Syapukov, I.V. Syapukov// The Field of the Volga
region, №2 (3) - 2007. - P. 7-9.
6. Kostin, V.I. Upgrading of technology of cultivation of a
sugar beet in the conditions of Ulyanovsk region / V.I. Kostin, E.E.
Syapukov, O.G. Musurova / Ulyanovsk, 2010. - 60 p.
7. Oshkin, V.A. Formation of productivity and enhancement of
quality of root crops of the sugar beet under the influence of the
phytoregulator and boric acid / V.I. Kostin, V.A. Oshkin// Vestnik
of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy. - 2014. - №1 (25). - P.
13-18.
8. Oshkin, V.A. Efficacy unsalvaged microelements in beet
sugar production / V.I. Kostin, V.A. Oshkin// Sugar beet. - 2014. №2. -P. 40-41.
Key words
Sugar beet, boron, melafen, zinc, manganese, respiration intensity,
heat production, foliar top dressing, relative synergism, sugar
content, adequate quality.
Annotation
For the first time researches was conduct in world practice
on use of a phytoregulator of new generation of melafen in
comparison with synthetic analog a gibberellin. It are position that
melafen promoted augmentation of power processes according to
respiration. Respiration intensity of seeds of a sugar beet increased
to 33,4% in comparison with control, increased and speed of heat
production, hence, the yield drug possessed high physiological
activity. Incurred long-term field and production tests as separately,
and with microelements as foliar top dressings stable increased
productivity of root crops, and also sugar content increased and
adequate quality of normal juice improved when processing root
crops at sugar factory.
<Translation from Russian Oshkin V.A.>
50
Litvinenko V.S., Vasiliev N.I., Dmitriev А.N., Podoliak А.V.
Aspects of multilateral wells drilling in ice via drills
on a carrying cable
Introduction
The study of modern continental glaciation and all kinds of
glaciers is of great importance for a number of natural sciences:
geography, glaciology, paleoclimatology, geology, geophysics,
geochemistry, microbiology, etc. Particular interest attracts
Antarctica with its about 30 million km3 of ice, the depth of which
is more than 4 km in the central part of the continent.
The most important and the most effective way to study the
formation, structure, material composition and dynamics of Ice
sediments in the polar regions is wells drilling with complete
coring [1, 2, 3, 5].
In recent years, when the depth of the wells exceeded the
level of 3000 m, there appeared an urgent need to develop a
multilateral wells drilling technology for additional core material
from the most interesting depths. Therefore, in the deepest 5G well
at Vostok station a large number of impurities was found within
3600 - 3620 m. These impurities got there during glacier motion
from the shore of Vostok subglacial lake [4].
The Coordination Committee of the International
Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS), named a top-priority
task for Antarctic research of the coming decades: acquisition of
ice core, which would allow to reconstruct climate fluctuation and
greenhouse gases concentration over the past 1.5 million years.
Among the first-priority problems facing the engineers of drilling
technologies, IPICS technical experts mention development of
drilling methods and equipment for additional shafts of deep wells
in order to obtain parallel (duplicate) ice core at a predetermined
depth.
Possibility of additional shaft drilling control is also
important within accident eliminations connected with well
deviation from the emergency zone. In this regard, study of natural
deviation of ice wells during drilling with drill stems on a carrying
cable is more than essential.
51
The process of natural deviation of ice wells
In order to establish the regularities of a drill stem behavior
in a well, the Well Drilling Department of the Mining University
offered to consider the movement of a drill stem under the action of
forces system applied to this drill stem. Let us consider a general
case in Figure 1. The axis of the drill stem will be aligned with the
axis of the well, if the resultant of all the external forces acting on
it does not go beyond the bearing surface area. In solving the
problem, it is considered that the carrying cable is absolutely
weightless and elastic cord. Furthermore, the well diameter is
considered to be equal to the diameter of the drilling bit.
Fig. 1. Position of a drill stem in a deviated well:
Р – drill stem weight, applied to the gravity center, Н; Т – carrying
cable tension, Н; l – drill stem length, м; – well deviation angle,
degrees; − angle between the drill stem axis and the cable,
degrees.
52
The balance condition at the alignment of the drill stem
axis and the well axis will be equality of moments of all the
external forces about the point О М 0 = 0 .
In actual practice, there are no absolutely vertical wells. It
can be expected that the upper part of a drill stem will always lie on
the bottom wall of a well both in case of drill stem lifting or
lowering and during drilling process.
Let us consider the formation of a wellbore within a drill
stem deviation from the initial route, which can be illustrated by
the diagram of displacement of drill stem representative points –
А, В and С in Figure 2 or right-angled triangle ABC, using the
principle of virtual displacements well-known in the mechanics.
Fig. 2. Movement scheme of a drill stem within changes in its
route
During drilling
А slides along the wellbore wall, making
an angle θ with the vertical. Let us define
А with infinitesimal
displacement along the wellbore (line А0С0) in the amount ∆h,
while
C will be defined with movement along the line 0 – 0,
53
parallel to the side
(of the drill stem axis), in the amount
∆h1. This way, ∆ АВС will take a new position ∆ А1В1С1. The next
step will lead to point B moving along the line I – I, making an
angle with the vertical
, in the amount ∆h2, and the
triangle will take the position ∆ А2В2С2. Obviously, the angle of
wellbore deviation from the vertical will increase gradually
together with wellbore curvature increase.
Finally, one can express the formula of point В
displacement along Y axis
(1)
where
− the number of steps of point А coming through АС
straight-line segment;
− point А displacement along X axis
at the angle corresponding to the specific position of the drill, after
(
its passing through the segment with length
displacements). Point
horizontal displacement reduces the
intensity of the drill stem curvature, due to its turn to the left with
respect to the point B, thereby reducing the deviation angle.
Based on the formulas obtained, a tracing of movements
route profile of the drill stem was held (Figure 3) with geometrical
parameters corresponding to experimental model of the drill (;
;,
), with a pitch of
.
54
Fig.3 Movements route (·) В of the drill stem
Segment in Figure 3 − is the point В movement route
displacement along straight line. After its
within the point
passing through the segment, the length of which corresponds to
the leg
(and to displacement segment), point
takes the
route of the point
(route in Figure 3).
Results of multiple 5G-borehole drilling
During the seasonal period of the 57th Russian Antarctic
Expedition (RAE) drilling of additional hole 5G-2 at the depth of
3769.3 meters was completed on February 5, 2012, when Vostok
subglacial lake was unsealed [3]. The lake water emerged in the
borehole and froze.
The surface of frozen water was reached at the depth of
3406.1 meters (3424 meters along core). The first core was
obtained with length 1.97 meters of frozen lake water.
55
From that moment, the borehole was assigned a number:
5G-1N (new), as it is actually a new shift drilling, which matches
the old shift only in the same spatial position. As a result of 5G-1N
hole drilling 44,59 meters of full hole core containing frozen water
of Vostok lake were successfully raised to the surface (Fig. 5). The
core (Fig.6) resulting from 5G-1N hole drilling had crescentic ice
impurities ice on its one side, suggesting the presence of new hole
5G-1N deviation from the axis of 5G-1. The crescentic part is
represented by atmospheric ice, the structure, composition,
physical and mechanical properties of which differ from the frozen
water of Vostok lake.
Fig. 5. Scheme of 5G- 3 borehole formation:
1 – 5Г-1 underreaming;
2 – 5G-1N borehole drilling with deviation from the axis of the old
wellbore; 3 – 5Г-3 wellbore drilling
56
1
2
Fig. 6. Core obtained with 5G-3 borehole predrilling and
containing crescentic part of atmospheric ice [36]:
1 – atmospheric ice; 2 – frozen water of Vostok lake
Diagrams of borehole 5G-1 sinking prior to the subglacial
lake penetration and after that are shown in Figure 7. The
scheduled sinking steadily decreased from the depth of 3650
meters. The average sinking advance became close to 0.8 meters
from the depth of 3700 meters. As can be seen from the above, in
this depth range the tendency for scheduled sinking decrease within
depth increase remained the same as before the subglacial lake
penetration, but the stability of the drilling process as well as
productivity significantly increased.
During the seasonal period of the 59th Russian Antarctic
Expedition (RAE) the inclination measurements were conducted
twice: 08.12.2013, prior to drilling operation, and 03.02.2014, after
drilling operation. The data obtained are shown in Figure 8. When
comparing the graphs with the inclination measurements data
received on 26.01.2009, one can see that the wellbore inclinations
match to the depth of 3200 meters. As we can see, the tendency for
5Г-2 and 5Г-3 wellbores inclination angle decrease is equal, which
is associated with the use of drilling bits of one design.
57
Fig. 7. Diagrams of 5G-1, 5G-2 and 5G-3 boreholes sinking
Fig. 8. Diagrams of 5Г-1, 5Г-2 and 5Г-3 wellbores inclination
measurements
58
Conclusion
The results of analytical and experimental studies of a well
path formation while ice drilling with drill stems on a carrying
cable reveal that upon constant contact of a drilling bit with a
bottomhole a drill stem tends to deviate from the vertical. The well
curvature changes only in case of the drill stem movement within
the interval equal to its double length, after which the well path
becomes almost a circumference, the radius of which depends only
on the geometrical characteristics of the drill stem and the well
diameter.
Developed technology and equipment complex for lateral
shafts drilling with drill stems on a carrying cable allow high
reliability of ultradeep multilateral wells boring in order to obtain
additional core samples for comprehensive research, as well as
effective lateral shafts drilling when bypassing emergency zones of
a well.
Redrilling after freezing of water emerged in the well in the
course of which 5Г-3 lateral shaft was formed in order to obtain
core from frozen lake water and additional samples within the
depth of 3540-3620 m, confirmed the efficacy of the developed
equipment and technology concepts. 5Г well is currently the
deepest one in the world, 300 meters exceeding the depth reached
by foreign experts.
Bibliography
1. Vasiliev N. I., Lipenkov V. Ya., Dmitriev A.N., Podolyak
А.V., Zubkov V.М. Results and aspects of 5Г well drilling and the
first penetration of Vostok lake / “Ice and Snow” •№ 4 (120), 2012
• P.12-20
2. Kudryashov B.B., Chistyakov V.K., Litvinenko V.S. Wells
drilling under conditions of rock formation physical character
change. L.: Mineral resources, 1991. 295 p.
3. Kotlyakov V. M., Lipenkov V. Ya., and Vasiliev N. I. Deep
Drilling in Central Antarctica and Penetration into Subglacial Lake
Vostok / ISSN 1019_3316, Herald of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, 2013, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 311–323.
4. Lipenkov V. Ya., Polyakova Е.V., Duval P.,
Preobrazhenskaya А.V. Aspects of Antarctic ice shape formation in
59
the area of Vostok Station in accordance with petrofabric studies of
ice core // Arctic and Antarctic problems. 2007. Issue 76. pp. 68–
77.
5. Kudryashov B.B.,
Vasiliev N.I.,
Vostretsov R.N.,
Dmitriev A.N.,
Zubkov V.M.,
Krasilev A.V.,
Talalay P.G.,
Barkov N.I., Lipenkov V.Ya., Petit J.R. Deep ice coring at Vostok
Station (East Antarctica) by an electromechanical drill // Mem.
Natl Inst. Polar Res.: Spec. issue 2002. 56. pp. 91–102.
List of keywords
Penetration, multilateral well, natural deviation, deep drilling,
glacier cover, ice core, Vostok subglacial lake, well.
60
Popov V.K.,Kalacheva N.I., Polonskaya M.S.
Application of 3D cadastre in Russia
Cadastral systems of the Russian Federation register real
property in two dimensions x, y. This system does not allow
register intersections of various objects in space, underground and
elevated engineering networks.
Interest to the display of object crossings with each other is due
to many aspects:
 how to make the taxation of land occupied by several
objects of property;
 how to provide land for the object that actually does not
touch the ground (for example, a bridge);
 how deep and how high above the ground to extend the
right to object;
 what to do in the case, for example, underground garage
does not match the configuration of the surface area, and so on.
To account for the intersections of objects of each other need to
use three dimensions: x, y and z. This system named 3D cadastre.
3D cadastre lets:
 increase the efficiency and validity of decision-making in
land and property relations;
 increase the sustainable development of objects
management
 increase the transparency and fairness of taxation of real
estate;
 create more favorable conditions for investment in the field
of cadastre relations;
 increase the guarantees of the rights owner;
 reduce delays in proceedings;
 improve the relevance of information.
Changes in registration real property substantiates necessity of
the stability of the sustainable development of objects
management.
Cadastre in 3D will:
 help to protect the interests of the state, business and
citizens;
 become an indispensable imaging tool;
61
 allow making decisions more quickly and efficiently;
 extend the opportunities of cadastre recording, planning
and design;
 help with insoluble property disputes.
For effective management of road objects are designed GIS
federal highways. This GIS includes a precise 3D model of road.
3D model can use in 3D cadastre. Set of geographical dataset
includes 3D model all the roads of Western Europe.
Application of 3D cadastre makes it easier to access to relevant
information. For example, information about underground utilities
allows to be controlled of underground layers in the design of
highways [1].
Implementation The 3D cadastre makes registration the legal
space on ground, underground, aboveground parcels. The proposed
system makes it registration legality characteristics of the property
[2]. 3D cadastre will be make the communication between
Rosreestra and Rosavtodor [3].
The concept of 3D cadastre was tested abroad and it is a real
perspective for Russia.
Bibliography
1. Hajrudinova N.Sh. Metodologicheskie osnovy vnedrenija 3-D
kadastra v Kazahstane na primere zarubezhnyh stran // avtoreferat
dissertacii na soiskanie akad. step. magistra nauk, g. Ust'Kamenogorsk, Kazahstan, 2011, s. 5–9.
2. Serene Ho and Abbas Rajabifard. Delivering 3D Land and
Property Management in Australia: A Preliminary Consideration
of Institutional Challenges // 3rd International Workshop on 3D
Cadastres: Developments and Practices 25-26 October 2012,
Shenzhen, China.
3. Bojkov V.N., Skvorcov A.V., Sarychev D.S, Filippov V.G.
Problemy kadastra nedvizhimosti federal'nyh avtomobil'nyh dorog
// Mir dorog, 2011, № 57, oktjabr', s. 22–25.
Key words
Сadastre, 3D cadastre, cadastre registration, real estate, land
administration.
62
Annotation
Land has traditionally been described and registered in two
dimensions. Accordingly all cadastral systems of the world are in
fact two-dimensional. There is an increasing demand for space in
the world built up areas and both space above and below the
surface are being utilised. Therefore, the cadastral systems should
reflect the actual situation but not only the surface parcel. This
article is devoted to 3D registration of real estate in Russia.
63
Russkikh S.V.
Equations of Movement of Solid Body on Two Wheels with
Spring Suspension on the Flat Curve
Introduction
Many fields of transport machine engineering produce tasks
about movement of bodies with spring wheels, e.g. movement of
vehicles along a rough road [1 – 3], aircraft takeoff from an
onboard takeoff ramp [4], motion of carriages along convoluted
surfaces (guides) in slide structures [5]. Most of these problems are
considered with the assumption that curvature radiuses of the
trajectories of bodies are large in comparison with wheelbase, i.e.
the distance along the curve between the contact points of the
wheel is almost equal to the wheelbase of the body. However, in
case of sliding mountains, ski ramps and other similar structures
the curvature radius varies in a wide range and such approach is not
applicable for estimation of kinematic and force parameters of
motion. In these cases the task is significantly complicated
becoming kinematic and dynamically nonlinear.
This work considers non-stationary movement of a solid
body with suspension on two spring wheels (rollers) along an
arbitrary flat curve. The reverse problem of the dynamics is
resolved for definition of geometrical, kinematic and force
characteristics of the movement with the desired law of motion of
the carriage on the guide.
Task setting Kinematic ratio
The problem is resolved with the following assumptions:
1) the body of the carriage is a perfectly solid body; 2) wheels and
suspension have nonlinear elastic characteristics; 3) the wheel
weight can be ignored (wheels are weightless); 4) wheels are
rolling without slippage and there is no friction; 5) the rear wheel is
driving, the front wheel is driven.
4 generalized coordinates are assumed as unknown quantities
q1 K q 4 (Fig. 1): q1 , q 2 – characterize elasticity of wheels (tire
pressure), q 3 , q 4 – characterize elasticity of wheel shock absorbers
64
(suspension stroke). It was assumed that generalized coordinates
q1 K q 4 are small values in comparison with linear dimensions of
the body and the following ratios are applied ( i = 1K 4 ):
q i << q& i , q i << q&&i ,
where points indicate time derivatives. The problem was
liberalized after obtaining general equations.
Input data:
1) an equation of flat curve being a trajectory of body in
Cartesian reference system or in the natural coordinates (in
parameteric form) depending on the length of curve s :
y = y ( x ) → x = x ( s ); y = y ( s );
2) the speed of contact point of the rear wheel along the
curve is known – V A (t ) , tangential reaction (driving force) R A,τ (t )
is unknown (Fig. 1). Tangential reaction of driven wheel R B ,τ = 0
is not observed because there is no friction between wheels and
motion trajectory;
3) all geometric (linear and angular) parameters are provided
on the Figure. 1;
4) m – weight of body, J C – inertia about center of gravity
С;
5) defined are wheel stiffness coefficients (driving wheel –
c1 , c 2 , driven wheel – c 3 , c 4 ) and for suspension (for driving wheel
suspension – c 5 , c 6 , for driven wheel suspension – c 7 , c8 ), as well
as dumping coefficients in suspension ε 1 , ε 2 for driving and driven
wheel, respectively.
All kinematic and geometric parameters of point A provided
that natural coordinate s A = s 0 at the time moment t = 0 are found
from the relations:
t
dV A
V&A =
; s A = s 0 + ∫ VA (τ ) dτ ;
dt
0
V
x A = x( s A ); y A = y ( s A ); ω A = A .
rA
65
(1)
Fig. 1. Geometric, kinematic, force parameters of movement
of body on two wheels
Angularity of tangent and the curve in point A , its first and
second derivative are calculated from the equations:
1
d2y
 dy
 &
(2)
;
=
V
;
θ A = arcsin
θ
 A
A
cos θ A
ds 2 s = s A
 ds s = s A 
θ&&A =
1
cos 2 θ A
 2 d3y
V A  3 s = s
A
  ds

 cos θ A +


d2y
 &
 V A cos θ A + V Aθ&A sin θ A .
+  2
s = sA

 ds

In case of movement along horizontal or inclined line with θ A = 0
and θ A = const respectively, θ&A = θ&&A = 0 .
Coordinates, speed and its first derivative of the center of the
driving wheel A0 (See Fig 1):
x = x A − rA sin θ A ; y = y A + rA cosθ A ;
(3)
(
A0
V
A0
)
A0
= V A − rAθ& A ; V&
A0
= V&A − rAθ&&A .
(4)
To calculate the coordinate s B of contact point B of driven
wheel we will use the ratio assuming that the length of the base of
body does not change A′B ′ = l . In coordinate system ξ 0η , linked
to the body, the square of the section length
66
A0 B0 = (l − l B cos γ B + l A cos γ A ) +
2
2
+ (− l B sin γ B + l A sin γ A ) ,
and in coordinate system xOy , linked to motion trajectory, the
square of the section length
2
2
A0 B0
2
dx


=  y ( s B ) + rB
−y  +
A0
ds s = s B


2
dy


+  x( s B ) − rB
−x  .
s
=
s
A0
ds
B


Equalizaing the right sides of the obtained equations we obtain the
equation for calculation of the coordinate s B at the current moment
(if s B − s A ≥ l ).
Using obtained value s B we calculate kinematic and
geometrical parameters of points B and B0 like in equations (1),
(2) and (3):
 dy

x B = x( s B ); y B = y ( s B ); θ B = arcsin 
;
 ds s = s B 
x = x B − rB sin θ B ; y = y B + rB cos θ B .
B0
B0
The angle of rotation of solid body about axis Ox is
determined from the ratio
 F1 − F 2 
ϑ = arcsin
,
 F3 + F 4 
where
F1 =  x − x (l B sin γ B − l A sin γ A );
A0 
 B0
F 2 =  y − y (l B cos γ B − l A cos γ A − l );
A0 
 B0
2
F 3 = (l B cos γ B − l A cos γ A − l ) ;
F 4 = (l B sin γ B − l A sin γ A ) .
After obtaining angle ϑ it is possible to determine
coordinates of points of base of the body:
y B′ = y + l B sin(γ B + ϑ ); y A′ = y + l A sin(γ A + ϑ );
2
B0
A0
67
x B′ = x
B0
+ l B cos(γ B + ϑ ); x A′ = x
A0
+ l A cos(γ A + ϑ ).
To calculate the speed of point B0 , the first and second
derivative of angle ϑ the following geometric conditions are used
(5)
l cos ϑ = x B ′ − x A′ ; l sin ϑ = y B ′ − y A′ .
Applying time differentiation of equation (5) and consecutively
excluding unknown values we find equations for calculation of V
B0
and ϑ& . The speed V B and value θ&B are expressed via V
B0
using
same relationships as (2) and (4):
d2y
B 0 ds 2 s = s B
B0
& =
;
.
VB =
θ
B
d2y
d2y
cos θ B − rB
cos θ B − rB
ds 2 s = s B
ds 2 s = s B
V
cos θ B
V
Angular rotational speed of driven wheel
V
ωB = B .
rB
In case of movement along horizontal or inclined line with θ B = 0
and θ B = const respectively θ&B = 0 and V = VB .
B0
To calculate rotational acceleration ϑ&& it is necessary to
differentiate equation (5) two times.
Unknown coordinates of center of gravity xC and y C in
fixed coordinate system (Fig. 1) are calculated as follows:
xC = x A′ + a cos ϑ − c sin ϑ ; y C = y A′ + a sin ϑ + c cos ϑ .
Projections of the speed of center of gravity VC , X and VC ,Y
on axis Ox and Oy are calculated using the following equations:
V
= V ′ − ϑ& ( y − y ′ ) = V ′ − ϑ& (a sin ϑ + c cos ϑ );
C,X
A ,X
VC ,Y = V A′,Y
C
A
A ,X
+ ϑ& ( xC − x A′ ) = V A′,Y + ϑ& (a cos ϑ − c sin ϑ ).
68
Here
V A′, X = x& A′ = V
V A′,Y
A0
cosθ A + q&1 sin θ A +
+ q& 3 cos(γ A + ϑ ) − l Aϑ& sin (γ A + ϑ );
= y& A′ = V sin θ A − q&1 cos θ A +
A0
+ q& 3 sin (γ A + ϑ ) + l Aϑ& cos(γ A + ϑ ).
Speed of center of gravity
VC = VC2, X + VC2,Y .
Acceleration of center of gravity of body in projections on
the axis Ox and Oy :
V&
= V&
− ϑ&&( y − y ) − ϑ& ( y& − y& ) =
C,X
V&C ,Y
A′, X
A′
C
A′
C
= V&A′, X − ϑ&&(a sin ϑ + c cos ϑ ) − ϑ& 2 (a cos ϑ − c sin ϑ );
= V& ′ + ϑ&&(x − x ′ ) + ϑ& ( x& − x& ′ ) =
A ,Y
C
A
C
A
= V&A′,Y + ϑ&&(a cos ϑ − c sin ϑ ) − ϑ& 2 (a sin ϑ + c cos ϑ ).
Here
V&A′, X = &x&A′ = V&
A0
cos θ A − V θ&A sin θ A + q&&1 sin θ A +
A0
+ 2q&1θ&A cos θ A + q&&3 cos(γ A + ϑ ) −
− 2q& ϑ& sin (γ + ϑ ) − l ϑ&& sin (γ + ϑ ) −
3
A
A
A
− l Aϑ& cos(γ A + ϑ );
= &y& A′ = V&A sin θ A + V θ&A cos θ A − q&&1 cos θ A +
2
V&A′,Y
0
A0
+ 2q&1θ&A sin θ A + q&&3 sin (γ A + ϑ ) +
+ 2q& ϑ& cos(γ + ϑ ) + l ϑ&& cos(γ + ϑ ) −
3
A
A
A
− l Aϑ& sin (γ A + ϑ ).
Overloads on axes Ox and Oy are calculated using
equations:
V&C , X
V&C ,Y
nx =
; ny =
,
g
g
2
69
where g – acceleration of gravity.
System of resulting equations
System of motion equations taking into account gravity looks
as follows:
mV&C , X = R A,τ cosθ A − R A,n sin θ A − R B ,n sin θ B ;

m V&C ,Y − g = R A,τ sin θ A + R A,n cosθ A + R B ,n cosθ B ; (10)
 &&
 J C ϑ = R A,τ d A,τ − R A,n d A,n + RB ,n d B ,n ,
where
d A,τ = rA + l A sin (γ A + ϑ − θ A ) + a sin (ϑ − θ A ) +
(
)
+ c cos(ϑ − θ A );
d A,n = l A cos(γ A + ϑ − θ A ) + a cos(ϑ − θ A ) − c sin (ϑ − θ A );
d B ,n = −l B cos(γ B + ϑ − θ B ) + b cos(ϑ − θ B ) + c sin (ϑ − θ B ).
Equation for reaction R А,τ can be obtained via reactions R A,n
and RB,n from the third equation of the system (10):
d А, n
d B ,n
J C &&
ϑ.
d А,τ
d А,τ d А,τ
Normal reactions in points A and B :
R А,n = c1 q1 + c 2 q13 ; R B , n = c3 q 2 + c 4 q 23 .
After inserting previously calculated equations and
conversions the system of equations (10) is reduced to two
resulting equations:
η1 q&&1 + η 2 q&&2 + η 3 q&&3 + η 4 q&&4 + δ 1 q&12 + δ 2 q& 22 + δ 3 q& 32 + δ 4 q& 42 +
R А,τ = R А,n
− R B ,n
+
+ δ 5 q&1 q& 2 + δ 6 q&1 q& 3 + δ 7 q&1 q& 4 + δ 8 q& 2 q& 3 + δ 9 q& 2 q& 4 + δ 10 q& 3 q& 4 +
+ λ1q&1 + λ2 q& 2 + λ3 q& 3 + λ 4 q& 4 + ρ1q1 + ρ 2 q13 + ρ 3 q 2 + ρ 4 q 23 =
= A1 ;
η 5 q&&1 + η 6 q&&2 + η 7 q&&3 + η 8 q&&4 + δ 11q&12 + δ 12 q& 22 + δ 13 q& 32 + δ 14 q& 42 +
+ δ 15 q&1 q& 2 + δ 16 q&1q& 3 + δ 17 q&1 q& 4 + δ 18 q& 2 q& 3 + δ 19 q& 2 q& 4 + δ 20 q& 3 q& 4 +
+ λ5 q&1 + λ6 q& 2 + λ7 q& 3 + λ8 q& 4 + ρ 5 q1 + ρ 6 q13 + ρ 7 q 2 + ρ 8 q 23 =
= A2 ,
70
where factors η1 Kη 8 , δ 1 Kδ 20 , λ1 K λ8 , ρ 1 K ρ 8 and
A1 , A2 depend only on time and initial conditions of the problem.
Let us supplement the system (10) with two other equations
of equilibrium resulting if we consider the wheels with struts
without link to the body (Fig. 2):
 R A, s cos ϕ A + R A,n = 0;
(11)

 R B , s cos ϕ B + R B ,n = 0,
where
ϕA =
π
2
− (γ A + ϑ − θ A ); ϕ B =
π
2
− (γ B + ϑ − θ B ).
Fig. 2. Geometric, kinematic, force parameters of movement
of wheels
Equations for reaction in suspension struts look as follows:
R A, s = c5 q3 + c6 q33 + ε 1 q& 3 ; R B , s = c7 q 4 + c8 q 43 + ε 2 q& 4 .
After inserting previously calculated equations and
conversions of system of equations (11) we produce the 3rd and
4th equations:
λ9 q& 3 + ρ 9 q1 + ρ10 q13 + ρ11 q3 + ρ12 q33 = 0;
λ10 q& 4 + ρ13 q 2 + ρ14 q 23 + ρ15 q 4 + ρ16 q 43 = 0,
where factors λ9 , λ10 , ρ 9 K ρ16 depend only on time and
initial conditions of the problem.
The obtained system of four equations is converted by
numerical computing. Based on the obtained equations for
unknown generalized coordinates and equations for calculation of
kinematic, geometric, inertial and dynamic parameters of the
movement of the solid body along an arbitrary defined curve we
71
developed a code for calculation of the above values in PTC
MathCad 15-M030 software.
Example of calculation
We consider the problem of movement of solid body along
trajectory being a curve consisting of horizontal sections 1 and 4
with length 35 m each and two smoothly adjacent circles 2 and 3
with center coordinates and radiuses in meters – x 2 = 35 ,
y 2 = −20 , R2 = 70 , x 3 = 134 , y 3 = 79 , R3 = 70 , respectively
(Fig. 3). The gravity impact was factored in. Input data for
calculation: V A = 4 m/s , l = 2 m , a = 1 m , b = 1 m , c = 1 m ,
rA = 0.3m , rB = 0.3 m , γ A = 90 0 , γ B = 90 0 , l A = 0.5 m ,
l B = 0.5 m , m = 500 kg , J C = 250 kg ⋅ m 2 , c1 = c3 = 3000 N/m ,
c 2 = c 4 = 200 N/m 3 , c5 = c 7 = 4000 N/m , c 6 = c8 = 300 N/m 3 ,
ε 1 = ε 2 = 250 N/m ⋅ s . Time of motion along the trajectory –
t k = 44.489 s . Considered motion interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 40 s .
Fig. 3. Motion trajectory of body as calculation example
Fig. 4 illustrates a chart of rotation of body ϑ and its first
and second derivatives in time. The chart of variation of the
projections of speed of center of gravity of body C on axis Ox and
Oy is shown of Fig. 5.
72
Fig. 4. Time dependence of rotation angle of body
and its first and second derivative
Fig. 5. Time dependence of projections of velocity
of body on axis Ox and Oy
Fig. 6 illustrates the variation of tangents and normal
reactions in points A and B . Chart of change of forces in
suspension is shown on Fig. 7.
73
Fig. 6. Time dependence of tangents and normal reactions
in points A and B
Fig. 7. Time dependence of forces in suspension
Fig. 8 illustrates the variation of overload of body along axes
Ox and Oy . Construction of such charts is an important
component for biomechanical analysis of body motion along a
defined curve [6].
74
Fig. 8. Time dependence of overloads along axes Ox and Oy
Conclusions
The developed algorithm allows to calculate all required
parameters of the plane motion of body (carriage on rollers) along
an arbitrary curve taking into account elasticity of tires and
suspension.
The results of the resolution of the problem can be used in
different applications (motion of a car or motorcycle along a rough
road, aircraft takeoff from an onboard ramp, etc.), study of motion
of a carriage in different slide structures, etc. Variation of
parameters of elasticity of tires and suspension allows to change
the level of overload along axes Ox and Oy , which is an
important criteria for biomechanical analysis of movement of a
vehicle.
Bibliography
1. N.A.Kulakov Impact of dynamic load on surface vehicles.
Selected problems of integrity of modern machine engineering. –
Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2008.
2. A.K.Kogan. Oscillations of track with high motion speeds
and impact interaction of wheel and rail. –Moscow: Transinfo,
2011.
3. V.P.Tarasik. Car motion theory. –Saint-Petersburg: BHV,
2006.
4. A.Gorshkov, V.Morozov, A.Ponomarev, F.Shklyarchuk. Aero
and hydro elasticity of structures. –Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2000.
75
5. V.A.Gnezdilov. Designing and manufacturing of metal
structures for complex mechanized attractions. // –Moscow:
Installation and Special Work In Construction, No.6, 2000. 20 –
24.
6. B.A.Rabinovich. Human safety under acceleration impact
(biomechanical analysis). –Moscow: Kniga i bizness, 2007.
Key words
Solid body dynamics, slide structure, oscillatory motion of body
along flat curve, motion equations, overloads, estimation of
overloads, biomechanical analysis, suspension, tires factoring,
accelerations.
Annotation
The problems of motion of bodies with suspensions on spring
wheels are frequently encountered in the modern engineering. Most
of these tasks are considered from with significant simplifications
which do not allow to study motion of a body along an arbitrary
curve. This work considers non-stationary movement of a solid
body with suspension on two spring wheels along an arbitrary flat
curve. The basic kinematic ratios and differential equations of body
motion are provided. The equations for calculation of load on the
curve produced by the studied body are defined. An example of
calculation is provided. The problem is of interest in terms of
defining the body's reaction on the motion trajectory for calculation
of the structures and track integrity and for estimation of the body
overloads for biomechanical analysis.
<Translated from Russian Krasnov K.A.>
76
Information about the authors
Abramovich
Boris N.
Professor of electrotechnical, electrical
energy and electromechanical department,
the chief of post graduate department of
«National University of mineral resources
«Mining»
[email protected]
Bataev
Dena K.-S.
Head of Department of Engineering
Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the
Chechen Republic, Director of
Interdisciplinary Research Institute of the
Russian Academy of Scienc, doctor of
Engineering Science, academician of
Academy of Science of Chechen Republic
[email protected]
Dmitriev,
Andrey N.
Federal state budgetary educational
institution of higher vocational education
“National Mining University of Natural
Resources”
[email protected]
77
Dozorov
Alexander V.
Rector of Ulyanovsk SAA of P.A. Stolypin,
professor, doctor of agricultural sciences,
nonorary worker of higher professional
education of Russian Federation
[email protected]
Ershov
Alexander M.
Professor of the Department of the
Technology of food production of Murmansk
State Technical University, Doctor of
Technical Sciences
[email protected]
Ershov
Mikhail A.
Senior Researcher of the Department
of the Technology of food production
of Murmansk State Technical University,
Ph.D
[email protected]
78
Fedorov
Alexey V.
Post graduate student of electrotechnical,
electrical energy and electromechanical
department of «National University of
mineral resources «Mining»
[email protected]
Gaziev
Minkail A.
Associate Professor of the Department
"Building constructions" of the Grozny
State Oil and Technical University named
after academician M. D. Millionschikov,
Candidate of Engineering Science,
associated Professor
[email protected]
Isaychev
Vitaly A.
First vice-rector – vice-rector of scientific
work of Ulyanovsk SAA of P.A. Stolypin,
doctor of agricultural sciences, professor,
academician of RANS, honored scientist of
the Ulyanovsk region, chairman of
agroindustrial chamber of the Ulyanovsk
region
[email protected]
79
Kalacheva
Nina I.
Post-graduate student at
Tomsk Polytechnic University
[email protected]
Klyachenkova
Olga A.
Graduate student, department of Basic
chemistry, Moscow State University of
Civil Engineering
[email protected]
Kostin
Vladimir I.
Chief of the chair of biology, chemistry,
TSPTCP Ulyanovsk SAA of P.A. Stolypin,
doctor of agricultural sciences, professor,
nonorary worker of higher professional
education of Russian Federation,
academician of RANS, corresponding
member of IAAE
[email protected]
80
Litvinenko
Vladimir S.
Rector of the Federal state budgetary
educational institution of higher vocational
education “National Mining University of
Natural Resources”
[email protected]
Mazhiev
Khasan N.
Head of Sector "Security of structures under
seismic and other natural and man-made
impacts" of the Academy of the Chechen
Republic, doctor of Engineering Science,
Professor
[email protected]
Mazhiev
Kazbek K.
A postgraduate student of «Building
construction» Department of Grozny State
Oil and Technical University named after
academician M.D. Millionshikov
[email protected]
81
Mazhieva
Amina K.
A postgraduate student of «Building
construction» Department of Grozny State
Oil and Technical University named after
academician M.D. Millionshikov
[email protected]
Oshkin
Vladimir A.
Post-graduate student of chair of biology,
chemistry, TSPTCP agronomic faculty of
the Ulyanovsk SAA of P.A. Stolypin, the
research officer SRL «Seeds of USAA»
[email protected]
Podoliak,
Aleksei V.
Resources”
[email protected]
82
Pokholchenko
Vyacheslav A.
Head of the Department of technological and
refrigerating equipment of Murmansk State
Technical University, Ph.D
[email protected]
Polonskaya
Marina S.
Instractor at Methods of teaching foreign
languages department at Tomsk
Polytechnic University
[email protected]
Popov
Victor K.
Рrofessor at Tomsk Polytechnic University
Doctor of geological-mineral scince
[email protected]
83
Russkikh
Sergey V.
Department 603 "Integrity of Aviation and
Rocket and Space Structures” of Moscow
State Aviation Institute (National Research
University), Teaching Assistant,
Postgraduate Student
[email protected]
[email protected]
Salgiriev
Rustam R.
Senior researcher of
Interdisciplinary Research Institute after
name of Kh.I. Ibragimov of Russian
Academy of Science, candidate of economic
science, associate professor
[email protected]
Sychev
Yuriy A.
Associated professor of electrotechnical,
electrical energy and electromechanical
department of «National University of
mineral resources «Mining»
[email protected]
84
Vasiliev
Nikolay I.
Resources”
[email protected]
85

WWEV Leon 02 Buch EN Text 14

Transcription

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