Genotypic variations in cadmium concentration of winter

Genotypic variations in cadmium concentration of winter

Genotypic variations in cadmium
concentration of winter wheat
grain – an opportunity for
healthier bread
Andrijana Rebekić, Sonja Marić,
Sonja Petrović, Zdenko Lončarić
University J.J. Strossmayer
Faculty of Agriculture
Osijek, Croatia
EUCARPIA Genetic Resources section meeting
„Pre-breeding – fishing in the gene pool”
June 10-13 2013
Alnarp, Sweden
Background Cadmium
�   detrimental trace element
�   no biological function
�   present naturaly in the soil
�   highly toxic to plant,
animals and humans
�   compete for binding sites
and translocation sites with
zinc
sources for increase Cd concentration
atmospheric
deposition
fertilizers,
sewage sludge
and manure
irrigation
water
industrial
waste
Cadmium and plants �   accumulation – complex
interaction of soil, plant
genotype and environmental
factors
�   variation in uptake,
acumulation and distribution
�   great differences between
cultivars within species
(barley, rice, oat, potato)
Wheat �
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  staple food
  differences in Cd
accomulation between durum
and aestivum
  consumed in great quantities
  maximum limit for Cd in
wheat grain 0.2 mg kg-1
  levels of Cd need to be
decreased
  genotypic variation –
essential for reducing Cd
accumulation by breeding
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Objectives   to evaluate genotypic
variations in cadmium
concentration of winter
wheat cultivars
  to analyse distribution of
Cd accumulation between
flag leaf and grain
  to analyse the influence
of soil Cd contamination
on accumulation in grain
  to select low Cd
accumulating cultivars
Material and methods Plant material
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  52 winter wheat cultivars
  seven countries: Croatia (34),
Austria (6), Hungary (5),
France (3), Germany (2), Italy (1)
Russia (1)
  registered from 1936-2008
U1 1936
Barbara 1997
Anđelka 2008
Soissons 1987
Panonija 1964
Super Žitarka
1997
Golubica 1998
Ilirija 2008
Felix 2008
Renan 1989
Bastide 2002
Osječka Crvenka
1976
Osječka 20 1978
Lucija 2001
Zlata 2008
Dekan 1999
BC Elvira 2002
Ludwig 1997
SW Maxi 2002
Sana 1983
Janica 2003
Edison 2001
Libellula 1965
Slavonija 1984
Alka 2003
Eurofit 2004
Žitarka 1985
Bezostaja1
1963
Pipi 2006
Valerius 2003
Ana 1988
Renata 2006
Antonius 2003
Adriana 1988
Seka 2006
Eurojet
Srpanjka 1989
Katarina 2006
GK Kalasz 1996
Njivka 1990
Aida 2006
MV Magdalena 1996
Demetra 1991
Lela 2006
MV Magvas 1998
BC Patria 1994
Mihaela 2008
MV Emesse 2000
Divana 1995
Ružica 2008
MV Mambo 2001
Zlatna Dolina 1971
Trial
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  pot trial
  two treatments/four replications:
(1)  non-contamnated soil
(2)  soil contaminated with 20 mg
Cd kg-1Chemical properties of the soil
pHH2O
5.00
pHKCl
3.83
Humus (%)
2.71
AL-P2O5 (mg 100g-1)
16.2
Al-K2O (mg 100g-1)
33.6
Total CdAR (mg kg-1)
0.384
Available CdEDTA (mg kg-1)
0.188
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  until three leafs plants were in
controled conditions – after that
in field conditions
  10 plants/pot were analysed
(4160 plants in total)
  samples taken in flowering time
(flag leaf) and in full maturity
(grain)
Four examined traits:
1. Cd concentration in flag leaf
(mg kg-1)
2. Cd concentration in grain (mg
kg-1)
3. Cd uptake by flag leaf mass
(µg/10 plants)
4. Cd uptake by grain mass (µg/
10 plants)
Laboratory analysis
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  sample digestion using microwave
system digestion by Kingston and
Jassie (1986)
  measurement of Cd concentration
with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer
(ICP-OES)
Data analysis
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  conducted using SAS software
9.1.3.
  ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test
  Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
  distance between groups –
Squared Euclid Distance
  dendogram developed using
average linkage within group
Results �
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  significant difference (P<0.01) in
grain Cd concentration
  on non-contaminated soil ranged
from 0.010 to 0.114 mg kg-1
  on contaminated soil ranged from
0.071 to 6.15 mg kg-1
mg Cd underAM
detection
kg-1 soil
flag leaf (mg
grain (mg
kg-1)
kg-1)
0
SD
CV (%)
level
20
3.66
2.49
68.02
0
0.05
0.02
50.77
20
3.40
1.29
38.10
Tukey
HSD
0.112**
Results non-contaminated soil
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  all cultivars under 0.2 mg kg-1 of Cd
in grain
  two cultivars (Zlatna Dolina and
Sana) Cd conc. in grain >0.1 mg kg-1
  lowest Cd conc. Lela (0.010 mg kg-1)
  highest Cd conc. Zlatna Dolina (0.114
mg kg-1)
six cultivars Cd conc. > x + σ
Zlatna dolina 1971
Super Žitarka 1997
Sana 1983
Njivka 1990
Osječka Crvenka 1976
Renan 1989
seven cultivars Cd conc. < x − σ
Lela 2006
MV Magvas 1998
Alka 2003
GK Kalasz 1996
Renata 2006
SW Maxi 2002
Seka 2006
Results contaminated soil
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  one cultivar (Osječka 20) under 0.2
mg kg-1 (0.071 mg kg-1)
  highest Cd conc. Sana (6.15 mg kg-1)
eight cultivars Cd conc. > x + σ
Sana 1983
Zlatna Dolina 1971
Katarina 2006
Adriana 1988
Panonija 1964
Bc Elvira 2002
Demetra 1991
Libellula 1965
eight cultivars Cd conc. < x − σ
Osječka 20 1978
MV Magvas 1998
Golubica 1998
SW Maxi 2002
Felix 2008
Bezostaja 1 1963
MV Mambo 2001
Eurojet
U-1/Selkirk//San-Pastore/3/Mara,Ita
Bezostaja 1 x Lutescens
Crvena Zvezda x Kavkaz
Karmen/Mačvanka2/MvMA
MV Magvas
NS-646/Bezostaja-1//Skorospelka-35
Nin-Mai/NS-2853//Posavka-2/3/NS-2897-2/NS-3142
Avrora/Sonja
GK-Ildiko/TP-114//Priboi
Bezostaja 1 x Lutescens
Martonvasari-4/Kavkaz//
PD-4089-90-72/3/Zlatna Dolina/Arthur/4/
Rubin,Bgr
GK Kalaka/MV-16/F-2076
MV Mambo
Bezostaja 1/Libellula
Osk 6.52-5-72/Osk 5.6-2-67
Osk 4.50-1-77/Zg 2696
Srpanjka/K-160-86
Felix
Libellula/Bezostaja 1
Zlatna Dolina/Osk-6.30-11
Osječka 20/Osk-4.216-2
Slavonija/Gemini
Golubica
Hussar/Bankuti-1201//Regent,Can/U-1/3/S-13,Ita
OSK-6.9-1-64/V-188-M
Osječka 20
U-1/Selkirk//San-Pastore/3/Mara,Ita
Bezostaja 1 x Lutescens
Crvena Zvezda x Kavkaz
Karmen/Mačvanka2/MvMA
MV Magvas
Results �
  strong reaction on increased Cd
concentration in soil
Cultivar Conc. Cd (mg kg-1)
non-contaminated soil
Conc. Cd (mg kg-1)
contaminated soil
Sana
0.107
6.154
Katarina
0.054
6.107
Panonija
0.076
5.112
Demetra
0.075
4.997
Zlatna
Dolina
0.114
4.742
Adriana
0.073
4.682
mg kg-1
non-contaminated soil
0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0 0,028 0,023 0,024 0,024 0,024 0,026 0,034 0,035 0,037 0,01 contaminated soil
1,091 51
49
mg kg-1
5 4 3 2 1 0 1,755 43
2,383 2,436 42
4,278 4,503 3,806 3,596 3,049 3,396 34
24
23
20
15
9
non-contaminated soil
mg kg-1
0,15 0,1 0,114 0,107 0,098 0,088 0,082 0,081 0,08 0,079 0,078 0,076 0,05 0 mg kg-1
contaminated soil
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 6,154 5,112 4,742 4,277 3,953 3,927 3,79 3,673 3,222 2,151 Sana
1
Panonija Zlatna
Dolina
3
5
Renan
16
Njivka Osječka Super Srpanjka Divana Golubica
Crvenka Žitarka
17
18
21
22
30
45
Results �
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  flag leaf – significant differences
(p<0.01) in Cd concentration
between cultivars on contaminated
soil
  range from 0.70 mg kg-1
(Bezostaja) to 11.43 mg kg-1
(Katarina)
  positive correlation (0.628**)
with Cd concentration in grain on
contaminated soil
Cd concentration in grain and flag leaf on
soil
Cd conc. in contaminated
lowest Cd conc.
grain on nonin grain on
77 times
contaminated
in
Cultivarcontaminated
Cd concentration
in grainsoilCd concentration
soil 0.053
flag leafhigher
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
Osječka 20
0.071
SW Maxi
1.091
MV Mambo
1.579
MV Magvas
1.755
Bezostaja
1.817
Eurojet
1.972
Felix
2.097
Golubica
2.151
Ludwig
2.328
Antonius
2.383
5.49
0.93
1.14
1.70
0.70
1.10
2.28
2.46
1.99
1.21
Results �
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  Cd uptake by mass of grain and
flag leaf vary significantly
(p<0.01) between two soil
treatments and between cultivars
  cultivar with lowest uptake of Cd
by flag leaf mass on contaminated
soil was U1 (0.152 µg/10 plants)
lowes Cd uptake
by flag leaf on
contaminated soil
low acumulation and
uptake of Cd for
three or four traits
lowest Cd conc. in
grain on
contaminated soil
lowest Cd conc. in
grain on noncontaminated soil
highest Cd conc. in grain
on contaminated soil
low accumulation
and uptake on both
types of soil
low accumulation
and uptake on noncontaminated soil
high
accumulators
Conclusion �
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  high genotypic variations
for cadmium concentration
in grain exists in winter
wheat cultivars
  cultivars showed high
reaction on increase of Cd
concentration in soil
  several cultivars with
different pedigree,origin
and registration year can
be used for selection of
cultivars with low Cd
accumulation
Acknowledgements Faculty of Agriculture
University J.J. Strossmayer
Osijek, Croatia
Doc.dr. Andrijana Rebekić
Prof.dr. Zdenko Lončarić
Doc.dr.Sonja Petrović
Darko Kerovec, dipl.ing.
Meri Engler, dipl.ing.
Agricultural Institute, Osijek,
Croatia
Prof.dr. Georg Drezner
Dr.sc. Krešimir Dvojković
Agricultural Research Institute of
the Hungarian Academy of Science,
Wheat Research Department,
Martonvàsàr, Hungary
Dr.sc. Ildikó Karsai
Institute for Biotechnology in Plant
Production
Department IFA-Tulln
University of Natural Resources and
Applied Life Sciences Vienna,
Austria
Prof. Dr. Hermann Buerstmayr
Research work conducted through
projects 079-0450 and 079-0268
financed by the Croatian Ministry of
Science, Education and Sport