Le charbon Une source d`énergie pour le futur Groupe

Le charbon
Une source d’énergie pour le futur
Groupe Professionnel Energie
Arts et Métiers et Intermines
Christian Enault
Paris le 26 Avril 2010
Agenda
Introduction
Combustibles fossiles, quelques données
Conception des générateurs de vapeur
Rendement des cycles de production d’énergie
Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Conclusion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 2
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given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Agenda
Introduction
Combustibles fossiles, quelques données
Conception des générateurs de vapeur
Rendement des cycles de production d’énergie
Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Conclusion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 3
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given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Introduction
Centrale thermique, vue d’ensemble
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 4
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Introduction
Intégration chaudière et turbine
Fuel
300°C
Air
LP and HP heaters
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 5
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Introduction
Cycle à surchauffe et resurchauffe (sous critique)
E
Temperature
G
D
C
B
F
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A to B : water heating (heaters)
B to C : water heating (boiler)
C to D : steam production (boiler)
D to E : steam superheating (boiler)
E to F : expansion (HP turbine)
F to G : steam reheating (boiler)
G to H : expansion (IP/LP turbine)
H to I : steam condensation
(condenser)
A
I
H
Entropy
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 6
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Introduction
Cycle à surchauffe et resurchauffe (supercritique)
E
G
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Temperature
C
D
A to C : water heating (heaters)
C to D : steam production (boiler)
D to E : steam superheating (boiler)
E to F : expansion (HP turbine)
F to G : steam reheating (boiler)
G to H : expansion (IP/LP turbine)
H to I : steam condensation
(condenser)
F
A
I
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 7
H
Entropy
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Agenda
Introduction
Combustibles fossiles, quelques données
Conception des générateurs de vapeur
Rendement des cycles de production d’énergie
Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Conclusion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 8
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given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Combustibles fossiles
Le charbon une énergie du passé?
Ou du futur ?
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 9
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Combustibles fossiles
Réserves et production
• Réserves prouvées
- Pétrole : 40 ans
- Gaz naturel : 65 ans
- Charbon : 150 ans sur la base de 6 Gt extraits par an
Réserves de charbon prouvées
Production mondiale
Europe
5%
Reste du
monde
12%
Reste du
monde
11%
Etats Unis
29%
CEI
8%
Afrique du Sud
6%
Europe
11%
Inde
7%
Australie
9%
Asie
50%
CEI
18%
Chine
14%
Amérique du
Nord
20%
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 10
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Combustibles fossiles
Combustibles solides, classification
Coal quality - Classification (ASTM D388)
VM/MAF FC/MAF
%
0
2
100
98
8
92
14
86
22
78
31
69
Low reactivity
Anthracite
Low vol.
Bit.
High reactivity
Medium
.
vol. bit
High
vol.
High
High vol.
Subbit Subbit
C bit.
vol.
A bit.
B
C
or
B bit.
Subbit A
60
40
8890
7780 7220
6110
5280
Lignite
4610
kCal/kg
HHV with inherent moisture without mineral matter
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 11
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Combustibles fossiles
Combustibles solides, quelques exemples
Anthracite
(Chine)
Charbon
exporté
(RSA)
Charbon
Indien
Charbon
Indonésien
Lignite Grec
4
31
9
56
6,2
8
14
30
48
1,6
12
40
24
24
1,0
27
6
32
35
1,1
62
12
14
12
0,9
21600
24530
13850
19100
4400
Débit de fumées par kJ
1,14
1,15
1,23
1,26
2,39
Concentration en
cendres g/Nm3
43
17
83
< 10
41
Combustible
Analyse immédiate
H2O
Cendres
Matières volatiles (MV)
Carbone fixe
Ratio : CF/MV
PCI kJ/kg
•
Autres paramètres importants
- Composition des cendres (fusibilité, abrasivité)
- Corrosion haute et basse température par le soufre et le chlore.
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 12
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Combustibles fossiles
Impact sur la taille de la chaudière
+ 169,0
170
mm
126 m
+ 126.3 m
+ 81,1 m
±
-
Wai Gao Qiao : 1000 MW
Charbon de bonne qualité
0,0 m
6,5 m
Neurath F / G : 1100 MW
Lignite
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 13
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Agenda
Introduction
Combustibles fossiles, quelques données
Conception des générateurs de vapeur
Rendement des cycles de production d’énergie
Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Conclusion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 14
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Générateurs de vapeur
Principales architectures
Tour
•
•
2 passes
Lit fluidisé circulant
(LFC)
Unités de 1000 à1100 MW pour les tour et deux passes.
Unités de 300 à 450 MW pour les LFC, 600 MW en construction
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 15
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Générateurs de vapeur
Chauffe tangentielle
• Le foyer se comporte
comme un brûleur
unique
Zone de combustion
Etagement de l’air de
combustion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 16
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Générateurs de vapeur
Chaudière classique et à lit fluidisé circulant
Gaz de combustion
# 820°C
# 1200°C
Combustible
# 1500°C
# 850°C
Air
Matériau
fluidisé
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 17
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Générateurs de vapeur
Quelques spécificités du LFC
• Capacité à brûler des
combustibles très différents
• Températures et flux
thermiques modérés.
• Capture du SO2 (>95%)
Petcoke
GARDANNE
South African
Rendement de captation
- Avec injection de calcaire:
CaCO3 Æ CaO + CO2
CaO + SO2 + ½ O2 Æ Ca SO4
- A environ 850°C
• Réduction des NOx (NO2) grâce
à une basse température de
combustion.
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 18
800
850
900
Ca/S
°C
NOx
800
850
900 T (°C)
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Agenda
Introduction
Combustibles fossiles, quelques données
Conception des générateurs de vapeur
Rendement des cycles de production d’énergie
Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Conclusion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 19
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Rendement des cycles
Rendement d’une centrale
• Principaux paramètres
- Rendement chaudière : environ 94% sur PCI, maxi 95,
essentiellement dû aux pertes par les gaz à la cheminée.
- Rendement du cycle eau vapeur : dépend principalement des
- Pression et température
- Resurchauffe, simple ou double
- Rendement de l’ensemble turbine, alternateur et poste
d’eau
• Rendement des différents corps de la turbine et de l’alternateur.
• Rendement de tous les auxiliaires (pompes, ventilateurs)
- Source froide (vide au condenseur).
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 20
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Rendement des cycles
Evolutions récentes
• Principales améliorations apportées au rendement des
centrales à charbon ces 20 dernières années
Improvement of steam turbine
Improvement of condenser pressure
Base
38 %
7.2 %
Further measures on cycle process
(BFPT, feed water heaters, ...)
Increase of steam parameters
Increase of feed water temperature
Further measures on steam generator
(Δp, Pel, λ, Texhaust gas)
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 21
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Rendement des cycles
Evolution
35
30
1950
1960
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 22
1970
1980
1990
2000
350 / 700 / 720
290 / 630 / 650
40
280 / 600 / 620
η [%]
260 / 580 / 600
45
250 / 550 / 570
50
1st Supercritical Plants
(240 - 280 bar
Evaporator Pressure)
Introduction of
Once-Through Technology
175 / 540 / 540
55
2010
2020
time
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Rendement des cycles
Quelques valeurs
Paramètre
Pression vapeur
Températures vapeur
Température d'eau
Rendement chaudière
Auxiliaires
Vide
Rendement
Unité
bar
°C
°C
%
%
mbar
%
260
550/570
290
94
8
69
42,4
280
600/620
300
94
8
69
43,9
350
700/720
330
95
7
35
51
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 23
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Agenda
Introduction
Combustibles fossiles, quelques données
Conception des générateurs de vapeur
Rendement des cycles de production d’énergie
Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Conclusion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 24
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Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Exemple : 280 bar; 600 / 620 °C
Echangeurs
Collecteurs
15 NiCuMoNb 5-6-4 (In-/Outlet)
16 Mo 3
16 Mo 3 (Inlet RH 1)
13 CrMo 4-5
7 CrMoVTiB 10-10
10 CrMo 9-10
X 10 CrMoVNb 9-1
P92 (Outlet RH 1)
P91 (Inlet SH 3)
P92 (Outlet)
P92 (Outlet)
VM12-SHC
P92 (Inlet)
Super 304 H
Shot blasted
HR3C
P92 (Outlet)
P92 (Inlet)
P91 (Outlet)
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 25
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Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Principales difficultés à surmonter
Paramètres: 350 bar; 700 °C ; 720 °C
•
Tubes des échangeurs terminaux : coût,
corrosion externe, oxydation interne
•
Collecteurs et tuyauteries : coût,
épaisseurs limitées.
•
Robinetterie
•
Ecrans (tubes de diamètres # 30mm)
avec ailette : éviter les traitements
thermiques sur site.
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 26
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Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Tests de longue durée
“Scholven“ Power Plant (E.ON)
• Alstom heavily involved in EU funded
R&D projects
• Commissioning July 2005
• Development of methods and testing of
new materials for 700 °C+ live steam
• Several test loops and test rigs in
various power plants installed and in
operation (e.g. also High Temperature
Material Test Rig at Mannheim 17)
COMTES 700 Test Loop
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 27
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Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Évolution et paramètres vapeur
Membrane wall
Tubes
SH outlet header
2010
HCM 12 (?),
Nickel alloy
Nickel alloy
Nickel alloy
9 - 12 %
Cr-steels
1998
7 CrMo VTiB 10 10
HCM 2S
Austenite
E 9 11, P 92, P 122
1995
13 CrMo 4 4
X 20 CrMoV 12 1 Austenite
260 270 290 350
550 580 600 700
570 600 620 720
260 270 290 350
550 580 600 700
570 600 620 720
X 20 CrMoV 12 1 P 91
260 270 290 350
550 580 600 700
570 600 620 720
bar
°C
°C
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 28
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Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Quelques exemples
100,000 h - Creep rupture values (average)
250
Alloy 617
N/mm2
200
TP 347 HFG
150
100
T 91
50
0
560
590
620
650
680
710
740
770
°C
Temperature
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 29
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Agenda
Introduction
Combustibles fossiles, quelques données
Conception des générateurs de vapeur
Rendement des cycles de production d’énergie
Matériaux pour cycles avancés
Conclusion
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 30
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Conclusion
Innovations …..
•
•
•
L’amélioration du rendement des cycles de production d’énergie et
intimement lié au développement de matériaux nouveaux.
La combustion en lit fluidisé pourrait se révéler compétitive mais est
actuellement limitée en puissance.
Des innovations sont à l’étude, par exemple le concept de chaudière
« inversée » : réduction de la longueur des tuyauteries de liaison.
GPE Arts et Metiers et Intermines - 26 Avril 2010 - P 31
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