Chemical Analyses of Some Asian Glasses.

Transcription

Brill, R. H.; Fenn, P. M.; Lange, D. E. "Chemical Analyses of Some Asian Glasses." Proceedings of
XVII International Congress on Glass, v. 6, Glass Technology, Glass Archeometry. Beijing: Chinese
Ceramic Society, 1995, pp. 463-468.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SOME ASIAN GLASSES
Robert H. Brill
(The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, NY, USA, 14830)
Philip M. Fenn
(Corning, Inc., Corning, NY, USA, 14830)
David E. Lange
(Harvard University, 20 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, USA, 02138)
Abstract
Chemical analyses of about 200 ancient glasses from China, Japan,
Korea, Southeast Asia, and India are reported. It is hoped that these data
will provide a starting point for classifying Asian glasses according to their
places and dates of manufacture. They are already valuable for indentifying
imports from "The West."
Introduction
Since the previous meetings of TC-17 that dealt with Asian glass [1-3],
we have completed chemical analyses of just over 200 additional glasses
from East and Southeast Asia. The analyses were carried out in
collaboration with archaeologists and curators in several nations. Some are
electron microprobe analyses by two of the authors (DEL and PMF) and the
remainder are ICP and emission spectrographic analyses by Brandt A.
Rising of Umpire and Control Services. All three laboratories also analyzed
the Museum's Reference glasses A, B,C, and D.
Discussion
Because of space limitations, only cursory group descriptions of the
samples can be given here. These are contained in Table 1, which also serves
as a concordance with lead-isotope samples reported and discussed in two
companion papers [9,10]. For the same reason, it is not possible to report
the individual analyses. Instead, these are summarized in Table 2.
In addition to the well known heavily-leaded glasses, three other
important, but less familiar, chemical families also emerge from the data .
.
~
-463
Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass - http://www.cmog.org
I'WO of these are more-or-less unique to East and Southeast Asia, and India.
Geographical distributions of the three families, as they presently appear,
are shown in Table 2, which has been modified from an earlie~ version [8].
Mean values of the reduced compositions [2] are given in Table 3 along with
90% confidence limits, while Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate the differences. The
ranges of the compositions will undoubtedly change as work progresses,
and the geographical distributions should become both expanded and better
defined. Presumably, the compositional families themselves will be resolved
into subgroups. We plan to continue doing analyses, but meanwhile it
might be useful to combine the analyses mentioned here with those
conducted by other laboratories. Back-calculations of possible batch
formulations are underway, because the compositional differences clearly
reflect the use of different batch materials, processing, formulations, or
melting technologies.
Chemical evidence seems to be building for the eastward distribution
of the high alumina-low lime soda gla$es, which we believe were made in
India [3, pp. 1-25]. Also, there is a groJp of mixed-alkali glasses with high
alumina and moderate lime that wet{excavated on Sri Lanka. We would
like to analyze additional samples from Sri Lanka, particularly from Mantai.
Perhaps the most exciting of the newer families coming to light is the
K20:Si02 glass. In addition to the glasses analyzed by Shi Meiguang [4], and
perhaps by others, we ourselves have now analyzed 39 examples (although
10 are from a single cache of beads and 9 are from a single site, Arikamedu
[10]). The composition appears to be unique to glasses found in East and
Southeast Asia and India. It may be relatively short-lived (at present
spanning only 4 or 5 centuries), is represented both in beads and rather
elegant vessels, has been found in the form of manufacturing waste at
Arikamedu, and (if all that is not enough) poses intriguing questions
regarding raw materials, melting properties, and durability.
A more comprehensive account of the findings will be published in the
future, but in the meantime some of the data will be alluded to in other
papers at this Congress [9, 10].
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the archaeologists, curators, and
institutions who provided samples for this research. Among them are: Shi
Meiguang, In-Sook Lee, Kazuo Yamasaki, the late Dorothy Blair, A.
Griswold, John Twilley, Arthur Leeper, Dezso Benedek, E. Edwards
McKinnon, Pierre-Yves Manguin, Ian Glover, Kishor Basa, Piriya Krairiksh,
John C.arswell, and E. Marianne Stern. Sherri L. Seavey provided valuable
help in preparing the typescript.
-464
References
[1]
R. H. Brill and J. H. Martin, eds., Scientific Research in Early Chin ese
Glass, Corning: The Corning Museum of Glass, 1991.
Archaeometry of Glass, Archaeol11etry Sessions of the XIVth International
Congress on Glass, New Delhi, 1986, Calcutta: Indian Ceramic Society,
1987, Introduction, Section 1, pp. 1-80, and Section 2, pp. 1-30, passilll.
[3] Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Glass,Leningrad, 1989,
Archaeol11etry, The International Commission on Glass, 1989, pp. 1-99.
[4] Shi Meiguang, He Ouli, and Zhou Fuzheng, Journal of the Chinese Silicate
Society, 14, 1986, in Chinese.
[5] John Twilley, "Technical Examinations of an Early 15th century
Chinese Cloisonne Offering Stand," 8th World Ceralllic Conference,
Florence, 1994 (in press).
[6] S. P. Koob, "The Conservation of Archaeological Glass, with Special
Reference to Chinese Glasses," proceedings of this Congress.
[7] In-Sook Lee, R. H. Brill and P. M. Fenn, "Chemical Analyses of Some
Ancient Glasses from Korea," Annales du 12" Congres de l'Association
Internationale pour I'Histoire du Verre, Vienna, August, 1991, Amsterdam,
The International Association for the History of Glass, 1993, pp. 163
176.
[8] R. H. Brill, "Scientific Investigation of Ancient Asian Glass," Nara
Symposium '91, Report, UNESCO Maritime Route of Silk Roads, Nara,
March 1993, pp. 70-79.
[9] R. H . Brill, "Scientific Research in Early Asian Glass," proceedings of
this Congress.
[10] R. H. Brill & H. Shirahata, "Lead-Isotope Analyses of Some Asian
Glasses," proceedings of this Congress.
[2]
Table 3.
MEAN COMPOSITIONS
Hi Ah03, 10 CaO
90 %
SiO,'
Na,O'
CaO'
K,O'
MgO'
AhO,'
Fe20:flt
TiO,'
K,O:SiO,
90%
90%
CL.
Mean
CL.
CL.
59.09
13.08
1.03
0.71
-0.13
4.27
0.79
0.27
67.00
17.15
2.78
2.19
0.85
8.18
1.85
0.53
(n=34)
MBeij A I.
74.91
21.21
4.53
3.68
1.83
12.09
2.92
0.78
75.43
-0.02
ll.lll
12.85
0.13
1.11
0.45
0.04
Mixed Alkali
90 %
90%
Mean
CL.
CL.
Mean
C L.
78.24
0.66
1.41
15.63
0.36
2.36
1.33
0.14
(n=32)
MKSi02.
81.05
1.35
2.80
18.41
0.58
3.62
2.21
0.23
56.45
2.95
10.91
5.48
0.21
0.52
0.13
0.06
62.72
6.63
14.30
9:11
2.96
3.73
0.56
0.20
(n=12)
MBeijMxil.
68.99
HUO
17.69
12.74
5.71
6.93
1.00
0.35
YO %
-465
Table 1.
SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS
Chemic'a l Analyses
Donor, Lab,
Symbols
China
Lead Isotope Analyses
See esp. Refs. [9,101.
China
6510-12
Hen Dyn. bead; blue, blk. swirls
63R2-91
llan Dyn.; 10 blue beads 110]
CMG,U
57711
Han Dyn. cup, notched ridge 1101
Shor., I.
-
Anal. by Shi 141
S[1i
-
Anal. by Twilley [5[
l.eep.
*Pb-2339 bead (blue)
CMG,U,1. 0
•
•
0
+
Japan
*Pb-2342-51
*Pb-2330 (accretion)
*Pb-2014-19 various objects
*Pb-2360-66, 15th c. c1ais. enJmels
Japan
20R
Blue cup, 1688-1703 [61
CMG,U
6195-99
Beads, 3rd -8th c.; vJrious sites
CMG,U
6'15(\-89 series
27 glasses, mostly beads,
vilrious sites, 1st c. B.C.-7th c.
61911-94
*
*Pb-2390
I.ee, F, U
0
*Pb-2300 series
lJeads, Kampi, c. 100 B.C
CMG,U
0
*Pb-2304,05
2880-99 series
S. Sumatra, 8-9th c., Beads,
vessel frags' waste.
Man., U
P
2926-28 series
2%2,64
Sumatra, 12-14th C., Kota Cina;
Matangkuli, 15th c., vessels 12[
McK., U
<:)
6565-69 series
Kalimantan, 1st mille.
6555-63
N. Sumatra, 10-14th c.
6570-85
65RR
Korea
Korea
AD[7[
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
f
<:)
*Pb-2076-78 bangles, beads;
*Pb-2079
YO pontiI on bowl
McK., U
<>
*Pb-2500-04
McK., U
P
S. Sumatra, 14-16th c.
McK., L
P
S. Sumatra, 6-7th c.
McK., l.
P
6520-22,26
W. Java, 4 beads, 1-6th c.
McK., l.
6540-43
Bali,4 beads, prel protohistoric
McK., l.
<>
<>
6475-77
Vietnam, Thi Xi, 1st c.,
3 beads in bronze Jru m
Ben., l.
x
*Pb-3437, 40, 41
Vietnam, Lac Xmm
Ben., L, U
x
*Pb-3434-36, 38, 39
x
*Pb-3430-33
OcEo, date unrecorded
6450-59 &
6485-95 series
16/17th c.]8 beads
6400 series
Vietnam, various sites;
32 glasses, mostly beads.
Ben., U
194]-43
Ban Chieng, undated, 3 beads [8]
CMG,U
T
Ban Don T a Phet,
4th c. B.C, 8 beads 18[
Basa, U
T
Arikamedu, ] st c., YO glass
+ 20 others [10]
Stern, U
6,
2986-93
India
63]2, ]3
India
F = Philip Fenn
L = David I,ange
U = Umpire & Control
* same samples as at left
[ I = See rd. in notes
Basa = K. Basa & I. Glover
Ben. = Dezso Benedek
CMG = Corning Museum
Lee = In-Sook Lee
l.eep. = Arthur 1.eeper
*Pb-2290,9]
Man. = Pierre-Yves Manguin
McK. = E. E. McKinnon
Shi = Shi Meiguang
Shor. = W. H. Shorenstein
Stern = E. M. Stern
-466
Ceramic Society,
1995, pp. 463-468.
Table 2.
COMPOSITIONAL FAMILIES OF ASIAN GLASSES
Familv
High-Lead Glasses
PbO:BaO:SiO,
PbO:5iO,(PbO=70% )
Locations & Numbers
Dates
Remarks & References
6th c. B.C-3rd c.
2nd c. B.C-7th c.
C,J,K
C,J,K
6th c. ff.
6th c. ff.
2nd c. B.C-9th c.
A(2), C(1), C(2), J(1), K(l), Jv(l), BI(l), 5(1), V (2)
J(1), K(2), 5(27),5(9), V(3)
A(10), 1(27), K(2), 5(12), Jv(3), BI(3), V(14)
12
42
71
K,O, MgO" 1.5%
K20, MgO " 2.0%
AhO, " 4%; CaO" 4%, TiO, " 0.4%.
Rare in "West"
2nd c. B.C-4th c.
4th c. B. C ff
C(11), J(2), K(6), A(9), B(3), V(6), KI(2)
BD(8), <::(3), C(3), 5(1)
39
15
Very rare in "West"
MgO often < 1 %
-30
4
Both types unknown among ancient "Western"
glasses' [1,4,5]
Soda-Lime Glasses
Na,O:CaO:SiO,
"Natron-Iike" ••
Plant ash soda ***
High alumina/low lime
Potash Glasses
K,O:5iO,
K,O:CaO:Si02
K,O:CaO:SiO,
Western Mediaeval (very common)
MgO - 3-7%; CaO often" 15%
Both Na20 & K20 >- 5%
Mixed Alkali Glasses
(Na,O,K,O):CaO:5iO,
Hi AhO,/mod. CaO
Hi CaO ****
Mod. CaO ••••
2nd c. B.C-2nd c.
4th, 7th, 16/17 c.
16/17th c.
1
C(1), J(1), V(10)
V(12),5(1)
9
12
13
AJ,O, " 4%; Ti02 - 0.4%
- 14 % CaO; some hi AJ,OJ
- 3% CaO; some hi PbO,As,Os
In West: Iron Age (occasional);
Mediaeval (manyl
Later Asian Glasses
K20:PbO:5i02
Na,O:CaO:Si02+PbO
C(4), V(3), 5(1)
C
Key to locations: Bold-face = pre-10th c.; regular type generally post-10th c.
A = Arikamedu
C= China
K = Korea
B ~ oan Chi eng
KI = Kalimantan
I = Other India
BD = Ban Don Ta Phet
j = japan
5 = Sumatra
III = Bali
jv = java
V = Vietnam
12th c.-20th c.
6th c.-19th c.
8
2 One may be Tang Dyn.; other 19th c.
• Exceptions: Certain Islamic emerald grn. glasses
and Russian/E. European beads are PbO:SiO,
glasses.
•• Some probably "Western" imports.
*** Most are "Western" imports.
····16/17th c. may be European,imports.
25
ASIAN GLASSES
0
20
Beij05.C
Beij05.J
Beij05./(
Beij05.S
Beij05. SP
x
0 6
K20:SI02
"*0 15
;--.:
T f:>.
x
T
x
x
10
(n=I82)
f1 I xed !I I k a I I
x
Xx
(\j
~
Beij05.u
Beij05. T
Beij05. I
x
x
xxx
x
x
x
x
HI f.'Ilumina
8 .. Soda -L i mes
x
x
x
x
5
x
6
6
0
0
0
10
5
Figure 1
20
15
25
% Na20liE
15
ASIAN GLASSES
{:,.
Beij28.C
Beij28.J
Beij28. /(
Beij28.S
0
x OP
"*o
10
Beij28.SP
Beij28.U
Beij28. T
Beij28. I
x
RecTangle
(Y)
EI I Ipse
(\J
= Hi
f.'Ilumina
= K2D:SiD2
<I
xo
5
0
x
{:,.
0
[;0
~
~~
__ __
~
(}
'"
o{:,. 0
x
{:,.~
o __
P
o{:,.
? TT
{:,.oO
>/i'P
o
T
x
'"
P P
pP
P P
P
1<;t~ "pp~PP
~~ X
X
x
X
x
T xx "
x
~_x_'~x__~~__~__~__~__L-~__-L__~~
5
Figure 2
x
Px
10
% CoO*
-468
15

Chemical Analyses of Some Asian Glasses.

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