London - Travel guides to the World

LONDON
Stigs
& VICINITY
…another travel guide by Stig Albeck
4th edition
Stig’s London
Top 10 in London
www.visitlondon.com
www.visitbritain.com
51°30'32"N 0°7'10"W
London is the center of the British world. As the empire
capital the city has for centuries been among the
dominating in Europe, and cultures from around the
world bring its mark on the streets of the English capital.
London is a huge metropolis that has something to offer
all visitors - even literally with many wonderful ethnic
restaurants that offer a glimpse into the empire's
gastronomic wealth.
The museums in London are among the world’s richest,
and they have content to merely use all vacation time
here, but also the churches, the political institutions, the
landmarks and the many interesting buildings in modern
and experimental architecture is an experience.
London is for many the epitome of shopping, and in
many central department stores and shopping streets it
also abounds with all that the shopping gene can
demand.
Have a good trip!
1. Houses of Parliament
2. Big Ben
3. Westminster Abbey
13. Buckingham Palace
17. London Eye
Table of Contents
History of London ….…………………….………… page 3
Tour overview ………………………….………..… page 5
Sights – tour 1 …………………….…….………… page 6
Sights – tour 2 …………………….……………… page 10
Sights – tour 3 …………………….……………… page 13
Sights – tour 4 …………………….……………… page 16
Sights – tour 5 …………………….……………… page 19
Tours from London ……………………………... page 22
Shopping in London ...…….………………….… page 27
With kids in London ..…………………………… page 27
Facts about the UK ……….……………………... page 28
Weather in the UK ……………………………….. page 30
25. Tower Bridge
26. Tower of London
34. Saint Paul’s Cathedral
About the Author
Stig Albeck is a writer and a tour guide to Australia, New
Zealand, Russia, Canada, USA, Mexico, etc. He has
travelled in over 80 countries, visited numerous cities
and written about many of them.
39. Covent Garden Market
All rights reserved. Text and photos:
© Stig Albeck, 2013
4th edition
43. British Museum
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History of London
Roman foundation
When the Romans invaded Britain in year 43 A.D., they
had to cross the river Thames, and here they built a
wooden bridge. It was close to today's London Bridge,
and the bridge quickly became hub for traffic between
south and north, and thus began the development of
London.
Many buildings were constructed in the early growth
period in the Roman town. Forum was established at
today's Leadenhall Market, and the first temple at St.
Paul was opened as well. The city was concentrated
north of the Thames on the spot where Monument was
later raised.
Around the year 200, the Roman province of England
split in two when London became the capital of the most
important part; York became the capital of the other.
This act established London as the leading city on the
British Isles, which it has been ever since.
The Anglo-Saxons arrive
Defence walls were built, and the administration of
Province changed several times over the centuries. In
the 5th century the Roman power in the region ceased,
and the Anglo-Saxon immigration started. London, partly
in ruins, was subject to other cities in one of the small
newly established kingdoms.
Attacks by Vikings
In 842 and 851 London was attacked by Danish Vikings
and in 865 they invaded England. In the winter of 871872 Vikings took up residence in London and had
dominion over the city to the year 886, when Alfred the
Great's troops conquered it. Reinforcement defenses
and restoration of the Roman walls held otherwise
enemies at a distance.
In 911 London came under the control of the English
kings, and already in the 920s, the city was the country's
main trading center. In 978 the king made London the
capital.
Viking attacks increased, and in 1013 the King had to
escape. The following year the Danish Vikings
established dominion over London and much of
England. After years of fighting for power the Viking
Canute became king of England.
After the first Viking kings throne passed to a Saxon,
while Norman William the Conqueror believed he was
the rightful king. After William's victory in the Battle of
Hastings he became king.
Around the year 600 the first Christian cathedral at St.
Pauls was built, and the Pope's envoy was to set up an
archbishopric. He chose Canterbury instead of London
as a seat, but the city grew nonetheless; mainly due to
its location along the River Thames which meant
increased trade and the development of new city
districts.
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London is growing
London flourished rapidly in the following years,
particularly through the rights the city got to the
surrounding country, but there were also built a lot.
Tower of London to the east and Windsor Castle to the
west was built to defend the city.
From 1191 London was administratively equipped with a
civilian government led by a mayor. It was after the
French model. One of their initiatives was to prevent the
frequent fires by building fire walls made of stone.
London was by now a very large city, as 1666 dawned the year of London's great fire. Many neighborhoods of
the old London were lost, and the city had to be rebuilt.
With the victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805,
England was Europe's leading power with London as its
capital.
The city area was significantly expanded and the
population grew from 750,000 in 1720 to 2.7 million in
1851, when the Industrial Revolution had developed
London and England very rapidly. The city was one of
the leaders in the world as the center of the empire.
Among other things, the world's first subway was built in
1860, and in 1901 the city had 6.6 million inhabitants.
London's overall political influence rose considerably in
the 1100s, where it previously predominantly had been a
trading center. Westminster Palace was built and with it,
the political power in the country established itself in
London. During the 1200s many monks came to this
country, and they quickly built up fortunes for the
construction of many of the great church buildings, one
can see today.
Global London
London's international role was the beginning of a new
development where industries in the city and the bustling
harbor were some of the most significant contributors.
The Tudor house started as rulers around 1500 and
London saw again a construction boom that time, and
especially many palaces were built. In 1588 the Spanish
Armada attempted an invasion of England, but the
defense was strong, and it contributed to more stable
conditions, also in London, which grew further.
London today
Through the 1900s London experienced both downturns
and upturns. Bombings in the second World War
destroyed much of the city, and imperial dominance in
the world weakened. Many industrial areas became run
down, but at the end of the century, there was a
development of the city, culturally and economically, and
it is evident in today's London, which has repeatedly
been the world's news center. One time was in 2012
when the city hosted the Olympic Games, an event
which was also held in the British capital in 1948.
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London – tour overview
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Sights in London – tour 1
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1. Houses of Parliament
Parliament Square
www.parliament.uk
51°29'57"N 0°7'29"W
Underground: Westminster
The English Parliament, Houses of Parliament, is also
known as Westminster Palace, because it was here that
the English monarchs lived since the 1000s. In 1547, the
king moved to Whitehall Palace, but the House of Lords
stayed at Westminster, which in 1834 stayed ravaged by
a fire that only Westminster Hall survived.
The current Westminster Palace was built in 1840-1888
in the splendid neo-Gothic style. Here parliament's two
chambers are located, and debates are open to the
public.
2. Big Ben
Parliament Square
51°30'2"N 0°7'28"W
Underground: Westminster
Big Ben is the name of the 13-ton bell at Westminster
Palace's famous tower, colloquially also known as Big
Ben. The tower is 96 meters high, while the clocks
measures 7 meters in diameter. The clock's small hand
is 2.7 meters long, the large 4.3 meters.
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3. Westminster Abbey
Parliament Square
www.westminster-abbey.org
51°29'57"N 0°7'38"W
Underground: Westminster
The church Westminster Abbey was founded as a
monastery in 1065, and the following year it became the
coronation church for the the last Saxon king, Harold
Godwinson, and Norman William I. Since then British
monarchs have been crowned and buried here. At the
royal coronations since 1308, the protagonist has held
the King Edward's Chair, which are kept in Westminster
Abbey.
bombing. The rooms which are in original condition,
were established in 1939.
Churchill Museum was opened in 2005 in some
magazines that originally was used by Winston
Churchill, his wife and his closest associates. Central to
the facility is the Map Room, where large parts of the
war's management took place. Many crucial strategic
choices were made here.
5. Downing Street 10
10 Downing Street
51°30'12"N 0°7'39"W
Underground: Westminster
In the small street of Downing Street the most famous
residence in London is located, namely the Prime
Ministers. His residence has been here since 1735 and
there is no access to the home.
6. Banqueting House
Whitehall
51°30'16"N 0°7'33"W
Underground: Westminster
This building is the only remaining part of the former
castle, the Palace of Whitehall. The building was the first
in England in the neoclassical style and was completed
in 1622 The decor features such beauties as Rubens
wonderful ceiling.
Palace of Whitehall was a big castle that King Henry VIII
did build. Initially he increased Cardinal Wolseys former
mansion York Palace in size, but as a symbol of the
king's new status as head of the Church of England, he
had the Cardinal's house demolished and would instead
build the largest castle in the Christian world. The palace
was the residence of the kings of England 1530-1698,
where anything but Banqueting House was destroyed in
a fire.
From 1245 the church got its present Gothic
appearance. The reconstruction was then initiated by
King Henry III. Part of the west facade, however, is
newer, and the church's two towers was built from 1722
to 1745.
Westminster Abbey's interior is worth seeing, especially
the many architectural details and chapels. King Henry
VII's chapel, for example, from 1503-1519 is considered
one of the finest from the late Gothic style in Europe.
You can also see a number of royal tombs, for example,
the church's founder, St. Edward, whose sarcophagus is
the holiest relic. In the church there is also a museum,
which is housed in a part of the earliest building from
year 1065.
7. Royal Horse Guards
Whitehall
www.regiments.org
51°30'17"N 0°7'37"W
Underground: Westminster
Part of the former Royal Palace, Whitehall Palace, was
located here, where the mounted army of the monarch
today keeps watch. The building is constructed 17511753 in a style inspired by Palladianism.
8. Old Admiralty Building
Whitehall/The Mall
51°30'21"N 0°7'41"W
Underground: Charing Cross
The Old Admiralty Building was built almost as a castle
towards St. James Park. It was built from the late 1800s
to house fleet management. North of the main building is
an extension of a semi-circular gate with offices;
Admiralty Arch. The arch is part of the ceremonial route
from Trafalgar Square to Buckingham Palace.
4. Churchill War Rooms
Clive Steps, King Charles Street
http://cwr.iwm.org.uk
51°30'7"N 0°7'45"W
Underground: Westminster
It was from this cellar, the British government with
Winston Churchill led Britain during the World War II
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9. Trafalgar Square
Trafalgar Square
51°30'28"N 0°7'41"W
Underground: Charing Cross
Trafalgar Square is one of the city's oases where people
meet when the weather is good. The site is created in
memory of Lord Nelson, who is enthroned on the 56
meter high pillar. Among his actions was when he won in
1805 against the Spanish and the French Navy.
To the east of the square is South Africa House and the
Church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields from the 18th century.
To the west is Canada House, which was built in the
1820s, and to the north lies the National Gallery.
11. National Portrait Gallery
St. Martin’s Place
www.npg.org.uk
51°30'33"N 0°7'42"W
Underground: Charing Cross
National Portrait Gallery displays the history of England
through paintings. The exhibition goes back to Elizabeth
I, and includes many of the famous people through the
centuries.
10. National Gallery
Trafalgar Square
www.nationalgallery.org.uk
51°30'32"N 0°7'42"W
Underground: Charing Cross
The National Gallery is London's finest collection of
paintings. The collection was founded in 1824. It
contains a large amount of works from 1200-1900 of
Europe's leading artists, one finds, for example, the
artist van Gogh's sunflowers here.
13. Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace Road
www.royal.gov.uk
51°30'2"N 0°8'33"W
Underground: St. James Park
Britain's Royal Palace, Buckingham Palace, was built in
1702 as the Duke of Buckingham's home. In 1762 King
George 3 bought the place, and after many years of
development, the castle became the official royal
residence in 1837.
Buckingham Palace's size is 77,000 square meter, the
largest room is the State Ballroom, which Queen Victoria
furnished for large ceremonies. The castle's 50 meter
long Picture Gallery works by, among other things
Rubens and Rembrandt hangs, and also the throne
room is arranged with magnificent decoration.
12. Saint James Park
Mellem The Mall og Birdcage Walk
www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/st_james_park
51°30'10"N 0°7'57"W
Underground: St. James Park
The beautiful St James Park is located between the
government area and the monarch's residence,
Buckingham Palace. The park was laid out in 1820 on
the former royal hunting grounds.
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The sculpture Victoria Monument stands in front of
Buckingham Palace. It was inaugurated 1911. Here you
can also see the changing of the guard, and there are
also parts of the castle that can be visited - including
Queen's Gallery, which houses a part of the castle's
large and valuable art collection.
14. Wellington Arch
Constitution Hill
51°30'9"N 0°9'3"W
Underground: Hyde Park Corner
Wellington Arch was planned by King George IV in 1825
in memory of the victories during the Napoleonic Wars.
The Arc de Triomphe was built 1826-1830, and with its
location it worked as the western gateway to London.
The name Wellington Arch comes from 1846, when a
colossal equestrian statue by Arthur Wellesley was put
up. He was the Duke of Wellington. The statue graced
the top of the Arc de Triomphe until 1912 when the
current sculpture was installed. Wellington statue was
moved to the town of Aldershot.
15. Westminster Cathedral
42 Francis Street
www.westminstercathedral.org.uk
51°29'44"N 0°8'22"W
Underground: Victoria
The large Catholic Church, Westminster Cathedral, was
built in a marvelous Byzantine style in 1903. There is a
beautiful marble interior and a good view from the tower
that is 86 meters high.
The Pope visited the church in 1982, and in 1995 Queen
Elizabeth 2 paid a visit as the first ruler of several
centuries.
16. Tate Britain
Millbank
www.tate.org.uk
51°29'27"N 0°7'39"W
Underground: Pimlico
The famous Tate Gallery, whose collections business
man Henry Tate founded in 1897, was divided into Tate
Britain and Tate Modern in the year 2000. At Tate Britain
the fine collection of British paintings from 1500 to today
is exhibited.
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Sights in London – tour 2
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The emphasis is on those wars where Great Britain has
been involved. Among other situations the World War I
trench warfare is shown and one can experience the
World War II bombing of London in a most vivid manner.
19. Tate Modern
Bankside
www.tate.org.uk
51°30'27"N 0°5'57"W
Underground: Southwark
Tate Modern is London's second Tate Museum in
addition to Tate Britain. The museum opened in 2000
and is very excitingly housed in an old power plant. At
Tate Modern's exhibition a huge collection of
international art from 1900 to the present day can be
seen, including works by Monet, Matisse and Picasso.
In front of the museum the elegant Millennium Bridge
from 2000 crosses the River Thames.
17. London Eye/London Eye
Westminster Bridge Road
www.ba-londoneye.com
51°30'12"N 0°7'9"W
Underground: Waterloo
Pariserhjulet London Eye er en af Londons nyeste
seværdigheder, bygget til år 2000-fejringen. Udsigten fra
de lukkede kabiner i det 135 meter høje hjul er
enestående. En tur rundt tager 30 minutter.
20. Globe Theatre
21 New Globe Walk
www.shakespeares-globe.org
51°30'29"N 0°5'49"W
Underground: Mansion House
Globe Theatre is the name of the historic theater, which
was built in 1599 by the theater troupe, to which William
Shakespeare belonged. It burned in 1613 and the
following year it was rebuilt. However, it was closed in
1642, but in 1997 it reappeared in a reconstructed
version of the original theater.
18. Imperial War Museum
Lambeth Road
www.iwm.org.uk
51°29'44"N 0°6'31"W
Underground: Lambeth North
Imperial War Museum is housed in the former hospital,
Bethlem Royal Hospital, and it depicts the history of war.
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By the River Thames and next to the cathedral, London
Bridge spans the River Thames. The construction of the
stone bridge already started in the 1100s.
22. The Shard
32 London Bridge
www.the-shard.com
51°30'15"N 0°5'11"W
Underground: London Bridge
The Shard is the name of London's 310-meter
skyscraper which was erected from 2008. The opening
including access to the observation deck at floor 72
happened in 2013. The design is like a triangle upward,
and the building contains both homes and offices and a
hotel.
The theatre's distinctive feature is the building with the
stage in the open air and the three-storey, circular
construction where the spectator galleries are located.
There may be 1,300 spectators at each performance,
including 700 standing in front of the stage.
Globe Theatre is built just 200 meters from its original
location in Shakespeare's time.
23. HMS Belfast
Morgan’s Lane Tooley Street
www.iwm.org.uk
51°30'23"N 0°4'52"W
Underground: London Bridge
HMS Belfast is a cruiser that was in service in 19381953 in the British navy. The ship had to enter a
shipyard 1939-1942 after having rammed a mine laid by
the German submarine U-21. Belfast was repaired and
reinforced and participated among others in convoys to
the Arctic Soviet Union and in the large landing in
Normandy during World War II.
Today, HMS Belfast is a naval museum that gives a
good impression of the conditions of the naval ships.
24. London City Hall
The Queens Walk
www.london.gov.uk
51°30'17"N 0°4'43"W
Underground: London Bridge
London's City Hall, with its round shape is one of the
special architectural works on the south side of the
Thames.
The building opened in 2002 and it was designed by
renowned architect Norman Foster. Inside there is a 500
meter long spiral staircase that extends around the
entire height of the building.
Next to London City Hall, you can see a sunken
amphitheater. It is called The Scoop and used for
outdoor performances during the summer.
21. Southwark Cathedral
Cathedral Street
www.southwark.anglican.org
51°30'22"N 0°5'22"W
Underground: London Bridge
Southwark Cathedral is a beautiful French-inspired
Gothic church from the 1200s. Later times conversion
has changed the building, but you can still sense the
Middle Ages here. The church is Anglican.
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25. Tower Bridge
Tower Bridge
www.towerbridge.org.uk
51°30'20"N 0°4'31"W
Underground: Tower Hill
Tower Bridge is one of London's most famous
landmarks. It was built as an engineering wonder in the
year 1894.
Thames and London. In the 1100s, King Richard the
Lionheart had the castle wall and a moat constructed,
and in addition to fortifications a palace was built here.
Tower is home to the famous Beefeater guard. Their
uniforms and traditions comes from Tudor times.
In the Tower England's precious crown jewels and
regalia as well as a collection of weapons are on display.
One can also see the fortress' role as a torture chamber
and dungeon at the Traitor's Gate. Among the famous
prisoners King Henry the sixth and Rudolf Hess can be
mentioned.
The bridge's towers are neo-Gothic and built with a
covered passageway between them at the top. From
here the view is very nice, including towards the Tower
of London and Sir Norman Foster's cigar-shaped,
modern skyscraper The Gherkin (St Mary Axe 30),
which was built 2001-2004.
The rare times the bridge goes up, it is an interesting
sight. It often occurred during the construction of the
bridge due to the high traffic on the River Thames.
During a visit you can try the Tower Bridge Experience,
in addition to a trip to the top, featuring old photographs
and film from the construction as well as a visit to the
original machines that opened the bridge.
26. Tower of London
Tower Hill
www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon
51°30'29"N 0°4'33"W
Underground: Tower Hill
The construction of the castle Tower of London was
begun with the central White Tower in 1066, when
William the Conqueror would maintain control over the
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Sights in London – tour 3
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28. Leadenhall Market
Whittington Avenue
www.leadenhallmarket.co.uk
51°30'45"N 0°5'1"W
Underground: Monument
Leadenhall Market is a beautiful shopping arcade, and it
has been one of London's best places to buy meat and
fish already in the 14th century. Previous to that it was
the location of the now historic Roman forum.
27. Monument
Monument Street
51°30'36"N 0°5'9"W
Underground: Monument
Monument is a 61 meter high column, which was
erected in commemoration of the city's great fire in
1666. The location and height was chosen because the
devastating fire started just 61 meters from the column
foundation. Inside, a spiral staircase provides access to
the top of the Doric column. At the very top of the pillar
there is a gilded urn of fire.
The current Victorian arcades were built in 1881 with the
excess of iron and glass. The place is very cozy and it is
in a way a time warp in the very heart of the city.
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31. Royal Exchange
Cornhill Street/Threadneedle Street
www.theroyalexchange.com
51°30'49"N 0°5'14"W
Underground: Bank
Royal Exchange was founded by Thomas Gresham in
1565 as the city's stock exchange. The first stock
exchange building was opened by Queen Elizabeth I in
1571. Both this and the next building burned, and the
third and present building was opened in 1844. The
architecture is a mix of styles, most significantly, the
temple-like facade stands out.
Exchange activities stopped in 1939, and today the
building is converted into a shopping mall. An equestrian
statue of the Duke of Wellington stands in front of the
building.
32. Guildhall
Gresham Street
www.cityoflondon.gov.uk
51°30'57"N 0°5'31"W
Underground: Bank
Guildhall is the city's former longtime City Hall. The big
beautiful medieval floor is still used on ceremonial
occasions. On the walls, London's historic guild arms
hang in all their beauty.
Parts of the present building are preserved from 1411,
and the Guildhall is the only secular stone building that
survived the fire in 1666.
29. 30 St Mary Axe
30 Saint Mary Axe
www.30stmaryaxe.com
51°30'51"N 0°4'48"W
Underground: Liverpool Street
The 180 meter high house called 30 St Mary Axe is one
of the most distinctive buildings in the London skyline. It
looks like a giant upright cigar covered with glass in
different shades. The building is constructed 2001-2004
by, among other Norman Foster's design.
33. Museum of London
150 London Wall
www.museumoflondon.org.uk
51°31'3"N 0°5'48"W
Underground: St Pauls
Museum of London is London's city museum and it
shows the city history back to prehistoric times. There
are many interesting historical objects. One can for
example see a street environment of Victorian era and
London's historic and very beautiful mayor coach.
Outside the building a preserved piece of the city wall
from the city's Roman times can be seen.
34. Saint Paul’s Cathedral
Paternoster Square
www.stpauls.co.uk
51°30'49"N 0°5'54"W
Underground: St. Paul’s
The mighty St. Paul's Cathedral is the fifth chapel on the
site, the first was built in the beginning of the 600s. The
fourth church had a central, 149-meter high spire, which
was destroyed by a lightning strike in 1561. The spire
was not rebuilt, and the Church was destroyed by fire in
1666.
The present church was completed in 1708, and its
impressive size is not least sensed from the 113 meter
high dome, where the Golden Gallery has stunning
30. Bank of England Museum
Bartholomew Lane, Threadneedle Street
www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/museum
51°30'51"N 0°5'15"W
Underground: Bank
The Bank of England is the place where the country's
gold reserves are located. Today here is a museum that
tells the history of Bank of England. The institution has
been at its current location on Threadneedle Street since
1734.
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views of London. In Europe the dome of St. Paul's
Cathedral's is surpassed only by St. Peter's in size.
In the church there are various noteworthy things. Of
particular interest are the frescoes and the details of
these works. In the crypt England's naval hero Lord
Nelson and Winston Churchill are some of the ones
buried.
35. Old Bailey
Old Bailey
www.oldbaileyonline.org
51°30'55"N 0°6'6"W
Underground: St. Pauls
In and around Old Bailey, which is a complex of
London's old courthouses, one can see a curiosity: the
judges with traditional wigs. Old Bailey is also in itself a
piece of living English legal history.
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Sights in London – tour 4
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36. The Temple Church
Inner Temple Lane
www.thetemplechurch.com
51°30'47"N 0°6'36"W
Underground: Temple
The Temple Church is a church from the late 1100s,
which was built by the Knights Templar Order. It was the
guilds British headquarters.
During World War II the Temple Church suffered great
damage by a bombardment in 1941, but has since been
rebuilt. It became well known after it played a role in
author Dan Brown's book The Da Vinci Code. The
church was also featured in the film version of the book.
37. Courtauld Gallery & Gilbert Collection
Strand
www.somerset-house.org.uk
51°30'39"N 0°7'2"W
Underground: Temple
In the neoclassical Somerset House, there are two major
art collections. Courtauld Gallery holds many great
works, primarily of impressionists such as Monet, Van
Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne and Renoir. Gilbert Collection
contains various works of art in such areas as
silverwork.
38. Royal Opera House
Bow Street
www.roh.org.uk
51°30'46"N 0°7'21"W
Underground: Covent Garden
This scene is home to The Royal Opera, The Royal
Ballet and the house orchestra. The institution started in
1732 as the Theatre Royal, and two years later the first
ballet premiere was staged. The current building dates
from 1858, the former burned down the year before.
The Temple Church consists of two parts, which was
built with approximately 50 years difference. The round
church building is the oldest, and it was in the Knights
tradition built on the same form as the Holy Sepulchre in
Jerusalem. Next door is the is newer, rectangular
chancellery.
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41. Leicester Square
Leicester Square
51°30'37"N 0°7'48"W
Underground: Leicester Square
Leicester Square is the heart of London's cinema and
theater world. Here are some of London's most
prominent scenes, such as Odeon, where many
premieres take place. On the square statues of artists
and scientists can be seen, and on the ground you can
see handprints of many stars.
39. Covent Garden Market
Covent Garden
www.coventgardenmarket.com
51°30'43"N 0°7'22"W
Underground: Covent Garden
Covent Garden market halls from 1832 is the center of a
true street life and a must to experience. Also note the
old underground station, with large elevators carry
passengers between street level and platforms.
At Covent Garden Market Square London Transport
Museum and one of the entrances to the Royal Opera
House is located.
40. London Transport Museum
Covent Garden
www.ltmuseum.co.uk
51°30'42"N 0°7'16"W
Underground: Covent Garden
This museum offers a fine history of London's transport
system, and there are plenty of exhibited effects and
vehicles. You can see things like subway trains, buses
and trams.
Leicester Square is named after Robert Sidney, who
was Earl of Leicester. He bought land here in 1630, and
five years later he built the residence Leicester House.
In the late 1700s the area became the center of the
city's entertainment.
42. Piccadilly Circus
Piccadilly Circus
51°30'36"N 0°8'4"W
Underground: Piccadilly Circus
Piccadilly Circus is one of London's central squares,
where there is always a flurry of activity. Especially in
the evening with all neon signs lit is an impressive sight,
and here one can feel the great city intensity.
The museum building is Victorian and built with iron and
glass. It was formerly the home of the fruit, vegetable
and flower market at Covent Garden.
17
The first electric advertising was set up in 1910, and
later came more and more of them. On the square you
can also see the fountain Shaftesbury Monument, which
was established in 1893. It is the world's first to be made
of aluminum.
Of buildings, the Criterion Theatre from 1874 stands on
the south side, and to the northeast is the 19th Century
music hall London Pavilion, which since 1986 has been
a shopping center.
43. British Museum
Great Russell Street
www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
51°31'9"N 0°7'37"W
Underground: Tottenham Court Road
The British Museum, founded in 1753, has one of the
world's largest museum collections. Here you can see
various objects from around the world.
Of the major museums many highlights friezes from
Athens Parthenon on the Acropolis and countless
Egyptian treasures as sphinxes and mummies are
included.
Parts of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, one of the
ancient seven wonders, and an original stone figure from
Easter Island can also be experienced.
Amazing and unique finds and works exist to such an
extent that one can spend several days at the museum
and yet have only seen a small part of the collections.
18
Sights in London – tour 5
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
54
51
52
53
45. Madame Tussauds
Marylebone Road
www.madame-tussauds.co.uk
51°31'22"N 0°9'17"W
Underground: Baker Street
Madame Tussauds is London's famous wax museum
where you can come face to face with countless
historical personalities.
The museum's name comes from the wax model maker
Marie Tussaud, who was French, and produced her first
model in 1777. She went to London in 1802 and could
due to an act of war not return to her homeland. Her first
exhibition of a more permanent character was in The
Baker Street Bazaar in 1835, where a chamber of
horrors caused most attention.
In 1884 the museum moved to the present location. The
museum building was later expanded with the dome
building of the former London Planetarium, now showing
various shows in the dome.
Among the exhibited people at the wax museum are
Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Jennifer Lopez, Jenna
Jameson, Sean Connery and The Beatles.
44. The Sherlock Holmes Museum
221b Baker Street
www.sherlock-holmes.co.uk
51°31'25"N 0°9'30"W
Underground: Baker Street
221b Baker Street is one of London's famous
addresses. It was here that Sherlock Holmes and Doctor
Watson lived in the period 1881-1904, at least according
to the author Arthur Conan Doyle's books about the
world-famous detective.
The building in which the Sherlock Holmes Museum is
located, was built in 1815 and is decorated in the style of
the books.
46. Marble Arch
Cumberland Gate
51°30'47"N 0°9'32"W
Underground: Marble Arch
The Roman-style marble triumphal arch, Marble Arch,
was built in 1828 at Buckingham Palace's entrance, and
it stood here as part of the royal complex.
19
49. Royal Albert Hall
Prince Consort Road
www.royalalberthall.com
51°30'3"N 0°10'38"W
Underground: South Kensington
Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall, named after Queen
Victoria's husband, Prince Albert. Royal Albert Hall,
which opened in 1871, is home to the so-called
Promenade Concerts each year ending with the last and
very pompous concert, Last Night of the Proms.
The arch was moved in 1855 when the east facade of
Buckingham Palace was built, and the square in front of
the palace was restructured.
47. Hyde Park
Cumberland Gate
www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park
51°30'26"N 0°9'49"W
Underground: Marble Arch
Hyde Park, with its lawns, more than 4,000 trees and
ponds is one of London's great and popular parks. In the
northeast corner of Hyde Park is Speaker's Corner,
where people since 1872 have been able to express
themselves to passersby.
Both inside and outside Royal Albert Hall is a very
beautiful and distinctive structure and the location
opposite Hyde Park is a fitting backdrop.
Immediately north of the Royal Albert Hall stands the
monument Albert Memorial. It was erected by Queen
Victoria in memory of her husband, Albert, who died in
1861 of typhoid fever. The monument is 57 meters high,
and the central part is a sculpture of a seated Albert
from 1875.
48. Kensington Palace
Palace Avenue
www.hrp.org.uk/KensingtonPalace
www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens
51°30'18"N 0°11'17"W
Underground: Queensway, South Kensington
Kensington Palace is a royal residence, located in
Kensington Gardens. Various royal people have lived
here since the 1600s.
Among the best known who have lived here, is King
William III's Queen Anne. She had an orangery and a
very beautiful baroque garden built in 1704. King George
I invested in some very beautiful new rooms in
Kensington Palace, including the domed The Cupola
Room in 1722. King George II was the last sitting
sovereign, who lived here, and he converted the castle
grounds of the facility, to what can be seen today.
In 1981, Kensington Palace was converted for
residential use for the new crown prince couple, Charles
and Diana. They moved in, and the site continued to be
Diana's official residence until her death in 1997.
At Kensington Palace is Kensington Gardens with its
formal avenues and beautiful plantings, for example in
the Italian garden.
50. Royal College of Music
Prince Consort Road
www.rcm.ac.uk
51°29'58"N 0°10'37"W
Underground: South Kensington
Royal College of Music was founded as an academy in
1882. It has had its headquarters in the castle-style
manor since 1894. The patron of the construction was
the engineer and industrialist Samson Fox.
51. Science Museum
Exhibition Road
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
51°29'50"N 0°10'28"W
Underground: South Kensington
A trip to the Science Museum is a journey through the
history of science, and there are lots of interesting items
and things to experience.
Included among the museum's several hundred
thousand effects is the oldest surviving steam
locomotive in the world, Robert Stephenson's Puffing
Billy, built in 1813-1814.
Aviation and space exploration are some of the themes
that always draws many visitors at the museum, and the
20
IMAX 3D cinema always shows some fascinating films
from nature and science.
52. Natural History Museum
Exhibition Road
www.nhm.ac.uk
51°29'46"N 0°10'34"W
Underground: South Kensington
London's major natural history museum depicts the
world's natural history through five main collections that
are botany, entomology, mineralogy, paleontology and
zoology.
There is virtually nothing that can not be found in the
museum's millions of effects, and among the best known
is the set of dinosaur skeletons and the 25-meter
skeleton of a blue whale that stranded in Wexford Bay in
the late 1800s. The museum building itself is in a
beautiful Victorian style, it was built in 1881.
53. Victoria & Albert Museum
Cromwell Road
www.vam.ac.uk
51°29'49"N 0°10'20"W
Underground: South Kensington
Victoria & Albert Museum is a huge museum in applied
and decorative arts. The collection consists of several
million objects of glass, ceramics, metal and things such
as furniture, drawings and photographs.
The museum was founded in 1852 by the name South
Kensington Museum, and at that time there was also a
department within general science. It was spun off in
1913 and used as the start of the nearby Science
Museum.
54. Harrods
Brompton Road
www.harrods.com
51°29'57"N 0°9'46"W
Underground: Knightsbridge
The department store Harrods is for many the epitome
of shopping in the English capital. A huge product range
combined with the traditional decor in some of the
departments makes the place worth seeing.
The Harrods name comes from Charles Harrod, who
opened his first store in London in 1824. In the mid1800s Harrod bought a shop at the current address of
Brompton Road.
In 1898, the department store made English engineering
history by becoming the first place, one could try an
escalator. The current building opened in 1905.
21
Tours from London
60
59
62
63
64
61
65
66
67
55
58
58
68
56
69
70
57
55. Docklands
Canary Wharf, 5 km E
51°30'20"N 0°1'14"W
www.theo2.co.uk
Underground: Canary Wharf
Docklands Light Railway: Canary Wharf
The large area along the Thames east of London was
for centuries London's industrial port area. The
relocation of facilities to other towns and simultaneous
closure of many businesses made the Docklands area
fell into disrepair in 1960-1970s.
Over the past decades, London City Airport, the
University of East London, homes and many offices are
just some of the development that has been built in the
area.
It is recommended to take a ride on the Docklands Light
Railway through the area. The track cuts literally in
between and beneath the new buildings and the ride
overlook the various buildings in the area, such as the
large facility, formerly known as the Millennium Dome,
which was built to celebrate the Year 2000 rollover. It is
now known as The O2 Arena.
56. Greenwich
Greenwich, 8 km SE
www.greenwich.gov.uk
51°29'13"N 0°0'1"W
Dockland Light Rail: Greenwich
The town of Greenwich is the home of the world's
meridian. This is where the meridians are derived from,
and thus it is like a center of the world. It is also here,
the world's clocks are set by Greenwich Mean Time.
However, there are several attractions in the city, which
despite the fact that it is close to central London, feels
refreshingly countrylike.
56a. Royal Observatory
Greenwich Royal Park
www.rog.nmm.ac.uk
51°28'40"N 0°0'0"
Royal Observatory is the place where the world is
divided at longitude 0. As a visitor you can stand with
one foot in each hemisphere, the meridian is clearly
indicated in the soil on site.
22
The observatory was founded by Charles II in 1675
when John Flamsteed became the first Astronomer
Royal. The goal was to find an indication of the east and
west for the country's ship navigation. John Harrison's
determination using the time was groundbreaking, and
you can now see his watches in Harrison Gallery.
transferred in 1529 to King Henry VIII, who expanded
the complex.
In the 1600s King William III enlarged Hampton Court
considerably. However, the plans to make it one of
Europe's greatest castles stopped in 1694. Today, the
castle stands in the styles of Tudor and Baroque, and
the large complex and the park was opened to the public
in 1838 by Queen Victoria.
The main entrance is on the west, and one passes
through two inner courtyards before being at the very
palace. Among the attractions is the Great Hall and the
magnificent facade of the South Wing facing Kings
Garden, a formal garden recreated from William III's
time.
Just north of the castle The Wilderness is located, as
opposed to the formal and magnificent landscaped
parkland planted as a wild garden. To the north in The
Wilderness you will find the famous hedge maze,
Hampton Court Palace Maze, which is laid out in the late
1600s.
The entire area east and north of Hampton Court Palace
is dominated by the broad avenues radiating out from
the castle. To the east lies the pond The Long Water in
continuation of the castle axis.
One of the most popular events on the ground is the
annual flower show, Hampton Court Palace Flower
Show.
The correlation with the meridian, which was calculated
in 1850 and officially adopted in 1884 led to a worldwide
coordination of times and places.
58. Windsor
Windsor, 40 km W
51°28'35"N 0°37'18"W
Station: Windsor and Eton
West of London is the city of Windsor beautifully located
by the river Thames. The city is not only home to the
royal family's Windsor Castle, but also to the traditional
educational establishment of Eton College.
58a. Windsor Castle
Castle Hill
www.royal.gov.uk
51°29'1"N 0°36'17"W
Windsor Castle has for more than 900 years has been
the residence of Britain's kings and queens and today it
is one of the official royal addresses.
William the Conqueror built the castle above the
landscape in 1070 as the Western counterpart to his
Tower of London east of the city. In this way, the city
was defended all along the river. Throughout history,
kings continuously expanded the facility.
Visitors can see the lavish State Apartments when the
Royals are not staying at Windsor. The very beautiful
halls are decorated with elements of the fantastic royal
art collection, including paintings by Rembrandt, Rubens
and van Dyck.
In George IV's private chambers one can see some of
the castle's finest facilities.
56b. National Maritime Museum
Romney Road
www.rog.nmm.ac.uk
51°28'52"N 0°0'15"W
In addition to the Observatory and Flamsteed House, the
comprehensive National Maritime Museum is located in
the buildings around Greenwich Observatory, including
the 1600s mansion Queen's House. The museum is the
world's largest maritime museum and contains obviously
large collections of Britain and the world's maritime
history.
57. Hampton Court Palace
Hampton Court Palace, East Molesey
www.hrp.org.uk
51°24'12"N 0°20'16"W
Station: Hampton Court
Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace, situated
next to the River Thames. The original of the present
buildings were built in 1514 by Cardinal Wolsey, but was
23
In St. George's Chapel, which was built by Edward IV in
1475 ten former monarchs are buried. The place is
among the best examples of buildings from the late
Middle Ages in England.
58b. Eton College
Eton High Street
www.etoncollege.com
51°29'29"N 0°36'42"W
Eton College is set by the River Thames, and it is
probably the most famous English private school.
Eton College was founded by Henry VI in 1440. The
classroom from 1443 in Lower School is still in use.
The traditional school uniform is still in use, and many of
the country's premier leaders throughout history have
worn it in their years at school, including 20 prime
ministers and several princes.
The Museum of Eton Life describes the history from the
founding of the institution in 1440 until today.
Cambridge has many other interesting buildings such as
the Round Church, a Templar Church from the 1100s,
as well as Trinity College and Queens College. You can
walk around the city, but also try a very quiet boat trip on
the Cam River, where in flat boats are moved by the socalled punting.
59. Oxford
Oxford, 90 km NW
www.oxfordcity.co.uk
www.ox.ac.uk
51°45'22"N 1°14'58"W
Station: Oxford
The city of Oxford is located northwest of London, and it
is world famous for its university and the proud traditions
of the institution.
Oxford University College was founded in 1249 as
England's first. There are now 39 separate colleges,
most of which is in the Gothic style, the city is known for.
Start in Carfax Tower from the 1200s as it gives a good
overview and a view of the city and university complex.
Visit e.g. Merton College, Oxford's earliest, from 1264,
and Christ Church College, which is one of the biggest.
Note that many sites have limited access to the
buildings, all of which are still in use as educational
institutions.
61. Brighton
Brighton, 85 km S
www.brighton.co.uk
http://volkselectricrailway.co.uk
50°50'31"N 0°8'6"W
Station: Brighton
At the south coast of England one can enjoy fashionable
and entertaining Brighton with its beaches and palm
trees. You can also go to Brighton for more than a swim,
for example, take a stroll on Brighton Pier, which is full of
shops, several rides and other entertainment facilities.
Another of the city's famous piers is the West Pier,
which until a fire in 2003 hosted the West Pier Concert
Hall. In the future, an observation tower will be located
on site.
60. Cambridge
Cambridge, 95 km N
www.cambridge.gov.uk
www.cam.ac.uk
www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel
52°12'12"N 0°7'52"E
Station: Cambridge
Cambridge is home to England's other famous
university, situated north of London. The first college
was founded in 1284 by people from Oxford. Today,
there are 31 separate colleges on campus.
As in Oxford, you can experience the special
atmosphere by simply walking around, but remember
seeing King's College Chapel from the 1400s, the city's
architectural gem and one of the finest buildings in late
Gothic style. King's College Chapel is world famous and
known from thousands of photographs from the city.
In Brighton you can drive with the world's first electric
railway, Volk's Electric Railway, which was built by
Magnus Volk and opened in 1883. And the city's
perhaps most impressive building is the highly opulent
Indian-inspired palace, the Royal Pavilion from 1822,
located in the city park.
24
62. Bath
Bath, 170 km W
www.visitbath.co.uk
51°22'44"N 2°21'48"W
Station: Bath
A trip to the city of Bath is almost like going back to the
Roman Empire. Across the center is either ruins or finds
from the city's past as a Roman city by the name Aqua,
or there are both old and new buildings that are clearly
inspired by Roman or later Italian style. The town center
is also so compact that you can take it all on foot and
thereby go by train from London.
Just a few of the main sights and attractions in Bath are
mentioned here, and besides them there are also
several museums, other beautiful buildings and
generally a good atmosphere.
62b. Bath Abbey
Orange Grove
www.bathabbey.org
51°22'53"N 2°21'31"W
The beautiful Cathedral, Bath Abbey, is one of England's
famous church buildings. It was founded in the 600s, but
the current Gothic building was built over several
centuries with completion in late 1400s. An interesting
crypt museum can be seen in Bath Abbey.
62a. Roman Baths
Stall Street
www.romanbaths.co.uk
www.thermaebathspa.co.uk
51°22'51"N 2°21'34"W
The most famous attraction in Bath are the large and
impressive Roman baths, which is built on top of the
only warm spring in the British Isles. The large facility is
excavated, and it is quite well preserved.
62c. Sally Lunn’s Bun
4 North Parade Passage
www.sallylunns.co.uk
51°22'50"N 2°21'29"W
This is one of the city's more special, but worth seeing
attractions. It is a restaurant based on the French
woman Sally Lunn, who came to England for more than
300 years ago. With her she had a recipe for the lovely
buns, now named Sally Lunn's Bun. The buns are
applied to all of the restaurant's dishes, among other
things, "plate" for wonderful meat dishes and a sweet
dessert with fruit.
As a visitor you walk around on the original Roman
floors, you can see the construction of the large housing
complexes, both the many rooms and through a
distinguished exhibition. In the beautiful restaurant,
Pump Room, you can also taste the water.
Close to the Roman baths one can even jump in the hot
water, it is in the spa center Thermae Spa.
The place is decorated in Baths oldest dwelling house.
The atmosphere in the small rooms is wonderful, and
you can finish your visit with a trip to the museum in the
basement, where the 1100s kitchen is preserved to this
day.
25
63. Stonehenge
140 km SW
www.stonehenge.co.uk
51°10'16"N 1°49'17"W
The prehistoric monument Stonehenge, with its stone
circles astonished the modern world for many years. The
question is why and how these huge megaliths have
been set here at Salisbury Plains.
It is estimated that the surrounding earth wall is from the
Neolithic Age, about 5,000 years ago, while the stone
circle are determined to be 4,000-4,500 years old, from
the Bronze Age.
26
Shopping in London
With kids in London
Shopping
streets
Children’s zoo
Malls and
department
stores
Oxford Street, Regent Street, Bond
Street, Carnaby Street, Sloane
Street, Knightsbridge, Brompton
Road, Kensington High Street,
Tottenham Court Road
Burlington Arcade
51 Burlington Arcade
www.burlington-arcade.co.uk
Debenhams
334-348 Oxford Street
www.debenhams.com
Canary Wharf
Canada Place
www.canarywharf.com
Fenwick of Bond Street
63 New Bond Street
www.fenwick.co.uk
Harrods
87-135 Brompton Road
www.harrods.com
Harvey Nichols
109-125 Knightsbridge
www.harveynichols.com
John Lewis
300 Oxford Street
www.johnlewis.com
Liberty
Regent Street
www.liberty.co.uk
London Designer Outlet
Empire Way
www.london-designer-outlet.com
Marks & Spencer
458 Oxford Street
www.marksandspencer.com
Selfridges
400 Oxford Street
www.selfridges.com
The Village at Westfield
Ariel Way
www.westfield.com
General
museum
Anthropology
War Museum
Amusement
park
Scary and fun
Ferris wheel
Transportation
Zoo
Natural history
Aquarium
Science
Amusement
park
Toys and more
27
Battersea Park Children’s Zoo
Battersea Park
www.batterseaparkzoo.co.uk
British Museum
44 Great Russell Street
www.britishmuseum.org
Horniman Museum
100 London Road
www.horniman.ac.uk
Imperial War Museum
Lambeth Road
www.iwm.org.uk
Legoland
Winkfield Road, Windsor
www.legoland.co.uk
London Dungeon
Riverside Building
www.thedungeons.com/london
London Eye
Riverside Building
www.londoneye.com
London Transport Museum
Covent Garden Piazza
www.ltmuseum.co.uk
London Zoo
Outer Circle, Regent’s Park
www.zsl.org
Natural History Museum
Cromwell Road
www.nhm.ac.uk
Sea Life London Aquarium
Riverside Building
Westminster Bridge Road
www.visitsealife.com/london
Science Museum
Exhibition Road
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
Thorpe Park
Staines Road, Chertsey
www.thorpepark.com
V&A Museum of Childhood
Kingsland Road
www.vam.ac.uk/moc
Facts about the United Kingdom
Flag
Highest mountains
Height
Name
1,344 m
Ben Nevis
1,309 m
Ben Macdhui
1,296 m
Braeriach
1,291 m
Cairn Toul
1,258 m
Sgor an Lochain Uaine
General information
Official name
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Capital
London
Political system Constitutional monarchi
National day
23 April (England)
Anthem
God save the King/Queen
Main religion
Christianity
Language
English
Area
244,820 km²
Population
58,789,000 (2001)
Currency
Pound (GBP)
Time zone
GMT (UTC+0)
www-domain
.uk
Telephone code +44
License plates
GB
Land and sea borders
North
Atlantic Ocean, Norwegian Sea
South
The English Channel, Dover Strait
East
North Sea
West
Atlantis Ocean, Irish Sea, Ireland
Largest islands
Area
216,777 km²
2,179 km²
1,656 km²
969 km²
875 km²
Name
Great Britain
Lewis with Harris
Isle of Skye
Mainland Shetland Hebrides
Mull
Longest rivers
Length
354 km
346 km
297 km
230 km
215 km
Name
River Severn
River Thames
River Trent
River Great Ouse
River Wye
Largest lakes
Area
382 km²
105 km²
71 km²
57 km²
44 km²
Name
Lough Neagh
Lower Lough Erne
Loch Lomond
Loch Ness
Upper Lough Erne
Largest cities/metropolitan areas (2006)
City
Inhabitants
London
8,279,000
Birmingham
2,284,000
Manchester
2,240,000
Leeds/Bradford 1,499,000
Glasgow
1,168,000
Newcastle
880,000
Liverpool
816,000
Nottingham
666,000
Sheffield
641,000
Bristol
551,000
28
Administrative parts
State
Main city
England
London
Northern Ireland Belfast
Scotland
Edinburgh
Wales
Cardiff
Area
130,395 km²
13,843 km²
78,772 km²
20,779 km²
Heads of state and politicians
Name
Title
Mary I
Queen
Elizabeth I
Queen
George III
King
Victoria
Queen
George VI
King
Winston
Prime minister
Churchill
Years
1542-1567
1558-1603
1760-1820
1837-1901
1936-1952
1940-1945,
1951-1955
Bank holidays and memorial days
Date
Occasion
1 January
New Year’s Day
2 January
New Year (Scotland)
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Monday
First Monday in May Day
May
Last Monday in Spring
May
12 July
Battle of the Boyne
(Northern Ireland)
Last Monday in Late summer
August
30 November
St. Andrew’s Day (Scotland)
25 December
Christmas Day
26 December
Boxing Day
29
Weather in the United Kingdom
Climate London (source: worldclimate.com)
Cilmate Edinburgh (source: worldclimate.com)
Month
24 hour mean
temperature °C
Rainfall (mm)
Month
24 hour mean
temperature °C
Rainfall (mm)
January
4.9
62
January
3.1
55
February
4.6
36
February
3.3
41
March
7.1
50
March
5.2
47
April
9.0
43
April
7.1
39
May
12.6
45
May
9.9
50
June
15.6
46
June
12.8
50
July
18.4
46
July
14.5
64
August
17.8
44
August
14.3
69
September
15.2
43
September
12.3
63
October
12.0
73
October
9.6
62
November
7.7
45
November
5.8
63
December
6.1
59
December
4.1
61
Climate Manchester (source: worldclimate.com)
Climate Belfast (source: worldclimate.com)
Month
24 hour mean
temperature °C
Rainfall (mm)
Month
24 hour mean
temperature °C
Rainfall (mm)
January
3.1
71
January
4.1
83
February
4.0
59
February
4.4
55
March
5.6
58
March
5.6
59
April
8.1
52
April
7.7
51
May
11.6
62
May
10.5
56
June
14.4
71
June
13.4
65
July
15.8
87
July
14.7
79
August
15.6
93
August
14.5
78
September
13.4
82
September
12.5
82
October
10.1
93
October
9.4
85
November
6.1
85
November
6.2
75
December
4.3
87
December
4.7
84
30
GUIDES
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