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Information
Calcolo e progetto strutturale di costruzioni in legno
XLAM
Dimensionamento
Basi per il calcolo
strutturale e la
costruzione secondo
gli Eurocodici
L’XLAM, materiale innovativo per elementi portanti,
apre le porte a nuove applicazioni nella costruzione
di strutture di legno. Questa guida vuole essere uno
strumento per valorizzarlo e sfruttarlo in modo
corretto in fase di progettazione e di esecuzione.
Il materiale piano “XLAM” – definito spesso anche
“BSP” oppure “CLT” – è prima di tutto descritto in
relazione alla sua produzione. In seguito vengono
presi in considerazione gli aspetti più importanti del
dimensionamento, come la descrizione del comportamento meccanico, e del comportamento in caso di
incendio, con i relativi modelli e valori di riferimento
secondo il concetto di sicurezza strutturale degli
Eurocodici. Nella parte centrale del capitolo dedicato
ai collegamenti vengono analizzate le viti per il legno
autoforanti e gli aspetti più generali della costruzione
in legno. Conclude la parte generale e teorica una
sezione dedicata alla controventatura e all‘irrigidimento degli edifici, oltre alla sicurezza sismica.
Alcuni esempi concreti permettono di applicare in
modo semplice i contenuti di questa guida e di
stimolare la discussione e lo sviluppo di ulteriori
modelli strutturali, anche più complessi.
DI Dr. Markus Wallner-Novak
DI Josef Koppelhuber
DI Kurt Pock
proHolz Austria
Novembre 2014
isbn 978-3-902926-07-4 | Euro 35
XLAM
Dimensionamento
Basi per il calcolo strutturale e la
costruzione secondo gli Eurocodici
Editrice e redazione
proHolz Austria Ente austriaco
per la promozione del legno
Presidente Hans Michael Offner
Direttore Georg Binder
Project Management
Alexander Eder
1011 Vienna⁄ Austria
Uraniastrasse 4
T + 43 (0)1 ⁄ 712 04 74
[email protected], www.proholz.at
Merk Timber GmbH
D-86551 Aichach
Industriestraße 2
T + 49 (0)8251 ⁄ 908 - 0
[email protected]
www.merk.de
Hasslacher Norica Timber
A-9751 Sachsenburg
Feistritz 1
T + 43 (0)4769 ⁄ 2249 - 0
[email protected]
www.hasslacher.at
Grafica
Cover Gassner Redolfi, Schlins (at)
Reinhard Gassner, Marcel Bachmann
Impaginazione dei contenuti,
Markus Wallner-Novak
Stampa
Eberl Print, Immenstadt (de)
1a edizione in lingua tedesca: 2013
Pubblicazione con il supporto di:
Binderholz Bausysteme GmbH
A-5400 Hallein
Solvay-Halvic-Straße 46
T + 43 (0)6245 ⁄ 70 500 - 556
[email protected]
www.binderholz-bausysteme.com
Haas Fertigbau Holzbauwerk
GesmbH & Co kg
A-8263 Großwilfersdorf
Radersdorf 62
T + 43 (0)3385 ⁄ 666 - 0
[email protected]
www.haas-fertigbau.at
Mayr-Melnhof Holz Holding ag
A-8700 Leoben, Turmgasse 67
T + 43 (0)3842 ⁄ 300 - 0
[email protected]
www.mm-holz.com
Stora Enso
Building and Living
A-9462 Bad St. Leonhard
Wisperndorf 4
T + 43 (0)4350 ⁄ 2301 - 3207
buildingsolutions@
storaenso.com
www.clt.info
Fachverband der Holzindustrie Österreichs
A-1037 Wien
Schwarzenbergplatz 4
T + 43 (0)1 ⁄ 712 26 01
[email protected]
www.holzindustrie.at
Autori
DI Dr. Markus Wallner-Novak
DI Josef Koppelhuber
DI Kurt Pock
1a edizione in lingua italiana: 2014
Traduzione contenuti: promo_legno, Milano
Lettorato: Renata Bernardini, Milano
isbn 978-3-902926-07-4
Prezzo: Euro 35 (IVA esclusa)
Stampato su carta certificata pefc. Questo
prodotto proviene da fonti controllate e da
foreste gestite in maniera sostenibile.
www.pefc.it
Copyright 2014 di proHolz Austria e degli
autori. Tutti i diritti riservati. L’uso di questo
materiale senza l’esplicita autorizzazione
dell’editore è proibito e perseguibile penalmente.
Prefazione
La costruzione in legno è stata caratterizzata negli
ultimi cento anni da un’enorme evoluzione. Sia gli
elementi costruttivi che i materiali hanno visto un
costante sviluppo.
Il legno, o meglio la singola tavola o lamella, rappresenta la base per la realizzazione del legno
lamellare, dei pacchetti di tavole e dell’XLAM.
Proprio questo materiale relativamente “nuovo” –
i pannelli di legno massiccio incollati a strati incrociati XLAM – il cui impiego sistematico, anche sul
piano economico, è iniziato circa venti anni fa, è un
materiale da costruzione apparentemente semplice.
E’composto da lamelle, classificate secondo la
resistenza e incollate fra loro in un numero dispari
di strati sovrapposti e ruotati di 90° uno rispetto
all’altro. Nasce così un pannello apparentemente
omogeneo.
Una considerazione ingegneristica più approfondita
rivela però la complessità di questo materiale da
costruzione. Si tratta di un materiale composito,
ortotropo, stratificato ortogonalmente, a base di
legno, con basi di calcolo complesse.
“Si devono vedere le cose nel modo più semplice
possibile. Ma non più semplice di così”
(Albert Einstein, 1879 – 1955)
Questa guida intende essere uno strumento nelle
mani dei progettisti, degli studi di ingegneria e
degli esecutori, per poter effettuare i calcoli tecnici
necessari per la progettazione e l’applicazione
dell’XLAM. Un’attenzione particolare è rivolta alle
funzioni strutturali e costruttive dell’XLAM quale
elemento portante e alle esigenze che ne derivano.
Sono state elaborate proposte costruttive per la
giunzione dei pannelli XLAM.
La guida al calcolo permette ai progettisti esecutivi
un approccio semplice e rapido al materiale da
costruzione XLAM, poiché le verifiche strutturali
necessarie sono descritte alla luce dei relativi
modelli ingegneristici e accompagnati da esempi
pratici e concreti. Questa guida è stata redatta
dall’ingegner DI Dr. Markus Wallner-Novak e dai
suoi coautori, gli ingegneri DI Josef Koppelhuber e
DI Kurt Pock con molta accuratezza e precisione.
L’ingegnere vi potrà trovare le risposte alle domande
fondamentali sul calcolo dell’XLAM. Tutto questo
fa della guida uno strumento fondamentale per
l’applicazione pratica dell’XLAM.
Wilhelm Luggin, strutturista, Austria
Nota all’edizione in lingua italiana
ll testo in lingua italiana è per principio la fedele
traduzione del testo originale tedesco, senza
modifiche sul piano dei contenuti. Il testo di questa
guida si basa quindi sulla situazione normativa
attualmente in vigore in Austria, che riflette l’applicazione delle regole contenute negli Eurocodici e
nei rispettivi documenti applicativi nazionali
austriaci di riferimento. Tutto questo riguarda sia
gli aspetti relativi alla parte ingegneristica del
calcolo e delle verifiche strutturali, sia quelli
dell’omologazione dei prodotti per uso strutturale.
In alcuni casi il testo fa riferimento alle indicazioni
e prescrizioni contenute in alcune norme DIN, in
vigore e comunemente accettate in diversi paesi
Europei.
L’applicazione in Italia dell’XLAM, come per tutti
i prodotti per uso strutturale e per le strutture
portanti in genere, è regolamentata dai relativi
documenti legislativi italiani, primo fra tutti il DM08
e i documenti cui lo stesso DM08 fa riferimento.
I riferimenti alla situazione normativa nazionale italiana e le basi di applicazione di queste prescrizioni
sono contenuti per esempio nella documentazione
edita da promo_legno e valida quale documentazione didattica per i corsi sull’impiego e sul calcolo
strutturale dei pannelli XLAM. Questi documenti
sono disponibili sul sito www.promolegno.com
La versione italiana della guida contiene in alcuni
punti chiave del testo il riferimento a questi documenti come spunto di approfondimento indispensabile al lettore interessato all’applicazione strutturale dell’XLAM in Italia.
promo_legno
Per la promozione della cultura del legno.
www.promolegno.com
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Valori sezionali per stratigrafie di pannelli XLAM standard – solette e coperture
Definizioni
Stratigrafia
I0,net
W0,net
SR,net
AR,
I0,ef / ref
2,00 m
[cm4]
[cm3]
[cm3]
[cm2]
3,00 m
)/(
4,00 m 5,00 m
[cm4]
6,00 m
7,00 m
[–]
XLAM
130 C5s
30l–20w–30l–
20w–30l
15.675
86 %
2.412
1.500
1.567
11.990
65 %
13.778
75 %
14.546
79 %
14.932
82 %
15.151
83 %
15.287
83 %
0,193
XLAM
150 L5s
30l–30w–30l–
30w–30l
22.275
79 %
2.970
1.800
1.856
15.186
54 %
18.422
65 %
19.924
71 %
20.709
74 %
21.163
75 %
21.447
76 %
0,184
XLAM
160 L5s
40l–20w–40l–
20w–40l
30.400
89 %
3.800
2.400
1.900
21.680
64 %
25.741
75 %
27.580
81 %
28.529
84 %
29.074
85 %
29.414
86 %
0,208
XLAM
220 L7s
40l–20w–40l–
20w–40l–20w–40l
74.196
84 %
6.739
4.800
2.319
43.594
49 %
56.360
64 %
62.921
71 %
66.530
75 %
68.676
77 %
70.042
79 %
0,217
XLAM
220 L7s2
30l–30l–30w–40l–
30w–30l–30l
80.933
91 %
7.358
4.800
2.529
42.978
48 %
57.680
65 %
65.856
74 %
70.550
80 %
73.412
83 %
75.260
85 %
0,188
Valori sezionali per stratigrafie di pannelli XLAM standard – pareti
Definizioni
XLAM
90 C3s
Stratigrafia
30l–30w–30l
A0,net
SR,net
AR,
W0,net
[cm2]
[cm4]
[cm3]
[cm3]
[cm2]
2,50 m 2,95 m 3,00 m 4,00 m 5,00 m 6,00 m [–]
600
5.850
1.300
900
975
5.120
2,92
86
40l–40w–40l
1.600
1.300
11.083 11.737 11.796 12.613 13.035 13.277 0,155
3,72
3,83
3,84
3,97
4,04
4,07
67
77
78
101
124
147
1.560
1.050
1.114
6.532
3,30
76
15.675 2.412
1.500
1.567
13.088 13.722 13.778 14.546 14.932 15.151
3,81
3,90
3,91
4,02
4,07
4,10
66
76
77
99
123
146
0,193
1.800
1.856
17.130
4,36
57
0,184
800
13.867 2.311
96 %
XLAM
100 C3s
30l–40w–30l
600
7.800
94 %
XLAM
130 C5s
30l–20w–30l–
20w–30l
900
86 %
XLAM
150 C5s
30l–30w–30l–
30w–30l
900
22.275 2.970
79 %
Stratigrafia dei pannelli XLAM contenuti in questa
guida con i valori sezionali e di dimensionamento
per il caso della sollecitazione a flessione monoassiale
con e senza sbandamento, secondo le indicazioni
contenute nei capitoli 5 e 6.
Le stratigrafie contenute in questa guida sono
standard e sono state definite indipendentemente
da quelle offerte dai diversi produttori. Le tabelle
rappresentano una possibile determinazione dei
valori sezionali per il dimensionamento secondo le
indicazioni di questa guida.
I diversi produttori mettono a disposizione i valori
sezionali delle stratigrafie specifiche da loro prodotte.
)/(
ref
96 %
XLAM
120 C3s
I0,ef [cm4]/i0,ef [cm]/ [–]
I0,net
Inet
Ibrut
A0,net
I0,net
W0,net
SR,net
AR, Ð
I0,ef
i0,ef
ref
)/(
5.305
2,97
99
6.843
3,38
87
5.321
2,98
101
6.871
3,38
89
5.539
3,04
132
7.247
3,48
115
5.647
3,07
163
7.436
3,52
142
5.707
3,08
195
7.543
3,55
169
18.314 18.422 19.924 20.709 21.163
4,51
4,52
4,71
4,80
4,85
65
66
85
104
124
0,155
0,152
Area – netta nella direzione dello strato esterno (direzione portante principale) in cm2
Momento d’inerzia – netto nella direzione dello strato esterno
(direzione portante principale) in cm4
Momento resistente – netto nella direzione dello strato esterno
(direzione portante principale) in cm3
Momento statico – netto nella direzione dello strato esterno
(direzione portante principale) in cm3
Area equivalente per il calcolo della tensione di taglio trasversale determinante in cm2
Momento d’inerzia – Valore effettivo nella direzione dello strato esterno
(direzione portante principale) in cm4
Raggio d’inerzia – Valore effettivo nella direzione dello strato esterno
(direzione portante principale) in cm
Lunghezza di riferimento (lunghezza di libera inflessione) in m
Snellezza
Coefficiente di taglio per il calcolo dell’elemento trasversale con scorrimento a taglio