^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g攸WmZ

Transcription

^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ
dm{f©H$ à{VdoXZ
2006-07
dm{f©H$ à{VdoXZ 1-4-2006 - 31-3-2007
{hÝXr à{VdoXZ : Eg.Ho$. gmhm
gh`moJ : gamoO B©ídabmb
D$nar AmdaU
:
hmB© AëQ>rQ²>`yQ> Jm_m ao (EM E Or E Ama) Q>o{bñH$mon Eoao
n¥ð> AmdaU (~mha) : ^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ Ho$ µ\$sëS> ñQ>oeZm| na AbJ - AbJ Q>o{bñH$monm| H$m g_yh - Ñî`
({MÌmdbr)
n¥ð> AmdaU (A§Xa)
:
^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ, ~|Jbya _| Am`mo{OV Xygar A§VJ¥©h ~¡R>H$ Ho$ à{V^mJr ì`{ŠV Ÿ&
_wÐH$ : d¡H$Q> qàQ²g àm. {b{_Q>oS>, EànmoQ>© amoS> H«$m°g, ~§Jbm¡a - 560 017.
AZwH«$_{UH$m
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g_rjmYrZ df© : EH$ {dh§J_ Ñ{ï>
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gy`© Am¡a gm¡a-_§S>c H$m AÜ``Z
1.1 gm¡a ^m¡{VH$s
1.2 gm¡a ao{S>`mo IJmob{dkmZ
1.3 CnJ«h {dkmZ
1.4
gm¡a ^m¡{_H$ g§~§Y
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VmaH$s` VWm J¡boŠgr` IJmob {dkmZ
2.1 Vmam - {Z_m©U
2.2 ZE VmaH$s` qnS>
2.3 hmBS´>moOZ H$s AënVmdmbo Vmao
2.4 Zd VmaH$m| _| âbmo[aZ
2.5 VmaH$s` _mZH$
2.6 go\$sS>²g
2.7 YmpËdH$ AënVm VmaH$
2.8 VmaH$s` gd}jU
2.9 {Û-AmYmar nÜX{V
2.10 VmaH$ - g_yh
2.11 AmB© Eg E_ (ISM)
2.12 dm_Z-Vmam Am¡a EŠgmo-gmobma CnJ«h
2.13 J¡bo{ŠQ>H$ {S>ñH$
2.14 {dñ\$moQ>H$mar VmaH$
2.15 bKw _¡OoboZr` _§Xm{H$Zr
2.16 g{H«$` _§Xm{H$Zr
3
g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Vmam^m¡{VH$s Am¡a ^m¡{VH$s
3.1 àH$me àgaU
3.2 E_ EM S>r
3.3 nëgma
3.4 {d{H$aUr ñWmZm§VaU
3.5 EñQ´>mo{µ\${µOH$b ñnoŠQ´>monmobar [_Q´>r
3.6 nañna à^m{dV _§Xm{H${Z`m§ (½b¡ŠgrµO)
3.7 CÀM D$Om© Vmam^m¡{VH$s
3.8 J¡a - CËàoaH$ AUw - ^m¡{VH$s
3.9 na_mpÊdH$ Am¡a AmpÊdH ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ
3.10 Zm{^H$s` Vmam ^m¡{VH$s
3.11 CÀM D$Om© Zm{^H$s` ^m¡{VH$s
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11.
àm`mo{JH$ IJmob{dkmZ
4.1 Cƒ {d`moOZ VH$ZrH$s
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XyaXeu `§Ì Am¡a àojU H|$Ð
5.1 H$moS¡>H$mZmb àojU H|$Ð
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5.3 ^maVr` IJmob{dkmZ àojU H|$Ð, hmÝbo
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5.5 ao{S>`mo Qo>{bñH$mon, Jm¡ar{~XZya
^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ, ~|Jbya Ho$ n[aga
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6.1 BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ à`moJembm
6.2 \$moQ>m°{ZŠg à`moJembm
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Xm¡ao-H$m`©H«$_ Am¡a `mÌmE§
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12.1 ^mfU_mbm, dmVm©E±
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12.2 amï´>r` {dkmZ {Xdg, 2006
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A{V{W d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam {XE JE H$mobmoŠ`m/g§^mfU
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^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ _| nYmao A{V{W
Am¡a d¡km{ZH$
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15.1 BZ hmCg d¡km{ZH$ ~¡R>H|$
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15.2 `w{dQ> Am¡a EñQ´>mog¡Q> g§~§Yr A§Vaamï´>r` dH©$em°n 84
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`wdm IJmob {dkm{ZH$m| H$s g§Jmoð>r
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AÜ``Z ^r Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& NGC 1063 Ho$ A§Xa g§H$sU© aoS>r` joÌ H$m EH$ Am`Zo{_H$b _m°S>ob V¡`ma {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
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boh H$m Xm¡am {H$`m &
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E_, `y Eg E Ûmam {Z{_©V {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr AmH$mer` {_{V Ho$ {Za§Va _mnZ Ho$ {bE {deof àH$ma
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E_ EM S>r Va§Jm| na âboà {WH$Zog _| KQ>-~‹T>
ßbmµµÁ_m ñb¡~ EH$ boà h¡ Omo {H$ _o½ZoQ>moñ\$s[aH$ Jmobr` joÌ
H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡ & `h boà _¡½ZoQ>moerW Am¡a _¡½ZoQ>moñ\$sà
Ho$ ~rM H$m B§Q>a\o$g hmoVm h¡ & ßbmµµÁ_m ñb¡~ J{Verb VWm
pñWa ßbmµµÁ_m go XmoZm| _| go {H$gr EH$ Amoa {Kam ahVm h¡ & Bg
ñb¡~ go {~IaZodmbm ßbmµµÁ_m g\}$g na X~m~ CËnÝZ H$aVm h¡
Am¡a Bg à^md H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Jmobr` joÌ Ho$ boà
{WH$Zog _| KQ> - ~‹T> Ho$ à^md H$m AÜ``Z {deof A{^bjU
_mZH$a {H$`m J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ boà {WH$Zog _| Bg n[adV©Z Ho$
H$maU AñWmB© _moS> H$s pñW{V ~Z OmVr h¡ [Oggo Ho$ëdrZ hoë_mohmoµO EH$ O¡gm Zht nm`m OmVm Ÿ& gmobma qdS> Ho$ H$maU Omo
_¡½ZoQ>moerW ßbmµµÁ_m ~ZVm h¡ dh J{Verb ßbmµµÁ_m _r{S>`_
_mZm OmVm h¡ Am¡a Bg _mÝ`Vm Am¡a YmaUm gmobma qdS> Ho$ doJ
à^md H$mo ^r EH$ H$maU _mZVo h¢ &
(Or. S>¡{dS> a{WZmdobw *, E_. {edam_Z *, E. gË` ZmamÙm
Am¡a Ho$. gmo_mgwÝXa_ *)
gy`© _| Aëµ\$mdoZ Va§Jm| na {dñH$mgr à^md
gy`© {H$arQ> _| Aëµ\$mdoZ Va§Jm| Ho$ {dñH$mgr Ad_§XZ H$m AÜ``Z
br{Zà, {dñH$mgr Mwå~H$s` à^md dmbo hmBS—>moS>m`Zo{_Šg Ho$
A§VJ©V {H$`m J`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ {dñH$m{gVm EH$ D$Om© j`H$mar
_w»` {H«$`m{d{Y h¡Ÿ& gy`© {H$arQ> Ho$ Aëµ\$mdoZ Va§Jm| _| AÝ`
{H«$`m{d{YH$ {deofVmE± ^r h¢ O¡go {H$ à{VamoYH$Vm, AZwZmXr
2
AdemofU Am{X Ÿ& àH$sU©Z H$s {deofVm Va§J g§MaU Ho$ H$maU
àVrV hmoVr h¡ Omo Vrd« Mwå~H$s` à^md go `wŠV A§Van¥îR> pñW{V
h¡ Ÿ& Bggo XmoZm| Va\$ g_m§J {dñH$mgr, g§nrS>ç, J{Verb
VWm pñWa ßbmµµÁ_m _r{S>`m {Z{_©V hmoVm h¡ {Oggo g_ê$n
Mwå~H$Ëd joÌ nmaJ_Z à{H«$`m go ~ZVm h¡ & `h _yb^yV
Mwå~H$s` g§Jê$nU h¡ Omo {H$ H$B© Vmam^m¡{VH$s` H$moamoZb \µ $sMa
g_PZo _| ghm`H$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Bg ~mV H$s nwpîQ> AZoH$
emoYH$VmAm| Zo ^r H$s h¡ Ÿ& àH$sU©Z H$s {deofVm A§H$s` ê$n _|
^r gwbPmB© Am¡a g_PmB© OmVr h¡ Ed§ gy`© {H$arQ> Ho$ J_© hmoZo
na Aëµ\$mdoZ Va§Jm| Ho$ {dñH$mgr Ad_§XZ H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
(Or. S>{¡ dS> a{WZmdobw *, E_. {edam_Z *, E. gË`ZmamÙm,
Am¡a Ho$ gmo_mgwÝXa_ *)
gm¡>a ÁdmbmjoÌ $Ho${Z_m©U H$m AÜ``Z
gm¡a ÁdmbmjoÌ Ho$ {Z[©_V hmoZo Ho$ nhbo V§VwH$ Ymar ÁdmbmjoÌ
Ho$ _Ü` go ~ZVr hþB© {XIVr h¡ & `h Ymar Cg j¡{VO J{V H$m
g§Ho$V H$aVr h¡ Omo Ádmbm joÌ Ho$ _Ü` go hmoH$a ~‹T>Vr h¡Ÿ& Bg
J{V àdmh H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE _¡½ZoQ>mo - hmBS—>moS>m`Zmo{_Šg
(E_ EM S>r) Ho$ _yb^yV g_rH$aU H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Bgr
g_rH$aU go gm¡a Ádmbm VWm Cg_| {Z{hV J{V H$s JUZm
H$aVo h¢ VWm Bg H«$_ _| _mZH$a MbVo h¢ {H$ gmobma ßbmµµÁ_m
pñWa h¡ Am¡a Cgr pñW{V _| Ed§ Šdmgr 2-S>r bJ^J g_mZ
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Cn`w©ŠV {díbofU go {ZåZ{b{IV n[aUm_ àmßV
hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
gm¡a Ádmbm H$s b§~r Ajm§e H$s Amoa àdmh {Z{hV epŠV Ûmam
~Zm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& AÝ` Xmo {XemAm| _| àdmh Bg{bE Zht hmoVm h¡
{H$ dhm± Jwê$Ëdr` epŠV g§Vw{bV ahVr h¡ Ed§ J¡gr` Xm~ Ho$
gmW bma|O \$mog© H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CnamoŠV {ZH$f Am¡a eV] nyar
hm|, BgHo$ H«$_ _| nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ Ðd H$m KZËd Mwå~H$Ëd PoÌ
H$s epŠV Ho$ g_mZwnmV _| h¡ Ÿ& `h g_mZwnmV h_oem EH$ O¡gm ~Zm aho, `h Mwå~H$Ëd joÌ H$s Á`m{_Vr` g§aMZm na
{Z^©a hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg {ñW{V _| O~{H$ g^r {XemAm| _| E_ EM
S>r H$m àdmh ~Zm ahVm h¡, Mwå~H$s` ~b H$s _mÌm àdmh Á`m|
H$m Ë`m| ~Zm aho, BgHo$ {bE C$ÎmaXm`r hmoVr h¡ Am¡a AÝ` ^mJ
g§VwbZ ~ZmE, _| AnZr ^y{_H$m AXm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& gm¡a Ádmbm
O~ {dñ\$moQ>H$ ñVa na hmoVr h¡, gm¡a Ádmbm H$s bnQ>| dhm±
Aëµ\$mdoZ H$s ñWmZr` ñnrS> go {N>Q>H$Vr h¢ Ÿ& Eogr KQ>Zm Cg
joÌ _| _m¡>OyX Mwå~H$r` ~b Ho$ H$maU hmoVr h¡ VWm `hr ~b
àdmh H$mo ~ZmE aIZo _| ^r nyU©V: gh`moJr H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$maU `hm± Hw$b X~md VWm Jwê$Ëdr` ~b Ho$ ~rMŸg§Vbw Z
~Zm ahVm h¡ & Bg {Xem _| AmJo emoYH$m`© Omar h¡ &
(~r .Eg. ZmJ^yfUm)
H$moamoZb bynm| H$m Mwå~H$Ëd
H$moamoZb _| CËnÝZ D$î_m H$m H$maU nVm bJmZo Ho$ ~mao _| H$m\$s
CbPZ H$s pñW[V~Zr hþB© h¡, hmbm§H$s H$moamoZb ßbmµÁµ _m Ho$ D$î_Z
_| dhm§ dV©_mZ Mwå~H$s` joÌ H$s ^y{_H$m ñdrH$ma H$s Om MwH$s
h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$maU H$moamoZb bynm| H$s àH¥${V H$m AÜ``Z Amdí`H$
h¡ Vm{H$ gy`© {H$arQ> Ho$ J_© hmoZo H$s dOh _mby_ hmo gHo$ Ÿ& _mZm
OmVm h¡ {H$ H$moamoZb bynm| _| hmBS—>mño Q>{¡ Q>H$ BŠdr{b{~[a`_ hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a `h AmBgmoW_©b àH¥${V H$m hmoVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ J¡gr` X~md
go H$m\$s Á`mXm Mwå~H$s` X~m~ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr gmW
byn nVbo Am¡a {dab hmoVo h¢ Am¡a BZH$s Mmam| Amoa Mwå~H$r`
naV AÝ` J_© bynm| Ho$ H$maU ~Z OmVm h¡ boIH$m| Zo Mma
epŠVembr {H$arQ>r` CËgO©Z bmBZm| H$s pñW{V H$m {ZîH$f© {X`m
h¡ Omo CÝhm|Zo AnZo gwg§~Õ àojU Ho$ AmYma na {XIVm hþAm
~Vm`m h¡ - [FeX] 637.4 EZ E_, [Fe X] 789.2 EZ E_, [Fe
XIV] 530. 3EZ E_ VWm bJ^J 8 dfm}§ Ho$ A§Vamb na ñnoŠQ—>_
Ho$ nmQ>© Ho$ ê$n _| {ZAa BÝ\«$mS> [Fe XIII] 1074.7 dEZ E_ H$m
~ZmZm & EH$ ~ma Xmo CËgO©Z bmBZ| àojU _| {XIr Omo {H$
{H$arQ>r` joÌ H$s amñQ>a ñH¡$qZJ Ho$ H$maU àVrV hmoVr h¡ & BZ
CËgO©Z bmBZm| H$s Mm¡‹S>mB© _| VWm gKZVm Ho$ AZwnmV _| KQ> ~‹T> hmoVm ahVm h¡ {Oggo `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ h_oem ~Zm
ahZodmbm H$moamoZb byn Mwå~H$Ëd H$s ÑpîQ> go {Zîà^mdr Zht
hmoVm h¡ & BZ emoYm| go H$moamoZb bynm| H$m _m°S>ob V¡`ma H$aZo _|
{XŠH$V| Am ahr h¢ & BZ AÜ``Zm| Ho$ H$maU H$moamoZb bynm| _|
Mwå~H$s` X~md Ho$ AË`§V H$_ hmoZo H$s _mÝ`Vm nwîQ> hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg ZVrOm| go `h YmaUm _µO~yV hmoVr h¡ {H$ gy`© {H$arQ> _|
Mwå~H$Ëd joÌ H$s epŠV R>rH$ - R>rH$ kmV H$s Om gH$Vr h¢ &
(OJXodqgh, Q>r. gHw$am` * Am¡a Š`mogr B{M_moQ>mo *)
ZmoarHw$am àojUH|$Ð go 25 g| ._r. Ho$ H$moamoZmoJm« \$ Ho$
ghmao àojU H$aZm
A~ VH$ boIH$m| Zo Xmo H$moamoZb CËgO©Z bmBZm| _| {H$arQ>r`
g§aMZmAm| Ho$ âbŠg ñnoŠQ—>_r àojU {H$E h¢ & `h CËgO©Z bmBZ
AÝ` VrZ bmBZm| [Fe X] AÝ` VrZ bmBZm| [Fe XI], [Fe XIII]
Am¡a [Fe XIV] _| go EH$ h¡ Ÿ& A~ VH$ àm`mo{JH$ ì`dñWm _|
AZoH$ Vah Ho$ n[adV©Z Am¡a n[adY©Z {H$E JE h¢ {Oggo {H$arQ>r`
CËgO©Z H$s Mma bmBZm| _| H$moamoZb g§aMZm H¡$gr h¡, BgH$m
amñQ>a ñH¡$Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& A~ VH$ `h g§^d Zht Wm
{H$ [Fe XIV] 530,3 Am¡a [Fe XIII] 1074.7 EZ E_ CËgO©Z
bmBZm| H$s gKZVm Ho$ AZwnmV H$m AÜ``Z Am¡a AmH$bZ {H$`m
Om gHo$ & A~ O~{H$ àm`mo{JH$ ì`dñWm CÝZV H$s JB© h¡, Bggo
H$moamoZb bynm| _| Vmn_mZ H$s pñW{V H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ dmñVo
_hËdnyU© gw{dYm hmo gH$Vr h¡ & {H$arQ>r` bynm| _| ßbmµµÁ_m H$m
CÀMVa Vmn_mZ hmoVm h¡, O~{H$ AÝ` CËgO©Z bmBZm| _|
VwbZmË_H$ ê$n go ßbmµµÁ_m H$m Vmn_mZ H$_ hmoVm h¡ & H$moamoZb
CËgO©Z bmBZm| _| Eogr pñW{V Š`m| h¡, BgHo$ ^m¡{VH$s H$maU
kmV H$aZo Ho$ {bE d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam gmW hr gmW \$bH$m| H$m
àojU {H$`m Om ahm h¡, Š`m|{H$ \$bH$m| _| H$m\$s D$nar gVh go
CËgO©Z hmoVm hþAm {XIVm h¡ & {OZ Mma H$moamoZb g§aMZmAm|
H$m àojU {H$`m Om ahm h¡ do h¢ [Fe XI] 789.2, [Fe XIII] 1074.7,
[Fe XIII] 1079.8 VWm [Fe XIV] 530.3 EZ E_ & Eogo àojU
OmnmZ _| ZmaoarHw$am àojU H$|ÝÐ _| 25 g| ._r. Ho$ H$moamoZmoJ«m\$
H$s ghm`Vm go AŠQy>~a, 2006 Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$B© {XZm| VH$ H$moamoZb
g§aMZmAm| H$s CËgO©Z bmBZm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| {H$E JE &
3
`h H$m`© {dXoer g§ñWmZ gmohmo _| gwñWm{nV b¡ñH$mo B§ñQ¯>_|Q> Ho$
Ûmam àojU go g§^d hþAm h¡ & `h àojU Ñ‹T>Vm go Bg ~mV H$s
nwpîQ> H$aVm h¡ {H$ gy`©{H$arQ> _| CËjonU D$Om© Ho$ A{^dhZ Ed§
dhm§ Ho$ Mwå~H$Ëd à^md go Ow‹S>m h¡ & `hr CËjonU J{V D$Om© H$m
H$maU h¡ Ÿ& gr E_ B© O{ZV Mwå~H$Ëd Am¡a D$Om© H$m A{^dhZ
CËjonU _yb^yV H$maU h¡ & d¡km{ZH$ boIH$m| Zo Xem©`m h¡ {H$
dhm§ CËnÝZ D$Om© H$s A{YH$V_ gr_m gr E_ B© g§~Y§ r Mwå~ŠVd
joÌ Ho$ à^md ñdê$n hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `h Mwå~H$Ëd joÌ {H$VZm ^r
ì`mnH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡, O~{H$ CËnÝZ D$Om© H$s Ý`yZV_ gr_m gr
E_ B© CËjonU Ho$ {bE Ano{jV n[aUm_ H$m bJ^J 74 JwUm
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
(àgmX gw~«_Ê`_ Am¡a E§{Obm¡g dmoabrXmg *)
JË`mË_H$ Mwå~H$s` A{^bjU Ho$ g_ê$nr g§H$« _Ur`
à^md joÌ
Xmo CËgO©Z bmBZm| H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ AZwnmV _| J{VO{ZV Vmn_mZ
n¡Xm hmo gH$Vm h¡ VWm Bg VmnH«$_ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ J¡a Vmnr` doJ H$s JUZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr Zm°Z - W_©b
d{bmo{gQ>r \$bH$ Ho$ D$na D±$MmB© Ho$ H$maU CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ &
EH$ hr gmW {H$E OmZodmbo BZ àojUm| Ho$ AmYma na d¡km{ZH$
boIH$m| Ho$ {bE Vmnr` Am¡a J¡a Vmnr` nhbwAm| Ho$ ~mao _|
{ZîHf© àmßV H$aZm g§^d hmo OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ BZ nhbwAm| Ho$
à^md na hr {H$arQ>r` CËgO©Z H$s bmBZm| H$s _wQ>mB© {Z^©a
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ D±$MmB© na Vmnr` Am¡a J¡a -Vmnr` à^md _|
KQ>- ~‹T> Ho$ AmYma na H$moamoZb bynm| _| K{Q>V ^m¡{VH$s` Am¡a
AÝ` J{VH$s A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {ZîH$f© àmßV {H$E Om
gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo {ZîH$f© Ûmam {H$arQ>r` g§aMZmAm| Ed§ gmobma
H$moamoZm _| CËnÝZ hmoZo dmbr D$î_m Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma AbJ AbJ A{^{H«$`mAm| H$s nhMmZ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Cg ~mao
_| {ZpíMV AZw_mZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ &
(OJXod qgh)
gm¡a H$moamoZm _| geŠV CËjonU g§~Y
§ r A{^{H«$`mE§
d¡km{ZH$ boIH$m| Zo hmb hr _| gy`© {H$arQ> Ho$ A§Xa go epŠVembr
CËjonU Ho$ µ\$bŠg -amon H$mo boH$a ì`mnH$ gd}jU {H$`m h¡ &
{MÌ - 1: The O V 629.7 Å time series of the intensity variation
(top), the de-trended intensity variation (middle), and the
relative Doppler velocity with colour bar (bottom). The white
rectangular marks the location of the MMF. The X axis
corresponds to the solar Y coordinates of the pixels along
the detector slit, and the Y axis shows the time.
4
ñnoŠQ—>mo - hr{b`moJm« _ (λ = 3883 Å) _| erbo (1969, gmobma
{µ\${µOŠg, 9, 347) H$m nVm Mbm Ÿ& gy`© H$b§H$ go ~mha H$s
Amoa ~«mBQ> ßdmB§Q> Ky_Vm gm bJmVma A{^d{hV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mX
_| _¡½ZoQ>moJ«m_ H$s _XX go BZ Ky_Vo ~«mBQ> ßdmB§Q>m| H$mo XoIm J`m
Am¡a Cgo _yqdJ _¡½Zo{Q>H$ µ\$sMa ( E_ E_ E\$ ) Zm_ {X`m
J`m Ÿ& `h ~Vm`m J`m {H$ ò µ\$sMa _¡½Zo{Q>H$ Zm¡Q²>g h¢ Omo {H$
CZ A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ n[aUm_ hmoVo h¢ Omo gy`© H$b§H$ Ho$ _¡½Zo{Q>H$
\$sëS> VWm gwnaJ«o«Ý`ybg H$s VoO J{V go n¡Xm hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& E_ E_
E\$ H$m\$s N>moQ>o h¢ (1500 {H$. J«m_ go H$_ ) Am¡a ò `m Vmo
~mB©nmoba hmoVo h¢ `m `y{Znmoba Ÿ& hmbm§[H$ \$mooQ>mñ\o$[aH$ ñVa
na BZ E_ E_ E\$ à^mdm| H$m ì`mnH$ AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡,
{Oggo `h nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ CZHo$ D$na dmVmdaU H$r hmbV
Š`m h¡, `h _mby_ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& H«$mo_moñ\$s[aH$ AdñWmAm| VWm
Q—>m{§ OeZ arOZ H$s J{VH$s go g§~{§ YV `h H$m`© _yqdJ _¡½Zo{Q>H$
_moo$Zmonmob Ho$ AÜ``Z H$s Oê$aV ~VmVm h¡ Omo {H$ ñnoŠQ—>ob
Q>mB_ grarµO Am¡a B_oOm| H$s _XX go g§^d h¡ Ÿ& Q—>m°§{OeZ
arOZ Ho$ AbJ - AbJ Vmn_mZ Ho$ {hgm~ go _yqdJ _¡½Zo{Q>H$
_moZmonmob Ho$ à^md O¡gm {H$ _¡½ZoQ>moJ«m_ go [aH$mS>© {H$`m J`m
Wm, H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡ & Bg AÜ``Z go kmV hmoVm h¡
{H$ _¡½Zo{Q>H$ _moZmonmob N>moQ>m hmoH$a ^r D$nar ñ\o$[aH$ boàm|
H$s J{VH$s H$mo ~hþV à^m{dV H$aVm h¡ & AbJ AbJ {àŠd|gr
na XmobZm| H$m AÜ``Z `h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ H«$mo_moñ\o$arH$ Am¡a Q>m—
{§ OeZ arOZ _| MH$mMm¢Y _¡½Zo[QH$ _moZmonmob H$s J{V Ho$ H$maU
H$m ZVrOm h¡ Ÿ& ( XoI| {MÌ 1 ) {OZ {dñVma _| MH$mMm¢Y hmoVr
h¡ , dh joÌ ãby - {eâQ> O¡gr àd¥{Îm dmbm h¡ Ÿ& `h ãby à^md
V~ bJVm h¡ O~ {H$ {XIZo dmbo g_J« joÌ H$s Am¡gV J{V go
CgH$m {_bmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo ZVrOo Va§Jm| H$s CnpñW{V Xem©Vo
h¢ Am¡a / AWdm Eogo àdmh _moZmonmob go D$Om© H$m A{^dhZ
hmà EoQ>_m°ñ\o$à H$s Va\$ H$admVo h¢ Ÿ&
({bZ, {M`mgrZ*,S>r ~¡ZOu, Oo.Or. Xmo`bo *Am¡a B© Amo {e`m *)
gm§»`H$s` _oWm°S> go Va§Jm| H$s OmZH$mar
gmobma EoQ>_m°ñ\o$à _| Va§Jm| H$s AdñWm H$mo boH$a AnZmE JE
_oWm°S> Hw$N> gmar {deof pñW{V`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z â h¢ Ÿ& Bg {Xem
_| ZB© YmaUm Am¡a ÑpîQ> boH$a H$m_ {H$E JE h¢ {OgHo$ {bE
gm§[»`H$s` VarHo$ go XmobZm| Ho$ _mnZ Ho$ dmñVo dodboQ²g H$m
Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m & Va§Jm| H$s JhZVm Am¡a _hËdnyU© à^md
Š`m h¡ `h kmV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Z`m a¡ZS>mo_mBOoeZ VarH$m
AnZm`m Ÿ& `h VarH$m gm§p»`H$r` narjU H$m hr EH$ ñdê$n
h¡ {Oggo dmVmdaU _| K{Q>V hmo ahr A{^{H«$`mAm| H$m ghr
AmH$bZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bgr H$maU `h Cn`moJr h¡ Ÿ& AÝ` VarH$m|
go N>moQ>o N>moQ>o Am¡a {N>Q> -nwwQ> àojU hr {H$E OmVo aho h¢ Ÿ& hmb hr
_| d¡km{ZH$ boIH$m| Ûmam gr S>r Eg go àmßV ñnoŠQ—>b bmBZm| H$s
_mn H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m Vm{H$ Am°\$ - qb~ nmoba joÌm| VWm
H$moamoZb hmoëg _| XmobZm| H$s _m¡OyXJr H$m gm§p»`H$s` AmH$bZ
{H$`m OmE Ÿ& ñnoŠQ—>b bmBZm| Ho$ ~ZZo _| \o$µO {S>bo H$s _mn Amò
Am¡a h²dmBQ> (1979, APJ, 229, 1147) H$s VH$ZrH$ AnZmH$a
àmßV H$s JB© Ÿ& Bg _mnZ {H« $ `m _| \o $ µ O {S>bo ny a o
-180 {S>J«r go +180 {S>J«r H$s a|O _| ßbmqQ>J H$s JB© Am¡a Cgo
{\«$Šd|gr Ho$ àH$m`© Ho$ ê$n _| {b`m J`m Ÿ& Bg _mnZ {H«$`m Ho$
ZVrOo CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na {MÌ - 2 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ &
Bg {MÌ -2 _| AbJ AbJ bmBZ - `w½_m| Ho$ ~rM g§`wŠV µ\o$g
{S>boµO H$s _mn Xem©B© JB© h¡, CXmhaU Ho$ {bE Amo dr Am¡a
Mgx Ho$ ~rM H$s pñW{V XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ &
{MÌ - 2 : Phase delays measured between the oscillations
in the different line pairs, as labeled, e.g., between Ov and
Mgx 624 (left panel). Phase delays from radiant flux
oscillations are shown as the black circle symbols, while
phase delays from L.O.S. velocity oscillations are shown
as the grey circle symbols. Phase delays were measured
at the 95% and 99% significance levels. At the 99%
significance level, they are indicated by the slightly larger
symbols. Average uncertainties in the 95% and 99% phase
delay estimates are shown by the representative error bars
in each plot. Over-plotted on this plot are lines
corresponding to fixed time delays
`hm§ {MÌ _| Omo ZVrOo {XImE JE h¢ do Zm°XZ© Am°\$ - qb~ nmoba
arOZ _| {H$E JE AZoH$ àojUm| _| go h¢ Ÿ& ò àojU gy`© Ho$ dmVmdaU
_| Mb ahr A{^{H«$`mAm| go g§~§{YV Am¡a A{YH$ gm§p»`H$s`
{ZîH$f© àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$E JE Ÿ& {MÌ -2 _| `h XoIm Om
gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {Og XmobZ H$s _mn H$s JB© h¡ dh ≈ 0-8 MHz H$s
\«$sŠd|gr a|O _| CnbãY hmoVr h¡ VWm `h ^r {H$ µ\o$g bmBZ| _moQ>o
Vm¡a na grYr bmBZ| h¢ (BZ grYr bmBZm| Ho$ BX©{JX© q~Xw - H$U
ì`mnH$Vm go \¡$bo h¢) grYr bmBZm| na {~Iar µ\o$g| Xem©Vr h¢ {H$
dhm§ àg[aV bha| ~mha H$s Va\$ dV©_mZ h¢ Ÿ& BZ bmBZm| _|
ñbmon go `h kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ AbJ- AbJ bmBZm| Ho$ ~rM Q>mB_
{S>bo µ\o$g BŠdoeZ ∆φ = 2πfT d na {Z^©a h¡, Ohm± f \«$sŠdm§gr
Am¡a T goH|$S> _| Q>mB_ {S>bo H$m g§Ho$VH h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_rH$aU Ho$
AmYma na `h XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ µ\o$gm| _| A§Va br{Zà
AmYma Ho$ AZwgma h¡ {Og_| f ^r AbJ AbJ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a 360
{S>J« r go Á`mXm H$s \« $ sŠd| g r na ~Xb OmVr h¡
AWm©V ∆f = 1/T {MÌ 2 H$s pñW{V hmoZo na Q>mB_ {S>bo H$m _mnZ
Amo. dr. 629 bmBZ Am¡a Mg x 620 bmBZ Ho$ ~rM {H$`m OmVm
h¡ ( \$ñQ>© ßbm°Q> AmZ {X boâQ> ) Omo {H$ 58±7s (17 MHz) nm`m
J`m & _m{nV g_` {S>bo H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE VWm D±$MmB© Ho$
A§Va H$m gh`moOZ H$aVo hþE boIH$m| Zo OV 629 Am¡a
Mg x 624 bmBZm| Ho$ ~rM 154 ± 18 Kms–1 H$s g§MaU J{V
H$s JUZm H$s Ÿ& `h g§MaU J{V \$bH$ H$s Cg M_H$ H$s h¡ Omo
AbJ - AbJ bmBZm| Ho$ ~rM A{^dhZerb hmoVr h¡ &
({bZ, {g`m-grZ *, S>r ~¡ZOu , Oo.gr Xmo`bo * Am¡a B©.Amo.
{e`m *)
gmohmo S>mQ>m H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE H$moamoZb {N>Ðmo§
H$m AÜ``Z
5
gy`H© $b§H$ _| Ñí`_mZ AXrpßVjoÌ _| _mobHo $w ba bmBZm|
H$s nhMmZ (A{^kmnZ)
g§H«$_U H$mb H$s g§^mdZm H$m AmH$bZ CZ AZoH$ _moboHw$bm|
H$mo boH$a {H$`m J`m {OZ_| go Hw$N> Ho$ ~mao _| bJVm h¡ {H$
gy`©H$b§H$ _| Ñí`_mZ AXrpßV joÌ _| ^r CZH$s _m¡OyXJr h¡ Ÿ&
BZ g§H«$_Ur` g§^mì`Vm H$mo boH$a emoY Am¡a CZH$s nhMmZ Ho$
à`mg Mb aho h¢ & Bg {Xem _| Ama§{^H$ ZVrOm| go g§H$o V {_bVm
h¡ {H$ gy`©H$b§H$ _| Ñí`_mZAXrpßV joÌ _| S>m`Q>_ H$s ~oao{b`_
loUr Ho$ ~¢S> dhm§ _hÎdnyU© ê$n _| dV©_mZ h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$m`© H$s
{Xem _| ì`mnH$ Vm¡a na emoYH$m`© Omar h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _| bJVm h¡ {H$
BZ emoYH$m`m] Ho$ Hw$N> {ZîH$f© VmaH$s` ^m¡{VH$s _| _hÎdnyU©
h¡ Ÿ& CŠV àH$ma Ho$ {ZîH$fm] _| AIF H$mo bo gH$Vo h¢ {OgH$s
[anmoQ>© df© 2006 _| nhbo hr Xr Om MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& `{X CXmhaU Ho$
{bE XoI| Vmo AIF ~¢S>m| H$s CnpñW{V VWm Hw$N>oH$ ñQ>oba òmoVm| _|
ßbmo[aZ H$s _m¡OyXJr VmaH$s` {dH$mg Ho$ AÜ``Z H$s {Xem _|
{deof ê${M H$m gm{~V hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
(Eg nr ~Jmao, ~r H$m{V©Ho$`Z * Am¡a EZ. amOm_{UH$_ *)
H$moamoZb {N>Ð _| JhZ Vrd«Vm , B©`dy r CËgO©Z bmBZm| H$s S>mno ba
dobmo{gQ>r Am¡a bmBZ{dS²W Ed§ gm¡a joÌ Ho$ AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m
h¡ & gmohmo _| gwñWm{nV H$moamoZb S>m`½ZmopñQ>H$ ñnoŠQ—>mo_rQ>a
(CDS) go àmßV àojU {ZîH$f© Ho$ AmYma na ò AÜ``Z {H$E
JE & gm¡a joÌ {OgH$m àojU {H$`m J`m CgH$m Ñí` 1 AmH©$
{_Z. Mm¡>‹S>m VWm 4 AmH©$ {_Z b§~m h¡ àojU H$m`© H$s H$B© l§¥Ibm
VWm H«$_ _| {H$`m J`m Omo {H$ CÎmar nmoba hmob H$s gr_m Am¡a
CgH$s ~‹S>r {dfwdV² aoIr` AdpñW{V “ E{b\|$Q> Q—>H§ $ ” go g§~§{YV
h¡ & ào{jV bmBZm| _| \$m°_}eZ Vmn_mZ 0.083 MK go
boH$a 1.10 MK Ho$ ~rM ~XbVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Vmn_mZ _| dh KQ>
~‹T> Bg{bE gmobma dmVmdaU _| D±$MmB© Ho$ ~‹T>Zo H$s gyMZm XoVr
h¡ Ÿ& D±$MmB© _| `h ~‹T>moVar D$nar H$moamoñ\o$à Am¡a g§H«$_U joÌ
go boH$a {ZMbo H$moamoZm VH$ XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa gy`©
joÌ Am¡a H$moamoZb hmob VWm Xygar Amoa nmoba h§mbo VWm {dfwdVr`
joÌ H$m narjU {H$`m J`m h¡ & `h dV©_mZ AÜ``Z àËòH$
bmBZ H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ A§Vg§ª~§Y Am¡a nmañn[aH$ gj_Vm kmV
H$aZo H$s {Xem _| EH$ H$X_ h¡ Ÿ& Eogr bmBZm| H$s g~go D$nar
bmBZ Mg x 625 Å na Am±H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& nmobma VWm {dfwdVr`
{N>Ðmo§ _| nañna A§Vgª~§Y Am¡a gj_Vm Ho$ gmW - gmW Vrd«Vm
{hñQ>moJ«m_ Ho$ AÜ``Z go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ nmobma H$moamoZb
{N>Ð H$s VwbZm _| {dfwdVr` H$moamoZb{N>Ð _| g§H«$_U joÌ H$s
JhamB© H$_ h¡ &
gmobma 1-8Å EŠ$g ao AXrpßV S>mQ>m H$m {díbofU {H$gr EH$
gmobma _¡pŠg_m Ho$ Xm¡amZ Agm_mÝ` d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maUm| H$m nVm
bJmZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ {díbofU H$m`m] Ho$ ZVrOm|
go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ gy`© H$b§H$ jo` H$m Jham g§~§Y 1-8Å
âbŠg go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡ {Oggo Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ gy`© - H$b§H$
jo` AË`§V epŠVembr h¡ Am¡a ò gy`© H$b§H$ H$moamoZb CËgO©Z
Ho$ {bE g~go geŠV òmoV jo` h¢ & d¡km{ZH$m| Zo gmW hr `h
nVm ^r bJm`m {H$ gmobma _¡pŠg_m H$s ~mX dmbr AmYr Ad{Y
_| EŠg-ao âbŠg Ho$ gmW gy`©H$b§H$ g§»`mAm| H$m _¡M Zht
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gmobma _¡pŠg_m 21 MH«$s` hmoVm h¡ {OgH$m H$maU
gy`©H$b§H$ g§»`mAm| H$m ghr AmH$bZ Z hmoZm h¡ Omo {H$ gy`©
Hb§H$ g§»`mAm| H$s dmoë\$ Ûmam Xr JB© n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AZwgma
H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg n[a^mfm _| Eogm _mZm J`m h¡ {H$ EH$
gy`© H$b§H$ g_yh _| Am¡gV ê$n go 10 gy`© H$b§H$ {N>Ð hmoVo h¢ &
{ZîH$f© Ho$ ê$n _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ gy`© H$b§H$ g§»`mAm| H$s
Vm{bH$m Am¡a n{aîH¥$V Ed§ ~ohVa hmoZr Mm{hE {Oggo gm¡a
A{^{H«$`mAm| H$mo AÀN>r Vah {ZX{e©V H$aZm g§^d hmo gHo$ Ÿ&
(Ho$.nr. amOy Am¡a Oo.AmB© ~«mo_oO *)
(Ho$.~r. a_oe)
gy`©H$b§H$ jo`m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE Ñí`_mZ
AXrpßV GOES 1-8Å H$m _m°S>b
o V¡`ma H$aZm &
6
gm¡a dmVmdaU _| AbJ AbJ D±$MmB`m| na _m¡OyX
_¡½Zo{Q>H$ \µ $sëS> H$mo gmW hr _mnZ
6652 Å na EM Eë\$m bmBZ àojU Am¡a 6569 Å na {ZH$Q>dVu
\$moQ>moñ\$s[aH$ bmBZ H$m gmW hr gmW àojU XmoZm| bmBZm|
na _¡½Zo{Q>H$ joÌ Ho$ à^md H$s VwbZm Ho$ {bE Xmo Vrd« àH$me
{H$aUm| dmbo ñnoŠQ—>mo_rQ>a Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ ghmao {H$`m J`m
h¡ Ÿ& gmobma ñnoŠQ—>_ Ho$ Xygao AZwH«$_ _| àojU Ûmam CgHo$
{ZîH$f© {bE JE Vm{H$ 10.5m Å à{V {nŠgob Ho$ ñnoŠQ—>_r
àH$sU©Z go `wŠV {S>Q>oŠQ>a Ho$ Ñí` jo` _| XmoZm| bmBZm| H$s
_mn br Om gHo$ & ê$nm§VaU go g§~§{YV _yb S>mQ>m àmßV
H$a {bE JE h¢ Ÿ& Am¡a CZHo$ {díbofU H$m H$m`© Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ&
{XZm§H$ 30 Aà¡b 2006 H$mo ARO 875 jo` Ho$ {bE
\$moQ>moñ\$s[aH$ Mwå~H$s` jo` H$s Anojm bmBZ -Am°\$-gmBQ>
H«$mo_moñ\$s[aH$ _¡½Zo{Q>H$ \$sëS> H$m ßbm°Q> {Z{_©V {H$`m J`m
h¡ {Og_| g§ñWmZ Ho$ A§Xa V¡`ma ñnoH$Q>mo_rQ>a H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m J`m h¡ & BZ- hmCg {Z{_©V ñnoŠQ—>mo_rQ>a {MÌ - 3 _|
{XIm`m J`m h¡ &
{MÌ - 3: Line-of-sight chromospheric magnetic field
versus photospheric magnetic field in the region AR0875
on 30th April 2006 observed using the in-house built
spectropolarimeter.
(Ho . ZmJamOy , Ho $ .~r. a_o e , Ho $ .B© . a§ J amOZ Am¡ a
Ho$. e§H$agw~«_Ê`_ *)
H$moS>¡H$mZb ˆmBQ> - bmBQ >B_oOm| H$s ghm`Vm go
gmobma S>m`m_rQ>a H$m _mnZ
gy`© Ho$ ì`mg _| hmoZdo mbr KQ>- ~‹T> Ho$ narjU Ho$ {bE gdm©{YH$
{Oå_odma H$maH$m| _| H$moB© Eogm h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam gmobma AXrpâV
_| H$_mo~oe H$m {díbofU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & gmobma AXrpßV _|
~ 0.1% n[adV©Z gy`©H$b§H$ H$s {H«$`m{d{Y Ho$ AZwê$n µ\o$gm| _|
à{VeV Ho$ EoåßbrQ>çyS> na hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gy`©H$b§H$ H$s {H«$`m{d{Y
Cg gmobma AXrpßV _m°ZrQ>am| Ho$ ghmao [aH$mS>© H$s JB© h¡ Omo {dJV
Xmo XeH$m| go Á`mXm H$s g_`md{Y go A§V[aj `mZ _| gwñWm{nV
{H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ gm¡aMH«$ H$s A{VXrK© g_`md{Y
_| K{Q>V hmoZodmbr gy`© AXrpßV _| `h n[adV©Z Zm{^H$r`
à{V{H«$`m H$s Xam| _| ~Xbmd Ho$ H$maU Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$
\$moQ>moÝg H$mo gy`© Ho$ H$moa joÌ Ho$ ~mha {dgm[aV hmoZo _| bJ^J
10 bmI df© bJVo h¢ Ÿ& _mZ br{OE AXrpßV H$m H$maU Zm{^H$s`
à{V{H«$`mE§ hr h¢, V~ XrpßV _| n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU H$mo H$moa VWm
\$moQ>moñ\$sà Ho$ ~rM joÌ AdpñWV hmoZm Mm{hE Ed§ BgH$m `h
VH©$ ^r hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ gm¡a {ÌÁ`m _| n[adV©Z AXrpßV joÌ _|
~Xbmd H$m âgH$ H$maU ÑpîQ>JV hmo Ÿ& D$Om© ñQ>mao H$m gdm©{YH$
gË`m^mgr H$maU gy`© Ho$ {JX© _¡½Zo{Q>H$ \$sëS> h¡ {OgH$s dOh go
N>moQ>r N>moQ>r g\}$g boàm| _| D$î_m g§MaU H$s A{^{H«$`m g§^d
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h g§MaU Hw$N> BgàH$ma hmoVm h¡ {H$ gm¡a ao{S>`g _|
~Xbmd K{Q>V hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& nwZ: Bg ~Xbmd Ho$ H$maU ~mX _|
H«$_e: XrpâV joÌ _| KQ> - ~‹S> hmoVm h¡ Omo ^rVar boàm| H$mo
CVZm à^m{dV Zht H$aVm h¡Ÿ& gy`© Ho$ ao{S>`g Ho$ _mnZ à`ËZ
H$m\$s nwamZr g_ñ`m ahr h¡ VWm {d{^ÝZ d¡km{ZH$m| VWm
emoYH$Îmm©Am| Ûmam {nN>br XempãX`m| _| AZoH$ à{H«$`mE§ Am¡a VarHo$
ao{S>`g Ho$ _mn boZo H$s {Xem _| AmO_mE Om MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& gy`© Ho$
`WmW© ao{S>`g H$m gw{ZpíMV ê$n _| {ZYm°aU H$aZm gM_wM _|
AË`§V _wpíH$b h¡, qH$Vw ao{S>`g _| KQ> ~‹S>H$m AmH$bZ H$m\$s
hX VH$ VH©$gå_V VarHo$ go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ao{S>`mo S>mQ>m
Ûmam AWdm H«$mo_moñ\$s[aH$ bmBZm| _| ñnoŠQ—>mohr{b`moJ«m_ H$s
ghm`Vm go ao{S>`g H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aHo$ ao{S>`g H$s _mn _mby_
H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a `h _mn \$moQ>moñ\$s[aH$ go H$m\$s gVh Ho$
g§ ~ § Y _| hmo J m, VWm{n hmb _| Eo g r _mn Ho $ {bE
hr{b`mogrg_m°bm°Or S>mQ>m H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ {Oggo
\$moQ>moñ\o$à go bJ^J ~ 5 mm ZrMo ao{S>`g H$m _mZ {ZH$mbm
J`m h¡ Am¡a Eogr _mn _m°hob na {Z^©a hmoH$a {ZH$mbr JB© h¡ Ÿ&
Cn`©wŠV AdpñW{V`m| _| hr \$moQ>moñno[aH$ ao{S>`g Ho$ hmoZo H$m
AZw_mZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a `h _mnZ AZw_mZ gy`© AXrpßV
_| n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maUm| Ho$ AmH$bZ _| H$m\$s _hÎd aIVm h¡ &
\$moQ>moñ\o$[aH$ ao{S>`g Ho$ {ZYm©aU Ho$ dmñVo AnZmB© JB© AbJ
AbJ {H«$`m{d{Y`m| _| g~go ñnîQ> h¡ ˆmBQ> bmBQ> B_oOm| Ho$ AmYma
na {H$`m J`m {ZYm©aU Omo {H$ g§gma Ho$ ~hþV H$_ doYembmAm|
Ho$ nwamVÎdr` g§J«hm| _| CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& H$moS>¡H$mZb doYembm _|
gy`© Ho$ ˆmBQ> bmBQ> B_oO àmßV H$aZo Ho$ àmoJ«_ gZ² 1904 _| ewê$
{H$E JE Wo Omo AmO VH$ Omar h¢ Ÿ& à{V{XZ 2.44 _rQ>a Ho$
\$moH$b b|½W dmbo 6 B§M Ho$ Q>{bñH$mon go gy`© {ÌÁ`m Ho$
\$moQ>mohr{b`moJ«m_ J«hU {H$E OmVo h§¢ Ÿ& Bg {H«$`m{d{Y _| gmobma
B_oO H$mo 8 B§M Ho$ gmBµO _| {dñVm[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& 8 B§M
S>m`m_rQ>a Ho$ gmobma B_oO H$m \o$mQ>mo 10-10 B§M Ho$ ßboQ> AWdm
{\$ë_ na J«hU {H$E OmVo h¢ gZ² 1906 - 1987 H$s b§~r
Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ à{V{XZ \$moQ>mohr{b`moJ«m_ Ho$ ghmao gmobma
B_oO Ho$ S>m`m_rQ>a H$s _mn br OmVr ahr Wr &
gmobma S>mB_rQ>a H$s `h _mnCÎma - X{jU VWm nya~ - npíM_
H$s {Xem _| br JB© Am¡a BB _mnZ nX²Y[V _| H¡$bH$m°_ {S>{OQ>mBÁS>
~moS>© H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m {Og_| gy`© H$m 0.2 B§M dmbm
AmH$mer` {dôXZ j_Vm h¡ Ÿ& ßboQ> Xa ßboQ> br hþB© gy`© Ho$
S>m`m_rQ>a _mn H$m H$m`© nyam hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& Mma AY© gm¡a MH«$mo§
Ho$ {bE S>mQ>m g§J«h Ho$ H$m`© nyao {H$E Om MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a S>mQ>m g§J«hU
Ho$ ~mH$s H$m‘© Mb aho h¢ &
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo AnZo Ûmam {díbo{fV N>moQ>o à{VXe© Ho$ AmYma na
{ZîH$f© {X`m h¡ {H$ gy`©H$b§H$ A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ Ý`yZV_ hmoZo H$s
Xem _| gmobma S>m`m_rQ>a gy`©H$b§H$ Ho$ A{YH$V_ dmbr AdñWm
Ho$ S>m`m_rQ>a go 500 {_br Amg}H$ ~‹S>m h¡ VWm S>m`m_rQ>a _|
`h A§Va gm¡a AXrpßV _| gy`©H$b§H$ Ho$ A{YH$V_ Am¡a Ý`yZV_
hmoZo H$s Xem _| nmE JE A§Va H$mo g§VmofnyU© VarHo$ go ì`mŠ`m{`V
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
(Ho$.Ama. {edam_Z, Eg.Eg. JwßVm Am¡a E.dr. AZ§V)
gmobma H«$mo_moñ\o$[aH$ µ\$mBZ ñHo$b A{^bjUm| H$m
AëQ´>m dm`boQ> AXr{ßV H$s _mÌm H$s Ý`yZVm Am¡a
A{YH$Vm _| `moJXmZ
gy`© D$Om© H$m _w»` ñV«moV h¡ {OgHo$ D$na n¥Ïdr Ho$ _m¡g_ Am¡a
Obdm`w XmoZm| {Z^©a h¢ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU H$moB© ^r Amem H$aVm h¡ {H$
gy`© go n¥Ïdr H$mo àmßV hmoZodmbr D$Om© H$s _mÌm Am¡a CgHo$
àH$ma _| n[adV©Z hmoZo na YaVr H$s Obdm`w Am¡a _m¡g_ XmoZm|
~Xb gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& AëQ´>m dm`boQ> AXr{ßV H$s _mÌm _| KQ> ~‹T> gy`©
Ho$ {ZH$Q> Mw§~H$s` A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ n[aUm_ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& gmobma
UV âbŠg _| ~Xbmd hmoZo na YaVr na Obdm`{dH$ pñW{V
_hËdnyU© én _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: AëQ´>m dm`boQ>
AXr{ßV H$s _mÌm _| KQ>-~‹T> Ho$ ^m¡{VH$ AdKQ>H$m| H$mo g_PZm
gm¡a Ed§ A§V[ajr` ^m¡{VH$s _| AË`§V _hËdnyU© {df` h¡ Ÿ&
7
amï´>r` gm¡a doYembm, ñH«o$_|Q>mo MmoQ>r ho 1980 VË` 1992 _|
Ca II K ñnoŠQ´>mo hr{b`moJm« _ go àojU {H$`m J`m {Og_| ßboO
µ m|,
_¡¾o{Q>H$ ZoQ>dH©$, B§Q>aZoQ> dH©$ VWm nmíd© jo` go g§~§{YV \w$b
{S>ñH$ S>r{b`moJ«m_ {b`m J`m Ÿ& A~ CgH$m {díbofU H$aHo$
AÜ``Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& BZ B_oO
µ m| Ho$ AmYma na H«$mo_moñ\o$arH$
{d{eï>VmAm| H$s Vrd«Vm Am¡a CgHo$ joÌ kmV H$aZo Ho$ dmñVo
AbJ-AbJ _mZH$ AnZmò Jò h¢ O¡go {H$ {hñQ>moJ«m_ Ho$
\w$b{S>ñH$ B§Q>oÝgrQ>r Am¡a \w$b {dS>²W Ho$ n¡_mZo {bE JE h¢ Ÿ&
ñno{e`b Ho$ BÝS>oŠg, FWHM Am¡a AbJ - AbJ {d{eï>VmAm|
H$s Vrd«Vm H$s VwbZm AëQ´>m dm`boQ> AXr{ßV H$s JhZVm go H$s
JB© h¡ Ÿ& UV AXr{ßV H$mo _mn Mg II Eb Am¡a Ho$ bmBZm| _|
{Zå~g 7 Am¡a NOAA 9 goQ>obmBQ>m| go H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a `h nm`m
J`m h¡ {H$ do Mg II Am¡a K c/w ratio go gmW A§Vgª~§{YV h¢ Ÿ&
1992 VWm 1980 _| J¥{hV B_oµOm| Ho$ AmYma na `h nhbr ~ma
gm{~V hþAm h¡ {H$ FWHM H$m Cn`moJ K-bmBZ _| H«$mo_moñ\o$[aH$
A{^{H«$`mAm| H$s _mn Am¡a ì`m»`m Ho$ {bE AÀN>o gyMH$m§H$ Ho$
µ m|
én _| {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& 1980 VWm 1992 _| J¥hrV B_oO
Ho$ AmYma na àmßV ZVrµOo Xem©Vo h¢ {H$ ZoQ>dH©$ VËdm| H$s Vrd«Vm
Am¡a ì`m{ßV Ho$ ~rM {dnarV A§Vgª~§Y h¡ Am¡a Bggo nhbo Ho$
{ZîH$fm] H$s nw{ï> hþB© h¡ Ÿ& nhbo {ZîH$f© H$moS>¡Ho$Zmb Ca II K
ñnoŠQ´>mohr{b`moJ«m_ go AbJ - AbJ S>mQ>m goQ> _| àmßV Am§H$‹S>m|
Ed§ B_oµOm| go àmßV {H$E JE Wo Ÿ& 1957 go boH$a 1983 VH$ H$s
~‹S>r H$mbmd{Y _| n{aem§V joÌ _| gmobma {S>ñH$ H$mo _Ü` _mZH$a
{ZîH$f© àmßV {Ho$ JE Wo (H$[a`ßnm E§S> {edam_Z, 1994, gmobma
{µ\${µOŠg, 152, 139), gmobma Ý`yZV_ Ho$ Xm¡amZ ZoQ>dH©$ _X²>{Y_
ahVm h¡, qH$Vw gmobma A{YH$V_ H$s VwbZm _| ~‹S>o joÌ H$mo H$da
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah àmßV ZVrOo {XImVo h¢ {H$ AbJ - AbJ
H«$mo_moñ\o$[aH$ {d{eï>VmAm| H$s Vrd«Vm Am¡a {dñVma joÌ _| A§Va
na {dMma H$aVo g_` AXr{ßV _m°S>ob H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIZm n‹S>oJm &
Bg Vah H$s VH$ZrH$ BZ He II 304 Å B_oOm| Ho$ {díbofU _|
AnZmB© JB© h¡ Omo gmobmo/B© AmB© Q>r `§Ì-g_wÀM` go {bE JE
Wo Ÿ& Bg {df` _| AmJo AÜ``Z Am¡a {díbofU Mb ah h¡ Ÿ&
(Ama. H$[a`ßnm, Eb. Xm_o * Am¡a Ho$. Vmo{~ñH$m *)
gy`© H$b§H$ joÌ Ho$ àW_ àH$Q>rH$aU H$s Mw§~H$s`
{dñVma g§aMZm H$m Q>mao mo{S>`b nhby
gm¡a MH«$ Am¡a CgH$s A{^{H«$`mË_H$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maUm|
VWm gy`© H$b§H$ Ho$ {Z_m©U ahñ` A^r nyar Vah g_Pm Zht
J`m h¡ Ÿ& gy`© H$b§H$ Am§V[aH$ {djmo^ Ho$ n[aUm_ h¢ Ÿ& `h _mZm
8
OmVm h¡ {H$ gy`© Ho$ ~¥hV² Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ _| {Z{hV Q>moamo{S>`b
KQ>H$ h¢ {OZ_| {Za§Va jmo^H$mar A{^{H«$`mE§ MbVr ahVr h¢
Omo gy`©H$b§H$ Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¢ Ÿ& AVEd gy`©
H$b§H$ Ho$ àW_ CX²>^mdZ go boH$a gy`© Ho$ {JX©-AbJ-AbJ
H$mbmd{Y _| ~¥hV² Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ Ho$ Q>moamo{S>`b KQ>H$m| H$m _mZ
kmV H$aHo$ Cg ì`mnH$ Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ Ho$ à^md H$s JUZm H$s
Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Bg VÏ` H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a gy`© nQ>b Ho$ {ZH$Q>
Am§V[aH$ Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ H$s g§aMZm H$s {deofVmE§ kmV H$aZo Ho$
{bE emoYH$m`© Mb aho h¢ Ÿ& {dJV e¡{jH$ df© _| gmobma
H$ÝdopŠQ>d BÝdobn _| _¡¾o{Q>H$ \$bŠg H$m AmH$bZ SOHO
MDI _¡¾oQ>moJ«m_ Ho$ N>h dfm] (1999-2004) H$s Ad{Y _|
{H$`m J`m Ÿ& `h AmH$bZ {H$gr EH$ gy`©H$b§H$ Ho$ Ama§{^H$
_¡¾o{Q>H$ âbŠg Ho$ g\}$g _mn go ewé H$aHo$ gy`©H$b§H$ Ho$ AbJ
- AbJ E|H$[a¨J JhamB© Ho$ dmñVo {H$`m J`m Ÿ& VWm{n, _¡¾Qo >mJo m« \$
go Cg _¡¾o{Q>H$ {µ\$ëS> Ho$ bmBZ Am°\$ gmBQ> H§$nmoZ|Q> AWm©V²
nyd© - n[íM_ H$m àmoOoŠeZ Am¡a _o[a{S>AmoZb H§$nmoZ|Q> H$s _mn
br Om gH$s h¡ Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| KQ>H$m| H$s e{ŠV brñQ> ñH$doà H$s
_XX go AbJ - AbJ AmH${bV H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& `h ñH$doà
gy`©H$b§H$ Ho$ Cg _¡¾o{Q>H$ µâbŠg _| {\$Q> h¡ Am¡a `h H$b§H$ gy`©
H$s gVh na nhbr ~ma Ñí`_mZ hþAm Wm Ÿ& BZ gy`©H$b§H$ Ho$
g~§Y _| àojU Ho$ Am§a{^H$ ZVrOo Omo {H$ AbJ - AbJ
H$mbmd{Y go g§~§{YV h¢, Xem©Vo h¢ {H$ Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ H$s
g§aMZm Ho$ A§Xa Q>moamo{S>`b H§$nmoZ|Q> H$s e{ŠV ghO Cå_rX
Ho$ {dnarV _¡¾o{Q>H$ {µ\$ëS> g§aMZm Ho$ _oarS>moZb H§$nmoZ|Q> H$s
e{ŠV go H$_ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
(Ho$.E_. {hao_R> Am¡a E_.Ama. bdbr *)
gm¡a MH«$ Am§V[aH$ A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ H$maU {dde Am¡a
S>ß¢ S> YQ>Vr ~‹T>Vr AdñWm: AmJm_r 15 gm¡aMH«$m| Ho$
~mao _| ^{dî`dmUr
nma§n[aH$ S>m`Zo_mo _oH¡${ZµµÁ_ go hQ>H$a gm¡aMH«$ H$mo \$moñS>©
Am¡a S>¢ßS> YaVr-~‹T>Vr AdñWm _mZm J`m h¡ ({hao_R>
Ho$.E_, 2006, E E§S> E, 452, 591) Ÿ& Bg Xmobm`_mZ
gm¡aMH«$ Ho$ g^r 22 MH«$m| (1755-1996) H$m _m°S>ob V¡`ma
{H$`m J`m h¡ {Og_| XrKm©d{YH$ ^m¡{VH$s` n¡am_rQ>a h¢ O¡go
{H$ BZ_| EoåßbrÀ`yS>, {\«$Šd|gr, \o$g Am¡a jaU Ho$ Am`m_m|
H$m AZw_mZ em{_b h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ AÜ``Z _|, Omo {H$ EH$
AmQ>moJ«o{gd _m°S>ob h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ A§Xa 22 gm¡aMH«$m| Ho$
^m¡{VH$s` _mZH$ em{_b {H$E JE h¢, ^[dî` dmUr H$s
JB© h¡ {H$ ^mdr 16 gm¡aMH«$m| H$m {dñVma Am¡a CgH$s Ad{Y
~Zr ahoJr &
{MÌ - 4
: Prediction of the future solar cycles. (a) The
left plot illustrates the predicted (red continuous) curve
over plotted on the observed (blue curve) sunspot
cycle 23. The dashed red curves represents uncertainty
in the prediction. (b) The right plot illustrates
predicted future 15 solar cycles. The red numbers
over different solar cycle maximum are the cycle
numbers.
dfm] H$s Ad{Y dmbm dV©_mZ gm¡aMH«$ (23) H$m ^mdr
E|ßbr`yS> Cn`w©ŠV àojU Am¡a {ZîH$f© Ho$ H$m\$s AZwHy$b h¡ Ÿ& BZ
CËgmhOZH$ ZVrOm| Ho$ H$maU ^{dî` Ho$ 15 gm¡aMH«$m| Ho$
àmoµ\$mBbm| H$s ^{dî`dmUr H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a Cgo AmgÞ {MÌ 4 _|
[díbo{fV H$aHo$ {XIm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& gm¡aMH«$m| Ho$ ~mao _| CëboIZr`
^{dî`dm{U`m§ {ZåZ{b{IV h¢, (i) g{H©$b 24 H$s Ad{Y VWm
E|ßbrÀ`yS> 9.34 df© Am¡a 110 (±11) (ii) g{H©$b 25 H$s H$mbmd{Y
Am¡a Eon§brÀ`yS> 12.49 df© Am¡a 110 (±11) (iii) g{H©$b 26
H$mbmd{Y (B©gdr gZ² 2030 - 2042), g{H©$b 27 H$s H$mbmd{Y
(B©gdr gZ² 2042 - 2054) g{H©$b 34 (2118 - 2127 B©.)
g{H©$b 37 (2152 - 2163 B©.) Am¡a g{H©$b 38 (2163 - 2176
B©.) gy`© Ho$ A§Xa gm¡aH$b§H$ A{V CÀM {djmo^ Am¡a A{^{H«$`mE§
hmo gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ& (iv) g{H©$b 31 (2089 - 2100 B©.) H$s Ad{Y _|
~hþV hr H$_ (bJ^J 60) gy`©H$b§H$s` {djmo^ - CËnÞ hmoJm;
VWm (v) {OZ gm¡aMH«$m| H$s H$mbmd{Y H$s ^{dî`dmUr H$s JB©
11.73
h¡, Cg_| A§Va hmo gH$Vm h¡ Omo{H$ g{H©$b 33 Ho$ g§~§Y
_| 8.65 df© VWm g{H©$b 35 Ho$ {bE A{YH$V_ 13.07 df©
hmo gH$Vm h¡ &
(Ho$.E_. {hao_R>)
^maV _| hmoZdo mbr _m°ZgyZr ~m[ae na gm¡a pñW{V`m|
VWm IJmobr` n[apñW{V`m| H$m à^md
gm¡a [ñW{V`m§ ^maV _| _m°ZgyZr ~agmV H$mo H¡$go à^m{dV H$aVr
h¡, Bg {df` H$mo boH$a emoYH$m`© Omar h¡ Ÿ& nhbo Omo AÜ``Z
gy`H© $§ bH$ {Z_m©U g§~Y§ r {H«$`m{d{Y ([hao_R> Am¡a _m§S>r, 2004,
Ý`y EoñQ´>moZm°_r, 9, 651) Am¡a gy`© AXr{ßV {Z_m©U {H«$`m[d{Y
([hao_R>, 2006 ILWS dH©$em°n, n¥ì 178) H$mo boH$a {H$E JE
Wo, CZH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m Am¡a `h nm`m J`m {H$ XmoZm|
A{^{H«$`mE§ ^maV H$s _m°ZgyZr ~m[ae na gH$mamË_H$ Am¡a
_hËdnyU© à^md S>mbVr h¢ Am¡a BZ n[apñW{V`m| go ~m[ae H$m\$s
hX VH$ à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& BZ AÜ``Zm| Ho$ Xm¡amZ XrKm©d{YH$
Q´>S| > AnZmZo H$s ~mV N>mS‹o >H$a g_yMo Am±H$‹S>m| H$m Am¡gV {ZH$mbH$a
_w»` {ZîH$fm] na Ü`mZ {X`m J`m Am¡a K{Q>V hmoZodmbr
A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ AmYma gm_mÝ` Am¡a à^mdnyU© njm| H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m J`m &
9
Am±H$‹S>m| _| Q´>|S> H$m Omo n[adV©Z {XIVm h¡, dh Am¡gVZ 10 dfm]
Ho$ ~mX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& (XoI| {MÌ - 5) VWm Bg Vah Ho$ n[adV©Z
H$m _m°ZgyZ na à^md H$m\$s A{YH$ (70 go 90 à{VeV) hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m Ame` h¡ {H$ gmobma narpñW{V`m| H$m 10 - 100 dfm]
H$m à^md Am¡a IJmobr` H$s EH$ XrKm©d{YH$ (~ 25,000 df©)
à^md Omo {H$ gmobma ao{S>EeZ H$s _mÌm H$mo ~XbZo _| AnZr
^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡, ~ 25,000 dfm] Ho$ ~mX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h
XrKm©d{YH$ n[adV©Z gyMr Ho$ amoQ>oeZ EoñH$sg Ho$ àrgoeZ H$mo
_w»`V: à^m{dV H$aZodmbm _mZm OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ n¥Ïdr Ho$
{dfwdVr` ~ëµO Ho$ D$na gy`© Am¡a M§Ð_m Ho$ Q>H©$ H$m Aga hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& gm¡a Am¡a IJmobr` H$maUm| go CËnÞ X~md Ed§ gm¡aMH«$m| _|
^{dî` _| K[Q>V [djmo^H$s gj_Vm Ho$ H$maH$m| Ho$ AmYma na
10 - 100 df© nhbo ^maV _| _m°ZgyZr ~m[ae H$s pñW{V`m| Ho$
~mao _| ^{dî`dmUr H$s Om H$gVr h¡ Ÿ&
(Ho$.E_. {hao_R>)
1.2 gmobma ao{S>`mo EoñQ´>mZ
o m°_r
nmoñQ>-gr E_ B© gm¡a {H$arQ> Am¡a ao{S>`mo Zm°_O g§~Y
§ r
ñQ>m_
° © {H«$`m{d{Y`m§
{MÌ 5 : The annual sunspot (blue) and Indian Monsoon
{MÌ - 6 : Variation of the CME-noise storm onset time
rainfall (red) occurrence variabilities. Both the data
sets are detrended and normalized to their respective
standard deviations.
difference with kinetic energy of the CME. The straight
line (obtained using points numbered 1, 2, 3 & 4) indicates
the cut-off in the above time interval for different values of
CME kinetic energy.
VWm{n CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ dV©_mZ AÜ``Z _| _m°ZgyZr ~m[ae
Ho$ dm{f©H$ Am°H$‹S>m| Am¡a _m°ZgyZ H$s Ad{Y dmbo _mhm| _| gy`H© $b§H$
Am°H$‹S>m| Ho$ ~‹T>Vo éIm| H$s VwbZm {dJV _| {H$E JE AÜ``Z Ho$
{ZîH$fm] go H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bggo `h nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ Cn`w©ŠV
n[apñW{V`m| go gM hr ~m[ae H$m\$s gH$mamË_H$ én _| à^m{dV
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Xygar Va\$ gy`©H$b§H$ Am¡a gm¡a AXr{ßV BZ XmoZm| Ho$
VoO Üd{Z`m| go MbVr Am§{Y`m| H$m _rQ>a do~b§W na ~ma-~ma
àojU {H$`m J`m h¡ Omo {H$ EH$ A{V - {dMmaUr` {H«$`m H$bmn
h¡ Ÿ& àojU go bJm h¡ {H$ Eogr ñQ>m°_© H$^r - H$^r ~hþV H$_
g_` (0.1 - 1 g|Ho$S>) Ho$ {bE CR>Vr h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU Z¡amo~¢S>
ao{S>`mo H$m {dñVma hmo OmVm h¡ (Q>mBn - 1 AWdm Zm°Ò ñQ>m_° ©
10
H$m {dñ\$moQ>), ñQ>m°_© e{ŠVembr hmoVr h¡, Am¡a àm`: bJmVma
MbVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& b§~o g_` VH$ Omar ahZo H$s ~mV BZ Am§{Y`m|
_| Yrao - Yrao KQ>Vr ^r h¡ (`h KQ>Zm `m H$_ hmoZm K§Q>m| AWdm
_hrZm| _| ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ~«moS> ~¢S> CËgO©Z H$mo Q>mBn-1
H$aHo$ OmZVo h¢ AWdm Á`mXm g§^d h¡ {H$ Bgo Zm°`µO ñQ>m°_©
H§$Q>rZ_ H$h| Ÿ& Bg Zm°`µO ñQ>m°_© H$m Am§a{^H$ ñVa gm_mÝ`V`m
gm°âQ> EŠgao {H$aUm| _| ½bmo~b ~«mBQ>oqZJ go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
bo{H$Z Eogo ñQ>m°_© _| ~mX Ho$ \o$g gy`© Ho$ A§Xa K[Q>V EŠg-ao
{H$aUm| Ho$ âboà Ho$ n[aUm_ Zht hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& EM Aë\$m âboàm|
go g§~{§ YV AÜ``Zm| go ^r nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ do âboà Amdí`H$
én go Zm°Ò ñQ>m_° © go OwS‹ >o Zht hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& nmoñQ>-gr E_ B© H$moamoZm
H$s pñW{V go g§~§{YV AÜ``Z H$s Amoa A~ VH$ H$m\$s H$_
Ü`mZ {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU d¡km{ZH$ boIH$m| Zo gmobma
ao{S>`mo Zm°`µO ñQ>m°_© go g§~§{YV gm§p»`H$s` AÜ``Z {H$`m h¡
Am¡a AÜ``Z 1997 - 2004 H$s Ad{Y _| CME [anmoQ>© Ho$
{_bZo Ho$ ~mX Ama§^ {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& Bg AÜ``Z H$m Am§a^
R>rH$-R>rH$ H$~ Am¡a H$hm§ hþAm, BgH$s gyMZm Cn`w©ŠV Ad{Y
go g§~§{YV 340 ao{S>`mo KQ>Zm H«$_m| _| CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& CnamoŠV
XmoZm| KQ>ZmH«$_m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§Vg© ~§ Y§ H$s OmZH$mar Am¡a gË`m`Z
Ho$ {bE eV} bJmB© JB© h¢ Ÿ& gr E_ B© Ho$ Am§a^ go boH$a 24 K§Q>o
Ho$ ^rVa Zm°`µO ñQ>m°_© CËnÞ hþAm hmo Ÿ& Cg gr E_ B© H$m go§Q´>b
nmo{O
µ eZ E§Jb A§Xa hmoZm Mm{hE Am¡a ± 45o na hmoZm Mm{hE &
BgHo$ _w»` ZVrµOo h¢ 1) 196/340 Zm°Ò ñQ>m°_© _mZm J`m
Omo gr E_ B© go A§Vg©~§{YV h¡ Ÿ& 2) Zm°`µO ñQ>m°_© Ho$ nmo{OeZ
E§Jb Am¡a gr E_ B© {bqS>J BµO Ho$ ~rM Wmo‹S>m AbJmd ≈ 25o,
3) gr E_ B© H$m ñH$mB© ßboZ ñnrS> 100 - 800 {H$._r/goH|$S>
Ho$ ~rM hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `h gm_mÝ`VMm 350 {H$._r/goH|$S> Ho$
Am¡gV ñnrS> na hmoVm h¡; 4) gr E_ B© H$s A{YH$V_ g§»`m
H$moUr` {dñVma H$m _mZ 120 go H$_ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& 5) nydd© Vu gr
E_ B© H$s J{V D$Om© Ho$ AZwgma {deof g_`m§Vamb Ho$ ^rVa
196 ao{S>`mo Bd|Q>²g K{Q>V hmoVo h¢ Omo Eogm gr E_ B© Ho$ ewé hmoZo
Ho$ ~mX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$b {_bmH$a Zm°Ò ñQ>m°_© H$m Am§a^ gr E_
B© Ho$ {bâQ>-Am°\$ Q>mB_ go boH$a 13 K§Q>o Ho$ A§Xa hmo OmVm h¡;
6) {H$gr Img gr E_ B© Ho$ {bE CnamoŠV H$Q> Am°\$ Q>mB_
CgH$s J{VH$ D$Om© na {Z^©a hmoVm h¡ Omo {H$ J{VH$ D$Om© H$s
Vrd«Vm Ho$ AZwén ~XbVm h¡ ({MÌ - 6) VËg§~§Yr g§»`mE§
H«$_§e ~ 1032 Am¡a 1027 A½g© J{VH$ D$Om© dmbr gr E_ B© Ho$
{bE ≈ 4 Am¡a 19 K§Q>o hmoVr h¡ &
(Ama. a_oe, gr. H${WamdZ Am¡a EM.E_. ZQ>amO)
ßbmµÁµ _m CËgO©Z H$s e{ŠV (E\$s{eEÝgr) H$s OmZH$mar
_| àojU g_ñ`mE|
nmoñQ>² âboà {S>gr_o{Q´>H$ H$ÝQ>rZ_ _mÜ`_ _| BboŠQ´>m°Z EgoboaoeZ
Ho$ {bE nmda ~OQ> H$s narjm H$aZo Ho$ {bE d¡km{ZH$m| Zo gw~_« Ê`Z
Am¡a ~oH$a (2004, gmobma {\${µOŠg, 225, 91, 2006 gmobma
{\${µOŠg, 237, 185) Ho$ g¡Õm§{VH$ nÕ{V H$m AZwà`moJ {H$`m
J`m h¡ Ÿ& {S>gr_o{Q´>H$ H$ÝQ>rZ_ _mÜ`_ H$s CnpñW{V H$m àojU
µOmBÝQ> _rQ>a dod ao{S>`mo Q>o{bñH$mon (Or E_ Ama Q>r) Ho$ _mÜ`_
go {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& Bgr àojU go ßbmµµÁ_m CËgO©Z à{H«$`m H$s
e{ŠV Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$m\$s hX VH$ AZw_mZ {H$`m Om gH$m h¡ Ÿ&
(àgmX gw~«_Ê`_, Eg.E_. hdmBQ> *, E_. H$m{b©H$s *, Ama.
{gM *, EM.Eg. gm~§V * Am¡a E. AZ§V H¥$îUZ *)
gmobma H$moamoZm _| Ag§JV à{VamoYH$Vm
gmobma H$moamoZm _| nwZ`m}OZ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ AZoH$ àojU go `h
àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Šbmo{eH$b Am¡a H$mo{beZb à{VamoYH$Vm Ûmam
Omo A{^bjU {XImE JE h¢ CgH$s VwbZm _| ~hþV H$_
à{VamoYH$Vm b§X {ŠdñQ> Z§~am| _| n[ab{jV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m|
Zo Z_mQ>m VWm `mo{eXm (2002, ^m¡{VH$s, Rev. Lett. 88,
45003) Ho$ ZE _m°S>ob H$m AZwà`moJ Ag§JV à{VamoYH$Vm
{ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& `h Z`m _m°S>ob `moH$mo Q>o{bñH$mon go
ào{jV gmobma âboà nwZ`m}OZ H$s KQ>ZmE§ XoIZo Ho$ dmñVo {H$`m
J`m h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo nm`m {H$ à{VamoYH$Vm Z Ho$db ~‹T>mZo
H$s µOéaV h¡, ~pëH$ b|W ñHo$b Ho$ D$na Cgo bmoH$bmBµO H$aZm
Amdí`H$ h¡ {Oggo {H$ AmBH$m°Z S>oßW Ho$ AZwgma à{VamoYH$Vm
Ho$ à^md Am¡a H$maU ì`m»`m{nV {H$E Om gH|$ &
(Ho$.E.nr. qgh* Am¡a àgmX gw~«_Ê`_)
\$m°a~we _| H$_r Am¡a H$m°pñ_H$ {H$a>U {dgaU
\$m°a~we _| H$^r gm¡a pñW{V _| j{UH$ Am¡a n¥Ïdr Ho$ {ZH$Q> Ñ{ï>JV
hmoZodmbm H$m°pñ_H$ {H$aUm| H$m àH$Q>rH$aU h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam
CŠV àH$Q>rH$aU H$s {deofVmE§ ~ohVa g_PZo Ho$ CÔoí` go D$Q>r
_| gwñWm{nV GRAPES-3 Zm_H$ _m§CQ> Q´>¡qH$J Q>o{bñH$mon go
àmßV S>mQ>m H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> _hËdnyU©
Am¡a AZgwbPo g¡Õm§{VH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo BZ S>mQ>m H$s _XX go
AZmoIo VarHo$ go g_Pm Am¡a gwbPm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ O¡go
{H$ H$m°pñ_H$ {H$aUm| H$m b§~dV² {dgaU VWm gm¡a BOoŠQ>m
Ho$ {ZH$Q> E_ EM S>r àjmo^ H$m ñVaU Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW - gmW
Bg S>mQ>m H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ n¥Ïdr Ho$ {ZH$Q>ñW ñnog doXa
{ZXmZ - {dkmZ Ÿ& e{ŠVembr {S>S>Šo Q>a {dH${gV {H$E Om gH$Vo
h¢ Ÿ& Eogo {dH$mgm| _| GRAPES - 3 Zm_H$ `§Ì àUmbr
Am¡a BgHo$ gmW hr gwñWm{nV D$Q>r ao{S>`mo Q>o{bñH$mon H$mo bo
gH$Vo h¢ {Og_| BVZr gj_Vm h¡ {H$ dh {dídñVa na A§V[aj
_m¡g_ H$s OmZH$mar ~VmZodmbm AË`§V _hËdnyU© `§Ìmdbr
_mZr Om gHo$ Ÿ&
(àgmX gw~«_Ê`_, gwZrb JwßVm * Am¡a EM.E_. Am§{g`m *)
AŠVy~a - Zd§~a, 2003 _| ^y_S§ >br` ñVa na gmobma
ao{S>`mo âµ bŠg Am¡a CgHo$ KZËd _| CVma - `‹T>md
{MÌ - 7 : Variations in the spectral indices as a function
of days during October-November 2003 for the two bands
15400-1415 MHz and 610-245 MHZ.
gm¡a {dñ\$moQ> H$s KQ>Zm Omo Aºy$~a - Zd§~a, 2003 _| hþB© Wr,
Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^y_§S>br` ñVa na gmobma ao{S>`mo µâbŠg Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>_r
gyMH$m§H$ _| hmoZodmbo CVma-M‹T>md H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m Ÿ&
AŠVy~a - Zd§~a, 2003 H$s Ad{Y _| gmobma ^y-^m¡{VH$s`
g§~§Yr S>mQ>m _| 15400, 8800, 4995, 2995, 2880, 1415,
610, 480 Am¡a 245 _oJmhQ>O
} na ½bmo~b gmobma ao{S>`mo âµ bŠg
g§~Y§ r X¡{ZH$ _mZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ A{V CÀM 15400 - 1415
MHz Am¡a {ZåZ (610 - 245 MHz) ~¢S>m| _| ao{S>`mo CËgO©Z Ho$
ñnoŠQ´>_r gyMH$m§H$ {ZH$mbo JE ({MÌ - 7) Cn`w{ŠV Ad{Y Ho$
Xm¡amZ gmobma ao{S>`mo E_reZ H$m ñnoŠQ´>_r gyMH$m§H$ 15400 1415 MHz ~¡S>§ na 0.93 go 0.54 Ho$ ~rM VWm gyMH$m§H$ 610
- 245 MHz ~¡S>§ na 1.54 go 1.64 Ho$ ~rM ~‹T>Vm - KQ>Vm ahm
Omo Cg CËgO©Z go g§~§{YV Am¡a ^r J¡g Vmnr` A{^{H«$`mAm|
11
H$m g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CÀM VWm {ZåZ {\«$Šd|gr ~¢S>m| na ñnoŠQ´>r
gyMH$m§H$ _| nañna g§~Y§ Ho$ {díbofU go kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ CËgO©Z
H$s à{H«$`m _| h_oem EH$ pñW{V Zht ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg {díbofU go
`h _mby_ hþAm {H$ {ZåZ {\«$Šd|gr (610 - 245 MHz) ~¢S> _|
[XIZodmbm ñnoŠQ´>_r gyMH$m§H$ CÀM {\«$Šd|gr (15400 - 1415
MHz) ~¢S> _| {XImZodmbo ñnoŠQ´>_r gyMH$m§H$ H$s h_oem âboà
gyMH$m§H$ go ~ohVa én _| g§~§{YV Am¡a à^m{dV h¡ Ÿ&
(Ho$.Ama. gw~«_Ê`_, àgmX gw~«_Ê`_, B© B~oZoµOa Am¡a
adre *)
1.3 ^y-_§S>br` {dkmZ
H$m°_Qo > 1 H$m àr-S>rn-Bån¡ŠQ> S>mQ>m H$m {díbofU
Zmgm Ho$ S>rn Bån¡ŠQ> {díbofU _| H¥${Ì_ én go H$m°_oQ> 9 nr Ÿ&
Q>oånb 1 na {XZm§H$ 4 OwbmB©, 2005 H$mo EH$ H«¡$Q>a ~Zm`m
J`m Ÿ& doUw ~mny doYembm Am¡a ^maVr` IJmob doYembm go
{bE JE q~~m| H$mo énm§V[aV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg énm§VaU go
nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ H$m°_oQ> Q>oånob 1 go àr-Bån¡ŠQ> OoQ>m| H$m H$maU
+50o, +05o Ho$ b¡Q>rÀ`yS>m| na VWm –35o Am¡a –65o Ho$ ~rM
ì`mnH$ X{jU joÌ na ~«moS> Eo{ŠQ>d joÌm| H$s AdpñW{V h¡ Ÿ&
My±{H$ OoQ>m| H$s `m§{ÌH$s H$m A{^{dÝ`mg H$m°_oQ> Ho$ amoQ>oeZ nmob
H$s {Xem na {Z^©a hmoVm h¡, AV: `m§{ÌH$ A{^{dÝ`mg {\$Q>
H$aVo g_` CgH$s {Xem ^r V` H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CÎmar Y«wd
H$mo {Xem RA = 290o ± 10o Am¡a DEC = +75o ± 10o Ho$
~am~a nmB© JB© h¡ Ÿ& J«oZm| H$s Ama§{^H$ dobmo{gQ>r 0.02 – 0.12
km s–1 VWm CZHo$ AmH$ma 0.1 – 2 µm kmV hþE h¢ Ÿ& ^yVb na
AmYm[aV B_oOm| H$m {dñVma bJ^J 40,000 {H$._r. àVrV
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ò g§aMZmE§ Omo Ý`y{ŠbAg Ho$ Amgnmg hmoVr h¢.
XoIZo go à^m{dV hmoVr h¢ Am¡a Bg H$maU BZH$m {ZénU Zht hmo
nmVm Ÿ& Bg H$m°_oQ> Ho$ CZ q~~m| H$m hmb hr _| àH$meZ {H$`m
J`m h¡ Omo A§V[aj`mZ na gwñWm{nV H$_ao go AmH$me _| {bE
hþE h¢ Ÿ& BZ q~~m| go _hËdnyU© OmZH$m[a`m§ {_bVr h¢ & ^yVb
na AmYm[aV S>mQ>m H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE {\$Q> {H$E JE {ZH$fm|
Ho$ AmYma na Zm{^H$s` q~~m| Ho$ {ZH$Q> CÀM {d`moOZ H$m
AZwê$nU {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo J«oZ gmBµO H$s ~mYm H$mo Xya
H$aZo _| H$m\$s _XX {_boJr, Ama§{^H$ dobmo{gQ>r kmV H$aZo _|
ghm`Vm {_boJr VWm J«oZ gmBµO H$m àH$Q>Z {H$`m Om gHo$Jm Ÿ&
(Ama. dgw§Yam)
12
`ya{¡ Z`Z g¡Q>b
o mBQ> H$s Amngr KQ>ZmE±
1.4 gmobma - Q>ao {o Q´>`b g§~Y
§
df©
^y-_Ü`r` Anar EoQ>_m°ñ\o$à _| ßbmµÁµ _m-Ý`yQ>´b H$°nqbJ
Ho $ ~mX nhbr ~ma `y a o Z g Zm_H$ J« h df©
2007-2008 _| AnZo Aj Ho $ Zmo ‹ S > g hmo H $a ^y _ Ü`r`
gVh go JwOaVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr g_` Ho$ Amgnmg Hw$N> dfm]
Ho$ {bE BgHo$ g¡Q>obmBQ> Ho$ J«hU K{Q>V hm|Jo Am¡a EH$ Xygao
na à{VÀN>m{`V hm|Jo O~ CZ_| go H$moB© Xmo H«$_e: gy`©
Am¡a n¥Ïdr Ho$ ~rM Am OmE§Jo Ÿ& `moOZm h¡ {H$ BZ KQ>ZmAm|
H$m àojU doUw ~mny doYembm Ed§ ^maVr` IJmob{dkmZ
doYembm go {H$`m OmE Ÿ& g¡Q>obmBQ> _| jrU àH$me Am¡a
CgH$s `yaoZg go {ZH$Q>Vm Ho$ H$maU CŠV KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ àojU
H$s g_w{MV `moOZm ~ZmZo H$s µOéaV h¡ Ÿ& àH$me H$s
{V`©H$ AdpñW{V aIZo Ho$ {bE g¡Õm§{VH$ ì`m»`m H$a br
JB© h¡, Vm{H$ àojU Ho$ dmñVo ~ohVa go ~ohVa B§VOm_ g§^d
hmo gHo$ Ÿ& `h ì`m»`m Xem©Vr h¡ {H$ g¡Q>obmBQ> na d¡go _|
~Xbmd hmoZo na Xwï>ì` KQ>ZmE§ hmoJr Omo {H$ àH$me H$s EH$ Xygar {V`©H$ {H$aUm| Ho$ H$maU CnpñWV hm|Jr Ÿ& `h XoIZo
_| Am`m h¡ {H$ `y[a{Z`Z g¡Q>obmBQ>m| H$s ~ZZodmbr Ñí`mdbr
(gr[aµO) dhm§ Am§{eH$ _| hr {XImVr h¡ Am¡a Cg Ñí`mdbr
H$m _m°S>ob V¡`ma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg _m°S>ob H$mo V¡`ma
H$aZo _| dm°`µOa 2 Ûmam J¥hrV X{jUr joÌm| Ho$ _¡n H$mo
AmYma ~Zm`m J`m h¡ {Og_| AZw_m{ZV Aë~oS>m| d¡[aEeÝg
H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIm J`m h¡ Ÿ& do ~Xbmd J«hU J«ñV g¡Q>obmBQ>
go g§~{§ YV h¢ Ÿ& BZ _m°S>bo m| H$s ghm`Vm go EñQ´>m_o {o Q>H$ n¡am_rQ>am|
Ho$ _moQ>o ê$n V¡`ma H$aZo _| _XX {_boJr Ÿ& àH$me H$s
{V`©H$ {H$aUm| Am¡a CgHo$ gmW CnJ«hm| Ho$ amoQ>oeZb bmBQ> H$d©
H$s AmH¥${V Ed§ {g_oQ´>r H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
dh bmBQ> H$d© Omo ßbmZoQ> Ho$ BŠdrZm°Šg H$s Ad{Y _| gmW gmW J¥hrV {H$E JE h¢, CÎmar ho{_ñ\$moà Ho$ AZw_m{ZV
Aë~oS>mo go g~§{YV h¡ Ÿ& dh dm°`µOa BÝH$mC§Q>a Ho$ Xm¡amZ
nmobma S>mH©$Zog Ho$ ~mao _| dh {ZîH$f© XoVm h¡ Omo A~ VH$
kmV Zht Wm & Bg AÜ``Z go `h kmV H$aZo _| _XX ^r
{_boJr Omo 1986 go boH$a A~ VH$ nmobma S>mH©$Zog _|
Š`m g§^d n[adV©Z hmo gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a `h {ZîH$f© dm°òµO - 2
Ho$ EÝH$mCQ>a go hmo gHo$Jm &
1966
(Ama. dgw§Yam)
AZoH$ H$°nqbJ A{^{H«$`mE§, O¡go {H$ ßbmµµÁ_m-Ý`yQ´>b H±$nqbJ,
CÀM Am¡a {ZåZ b¡Q>rÀ`yS> Cm`Zo{_H$b VWm BboŠQ´>m-o S>m`Zo{_H$b
H±$nqbJ ^y_Ü` aoIm Ho$ D$nar EoQ>_m°ñ\o$à n¡am_rQ>am| Ho$ {XZ
à{V{XZ H$s pñW{V H$mo Xem©Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| gwì`dpñWV
AÜ``Z AmJo Omar h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam H±$nqbJ à{H«$`m H$s {deofVmE§
AÀN>r Vah g_Pr Om gH$Vr h¢ & {deofVmE§ Omo {H$ AbJ AbJ àH$ma Ho$ g~ - ñQ´>m°_© Am¡a _¡¾o{Q>H$ ñQ>m°_© go g§~§{YV h¢
VWm Omo {H$ gmobma q~S> ßbmµµÁ_m _| {d{^Þ g§aMZmË_H$
A{^{H«$`mAm| Am¡a CnJ«hm| Ho$ ~rM _¡¾o{Q>H$ arµOZ Ho$ ZVrµOo hmoVo
h¢ Am¡a CZ g~m| H$s ñV«moV gm¡a A{^{H«$`mE§ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&
(Oo.EM. emñÌr, Oo.dr.Eg.dr. amd VWm AÝ` gh`moJr)
gmCW E{e`Z arµOZ _| {ZåZ VWm {dfwdVr` b¡Q>rQ>`² Sy >
na Zd~§a 20-21, 2003 H$mo K{Q>V AmBgmo\$o [aH$ ñQ>m_©
H$s [d{eï>VmE±
Zd~§a, 2003 H$s 20-21 VmarI H$mo gwna {OAmo-_¡¾o{Q>H$ ñQ>m°_©
ì`mnH$ AÜ``Z H$m {df` ahm h¡; `h ñQ>m°_© 1957 Am¡a 2004
Ho$ ~rM Cg Vah H$m Xygam ~‹S>m ñQ>m°_© Wm Ÿ& Eogo ñQ>m°_© H$m K{Q>V
hmoVm ½bmo~b AmBgmoñ\o$[aH$ Ed§ W_m}ñ\o$arH$ ñQ>m°_© go Jhao Ow‹S>m
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {Og na d¡km{ZH$m| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ nydu E{e`m
^yjoÌ _| AmBgmoñ\o$[aH$ {djmo^ H$m g_` _yë`m§H$Z ^br ^m§{V
Zht hmo gH$m h¡ Omo {H$ {OAmo _¡¾o{Q>H$ ñQ>m_© Ho$ g§~§Y _| bmJy
h¡ Ÿ& Bg VÏ` H$mo _mZVo hþE boIH$m| Zo ñQ>m_© H$s KQ>Zm H$m àojU
{\$a go {H$`m Vm{H$ AmBgmoñ\o$[aH$ {djmo^ Ho$ ~mao _| ZB© gyMZmE§
Am¡a OmZH$mar {_b gHo$ Ÿ& ^maV (75o E) Am¡a OmnmZ
(135o E) Ho$ Am`Zmogm°Z ZoQ>dH©$ g§~§Yr S>mQ>m H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$
H«$_e: ^maV Ed§ OmnmZ H$s _oar{S>`Z na Am`Zmoñ\o$[aH$ ñQ>m_©
Ho$ A{^bjU kmV {H$E JE Ÿ& ^maV Ho$ _¡¾oQ>mo_rQ>a ZoQ>dH©$ go
àmßV S>mQ>m H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {dfwdVr` BboŠQ´>moOoQ> (EEJ) _|
hmoZodmbo {djmo^ H$m _yë`m§H$Z {H$`m J`m Am¡a Bg _yë`m§H$Z _|
dhm§ _m¡OyX {dÚwVr` joÌ H$m _yë`m§H$Z em{_b h¡ Omo {H$ Cg
nyar A{^{H«$`m H$m _yb àoaH$ h¡ Ÿ& g§Ü`m VWm am{ÌH$mbrZ {dÚwVr`
joÌ Ho$ ~mao _| gyMZ HF S>m°nba aS>ma àojUm| go àmßV H$s JB© h¡
H$moS>H¡ $mZb (dip 4o N) _| CXJ«moÝ_wI ßbmµµÁ_m {S´>ßQ> (Vz), `h
nm`m J`m h¡ {H$ gwna {OAm| _¡¾oQ>mo ñQ>m°_© gmW - gmW MbVm h¡
Ÿ& `h ñQ>m°_© gwMmV _oZ µ\o$g _| Am¡a [aH$dar \o$g _| MbVm h¡ Ÿ&
OmnmZ Ho$ {_S> b¡Q>rÀMyS> _| E\$-arOZ hmB©a Am¡a erf© BboŠQ´>m°Z
S>oZ{gQ>r _| CëboIZr` µ\o$g hmoVm h¡ & Bg H$mo boH$a AÀN>m
CXmhaU ZoJo{Q>d F-boà ñQ>m°_© B\o$ŠQ> H$m bm§{JQ>`y{S>Zb gr_m
h¡ {OgH$m H$maU é{e`m joÌ _| amgm`{ZH$ gpå_l« (_moboŠ`yb
Amdo{eV Eà) H$m {djmo^H$mar à^md h¡ Am¡a gmW hr em{_b
h¡, ^maVr` jmo^ _| H$mC§Q>a BboŠQ´>moOoQ> AdñWmAm| _| àË`jV:
{XIZodmbm geŠV ^y_Ü`r` Am`ZmBOoeZ EZmo_br H$m hmoZm
Ÿ& ò XmoZm| KQ>ZmE§ ñQ>m°_© Ho$ [aH$dar \o$g _| hmoVr h¢ & ò KQ>ZmE§
VWm Ðï>ì` AÝ` Am`Zmoñ\o$[aH$ {djmo^ H«$_e: gÚZ hmoar
Ñí`mdbr àË`j H$aVr h¢ {OZ_| {OAmo_¡¾o{Q>H$ ñQ>m_©, Ý`yQ´>b
W_m}ñ\o$à _| K{Q>V {djmo^ em{_b h¢ Am¡a Omo {H$ ^y_Ü`r`
Am`Zmoñ\o$à F arµOZ Ho$ A§Xa K{Q>V AdñWmAm| H$mo à^m{dV
H$aVr h¡ {OZ_| µOmoZb BbopŠQ´>H$b {µ\$ëS> _| K{Q>V AdñWmE§
em{_b h¢ &
(Oo.EM. emñV«r, Ho$. {ZQ>§OZ *, Ama.Eg. S>m~g *, gr.dr.
Xodm{g`m *, Eg. AboŠg * Am¡a ~r. lr{ZdmgZ *)
AMmZH$ ñQ>m_© Ho$ Am§a^ hmoZo na gmobma {d§S> _¡¾Qo >mño \o$à VWm Am`Zmoñ\o$à H$s H$m°nqbJ
g~-gmobma _¡¾oQ>monm°O _| gmobma {d§S> S>m`Zo{_H$ àoea (Pd)
Ho$ ÑV én _| ~XbZo H$m à^md {OAmo_¡¾oQ>mo ñQ>m_© H$mo C„oIZr`
Vm¡a na Xem©Vm h¡ & `h {OAmo_¡¾oQ>mo ñQ>m_© A`mZH$ n¡Xm hmoVm h¡
`m {H$ _¡¾Qo >mo ñ\o${Q>H$ H¡${dQ>r Ho$ A§Xa ha H$ht AMmZH$ nm°{O[ad
Bånëg CËnÞ H$a XoVm h¡ & gS>Zo ñQ>m_© H$_|g_oQ> (SSC) {Xdg
H$mbrZ {S>n BŠd|Q>moar Ab arµOZ Ho$ J«h§S>-bodb {OAmo_¡¾o{Q>H$
{µ\$ëS> _| H$m\$s {d{eï> hmoH$a àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg KQ>Z H$m
_w»` H$maU ~mh` {dÚwV² à^md joÌ H$m hmoZm VWm nmobma
Amo[aOrZ H$s {dÚwV Yma Am| H$s CnpñW{V h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr
dK§ gS>Zo _¡ÝJoQ>mño \o$[aH$ H§$àoeZ go CËnÞ H¢$n_¡Z - \¡$a¡amo H$aoÝQ²>g
~‹T> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m H$maU {H$ Š`m| Eg Eg gr Xmo AbJ AbJ
énm| _| àH$Q> hmoVm h¡, AmO ^r CbPZ H$m {df` ~Zm hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
ò Xmo AbJ - AbJ én h¢ EH$ H$^r Ama§{^H$ [adg© Bånëg H$m
hmoZm Ÿ& AWdm Z hmoZm VWm Xygam, Á`mXm `m H$_ ~am~a {\«$Šd|gr
H$m hmoZm Ÿ& Bg n¥ð>^y{_ Ho$ _ÔoZOa EH$ JhZ AÜ``Z H$m
à`mg {H$`m Om ahm h¡, Omo nhbr ~ma Bg gYZ én _| hmo ahm
h¡ {Oggo {H$ {Xdg - H$mbrZ BŠdoQ>moar Ab {OAmo _¡¾o{Q>H$
13
{µ\$ëS> _| bmoH$b Q>mBn H$m à^md Am¡a CgHo$ {deof A{^bjU
kmV {H$E Om gH|$ Ÿ& (S>m_Zo{_H$ àoea _| ñQ>on - bmBH$ M|O
H$m {dñVma {Zanoj én _| hmoVm h¡ `m {H$ {H$Ýht _o¾o{Q>H$
{µ\$ëS> (IMF) Ho$ Zm°W© - gmCZ AdKQ>H$ H$s Eoå~rE§Q> nmob[aQ>r
{H$VZr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&) {OAmo-_¡Zo{Q>H$ {µ\$ëS> _| {djmo^ Ho$ H$maU
\$m°adS>© S>§Q>aßbmZoQ>ar jm°H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CPMN/MAGDAS
n[a`moOZm Ho$ ^y_ÜàoIr` _¡¾Qo >m_o rQ>a ñQ>e
o Zm| VWm H$moS>H¡ $mZb
ñQ>oeZm| go Omo S>mQ>m gmW - gmW àmßV hþE h¢, CZH$m AÜ``Z
{H$`m Om ahm h¡ Omo Bg ~mV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a {J`m Om ahm
h¡ {H$ A{hÝYr em°H$ H$s AÀN>r Vah nhMmZ H$s OmE VWm
Cgo AXr Vah n[a^m{fV ^r {H$`m OmE Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| Mb
aho à`mgm| go Amem h¡ {H$ _yb^yV à`mg Ho$ ~mao _| CÎma
{_b|Jo A`moV² AmB©.nr.em°H$ go CËnÞ gS>oZ _¡¾oQ>moñ\o$arH$
H§$àoeZ Ho$ à^mdaIén Omo {Xdg H$mbrZ {dfwdVr` {OAmo_¡¾o{Q>H$ {µ\$ëS> ~ZVm h¡ CgH$s ~mB©-_m°S>ob A{^{H«$`mE§ Š`m
hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& gmW br {ñV{V hmoVr h¡ {H$ gmobma qdS> _¡¾oQ>moñ\o$à
- Am`Zmoñ\o$à H$m°n{bJ§ CgHo$ A§Xa H$m_ H$aVr h¢ Ÿ&
(Oo.EM. emñV«r, Ho$. `y_moQ>mo * Am¡a gr.Eg. h²`m§J *)
14
2
ñQ>b
o ma Am¡a J¡b{o ŠQ>H$ EñQ´>mZo m°_r
2.1
Vmam| H$m {Z_m©U
AmonZ-H$bñQ>a - NGC - 225 Ho$ joÌ _| ñQ>ma \$m°_e
} Z
NGC - 225 Ho$ ~mao _| _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ `h 120 Myr nwamZm
AmonZ - H$bñQ>a h¡ Omo {H$ ~ 650 Pc na AdpñWV h¡ Ÿ& Hα
CËgO©Z dmbo AmR> Vmao h¢ Omo Bg H$bñQ>a Ho$ Mmam| Va\$ AdpñWV
nmE JE h¢ Ÿ& BZ AmR> Vmam| _| go Xmo Vmao g§^dV: haq~J ~r
ñQ>ma h¢ VWm bJVm h¡ {H$ H$bñQ>a _| `h Vmam g~go Z`m h¡ Ÿ&
ò ha{~J ~r ñQ>ma Omo {H$ àr0_oZ {gŠd|g _| h¢, Š`m h¢ Am¡a
Š`m| h¢ d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Am°pßQ>H$ (UBV) {~J Am¡a 2 MASS
JHK \$moQ>mo_rQ>ar H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE H$bñQ>a Ho$ n¡am_rQ>am|
H$m nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Cn`w©ŠV S>mQ>m H$m AÜ``Z {_bm OwbmH$a {H$`m J`m h¡ Vm{H$ CŠV H$bñQ>a arµOZ _| PMS VmaH$m|
H$s {H$gr g§^d CnpñW{V H$s OmZH$mar {_b gHo$ Ÿ& Img J{V
Ho$ gmW Omo 28 qnS> Ky_Vo hþE nmE JE h¢, CZ_| 15 Eogo Vmao h¢
Omo {H$ NIR H$s A{YH$Vm dmbo h¢ {Oggo `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$
do PMS ñQ>ma h¢ Ÿ& gmW hr `h ^r kmV hþAm h¡ {H$ _oZ {gŠd|g
ñQ>mam| (MS) _| Á`mXm D$na ^r Va\$ h¢ Am¡a CZ_| NIR H$s
A{YH$Vm {XIr h¡ Ÿ& NIR H$s `h A{YH$Vm ~VmVr h¡ {H$ Vmam|
_| VoO M_H$ dmbo h¢ Am¡a Img J{V go Ky_ aho h¢, do _oZ
{gŠd|g _| A~ VH$ Zht nhþ±Mo h¢ Ÿ& PMS AmBgmoH«$moZ H$m
Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m {Oggo {H$ NIR H$s A{YH$Vm dmbo Vmam| H$s
C_« H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gHo$ Am¡a nm`m J`m {H$ BZ Vmam| H$s
C_« 0.5 0 10 Myr Ho$ ~rM h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah H$bñQ>a NGC 225 H$m\$s C_« H$m h¡ Ÿ& `h^r AZw_mZ {H$`m J`m {H$ Bg C_«
10 Myr H$_ h¡ Am¡a CgH$s nyar H$mbmd{Y 120 Myr Zht
hmoJr O¡gm {H$ nhbo _mZm Om ahm Wm Ÿ& `h àñVmd h¡ {H$ hmb
_| {Z{_©V Vmam| Ho$ H$maU NGC - 225 ~Zm h¡, Xmo ha{~J ~r
ñQ>ma, Hα E_reZ dmbo ñQ>ma Am¡a S>ñQ>boZ Am¡a Zo~wbmo{gQ>r
~Zr h¡ Omo H$bñQ>a Ho$ Amgnmg h¡ Ÿ&
(AÞnyUu gw~«_Ê`Z, ãbogZ _¡Ï`y Am¡a Eg.Ama. H$m`m© *)
{g¾g Amo[a{OZ _| ñQ>ma \$m°_e
} Z H$m B{Vhmg g_PZm
[g¾g Amo.~r [aµOZ _| 5 H$bñQ>a VmaH$m| (1C 4996 NGC
6910, Be 87, {~CamH$Z 2 Am¡a Be 86) Ho$ g§~Y
§ _| AÜ``Z
{H$E JE Ÿ& àmßV g§X^© gm{hË`m| go àmßV Am°pßQ>H$b S>mQ>m _| 2
MASS S>mQ>m em{_b h¡ {Oggo PMS ñQ>mam| H$s CnpñW{V H$m
kmZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ò ñQ>ma AmB©.Ama. joÌ _| hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& boIH$m| Zo
AnZo {ZîH$f© _| 93 PMS ñQ>mam| H$m A{^kmnZ {H$`m h¡ {OZ_|
7 Vmao ha{~J Ae/Be ñQ>ma h¢ Am¡a - 9 ñQ>mah¢ {OZ_| Hα E_reZ
Ñ{ï>JV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& A{^kmV PMS ñQ>ma H$s ghm`Vm go H$bñQ>a
ñQ>mam| H$s OrdZmd{Y H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& VmaH$ g_yh
Ho$ VmaH$m| H$m \$m_}eZ {H$VZr H$mbmd{Y _| hmoVr h¡ (AWm©V² Q>Z©
- Am°\$ EµO _| Š`m A§Va h¡), `h ~mV ñd`§ Cg VmaH$ - g_yh
H$s C_« na {Z^©a hmoVr h¡ Omo 6 Myr Ho$ H$ar~ h¡ Ÿ& Xmo AÝ`
H$bñQ>am| _| AZoH$ Vmam| H$m ~ZmZm Bg VÏ` H$m à_mU h¡ Ÿ& 9
VmaH$m| go g§~§{YV ñnoŠQ´>m àmßV {H$E JE Am¡a BZ VmaH$m| H$s
ñnoŠQ´>_r Am¡a {dH$mgmË_H$ A{^bjUm| na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ&
A{YH$Va VmaH$m| Ho$ _m_bo _| {S>ñH$ H$s amoQ>oeZb dobmo{gQ>r
VmaH$m| H$s dobmo{gQ>r go H$_ nmB© JB© h¡ Ÿ& BZ VmaH$ g_yh _| EH$
Vmam ha{~J Ae/Be ñQ>ma h¡ Am¡a AÝ` VmaH$m| H$mo Šbm{gH$b
Be ñQ>ma _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
(AÞnyUu gw~«_Ê`_, ~r. ^mJ`m * Am¡a ãbogZ _¡Ï`y)
2.2 `§J ñQ>b
o ma qnS>
B§Q>a_r{S>EQ>-_mg `§J ñQ>mam| _| gH©$_ - ñQ>b
o a {S>ñH$
H$m j{UH$ {dH$mg
doUw ~mny doYembm go 45 B§Q>a_r{S>EQ>-_mg `§J ñQ>mam| ha{~J
Ae/Be H$s àH$mer` ñnoŠQ´>m br JB© Ÿ& BZ ñQ>mam| Ho$ ~mao _| H$m\$s
à{VXe© àmßV {H$E OmE§, BgHo$ dmñVo _ëQ>r-BnmoH$ ñnoŠQ´>mño H$mo{nH$
Am¡a \$moQ>mo_o{Q´>H$ S>mQ>m g§J«h H$aZo Ho$ gmW àr-_oZ {gŠd|g
Bdmoë`yeZar Q´>¡H$ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ EH$ - EH$ Vmam| Ho$ g§~§Y _|
CZH$s AZw_m{ZV Am`w kmV H$s JB©, BgHo$ AmYma na d¡km{ZH$m|
Zo CZ VmaH$m| _| CËgO©Z bmBZ g§~§Yr A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ {dH$mg
H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m h¡, d¡km{ZH$m| H$m {ZîH$f© h¡ {H$ Am¡gV én go
O~ ha{~J Ae/Be Vmam| H$s ñQ>oba Am`w ~‹T>Vr h¡ Vmo EM Aë\$m
E_reZ bmBZ H$s Vrd«Vm N>Q>Vr h¡ {Oggo `h nVm MbVm h¡
{H$ PMS µ\o$g Ho$ XmoamZ EH«o$eZ A{^{H«$`mE§ H«$_e: H$_ hmoVr
h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ Ûmam `h g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡ {H$ ha{~J Ae/Be ñQ>mam| _|
EH«o$eZ _| hmg Ho$ {bE XrK© H$mb VH$ MbZodmbr H$moB© à{H«$`m
Odm~Xoh hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ^r nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ BZ Vmam| _| EH«o$eZ
H$s J{V{d{Y`m§ 3 Myr _| H$m\$s H$_ hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ& `h H$_r
A{YH$Va B§Q>a_r{S>EQ> - _mg ñQ>mam| Ho$ _m_bo _| g_`md{Y go
Ow‹S>r h¡ Am¡a Bg H$maU CZHo$ Am§V[aH$ {S>ñH$m| _| H$_r AmVr h¡
{Oggo `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ B§Q>a_r{S>EQ> _mg ñQ>mam| Ho$ A§Xa
{S>ñH$ H$s Vrd«Vm H«$_e:VoµOr go KQ> ahr h¡ Am¡a `h {H«$`m V~
hmoVr h¡ O~ EH«o$eZ H$s J{V{d{Y EH$ Img ñVa go ZrMo Mbr
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo `h ^r {ZîH$f© {X`m h¡ {H$ CËgO©Z
bmBZ Am¡a {ZAa-BÝ\«$maoS> EŠgog H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ ~rM AnjmoH¥$V
Jham A§Vgª~§Y h¡ Am¡a `h g§~§Y ha{~J Ae / Be ñQ>mam| _| B©Za
{S>ñH$ H$_ n[aUm_ h¡ Ÿ& Bggo `h ^r nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ha{~J
Ae/Be ñQ>mam| Ho$ {JX© {S>ñH$ nyU©V: {ZpîH«$` hmo Zht gH$Vo Ÿ&
AVEd gbmh Xr JB© h¡ {H$ `h A§Vgª~§Y nwëS>-An B©Za [a_
{S>ñH$ _m°S>obm| Ho$ {ZpíMV \«o$_dH©$ _| [díbo{fV {H$`m OmE,
~eV} EH«o$eZ em°H$ go {ZH$bZo dmbr {d{H$aUm| {S>ñH$ H$mo J_©
H$aZo _| ^r AnZr H$moB© ^y{_H$m AXm H$aVr h¢ Ÿ&
(nr. _ZmoO *, EM.gr. ^Å>, Or, _mhoída * Am¡a Eg. _wZra)
Q>r-Q>ma° r ñQ>mg©: EM S>r 288313
15
Vmam| Ho$ H$ba (b-y) _| \$moQ>mo_oQ>[aH$ MH«$ Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$moB©
CëboIZr` n[adV©Z XoIZo _| Zhr AmVm Ÿ& Vmam| _| àH$meH$s`
n[adV©Z H$m H$maU ñQ>oba µâbŠg Ho$ amoQ>oeZb _moS>boeZ hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a `h _moSw>boeZ g_yMr ñQ>oba ì`m{ßV _| Hy$b ñQ>ma - ñnm°Q>m|
Ho$ {dH$sU© hmoZo H$m n[aUm_ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
Vmam| Ho$ ~mao _| df© 2002-2006 Ho$ XmoamZ ñnoŠQ´>mo-ñH$mo{nH$
àojU Mbm`m J`m Am¡a Cggo àmßV Am°H$‹S>m| Ho$ {díbofU go nVm
MbVm h¡ {H$ HD 288313 _| EM-Aë\$m bmBZ H$s e{ŠV _|
nyU©V: {µ\$ëS>-BZ E_reZ go bJ^J \w$b EãOm°ße©Z Ho$ ~rM
H$m\$s A§Va hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EM S>r ñQ>ma _| `h ~mV CZ Vmam| go
hQ>H$a Am¡a [d{eï> h¡ Omo {XIZo _| EH$ Q>mBn Ho$ àVrV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
EM-Amë\$m Ho$ g_Vwë` {d‹S>W go ñnï> h¡ {H$ amoQ>e
o Zb _moS>w be
o Z
ñnï>Vm go H$^r-H$^r hr {XIVm h¡ Ÿ& Á`mXmVa g_`
H«$mo_moñ\o$[aH$ g{H«$` joÌm| _| _moSw>boeZ g_yMo VmaH$s` {dñVma
_| ì`mßV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$maU amoQ>oeZb _moSw>boeZ ñnï>V`m
jrU hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ({MÌ - 8)
{MÌ -
8 : HD 288313: Plots of H® equivalent widths
against the corresponding photometric phases computed
using JD = 2447911.567 + 2.d2636. The observational
period is indicated in the corresponding panel.
VrZm| _m¡g_m| Ho$ Xm¡amZ Q>r-Q>m°ar ñQ>mam| HD 288313 H$m
\$moQ>mo_oQ>[aH$ àojU H$aZo go jrU CËgO©Z H$m nVm MbVm h¡ Omo
{XZm| Ho$ g_` 2.2636 Ho$ H$_ A§Va go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ào{jV V
Eo_ßbrÀ`yS> 0.06 - 0.15 _¡J Ho$ a|µO _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ ñQ>mam| H$s
pñW{V go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ha _m¡g_ go Xygao _m¡g_ Ho$ ~rM
bmBQ> H$d© Ho$ A{YH$V_ Am¡a Ý`yZV_ na X>r{ßV _| C„oIZr`
n[adV©Z {XIVm h¡ &
{MÌ -
9 : HD 288313: Plots of percentage linear
polarization and position angle in B band observed during
JD 2449059–65 against the corresponding photometric
phases computed using JD = 2447911.567 + 2.d2636.
The numbers in the plot of P identify the Julian days of
observation. The bottom panel shows the V observations
overlapping with the polarimetry. The open circles indicate
the V mag obtained on the nights of polarimetric
observations.
16
~«moS>~¢S> br{Zà nmobamBµOoeZ _oµOa_|Q> H$mo XoIH$a nVm MbVm
h¡ {H$ HD - 288313 H$_ g_`md{Y Ho$ {bE K{Q>V hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a Bg ~rM bmo-EoånbrÀ`yS> Yw«dU-à{H«$`m ~XbVr ahVr
h¡ Ÿ& ñnï> h¡ {H$ Y«wdU H$s {H«$`m{d{Y amoQ>oeZb _m°Sw>boeZ _|
K{Q>V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ({MÌ - 9)
{H$gr ñQ>ma Ho$ Zm°Z-ñ\o$[aH$b gH©$_ñQ>oba BÝdobn _| {dH$sU©
S>ñQ> J«oZ Omo {H$ g\]$g ~«mBQ>Zog {dñVma _| Ag_Vwë` hmoVr h¡,
dh H$maU h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam Y«wdU à{H«$`m _| ào{jV {deofVmE§
nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
(E_.dr. _|ŠH$mS>oZ, Eg. _wZra Am¡a E.dr. adtÐZ)
Q>r S>ãë`y h²`m (TW Hya)
Šbm{gH$b Q>r-Q>m°ar ñQ>ma TW Hya H$mo boH$a df© 2000 go
2007 Ho$ ~rM EM Aëµ\$m joÌ _| ñnoŠQ´>moñH$mo{nH$ àojU {H$`m
J`m Am¡a Cggo àmßV Am±H$‹S>m| H$m {díbofU {H$`m J`m Ÿ& EM
Aëµ\$m CËgO©Z Ho$ g_Vwë` {dS>²W H$mo XoIZo go H$m\$s A§Va H$m
nVm MbVm h¡ Am¡a A§Va 190 Å go 400 Å Ho$ ~rM {^Þ {^Þ
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg CËgO©Z H$s J{V H$s Vrd«Vm go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$
ñQ>mam| _| amoQ>oeZ H$s Ad{Y CËgO©Z Ad{Y _| A§Va Ho$ AZwén
KQ>Vr ~‹T>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V H$m {ZîH$f© Hw$N> _hrZm| VH$ CZ
g^r {H«$`m{d{Y`m| Ho$ àojU H$aZo Ho$ ~mX àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
àojU H$s g_yMr Ad{Y _| `§Ì ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW CËgO©Z Vrd«Vm
H$m AmH$bZ H$aZo go kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Xmo AbJ - AbJ erf©
~Zo h¢ Omo Xmo EH«o$qQ>J µOmoZ Ho$ hmoZo H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
(E_.dr. _oŠH$mS>oZ, Eg. _wZra Am¡a E.dr. adtÐZ)
2.3 hmBS´>mO
o {ZH$ AënVm dmbo ñQ>ma
Aënmd{YH$ `w½_VmaH$m| PG1544 + 488 _| Xmo
hr{b`_-g§nÞ dm_Z VmaH$ H$m n¡am_rQ>a
hr{b`_-g§nÞ dm_ZVmaH$ B(He-SdB) amgm`{ZH$ Ñ{ï> go
AZmoIo Vmam-g_yh H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢, ò erK« ~ZVo h¢ VWm
H$_ dOZ dmbo VmaH$s` Adeof hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ g§~Y§ _| _mÝ`Vm
h¡ {H$ do ídoV dm_Zm| Ho$ EH$-Xygao _| Ow‹S> OmZo go ~ZVo h¢
AWdm {H$gr {db§{~V hr{b`_ âb¡e Ho$ ~mX hr{b`_`wŠV
ídoV dm_Zm| Ho$ BÝdobn Ho$ H$ÝdopŠQ>d {_pŠg¨J Ho$ n[aUm_ hmoVo
h¢ Ÿ& PG 1544 + 488 He-SdB Vmam| H$m àmoQ>moQ>mBn g§aMZm
h¡ Ÿ& `h AMmZH$ Am¡a gw§Xa én _| ~Z OmVr h¡ Am¡a H$_ g_`
(P o.5 {XZ) Ho$ {bE `w½_ VmaH$ hmoVr h¡ {Og_| Vmam| PG
1544-488 _| hr{b`_ g§nÞ dm_Z Ho$ ^m¡{VH$s` n¡am_rQ>a Am¡a
Am°{~©Q>b gmoë`weZ H$s OmZH$mar àmßV hþB© h¡ {OgH$m AmYma
VrZ dfm] H$s Ad{Y _| {bE JE àH$meH$s` q~~ h¢ Ÿ& XmoZm|
dm_Zm| Ho$ {bE à^mdr Vmn_mZ, g\}$g J«¡{dQ>r Am¡a hr{b`_ H$s
àMwaVm (g§»`m _|) O¡go ^m¡{VH$s` n¡am_rQ>am| H$m _mnZ {H$`m
J`m Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE {M-ñH$dm`S>© {_{Z_mBµOoeZ à{H«$`m H$m
Cn`moJ LTE _m°S>ob `wŠV `§Ì bJmH$a {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Am{~©Q>b
gm¡bweZ Am°pßQ>H$b ñnoŠQ´>m go a¡{S>`b dobmo{gQ>rµO H$m Cn`moJ
H$aHo$ {ZH$mbm J`m & PG1544 + 488 `w½_H$ Vmam h¡, Bg
emoY {ZîH$f© Ho$ à^md ñdén hr{b`_ g§nÞ dm_Z B Vmam| H$mo
g_PZo _| _XX {_br h¡ Am¡a g§^mdZm OVmB© Om ahr h¡ {H$ BZ
Vmam| Ho$ {dH$mg _| Vrgar à{H«$`m ^r em{_b h¡ VWm Bg {df`
H$mo boH$a {ZH$Q>dVu `w½_H$ _| gm_mÝ`-BÝdobn Ho$ {dH$mg H$s
~mV _mZr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&
(E. Ah_X *, gr.Eg. Oo\$ar *, Ama. Z¡nrdmoµOH$s * Am¡a
Or. nm§S>o`)
hmBS´>mO
o {ZH$ AënVm dmbo `w½_ Vmao KS Per Am¡a υ
SGR - ñnoŠQ´>mño H$mo{nH$ _m°ZrQ>aZ
XrYm©d{YH$ hmBS´>moOZ AënVm dmbo `w½_H$ Vmao KS Per Am¡a υ
SGR H$m _m°ZrQ>aZ ñnoŠQ´>moñH$mon go {Xg§~a, 2003 go Mb ahm
h¡ & a¡{S>`b dobmo{gQ>r Am¡a àmoµ\$mBb BZ XmoZm| _| K{Q>V n[adV©Z
H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ & υ SGR (Am¡a KS Per) go
g§~§{YV {aM E_reZ bmBZ ñnoŠQ´>_ H$mo gyMr~X²>Y {H$`m J`m
h¡ & N-II bmBZm| H$mo H$^r-H$^r àH$Q> Am¡a bwßV hmoVo XoIm J`m
h¡ & υ Sgr _| N-II H$s CnpñW{V h¡, Bg nwZ: gw{ZpíMV hmo MwH$m
h¡, qH$Vw a¡{S>`b dobmo{gQ>r _| n[adV©Z Am¡a àmoµ\$mBb _| n[adV©Z
H$m {díbofU Am°{d©Q>b _moeZ H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$`m Om ahm h¡ &
(EZ. H$m_oída amd Am¡a JO|Ð nm§S>o`)
`y{dQ> `wŠV hmBS´>mO
o {ZH$ AénVm dmbo hm°Q> ñQ>mam| H$m
AÜ``Z
_mÌ 20 Eogo ñQ>ma kmV h¢ {OZ_| AË`{YH$ hr{b`_ (EHe)
CnpñWV h¡ Am¡a BZ Vmam| H$s OmZH$mar Am°{ßQ>H$ ñQ>S>r go hþB© h¡ Ÿ&
BZ EHe Vmam| VWm hmBS´>mO
o {ZH$ AënVm dmbo d¥hV² Vmao, CZH$s
CËn{Îm Am¡a {dH$mg EH$ ahñ` h¡ Ÿ& EHe Vmam| Ho$ {dñVma _|
à^mdr Vmn_mZ 8000 - 30,000 K h¡ Ed§ BZ_| gµ\]$g J«¡{dQ>r
log(g) = 0.5 - 3.0 (cgs) h¡ Ÿ& gm_mÝ` VmaH$m| ({OZ_| hmBS´>mO
o Z
A{YH$ h¡) go ò hmBS´>moO{ZH$ AmënVm dmbo Vmam| _| Š`m A§Va
h¡, BgH$m nVm UVIT a§Jm| H$s _XX go bJ`m Om ahm h¡ Am¡a
g\$bVm {_br h¡ Ÿ&
(JO|Ð nm§S>o` Am¡a EZ. H$m_oída amd)
EHe Vmam| Ho$ CÀM [agmoë`yeZ ñnoŠQ´>m _| E_reZ bmBZ|
hmBS´>moOZ H$s AënVm dmbo Vmam| {OZH$s CËn{Îm Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$
H$maU kmV Zht h¡, _| hmBS´>moOZ-{S>{\${eEÝQ> H$m~©Z ñQ>ma
(HdC), R CrB ñQ>ma, EŠQ´>r_ hr{b`_ ñQ>ma, He-rich sdOs,
PN(WC) Ho$ H-poor g|Q>´ b ñQ>mg© Am¡a Non-DA-White dwarf
em{_b h¢ Ÿ& Vma-_§S>b go g§~§{YV ò OmZH$mar (pñW{V`m§) R
CrBs / E Hes/[WC] ñQ>mg© H$s gyMZm Ho$ AmYma na ~VmB© Om
ahr h¡: (i) Xmo h²dmBQ> S>²dm\©$ (DD) {dH${gV hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& (ii)
Post AGB ñQ>ma _| He-Shell âb¡e hmoVm {XIVm h¡; Am¡a (iii)
{ZH$Q>ñW `w½_H$ Vmao {dH${gV hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& VmaH$s` {dH$mg Ho$
{gÕm§V na ^pìf`dmUr H$s OmVr h¡ {H$ g^r S>d² m\©$ _| go bJ^J
EH$ {Vhmh© `m Vmo DD {gZo[aAmo `m \$mBZb He-Shell âb¡e
{gZo[aAm| Ho$ n[aUm_ hmoVo h¢ VWm BZHo$ H$maU _oZñQ´>r_ ñQ>oba
Bdmoë`yeZ Ho$ _hËdnyU© go½_|Q> Ho$ én _| R Cr Bs/EHes/[WC]
Vmao {Z{_©V hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Cn`wŠV g^r h²dmBQ> S²>dm\©$ Zm°Z-DD
{deofVmAm| dmbo hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& EHe Vmao bmBZ ñnoŠQ´>m H$m
Ademo{fV hmoZm Xem©Vo h¢ {OZ_| Ho$db hm°Q> R CrBs Am¡a
[WC] Vmao em{_b Zht hmoVo Ÿ& ò hm°Q> Vmao E_reZ bmBZm| H$s
CnpñW{V {XImVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ hm°Q> EHe ñQ>mg© _| [WC] Vmam| go
`wŠV E_reZ Amoda b¡n VWm CZHo$ à^mdr Vmn_mZ _| R CrB
Vmam| dmbm| Hy$b hr{b`_ ñQ>ma hmoVo h¡ Ÿ& EHe ñQ>mg© VWm R
CrB ñQ>mg© Ho$ H$°ßbm| Ho$ hmB© [agmoë`weZ ñnoŠQ´>m J«hU {H$E JE
h¢ Vm{H$ CZ Vmam| _| AJa _mÌm H$mo boH$a H$_r hmo ahr h¡, Vmo
Cg {díbofU E_reZ bmBZm| H$s CnpñW{V na emoY H$aHo$ {H$`m
Om gHo$ Ÿ& {\$a Bg ñnoŠQ´>m H$m `h ^r CÔoí` h¡ {H$ [WC] Vmam|
VWm/`m hr{b`_ H$s àMwaVm dmbo sdO Vmam| Ho$ ~mao _|
{dH$mgmË_H$ pñW{V`m| H$m kmZ àmßV {H$`m OmE Ÿ& ò ñnoŠQ´>m
VBT Eebo ñn|ŠQ´>m|_rQ>a Am¡a _¡H$S>moZmëS> ñnoñQ´>m_rQ>a go J«hU
{H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& EHe ñQ>mam| _| g\}$g Ho$ H§$nmo{OeZ Xem©Vo h¢ {H$
hr{b`_ H$s àMwaVm dmbo sdO Vmam| Ho$ g_mZ hr bJ^J 0.01
C/He Cg_| hmo gH$Vm h¡, O~H$s (WC) Vmam g§»`m _| 1 Ho$
Amgnmg CHe H$m hmoZm Xem©Vo h¢ Ÿ& AJa EHe Vmao hr ~XbH$a
[WC] Vmao hmo OmVo h¢ Vmo CZH$m dOZ H$_ hmo OmEJm Am¡a
CZHo$ g\}$g H$s g§aMZm _| n[adV©Z hmoJm Ÿ&
(JO|Ð nm§S>o`, EZ. H$m_oída amd Am¡a S>¡{dS> b¢~Q>© *)
17
2.4 Zd {dH${gV VmaH$m| _| âbmo[aZ
Hy$b EŠgQ´>r_ hr{b`_ Vmam| _| âbmo[aZ H$s CnpñW{V
g§~Y
§ r ImoO
Hy$b EŠgQ´>r_ hr{b`_ Vmam| Ho$ {bE JE Am°pßQ>H$b EŠgnoŠQ´>m
_| Ý`yQ´>b âbmo[aZ (F1) bmBZm| H$s CnpñW{V kmV hþB© h¡ Ÿ&
{H$gr Vmam Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>_ _| A{^kmV `h nhbr F1 bmBZ| h¢ Ÿ& BZ
ñnoŠQ´>m go EŠgQ´>r_ hr{b`_ ñQ>mam| _| âbmo[aZ H$s àMwaVm Ho$
_mnZ H$m g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah Ho$ _mnZ Ho$ ZVrOo ~VmVo
h¢ {H$ EŠgQ´>r_ hr{b`_ ñQ>mam| _| âbmo[aZ H$s H$m\$s A{YH$
_mÌm h¡ Ÿ& âbmo[aZ H$s H$m\$s A{YH$ _mÌm H$m hmoZm BZ Vmam| _|
âbmo[aZ go OwS>o g§íbofU Ho$ à_mU {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg g§íbofU go
A{V-AZmoIo Am¡a {demb Vmam| Ho$ [dH$mg H$mo boH$a MMm© hmo
gH$Vr h¡ VWm C-O h²dmBQ> S²>dm\©$ go hr{b`_ `wŠV h²dmBQ>
S>²dm\©$ Ho$ {Zñg¥V hmoZo H$s Amem ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ&
(Or. nm§S>ò )
ñQ>mam| VWm EŠQ´>r_ hr{b`_ Vmam| _| âbmo[aZ
H$s àMwaVm
R CrB
doUw ~mny Q>o{bñH$mon Eebo Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>mo_rQ>a VWm _¡H$-S>moZmëS>
H$s `§Ìmdbr go Omo ñnoŠQ´>m dm_© R CrB Vmam| Am¡a Hy$b EHe
Vmam| Ho$ àmßV {H$E JE h¢, CZ_| Ý`yQ´>§b âbmo[aZ bmBZm| H$s
CnpñW{V kmV hþB© h¡ Ÿ& BZ hmBS´>mO
o {ZH$ AënVm Vmam| _| âbmo[aZ
H$s àMwaVm go CZHo$ CX²>^d Am¡a {dH$mg H$mo boH$a Hw$N> gyÌ
{_bVo h¢ Ÿ& âbmo[aZ H$s à`waVm H$m {díbofU g§JV ñQ>ma
Bdmoë`yeZ, ŠbmoO
µ ~mBZar Bdmoë`yeZ VWm S>~b {S>OZo ao Qo > _µOa© m|
Ho$ VÏ` na {dMma H$aVo hþE H$a gH$Vo h¢ {OgH$m ZVrOm h¡ {H$
ò ñQ>ma hmBS´>moO{ZH$ AënVm dmbo h¢ Ÿ&
(JO|Ð nm§S>o`, EZ. H$m_oída amd Am¡a S>¡{dS> b¢~Q>© *)
Am¡a A Q>mBn ~¥hV² Vmam| (gwna O
µ mBÝQ>m)| _|
Ý`yQ>´b âbmo[aZ bmBZm| Ho$ {bE emoYH$m`©
Late B
VBT Eebo ñnoŠQ´>mo_rQ>a go AZoH$ boQ> B Am¡a A Q>mBn ~¥hV² Vmam|
Ho$ hmB© [agmoë`yeZ ñnoŠQ´>m àmßV {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& BgH$m
CÔoí` h¡ {H$ CZ Vmam| Ho$ A{^bjU (AWm©V² dhm§ à^mdr
Vmn_mZ Am¡a g\}$g J«¡{dQ>r) H$s OmZH$mar hm{gb H$s OmE
VWm A§VV:CZH$s amgm`{ZH$ g§aMZm kmV hmo, Omo {H$
18
{deofH$a s-process Am¡a âbmo[aZ O¡go KQ>H$m| H$mo boH$a
hmo & BZ n¡am_rQ>am| Ho$ AmYma na H$_ dOZ dmbo Late B
Am¡a A Q>mBn gwnaOmBÝQ>m| H$s nhMmZ H$s OmEJr Ÿ& BZ
ñQ>mam| Ho$ AÜ``Z go Ý`y Post-AGB Vmam| AWm©V² Late B
Am¡a A H$s nhMmZ Ho$ ~mao _| amoMH$ Am¡a _hËdnyU© OmZH$mar
{_boJr Ÿ& AmJo BZ AÜ``Zm| Ho$ AmYma na ñQ>oba Ý`ypŠb`mo
gtWo{gg Am¡a Post-AGB Vmam| Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo g_PZo _|
_XX {_boJr Ÿ&
(JO|Ð nm§S>o`)
2.5 ñQ>b
o a n¡am_rQ>a
Am°Q>m_
o Qo >So > Šbm{g{\$Ho$eZ Am¡a ñQ>b
o a n¡am_rQ>am| H$m
{Z_m©U
Am°Q>mo_oQ>oS> én _| ñnoŠQ>²b Šbm{g{µ\$Ho$eZ Ho$ {bE AbJ-AbJ
VarH$m| H$s gmdYmZrnyd©H$ g_rjm H$s JB© & ANN na
AmYm[aV _oWm¡‹S> H$m {dñVma _| dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ & `h
_oWm¡S> {d{^Þ gd}jUm| go àmßV S>mQ>m H$s ~‹S>r go ~‹S>r _mÌm
H$mo erK«Vm go h¢S>b H$aZo _| gj_ hmoVm h¡ & `y.dr. {dµOwAb
Am¡a AmB© Ama ñnoŠQ´>_r arOZm| g_oV AbJ-AbJ gd}jUm|
_| ANN H$m AZwn`moJ Cn`moJr hmoVm h¡ Am¡a àmßV ZVrOm|
H$m gmam§e {ZH$mbm OmVm h¡ & H$mdbya doYembm, ^maV _|
gwñWm{nV 2.3 _r VBT H$s _XX go Vmam| H$m _r{S>`_
[agmoë`weZ ñnoŠQ´>m (R ~ 1000) àmßV {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& Bg à{VXe©
[agmoë`weZ _| 4500 go 8000 K Ho$ Vmn_mZ, ewÝ` go – 3
Ho$ [Fe/H] aoO§ _| VWm 1.5 go 5.0 Ho$ log g a|O _| ñQ>mam|
Ho$ {S>ñQ´>rã`yeZ EH$ g_mZ {XI| h¢ & BZ Vmam| Ho$ n¡am_rQ>a
{Z_m©U Ho$ {bE H¥${Ì_ Ý`yQ´>b ZoQ>dH©$ Ho$ AZwà`moJ H$s
g§^mdZm kmV hþB© h¡ &
{OZ Vmam g_yh H$s gw{ZpíMV EoQ>_m°ñ\o$[aH$ AdpñW{V`m§ h¢
{OZHo$ AmYma na ZoQ>dH©$ Ho$ H$m_ H$aZo H$s g§^mdZm Vmn_mZ,
JwéËdr` ~b Am¡a CZH$s YmpËdH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU ~Z
gH$Vr h¡, CZ Vmam g_yh H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ & Bg H«$_
_| Omo Ama§{^H$ à`mg {H$E JE h¢, CZ_| Vmn_mZ H$s 200 K,
log H$s 0.4 Am¡a [Fe/H] _| 0.3 S>oŠg H$s EoHw$aogr kmV H$s Om
gH$Vr h¢ &
(Eg. {J[aYa, E_. _wZra Am¡a E. Jmoñdm_r)
Q>mBn ñQ>mam| _| H Amëµ\$m [dS>W
² Am¡a Eãgmoë`yQ>
_¡¾rÀ`yS> [aboeZ
Late
H«$mâQ> Am¡a AÝ` emoYH$Vm©Am| Zo (1964, ApJ, 140, 235) AnZo
AÜ``Z Ho$ AmYma na `h ñWm{nV {H$`m h¡ {H$ EM Aëµ\$m (Hα)
bmBZ àmo\$mBb _| 0.1 H$s g|Q´>b JhamB© na {Zanoj U _¡¾rÀ`yS>
g{hV epŠVembr A§Vgª~§Y H$m {ZXe©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ò AÜ``Z
\$moQ>moJ«m¡{\$H$ ßboQ>m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& CÀM gm¡a
Ádmbm àmoµ\$mBbm| dmbo Bg A§Vgª~§Y H$m {\$a go AÜ``Z Am¡a
narjU {H$`m J`m h¡ Om| {H$ VBT Eebo Am¡a {hßnmaH$g
n¡amb¡Šgm| go àmßV CCD H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ {H$`mJ`m h¡ Ÿ&
(EZ. H$m_oída amd, E. Jmoñdm_r, ~r B©ída aoÈ>r Am¡a JO|Ð
nm§S>o`)
2 _rQ>a dmbo CËH¥$ï> Q>{o bñH$mon Ho$ ½bmo~b ZoQ>dH©$ VBT
Eebo H$s _XX go àrgrµOZ ao{S>`b {dbmo{gQ>r
VmaH$s` H$s pñW{V`m| _| AZoH$ n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU AZoH$ g_ñ`mE§
n¡Xm hmoVr h¢ {OZgo CÀM àrgrOZ dmbm ao{S>`b dobmo{gQ>r CËnÞ
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& VBT Eebo _| Z`m Am`moS>rZ gob bJm`m J`m h¡ VWm
Bg `§Ì àUmbr _| AÝ` AZoH$ ZE Am`m_ Am¡a gwYma {H$E Om aho
h¢ {Oggo {H$ m/s Ho$ a|O _| hmB© {àgrµOZ a¡{S>`b dobmo{gQ>r kmV
H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ& AË`m{YH$ Vrd« gm¡a Ádmbm H$m ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ boZo Ho$
{bE 2 _rQ>a H$s b§~mB© dmbm CÞV Q>{o bñH$mon H$m ½bmo~b ZoQ>dH©$
{Z{_©V {H$`m J`m h¡ Vm{H$ a¡{S>`b dobmo{gQ>r _| n[adV©Z Ho$
_m°ZrQ>aZ _| S>çyQ>r gmBH$b ~ohVa én _| àmßV H$a gH|$ Ÿ&
(EZ. H$m_oída amd, JO|Ð nm§S>o`, ~r.B©. aoÈ>r, Eg. lram_ Am¡a
Ho$. O`Hw$_ma)
2.6 go\$sS>g
²
Q>mBn II go\$sS>g
² H$s amgm`{ZH$ g§aMZm: BL ha Am¡a
W dra d¡arEãbg
Zrhm{aH$m joÌ _| 19 Q>mBn II go\$sS>²g Ho$ {bE CÀM gm¡aÁdmbm
Ho$ Am°[ßQ>H$b ñnoŠQ´>m (q~~) H$s Vrd« àXr{ßV H$m narjU {H$`m
J`m Ÿ& Bg q~~ narjU _| à{VXem] _| Aënmd{YH$ Vmao (BL
Her) Am¡a XrKm©d{YH$ Vmao (W Vir) XmoZm| H$mo em{_b {H$`m
J`m Ÿ& Bg Vah doarEãbg H$s Vrd« àXr{à Ho$ narjU `h nhbm
Eogm à`mg Wm Ÿ& BL Her Am¡a W Vir VmaH$m| Ho$ g_mZ ì`m{ßV
dmbo C, N Am¡a O H$s àMwaVm Bg ~mV H$m à_mU h¡ {H$ 3α
àmogog Am¡a CN gmB{H$qbJ àmoS>ŠQ>m| dmbm dmVmdaU g§Xy{fV
Am¡a AmË`m{YV h¡ Ÿ& BL Her Vm>am| _| CëboIZr` Ag§J{V
gmo{S>`_ (Na) H$s A{VàMwaVm XoIZo H$mo {_br h¡ {OgH$m H$maU
Ama§{^H$ àMwaVm Am¡a nm§M AÝ` KQ>H$m| H$m hmoZm h¡ Ÿ& `h A{V
àMwaVm W Vir Vmam| _| Ñ{ï>JV Zht hþB© h¡ Ÿ& W Vir ñQ>mam| _|
àMwaVm g§~§Yr `h AZmoImnZ _§X go H«$_e: A{YH$ VoO hmoVm
OmVm h¡ Omo {H$ BL Her Vmam| _| Zht {XIVm h¡ Ÿ& `h pñW{V
S>ñQ> Am¡a J¡gr` KQ>H$m| Ho$ n¥WH$aU H$m ZVrOm hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg pñW{V _| hmB© H§$S>Zo goeZ Vmn_mZ dmbo H$maU dhm§ dmVmdaU
_| hmB© H$_ hm|Jo, AWm©V² Al, Ca, Sc, Ti Am¡a S-process Ho$
KQ>H$ Zht hm|Jo Ÿ& Bg Vah H$s Ag§J{V RV Q>r-Q>ma¡ r Vmam| _|
nhbo XoIZo H$mo {_br Wr {Oggo `h àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Q>mBn II
go g\$s‹S>g _| Omo d¡arE~ëg hmoVo h¢, ò b§~o g_` VH$ Cg_| ~Zo
ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg AÜ``Z _| BL Her Am¡a W Vir Vmam| H$s à{Vbmo_r
àMwaVm Š`m| h¡, `h {díbo{fV {H$`m J`m h¡ {Og_| ãby
hm°arOm°ÝQ>b ~«m§M go ñQ>mam| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU em{_b h¢ Ÿ&
(Wm°_g _mg *, gwZoV« {J[aYa Am¡a S>r.Eb. b¡å~Q>© *)
2.7 Ym[ËdH$ AënVm dmbo ñQ>ma
VrZ _wŠ` Vmam| {OZ_| H$m~©Z H$s A{YH$Vm Am¡a YmVw
H$s AënVm h¡ go g§~{§ YV CÀM àÁdbVm H$m ñnoŠQ´>_r
{díbofU
gwMmé Q>o{bñH$mon Omo hmB© {S>ñngoZ ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ àUmbr go `wŠV
h¡, Ho$ Ûmam hmB© ñnoŠQ´>m {~~§ (R ~50,000) {b`m J`m Am¡a
CgH$m AÜ``Z {díbofU {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Bg {díbofU Ho$ n[aUm_
Xem©Vo h¡ {H$ h¢~J©/ESO {àµµÁ_ gd}jU go M`{ZV Xmo Vmao
h¢ {OZ_| H$m~©Z H$s A{YH$Vm Am¡a YmpËdH$ AënVm (CEMP)
h¡ & AWm©V² do HE-1305+0007 Am¡a HE 1152-0355 Vmao h¢
VWm BZ_| ñWm`r _hËd H$m CH ñQ>ma HD 5223 ^r h¡ Ÿ& BZ
g^r Vmam| _| VwbZmË_H$ én go H$_ à^mdr Vmn_mZ (4000 K
- 4750 K) VWm Vrd« én _| g{H«$` H$m~©{ZH$ KQ>H$m| H$s A{YH$Vm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m~©{ZH$ àMwaVm Ho$ H$maU CZgo g§~§Yr ñnoŠQ´>m _|
H$m\$s geŠV _moboHw$ba H$m~©Z ~¢S> ZµOa AmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ ñQ>mam| Ho$
{JX© EQ>_m°ñ\o$à Am¡a _w»` A{^bjUm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go nVm MbVm
h¡ {H$ CZ_| g\}$g J«{¡ dQ>r _m¡OXy h¡ Omo aoS> O
µ mBÝQ> ~«mM§ na dV©_mZ
h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s YmpËdH$ {deofVmE§ [Fe/H] = –2.0 [HE 1305 +
0007, HD-5223] Am¡a [Fe/H] = –1.3 (HE 1152 - 0355)
19
h¢, BZ Vmam| _| H$m~©Z (H«$_e: [C/Fe] = +1.8 + 1.6 Am¡a
0.6) H$s àMwaVm Vmo h¡ hr, gmW-gmW BZ Vmam| _| bmoh VËdm|
H$s VwbZm _| s-process Ho$ KQ>H$ H$m\$s n[a_mU _| CnpñWV
àVrV hmoVo h¡ Ÿ&
ñQ>ma _| 3rd Peak H$s s-process VËd
AË`{YH$ h¡ Omo [Pb/Fe] = +2.37 Am¡a Ama-àmogog E{b_|Q>
`yamo{n`_, (Eu/Fe) = +1.97 H$s àMwaVm Ho$ gmW-gmW h¡ Ÿ&
\$ñQ>© nrH$ Eg-àmogog VËdm| Zr, Sr Am¡a Y H$s _mÌm H$s VwbZm
_| goH|$S> àmogog VËdm| Ba, La, Ce, Nd Am¡a Sm H$s _mÌm
Á`mXm nmB© JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE HE 1305 + 0007 VWmH${WV
‘ brS> ñQ>ma ’ Ho$ CâVo dJ© _| Am ahm h¡ Am¡a gmW hr `h Eogo
qnS>m| Ho$ dJ© _| Am J`m h¡ {Og_| r-process Am¡a s-process
XmoZm| KQ>H$m| AWm©V² CEMP - Ama/Eg Vmam| H$s CnpñW{V
H$m nVm MbVm h¡ Ÿ& HE 1152-0355 Am¡a HD 5223 VmaH$m|
Ûmam àX{e©V EZ-H¡$ßMa KQ>H$m| _| AË`{YH$ d¥{Õ AnojmH¥$V
Á`mXm {XIVr h¡ {Og_| gr EM ñQ>mam| _| gm_mÝ`V`m Omo àXr{ßV
ahVr h¡, dh hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogm Adí` hr Eg-àmogog Ý`y{Šb`mo qgWo{gg Ho$ K{Q>V hmoZo H$m n[aUm_ h¡ Ÿ& BZ VmaH$m| _| {XIZodmbm
E{b_|Q>b E~§S>|g H$m {dH$sU© hmoZm CH ñQ>mam| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s
dV©_mZ Ï`moar Ho$ AmbmoH$ _| g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& E{b_|Q>b
E~§S>|g H$s àXr{ßV CEMP-r/s g_yh Ho$ {Z_m©U g§~§Yr
g§{H«$`mAm| H$m ZVrOm ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
HE 1305 + 0007
(AéUm Jmoñdm_r, Am¡H$s dmH$mo *, Q>r.gr. ~r`g© *, EZ.
{H«$ñQ>b~o *, Oo. Zm°{Q>g *, Eg.Or. ao_mZ * Am¡a Eg. g§JmXrµO)
2.8 VmaH$s`
gd}jU
br{W`_ H$s àMwaVm dmbo K d¥hV² Vmam| H$s ImoO
Hw$N> gmao K d¥hV² ñQ>ma h¢ {Og_| AmemVrV én go br{W`_ H$s
~‹S>r _mÌm hmoVr h¡ Omo {H$ CgHo$ \$moQ>moñ\o$à _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N>
Eogo ñQ>ma h¢ {OZ_| br{W`_ H$s àMwaVm ISM (log e(Li) =
3.2) d¡ë`y go 10-20 JwUm Á`mXm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ _| Xmo XO©Zm|
go H$_ K d¥hV² ñQ>ma h¢ {OÝh| br{W`_ H$s àMwVm dmbo Eogo K
d¥hV² Vmam| Ho$ én _| dJuH¥$V H$a gH$Vo h¢ {OZ_| Log e (Li) ≥
1.5 S>oŠg àMwaVm _| hmoVm h¢ br{W`_ H$s àMwaVm dmbo K d¥hV²
Vmam| _| go A{YH$Va AMmZH$ hr _mohH$ én _| {Z{_©V hmo OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& A^r VH$ `h ~VmZm g§^d Zhr hþAm h¡ {H$ BZ Hw$N> Vmao K
d¥hV² ñQ>ma H¡$go ~ZVo h¢ {OgHo$ H$maU CZ_| br{W`_ H$s _mÌm
Á`mXm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Š`m Eogo Vmam| _| br{W`_ g§a{jV ahVm
20
bJm`m h¡ Omo CŠV bmo [agmobweZ ñnoŠQ´>m na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& Vmam|
Ho$ ~rM `h g§~§Y 6707 Å na br{W`_ Am¡a Ca I VWm
Fe I Ho$ Hw$N> d¡go hr bmo-dmoëQ> bmBZm| Ho$ ~rM H$m`©aV e{ŠV Ho$
AZwnmV na {Z^©a àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m`©erb e{ŠV H$maH$
H$maU br{W`_ H$s dmñV{dH$ _mÌm h¡ Ÿ& A~ VH$ 400 K d¥hV²
Vmam| H$m àojU {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a àojU go àmßV ñnoŠQ´>m H$m
{díbofU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& XO©Z Ho$ ~am~a K d¥hV² Vmam| H$m
nVm MbVm h¡ {OZ_| br{W`_ H$s àMwaVm h¡ Am¡a Eogo Vmam| H$m
CÀM [agmoë`weZ ñnoŠQ´>_r q~~ (R ≈ 60,000) àmßV {H$E Om
aho h¢ Ÿ& BZ q~~m| Ho$ {bE H$mdbya _| pñWV 2.3 _r VBT dmbo
Eebo ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ H$m VWm _¡ŠS>moZmëS> doYembm, `y Eg E _|
gwñWm{nV 2.7 _rQ>a dmbo hm°Q>bmZ Oo pñ_W Q>o{bñH$mon H$s _XX
br Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&
(dmB©. âV Hw$_ma VWm ~r. B©ída aoÈ>r)
{MÌ
:
Sample stars (blue) are shown in the H-R
diagram of luminosity versus Teff . A few known Li-rich K
giants (red) and the new Li-rich K giants (black) from the
survey are shown. Size of the symbols indicate amount
of Li: bigger symbols represent super Li-rich (log ∈(Li) ≤
3.2) and smaller ones represent medium Li values (log
∈(Li) = 1.5 - 3.0 dex). Also, shown are the evolutionary
tracks for stars of masses between 0.8 - 2.5 M?. The green
line represents the beginning of the first dredge-up, and
the magenta line indicates the start of the decrease in
carbon isotopic ratio due to dilution.
10
h¡, Am¡a `{X ahVm h¡ Vmo H¡$go ? Š`m ò K d¥hV² Vmao ñd`§
br{W`_ ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ? {\$a CÝh| AnZo \$moQ>moñ\o$à _| {ZH${f©V
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& g§^d h¡ {H$ Hw$N> K d¥hV² ñQ>mam| _| {b{W`_ J«hm| `m
CZ bKw VmaH$m| Ho$ CZ_| {dbMZ Ho$ n[aUm_ hm| {OZ_| br{W`_
H$s _mÌm A{YH$ hmo, qH$Vw hmBS´>moOZ H$_ hmo ? ò Hw$N> Eogo
O{Q>b àíZ h¢ {OZHo$ CÎma H$s µOéaV h¡ Ÿ&
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo CZ Vmam g_yhm| _| go br{W`_ H$s àMwaVm dmbo K
d¥hV² Vmam| Ho$ ~mao _| emoY H$aZm ewé {H$`m h¡ Omo H$b§n joÌ _|
bmb aoS> µOmBÝQ> ~«m§M (Ama Or ~r) Ho$ {JX© D$na `m Hw$N> ZrMo
AdpñWV àVrV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& {hßnmaH$m°g namb¡ŠgoµO (Mυ) Am¡a
Ñí`_mZ H$ba (B-V/b-y) (XoIo {MÌ 10) H$s _XX go à{VXe©
Vmam| H$m M`Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& bJ^J 1000 K d¥hV² Vmao h¢ Omo
Bg H-R S>m`J«m_ joÌ _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& MwZo JE àm{VXe© Vmam| H$m
àojU 2.0 _rQ>a Ho$ HCT VWm 2.3 _rQ>a Ho$ VBT Ûmam {ZåZ
[agmoë`weZ ñnoŠQ´>m àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Vmam| Ho$ ~rM {H$gr Z {H$gr g§~§Y H$m AZw_mZ
hmB© J¡b{o ŠQ>H$ b¡{Q>À`yS> dmbo qnS>m| H$m bmo-[agoë`yeZ
ñnoŠQ´>mño H$m°nr : CH ñQ>mam| Ho$ {bE ImoO
µ
ñQ>mam| _| Am°àZ H$s AénVm Am¡a H$m~©Z VWm AÝ` ^mar
VËdm| H$s A{YH$Vm H$s OmZH$mar {_bZo go Eogo A{^bjU gm_Zo
AmE§Jo {OgHo$ AmYma na BZ Vmam| Ho$ A§Xa Ý`y{Šb`mo{gÝWo{gg
H$s A{^{H«$`mE§ g_Pr Om gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ& ImgH$a CnamoŠV _mZXS>
go {ZåZ YmpËdH$Vm dmbo ^mar VËdm| Ho $ H$maU K{Q>V
Ý`ypŠb`mo{gÝW{gg A{^{H«$`m Am| Ho$ g§~§Y _| g¡Õm§{VH$ AÜ``Z
Ho$ H«$_ _| Am‹S>o AmZodmbr àoj{UH$ ~mYmAm| H$mo ~ohVa g_Pm
Om gHo$Jm Ÿ& gr EM ñQ>mam| H$s R>rH$-R>rH$ nhMmZ Am¡a CZH$s
ñnoŠQ´>moñH$mo{nH$ A{^bjU kmV hmoZm, Bgr {bE ~hþV Amdí`H$
h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Cn`wŠV CZ qnS>m| Ho$ ~mao _| emoY H$aZo H$mo
_w»` bú` ~ZmVo hþE AnZo H$m`©H«$_ ewé {H$E h¢ Omo H$m~©{ZH$
ñQ>mam| go {_bo-Owbo à{VXe© Vmam| _| àVrV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo gd}jU
h¡_~J© H$s `§Ìmdbr go {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& CŠV VËdm| H$m ñnoŠQ´>m doUw
~mny doYembm, H$mdbya _| ñnm{nV OMR VWm AmB© E Amo, hmÝbo
_| bJo HCT go df© 2005 Am¡a 2006 {b`m J`m Wm Ÿ& 60 qnS>m|
Ho$ à{VXe© go 21 gr EM Vmam| H$m nVm bmo [agmoë`weZ ñnoŠQ´>_r
{díboeU go bJm h¡ Ÿ& AZw_m{ZV à^mdr Vmn_mZ, 12C/13C
AmBgmoQ>mo{nH$ ao{g`mo VWm J-H ~Zm_ H-K ßbm°Q> ñnmoQ>© Ho$ Xmo
H$bam| _| CZH$s ñWm{ZH$ nhMmZ H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m J`m h¡ Omo
CH ñQ>mam| Ho$ dJ© go g§~§{YV h¢ Ÿ&
CH
(AéU Jmo ñ dm_r, nr. ~m_m, em§ { V Hw $ _ma qgJ Am¡ a
Xr{ßV Xodmer)
21
2.9 `w½_VmaH$ àUmbr
2.10 ñQ>ma H$bñQ>a
{ZH$Q>dVu `w½_ VmaH$
AZñQ>S>rS> AmonZo ŠbñQ>mam| Ho$ _yb^yV {ZH$f
doUw ~mny doYembm, H$mdbya _| gwñWm{nV 2.34 _r. Ho$ doUw ~mny
Q>o{bñH$mon (VBT) Ho$ H¡$gmJ«oZ EÝS> go {Z`{_V Vm¡a na ñnoH$b
B§Q>a \o$amo_rQ>a H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m Vm{H$ Hw$N> gmao {ZH$Q>dVu
`w½_Vmam| H$m ñnoH$bJ«m_ [aH$mS>© {H$`m Om gHo$, BZ {ZH$Q>dVu
`w½_ Vmam| (p< 1”) Ho$ gmW-gmW g§~§{YV ao\$a|g Vmam| H$m
ñnoH$bJ«m_ ^r àmßV {H$`m J`m Ÿ& BZ Vmam| _| go àËòH$ Vmam Ho$
g¢H$‹S>m| \«o$_ gmdYmZrnyd©H$ ñH¡$Z {H$E OmVo h¢ VWm _¡Q>b¡~ H$m
Cn`moJ H$aHo$ nmda ñnoŠQ´>m_ H$s _XX go CZH$m {díbofU {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m CÔoí` h¡ {H$ HD 44112 ({nS>m|) Am¡a HD
46374 (g§X^© Vmam) BZ `w½_ Vmam| H$m em°Q>© EŠgnm°Oa B_oO
boH$a dmVmdaU _| Omo AZw_m{ZV ßdmB§Q> h¡ CgH$m AÜ``Z {H$`m
OmE Ÿ& àËòH$ ~ma ñnoH$b gw{dYm go ñnoH$b \«o$_m| H$m EH$sH¥$V
nmda ñnoŠQ´>_ kmV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Am°ãOoH$Q> ñQ>ma go g§~§{YV
Am¡gV nmda ñnoñQ´>_ H$mo {ZH$Q>dVu ñQ>ma Ho$ àojU go àmßV ao\$a|g
ñQ>ma go g§~§{YV Am¡gV nmda ñnoŠQ´>_ go ^mJ {X`m OmVm h¡
Vm{H$ àojU H$m`© H$mo à^m{dV H$aZodmbo dmVmda{UH$ {djmo^
Ho$ à^md H$mo Bg àH$ma {Zîà^mdr {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& H¡$_am Ho$
{g¾b na ~ma-~ma n‹S>Zodmbr Üd{Z H$m à^md Am¡a VËg§~§Yr
{djmo^ H$mo KQ>mZo Ho$ {bE VWm Cg dñVw Ho$ ñnoH$b B_oµO boVo
g_` {deof àH$ma Ho$ H«$m°g AmH$ma Ho$ {djmo^ H$mo {Zîà^mdr
~ZmZo Ho$ {bE B_oO nmda ñnoŠQ´>_ Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& dñVw go g§~{§ YV
ñn|H$b B_oO H¡$_ao Ho$ Ñí`joÌ _| nyar Vah Zht AmVo Ÿ& Bg
pñW{V _| \$mñQ> \y$[aE Q´>m§ñ\$m°_© (FFT) VWm IJmobr` Q>mJ}Q> Ho$
~«mBQ>Zog {S>pñQ´>ã`weZ H$m Am°Q>o H$mo[abo{Q>d \§$ŠeZ Ho$ µO[aE
~XbH$a nmda ñnoŠQ´>_ J«hU {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `w½_H$ Vmam| Ho$
_m_bo _| Am°Q>mo-H$mo[aboeZ g§H$m`© Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ Xmo {dnarV
Am¡a {g_oQ>[aH$ goH|$S>ar nrH$m| H$s Anojm g|Q´>b nrH$ H$s
A{^bmj{UH$m {deofVmE§ Š`m h¢ Ÿ& g|Q>´ b nrH$ Am¡a EH$ goH$| S>ar
nrH$ Ho$ ~rM Xyar Xmo KQ>H$m| Ho$ ~rM AbJmd hmoVm h¡, O~{H$
{dnarV H$moU goH|$S>ar nrH$ Ho$ CÝ_wI H$moU Ho$ {hgm~ go
A{ZpíMV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `w½_H$ àUmbr HD 44112 Ho$ ~rM AbJmd
{ZíM` hr 0.3” hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mBZar H§$nmoZ|Q> H$m nmo{OeZ E|Jb
Am¡a gonaoeZ Mm¡Wo B§Q>a\o$amo_rQ>ar H¡$Q>bm°J _| àH$m{eV _yë`m| Ho$
AZwén hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
d¡km{ZH$m|Zo NGC 6846 H$s BVI CCD \$moQ>mo_oQ´>r, B-9 H$s
Q>m_° ~m°J 4 Am¡a UBVI CCD \$moQ>mo_oQ´>r àñVwV H$s h¡ Vm{H$
CZHo$ g§~§Y _yb^yV n¡am_rQ>am| H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m J`m Ÿ& g^r
VmaH$ g_yhm| Ho$ A§Xa ~‹S>r bmbr {XIVr h¢ (E(B-V) = 1.3 =
1.5 mg) NGC 6846 Adí` hr 100 _oJm df© nwamZm àVrV
hmoVm h¡ Omo {H$ \$ñQ>© ŠdmS´>¢Q>_| 7.81 ± 0.8 kpc H$s Xyar na
AdpñWV hmoJr Ÿ& Bg ŠdmS´>¢Q> _| `h Xygam g~go XyadVu Vmam
g_yh h¡ Ÿ& Q>m_° ~m°J 4 Ho$ ~mao _| AZw_mZ h¡ {H$ `h 400 _oJm df©
nwamZm h¡ VWm Xygao J¡bopŠQ>H$ ŠdmS´>¢Q> _| 3.6 ± 0.4 kpc H$s Xyar
na pñWV h¡ Ÿ& `h Vmam `w½_ n[a©M_ Am_© _| Am^m{gV AmCQ>dmS>©
ñQ´>oM H$m EH$ {hñgm h¡ Ÿ& Be 9 g~go Z`m Vmamg_yh h¡ Omo
bJVm h¡ {H$ 10 _oJm df© nwamZm h¡ Am¡a goH|$S> J¡bopŠQ>H$ ŠdmS´>¢Q>
_| 3.0 ± 0.3 kpc H$s Xyar na pñWV h¡ Ÿ& NIR EŠgog Ho$ AmYma
na Hw$N> àr E_.Eg. ñQ>mam| H$s nhMmZ H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a ò Vmam
g_yh H$_go H$_ 5 Myr go ~Z aho h¢ Ÿ&
(Eg.Ho$. gmhm Am¡a Eg.gr. doëbm XwamB© *)
(AÞnyUu gw~«_Ê`_, {OAmodmZr H¡$amamo * Am¡a Ho$ZoW OmoÝg *)
_oJm df© nwamZo AmonZo H$bñQ>a _|
Mma E_reZ bmBZ ñQ>ma
NGC 6834 : 80
NGC 6834 Eogm Vmam g_yh h¡ {OgHo$ ~mao ~hþV H$_ AÜ``Z
hþAm h¡ VWm Omo 80 _oJm df© nwamZm _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m|Zo
Mma Ama§{^H$ Q>mBn Ho$ Vmam| H$m nVm bJm`m h¡ {Og_| EM
Amëµ\$m E_reZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EM Aëµ\$m E_reZ H$m hmoZm Bg
Vah Ho$ Vmam| _| AM§{^V H$aZodmbm VÏ` h¡ Š`m|{H$ BVZr H$_
C_« dmbo Vmam g_yhm| _| Am_ Vm¡a na Eogr Amem Zht hmoVr Ÿ&
d¡km{ZH$m|Zo UBC CCD S>mQ>m, E_reZ _| EM Aëµ\$m go `wŠV
(XmoZm| HCT Ho$ Cn`moJ go J¥hrV) 4 Vmam| Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>m, UKIRT
Ho$ Cn`moJ go Xmo Vmam| Ho$ NIR ñnoŠQ´>m Ho$ AmYma na NGC
6834 Vmam g_yh H$m nyU© {díbofU àñVwV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CMD
{díbofU Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ Vmam g_yh 40 _oJm df© C_« H$m àVrV
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àH$m{eH$s` Am¡a NIR ñnoŠQ´>m H$m {dñV¥V {díboeU
g§~§Yr H$m`© Omar h¡ Ÿ&
(E. gw~«_Ê`_, ãbogZ _¡Ï`y, ~r.gr. ^Å>, S>ãb`y d¡arH¡$²Q> *,
EZ.E_. AemoH$ * Am¡a S>r.nr.Ho$. ~¡ZOu *)
22
`§J AmonZo H$bñQ>am| _| E_reZ bmBZ dmbo Vmam| H$m
gd}jU
d¡km{ZH$m|Zo 100 _oJm df© go H$_ C_«dmbo 202 AmonoZ ñQ>ma
ŠbñQ>am| _| go E_reZ bmBZ dmbo Vmam| H$s ImoO Ho$ {bE gd}jU
{H$E h¢ Am¡a Bg H$m`© _| slitless spectroscopy H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg VH$ZrH$s Ho$ BñVo_mb go d¡km{ZH$m| H$mo
AmonZ H$bñQ>am| _| dV©_mZ AZoH$ Vmam| _| go ~mb_oa bmBZm|
dmbo E_reZ Vmam| (O¡go {H$ Šbm{gH$b Be ñQ>ma Am¡a Herbig
Ae/Be ñQ>ma) H$s OmZH$mar {_br h¡ Ÿ& ò gmao àojU {h_mb`Z
M§Ðm Q>o{bñH$mon (HCT), hmÝbo na bJo HFOSC Ho$ Cn`moJ
Ûmam {H$E JE Ÿ& 41 Vmam g_yhm| _| go Hw$b 152 E_reZ Vmam|
H$s OmZH$mar {_br h¡ Ÿ& gd}{jV Vmamg_yhm| _| go ~ 20% Eogo
h¢ {OZ_| E_reZ ñQ>ma Adí` h¢ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo E_reZ bmBZ
dmbo 49 ZE Vmam| H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$s h¡ Am¡a ò Vmao 23
AmonoZ H$bñQ>mam| _| h¢ Ÿ& BZ 23 AmonoZ H$bñQ>mam| _| go 18
H$bñQ>mam| _| ZB© {deofVmE§ h¢ Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE NGC 7419,
NGC 663 EM Am¡a Eg ngu Ed§ NGC 2345 ñQ>ma H$bñQ>am|
_| E_reZ bmBZ Vmam| H$s H$B© g§»`m h¡ O~{H$ AÝ` H$bñQ>am|
_| Mmo‹S>o B_reZ bmBZ ñQ>ma h¢ & d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Am°{ßQ>H$b Am¡a
NIR 2 MASS g§~§Yr \$moQ>mo_o{Q´>H$ gyMZmAm| H$mo EH$-Xygao go
{_bmH$a {ZîH$f© {X`m h¡ Vm{H$ E_reZ bmBZ dmbo ñQ>mam| H$mo
dJuH¥$V H$a gH|$ Ÿ& Hw$N> gmao `§J H$bñQ>am| _| Šbm{gH$b Be
ñQ>mam| Ho$ gmW-gmW ha{~J Be ñQ>mam| H$m gmW ahZm kmV hþAm
h¡ {Oggo E{ngmo{S>H$ ñQ>ma \$m°a_oeZ {gZo[aAmo H$m nVm bJVm
h¡ Ÿ& H$bñQ>a ñQ>mam| Ho$ n¡am_rQ>a B_reZ ñQ>mam| VH$ ì`mnH$
~ZmH$a `moOZm h¡ {H$ B_reZ ñQ>mam| Ho$ A{^bjUm| H$m AmH$bZ
H$a| O¡go {H$ CZH$s {H«$`merbVm H$s Ad{Y, CZH$m Ðì`_mZ
Am¡a Zrhm[aH$m _| CZH$s AdpñW{V Š`m h¡ Ÿ&
(ãbogZ _¡Ï`w, E. gw~«_Ê`_ Am¡a ~r.gr. ^Å>)
AmonZo H$bñQ>am| _| E_reZ bmBZ ñQ>mam| Ho$ A{^bjU
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo CZ B_reZ bmBZ ñQ>mam| Ho$ pñbQ> ñnoŠQ´>m {bE h¢
{OZH$m nVm Cn`wŠ© V gd}jU go Mbm h¡ Am¡a CŠV ñnoŠQ´>m 3700
Å - 9000 Å Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>_r a|O go g§~§{YV h¢ Ÿ& ñnoŠQ´>m J«hU H$aZo
H$m àojU H$m`©H«$_ doUw ~mny Q>o{bñH$mon, H$mdbya _| OMR
ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ VWm {h_mb`Z M§Ðm Q>o{bñH$mon _| HFOSC
`§Mmdbr H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ Mbm`m J`m Ÿ& Šbm{gH$b Be
(CBe) ñQ>mam| go H Aë\$m, HB, 01 (8446 Å) Am¡a H¡$b{g`_
{Q´>nboQ> (8498 Å, 8542 Å, 8662 Å) O¡gr ñnoŠQ´>_r bmBZ|
B_reZ hmoVr hþB© nmB© JB© h¢ Am¡a Eogm \$moQ>moñ\o$[aH$ ñnoŠQ´>_ go
nVm Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& `h B_reZ gH©$_ñQ>oba {S>ñH$ go {ZH$bVm
hþAm àVrV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bg {S>ñH$ H$m \$m°_}eZ _oH¡${ZµµÁ_ CBe
ñQ>mam| Am¡a HAeBe ñQ>mam| go {^Þ h¢ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo AnZo gd}jU
_| nm`m h¡ {H$ A{YH$Va B_reZ ñQ>ma Šbm{gH$b Be loUr _|
AmVo h¢ Ÿ& gd}jU go àmßV ZVrOo Ho$ AmYma na Be ñQ>mam| Ho$
g§~§Y _| ~ohVa OmZH$mar {_boJr Ÿ&
(ãbogZ _¡Ï`y Am¡a AÞnyUu gw~«_Ê`_)
2.11 AmB©
Eg E_
dobm gwnaZmodm Ad{eï> ñQ>ma H$s Va\$ AmB© Eg E_
(ŠbmCS>g
² ) _| Na I ñnoŠQ´>_r bmBZm| _| n[adV©Z
dobm gwnaZmodm Ad{eï> ñQ>ma H$s {Xem _| Hw$N> ñQ>mam| _| ñnoŠQ´>_r
bmBZ Ho$ A§Xa Na I D bmBZ H$s àmo\$mBb| br JB© h¢ {OZ_| HD
72127A em{_b h¢ Ÿ& Bg HD 72127A _| ñnoŠQ´>_r n[adV©Z
Vmo XoIZo _| AmVo hr h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ A§Xa Am¡a àmoµ\$mBb n[adV©Z {XIo
h¢ Ÿ& dobm gwnaZmodm ñQ>mam| H$s {Xem _| Am¡a ñQ>mam| Ho$ _m°ZrQ>aZ Ho$
{bE àmoJm« _ ewé {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& AmJo BZHo$ g§~Y§ _| K{Q>V n[adV©Z
H$s g_` _mZ boH$a Cg ~mao _| {dMma {H$E OmE§Jo Ÿ&
(EZ. H$m_oída amd, Eg. _wZra, Eg. l«ram_ Am¡a JO|Ð nm§S>o`)
ßbmZoQ>ar Zo~b
w m
~mB©nmoba ßbmZoQ>ar Zo~wbm hãb 5 H$m EÊS> Qy> EÝS> _m°S>ob H$m
g§JUZ A§V[ajr` doYembm go àojU Ho$ AmYma na Ý`y BÝ\«$maoS>
H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§JUZ _| Cn`w©ŠV _mZH$m|
Ho$ gmW-gmW CnbãY g^r AÝ` S>mQ>m Am¡a àH$m{eV ZVrOm| H$m
Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& (Eg EZ) _m°S>ob _| \$moQ>mo Am`ZrH$aU,
Ý`yQ´>b OmoZ VWm \$moQ>mo {dKQ>Z OmoZ g^r EH$ _| {_bo-Owbo hmoVo
h¢ VWm EH$ hr g§aMZm _| Eogm g§`moJ nhbr ~ma XoIZo H$mo {_bm
h¡ Ÿ& _moboŠ`wb Am¡a S>ñQ> J«oZ ñd`§ hr Bg ñnoŠQ´>_ _| àH$Q> {XIVo
h¢ Ÿ& Bg _m°S>ob _| H$m°{g_H$ ao Am¡a nmíd© {d{H$aU Ho$ òmoV _mZo
JE h¢ Ÿ& `h nm`m J`m h¡ {H$ H2 _moboŠ`wb Am¡a S>ñQ> J«oZ
({g{bHo$Q>) Ho$ Hw$N> Eogr g§{H«$`mE§ hmoVr h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU H2
bmBZm| _| geŠV E_reZ n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
(Ama. gwaoÝÐZmW Am¡a Eg.Ama. nmoQ>mM *)
2.12
S>dm\©$ ñQ>ma Am¡a EŠgmo-gmobma J«h
Eb S>dm\©$ Ho$ dmVmdaU _| K{Q>V n[adV©Z Ho$ àojUr`
Am¡a g¡Õm§ {VH$ à_mU
N>h Eb ‹S>dm\©$ Ho$ R Am¡a I ~¢S> H$m AndmXm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {ZaV§a
_m°ZrQ>aZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ n[aUm_ {XImE JE h¢ Ÿ&
Eogm _m°ZrQ>aZ AmB© ~¢S> Ho$ _m_bo _| bJ^J 5 {_ZQ> Am¡a Ama
~¢S> Ho$ g§~§Y _| bJ^J 5 {_ZQ> Ho$ Q>mB_ [agmoë`wgZ _| {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CŠV _m°ZrQ>aZ go g§~{§ YV àmßV S>mQ>m H$m gmdYmZrnyU©
{díbofU Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ dñVw 2MASS 0036 + 1821 AmB©
Am¡a Ama ~¢S> _| EH$ O¡gr Zh>t ahVr Ÿ& bo{H$Z Bg ~mao _|
_µOoXma nhby `h h¡ {H$ O~ dh dñVw AmB©-{µ\$ëQ>a _| ~XbVr
h¡, V~ Ama ~¡S>§ _| Zht ~XbVr VWm BgH$s CëQ>r AdñWm _|
{\$a d¡gm hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Vmam| go g§~§{YV AÝ` n[adV©Zr`Vm
kmV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Mbo aho àmoJm« _ Ho$ {ZîH$f© Am¡a Am±H$‹S>o {_bmH$a
XoI| Vmo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ E|{ßbÀ`yS> H$s n[adV©Zr`Vm H$s D$nar
gr_m AmB© ~¡S>§ _| 0.01 - 0.08 _¡Jm Ho$ ~rM ahVr h¡ VWm Ama
~¡S>§ _| `h gr_m 0.02 - 0.03 Ho$ ~rM ahVr h¡ Ÿ& n[adV©Zr`Vm
Cnar gr_m Ho$ H$maU VWm à^md Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Abm°S>©
Am¡a CZHo$ gh`moJr Ûmam {Z{_©V _m°S>ob ñnoŠQ´>m (2001, ApJ,
556, 357) H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& CŠV n[adV©Zr`Vm H$m
Am^mgr òmoV S>ñQ> ŠbmCS>m| H$mo VWm Mw§~H$Ëd j_Vm go
`wŠV Hy$b ñnm°Q>g H$mo _mZm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& CnamoŠV XmoZm| nÕ{V`m|
H$s ghm`Vm go 0.5 à{VeV - 10.5 à{VeV g\}$g \$sqbJ
\¡$ŠQ>a Ho$ `Wmg§^d A§Xa hr E|ßbrÀ`yS> H$s D$nar gr_m Ho$
~mao _| AÜ``Z {H$E Om gHo$ h¢ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ Eb bKwVmam|
Ho$ dmVmdaU _| Mw§~H$Ëd j_Vm go `wŠV Hy$b ñnm°Q>m| Ho$ hmoZo
H$m g_W©Z AÜ``Z Ho$ {ZîH$f© Am¡a S>mQ>m Zht H$aVo h¢, VWm{n
dhm§ hmoZodmbr n[adV©Zr`Vm H$s g§^mdZm Adí` hr ñdrH$a
H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& à{V_mZr ñnoŠQ´>_ Ho$ ~mao _| ñnoŠQ´>mo ñ\$mon go
J¥hrV àH$me {H$aUm| VWm dhm§ àH$meH$s` Y«wdU Bg ~mV
H$s nw{ï> H$aVo h¢ {H$ Ohm§ go R Am¡a I ~¢S> \$moQ>m°Ýg CËg{O©V
hmoVo h¢, dhm§ Am°pßQ>H$b S>ßo W na S>ñQ> ŠbmCS> h¢ Ÿ& AV: E|pßbÀ`yS>
_| Mmo‹S>r n[adV©Zr`Vm Bg H$maU ^r g§^d h¡ {H$ S>ñQ> ŠbmCS>
_| jrU J{V go A{^{H«$`mE§ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& AëQ´>m dm`boQ> {H$aUm|
go A{^{H«$`mE§ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& AëQ´>m dm`boQ> {H$aUm| go Am°pßQ>H$
joÌ _| AnmaUr`Vm ñnoŠQ´>_r (àH$me) bham| Ho$ {dH$sU© hmoZo
Ho$ _w»` H$maU _| go EH$ hmo gH$Vr h¡ (Abm°S>© Am¡a AÝ`,
23
2001, 556, 357 ),
Bgr{bE Eb-bKwVmaH$m| _| àH$me
Yy{b Ho$ n¡am{_Q>am| VWm CŠV Yy{b g§~§Yr ^m¡{VH$s _|
n[adV©Zr`Vm Ho$ ~mao _| ZE {ZîH$f© Ho$ {bE Am¡a AÜ``Z
Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ&
(_b` _oVr)
XrK©dÎ¥ mr` H$jm _| A{dô{XV Am¡a MnQ>o EŠgmo-gmobma
J«h Ho$ H$maU ñQ>mabmBQ> H$m Y«dw U
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo J«hm| go OwS‹ >o ñQ>mam| go CËg{O©V {d{H$aUm| Ho$ br{Zà
nmobmamBµOoeZ H$s _mÌm na H$m_ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ò J«h Eogo hmo
gH$Vo h¢ Omo A§V[ajr` Ad{ñW{V Ho$ _wVm{~H$ {dô{XV hmoZo
dmbo Zht _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ dmQ>a Ho$
Xdmam qgJb ñH¡$Q>[a¨J Am¡a ßbmZoQ> Ho$ dmVmdaU _| {g{bHo$Q> Ho$
N>mQo >-o N>mQo >o H$U {dH$sU© hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& J¡a nmobamBµO ñQ>bo a ao{S>EeZ
Ûmam ßbmZoQ> H$m nmobamBÁS> ao{S>EeZ Am¡a CgHo$ namdV©Z Ho$
à^md VWm XrK©d¥Vr` H$jm g{hV ßbmZoQ> H$s AnmaX{e©Vm H$mo
H$maU Ho$ én _| _mZm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo amgm`{ZH$
B{Šdbr{~«`_ _m°S>bo H$m à`moJ AmH$bZ Ho$ dmñVo {H$`m h¡ Vm{H$
dmQ>a H$s KZËd g§»`m Am¡a {g{bHo$Q> H$s gKZVm _mnr Om gHo$
Am¡a ñQ>ma bmBQ> Ho$ Ama ~¡S> na br{Zà nmobamBOoeZ Ho$ {S>J«r
H¡$bHw$boQ> H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ& Vmam bmBQ> H$m Ama ~¡S>§ {ZåZ àH$ma go
H$m_ H$aVm h¡ (i) H$ÝS>oÝgoQ> H$m gmBO KQ>mVm h¡, (ii) ßbmZoQ>ar
AnmaX{e©Vm {ZH$mbZo _| _XX H$aVm h¡, (iii) AdZ{VH$moU
kmV H$aVm h¡, (iv) µ\o$g E§Jb (v) B© H$s H$jr` BgoÝQ´>r{gQ>r
kmV H$aVm h¢ Am¡a (vi) `h no[añQ´>m°Z n¡goO H$m BnmoH$
_mby_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& àmßV ~¢S>m| go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ XrK©d¥Vr`
H$jm _| g^r AdZ{V H$moUm| na nmobamBµOoeZ àmo\$mBb
H$m\$s ~Xb OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg YmaUm Ho$ gmW gmW no[añQ´>m°Z
n¡goO Ho$ BnmoH$ na nmobamBOoeZ nrH$ H$s {SJ«r _| KQ>-~‹T>
hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| H$s ^{dî` Ho$ ~mao _| _mÝ`Vm h¡
{H$ br{Zà nmobamBOoeZ H$s {S>Q>oŠQ>o~b _mÌm ~‹T> gH$Vr
h¡, AJa ßbmQ>oZar dmVmdaU _| àH$meH$s` jrUVm hmoJr &
H$ÝS>|goQ>m| H$m Ý`yZV_ AmH$ma Hw$N> gmao _mBH«$moZm| go Á`mXm
Zht hmoJm VWm ßbm°ZoQ> H$m MnQ>mnZ Ow{nQ>a Ho$ {OVZm
(`mZr Á`mXm) nm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
(gwOmZ goZJwßVm Am¡a _b` _¡Vr)
24
2.13
J¡bpo ŠQ>H$ {S>ñH$
J¡bpo ŠQ>H$ Am¡a YmpËdH$ AënVm dmbo {WH$ {S>ñH$ _|
E{b_|Q>b E~§S>g
| H$mo boH$a gd}jU
{hßnmaH$m°g {_eZ H$mo `h l«o` OmVm h¡ {H$ Vmam| Ho$ a¡{S>`b
doJm| Ho$ gmW-gmW Omo CŠV {_eZ _| àmßV ñnoŠQ´>m go kmV
{H$`m J`m Wm, EoHw$aoQ> nmamb¡Šgog H$s JUZm _| Am¡a {H$gr Vmao
H$s H$mBZo{Q>H$ J{V {ZH$mbZo _| ghm`Vm {_br h¡, Vmam| H$s
J{V Am¡a pñW{V go g§~§Yr ~mVm| Ho$ AmYma na J¡bopŠQ>H$ {S>ñH$
H$mo H$B© AbJ - AbJ Ad`dm| _| {dô{XV {H$`m J`m, O¡go {H$
{WZ {S>ñH$, {WH$ {S>ñH$ Am¡a Vmam| Ho$ Hw$N> N>moQ>o - N>moQ>o g_yh
({Ogo VWmH${WV én _| àH$me Ho$ {H$aU àdmh H$h gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
hmb hr _| J¡bo{ŠQ>H$ {S>ñH$ Ho$ ~mao _| Omo AZoH$ gmao gd}jU
{H$E JE h¢, Cggo kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ {WZ Am¡a {WH$ {S>ñH$m| H$s
amgm`{ZH$ g§aMZm _| H$B© àH$ma Ho$ {dôXr A§Va h¢ Ÿ& {WH$
{S>ñH$ ñQ>ma H$m\$s nwamZo (AWm©V² ≈ 10 {JJm df©) VWm YmpËdH$
AZwnVm dmbo h¢ (AWm©V² BZ_| (Fe/H) ≈ 0.70 h¡) Ÿ& BZ_| `h
{dôYr A§Va {WZ {S>ñH$m| _| Eogr {deofVmAm| go AbJ nmZr
Aë\$m - àmogog Ebr_|Q> H$s àMwaVm {XIVr h¡ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$
{\$bhmb `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ {WH$ {S>ñH$ hmoVo h¢ Omo à^mdembr
{WZ {S>ñH$mo g| {^Þ JwUdmbo h¢ Ÿ& `h {^ÞVm J{V pñW{V Ho$
gmW amgm`{ZH$ A{^g§aMZm H$mo boH$a ^r h¡, {WH$ {S>ñH$ H$s
g§aMZm, pñW{V Am¡a A{^bjU A^r VH$ g_w{MV én _| kmV
Zht h¢ Ÿ& Bg g§X^© _| _hËdnyU© h¡ {H$ {WH$ ñQ>mam| _| YmpËdH$
àgaU H$^r H$_ Am¡a H$^r Á`mXm hmoVm h¡ VWm (Fe/H) Ho$ KQ>
M‹T> _| gm_§Oñ` ^r Zht hmoVm Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo {WH$ {S>ñH$ _|
YmpËdH$ AënVm {deofén go aoIm§{H$V H$s h¡ Am¡a Cgo _oQ>b
drH$ {WH$ {S>ñH$ (E_ S>ãby Q>r S>r) go g§~§{YV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
{MÌ 11 : Number of stars as a function of Vlsr for
stars with [Fe/H] £ – 1.0. Sample stars are drawn from
literature. Below [Fe/H] = – 1.0, it is expected only
halo stars exists, and their distribution with Vlsr peaks
at around – 220 km s–1. Data suggests a weak asymmetry
towards lower Vlsr and which are found to have disk
kinematics.
VH$ hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& hmbmo Am¡a MWTD H$m
à^mdr AZwnmV {ZH$mbZm Ag§^d h¡ {Oggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$
hmbmo Am¡a {WH$ {S>ñH$ ñQ>mam| H$m {Z_m©U SN II H$s A{YH$Vm
dmbr YmVw go hþAm h¡ Am¡a BZ ñQ>mam| H$s {Z_m©U Ad{Y 1-2
{JJmdf© hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Bg ~mao _| {deof {díbofU g§~§Yr H$m`©
Omar h¡ Ÿ&
[Fe/H] = –1.6
(~r. B©ída aoÈ>r Am¡a S>¡{dS> Eb b¡å~Q>© *)
2.14
Hw$N> Eogo Z_yZo Vmam| H$s nhMmZ H$s JB© h¡ {OZ_| [Fe/H] ≤ –
1.0 Am¡a {WH$ {S>ñH$ ñQ>mam| H$s Vah J{VH$ {deofVmE§ hmoVr
h¢ Ÿ& YmpËdH$ _mZX§S>m| Ho$ AmYma na MWTD ñQ>ma hmbmo Ho$
YmpËdH$ joÌ ({MÌ 11) _| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& hmbmo Am¡a {WH$ {S>ñH$
ñQ>mam| _| {H$gr amgm`{ZH$ A§Va H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE AÜ``Z
H$aZo Ho$ dmñVo hmbmo ñQ>mam| Ho$ Z_yZm| H$m M`Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
CÀM {d`moOZ j_Vm Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>moñH$mo\$s Ho$ AmYma na Z_yZo
ñQ>ma MwZo JE h¢ Ÿ& BZ Z_yZo Vmam| _| do Vmao à_wI én go em{_b
h¢ {OZ_| Aëµ\$m àmogog, _¡¾o{e`_ H$s CnpñW{V, AmàZ H$s
CnpñW{V Am¡a Ama-àmogog H$s pñW{V`m§ hm| Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$
{ZîH$f© ~VmVo h¢ {H$ MWTD YmpËdH$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go KQ>H$a
{dñ\$moQ>r VmaH$
ZdVmam : AmdVu Zmodm Ama Eg Am{\$CMr H$m df©
2006 _| {dñ\$moQ>
AmdVu ZdVmam Ama.Eg. Am{\$CMr H$s ImoO 2006 _|
\$adar 12 H$mo {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ H$maU hþB© Ÿ& àH$meH$s` {dñ\$moQ>
H$m _m°ZrQ>aZ doUw ~mny Q>o{bñH$mon VWm {h_mb`Z M§Ðm
Q>{o bñH$mon H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ VËH$mb ewé {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& CËgO©Z
H|$Ð go ao{S>`mo Ho$ CËgO©Z H$m _m°ZrQ>aZ GMRT Ho$ Cn`moJ
Ûmam ewé {H$`m J`m Wm &
ao{S>`mo Ûmam àojU
Ama Eg Am{\$CMr H$s ImoO ao{S>`mo {\«$¹|$gr < 1.4 GHz na
nhbr ~ma H$s JB© Wr Ÿ& ao{S>`mo CËgO©Z 20 d| {XZ H$mo 0.61
GHz na kmV hþAm Wm Ÿ& Bg CËgO©Z _| ~ 48 mJy \$bŠg
S>|{gQ>r H$s Am¡a {\$a 44 ~ mJy \$bŠg S>|{gQ>r na 38 d| {XZ
0.325 GHz CËgO©Z VWm Ÿ& `h pñW{V 1985 Ho$ {dñ\$moQ>r
KQ>Zm Ho$ {dnarV h¡ Omo {H$ {XZ 66 H$mo hr 0.327 GHz na nVm
Zht Mbm Wm Ÿ& H$_ ao{S>`mo {\«$Šd|gr na CËgO©Z ñnï> hr Zm°Z
W_©b ñdén H$m h¡ Am¡a BÝS>oŠg Aë\$m ~ –0.8 (S ∝ Vα) Ho$
qgH«$moQ´>m°Z ñnoŠQ´>_ Ûmam ^br ^m§{V {díbo{fV h¡ Omo nhbo go
dV©_mZ Am`Zm|, dm_© aoS> µOmBÝQ> qdS> Ho$ H$maU \$moQ>moJ«m§C§S>
AdemonU H$s pñW{V go JwOa ahm h¡ Ÿ& 1985 _| H$_ {\«$Šd|gr
dmbm ao{S>`mo CËgO©Z Zht Wm VWm dV©_mZ {dñ\$moQ> _| ao{S>`mo
µâbŠg H$m ewé _| Ama§^ hmoZm Š`m| hþAm, BgHo$ AÜ``Z Am¡a
{díbofU go _mby_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ 2006 B© H$s VwbZm _| 1985 _|
\$moa-J«mC§S> AdemofU H$m ñVa A{YH$ Wm Ÿ& Bggo `h Om{ha
hmoVm h¡ {H$ df© 2006 _| Amdoabmh§J qdS> S>|{gQ>r 1985 H$s
S>o{gQ>r H$m Ho$db 30 à{VeV h¡ Ÿ&
25
h¢ Ÿ& Zo~wba bmBZm| H$s àmoµ\$mBb| `h ^r Xem©Vr h¢ {H$ hmB©
[aµOmoë`weZ ao{S>`mo Am¡a Am°pßQ>H$ HST B_oOm| Ho$ gmW-gmW AZoH$
Amd_{dH$ [d{eï>VmE§ K{Q>V hmo ahr h¢ Ÿ&
(Or.gr. AZwn_m, `y.Eg. H$m_V, Or. nm§S>o`, S>r.Ho$. gmhþ,
Eg. _w Z ra, ~r.Eg. ^Å>, nr.Eg. n[ahma Am¡ a Or.
goëdmHw$_ma)
gwnaZmodm : SN 2005 EM Ho$
Q>mBn Ia gwnaZmodm SN 2005 EM Ho$ Ho$ \$moQ>mo_o{Q´>H$ Am¡a
ñnoŠQ´>moñH$mo{nH$ Bdmoë`weZ H$m _m°ZrQ>aZ 2 _rQ>a b§~o {h_mb`Z
M§Ðm Q>{o bñH$mon ({MÌ - 12 XoI)| H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ àr-_¡pŠg_`
go Zo~wba \o$g Ho$ Xm¡amZ {H$`m J`m Ÿ&
(Ho $ .Or. H§ $ Wm[a`m *, Or.gr. AZw n _m, Q>r.nr. à^w ,
Eg. aå`m, E_.E\$. ~moS>o *, Eg.nr.Eg. AmBaog * Am¡a
Q>r.Oo. Amo{~«Z *)
Am°pßQ>H$ àojU
{dñ\$m|Q> Ho$ AÝdofU Ho$ EH$ {XZ ~mX go ewé H$aHo$ EH$ df© go
A{YH$ H$s Ad{Y VH$ df© 2006 Ho$ {dñ\$moQ> H$m _m°ZrQ>aZ
{H$`m J`m Ÿ& Am°pßQ>H$ ñnoŠQ´>_ H$m {dH$mg Am¡a CgHo$ {ZîH$f©
{nN>bo {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ H$m\$s g_mZ nmE JE h¢ Ÿ& ñnoŠQ´>_ H$m {dH$mg
Am¡a CËgO©Z bmBZ Ho$ doJ Xem©Vo h¢ {H$ {dñ\$moQ> go nhbo
gH©$_ñQ>bo a _¡Q>[o aAb H$m Zmodm BOoŠQ>m Ho$ gmW Hw$N> A{^{H«$`mE§
hmoVr h¢, `h VÏ` {nN>bo {dñ\$moQ> _| XoIm J`m Ÿ& doJ {dH$mg
Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ Zmodm eob AË`§V H$_ H$mbmd{Y Ho$ {bE
Eo{S>`m~¡{Q>H$ µ\o$g _| ahVm h¡, Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX VwaV Day+5 H$s
Xa go ao{S>E{Q>d Hy$qbJ µ\o$g H$s Am¡a AJ«ga hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
`h pñW{V EŠg-ao Am¡a BÝ\«$maoS> _| {dH$mg Ho$ AZwén ~Zr ahVr
h¡ Ÿ& Zo~wba bmBZm| H$s Mm¡‹S>mB© Xem©Vr h¡ {H$ h²dmBQ> S²>dm\©$ Ho$
{ZH$Q> AZ em°ŠS> Zmodm eob _| Zo~wba bmBZ| ~‹T> ahr h¡, BgHo$
{dnarV {S>goboaoqQ>J _¡Q>r[aH$b _| [aH§$doŠeZ bmBZo ~‹T> ahr
{MÌ 12 : Early post-maximum spectral evolution of the
peculiar type Ia supernova SN 2005hk, based on spectra
obtained using the HCT.
Zo~wba µ\o$g _| àojU 8 _rQ>a Ho$ gw~mé Q>o{bñH$mon H$m Cn`moJ
H$aHo$ ^r {H$`m J`m Ÿ& SN 2005 EM Ho$ g§~Y§ _| Omo \$moQ>m_o {o Q´>H$
Am¡a ñnoŠQ´>moñH$mo{nH$ àojU {H$E JE h¡, Cggo bJVm `h
gwnaZmodm H$m\$s AµOr~ h¡ Am¡a gm_mÝ` àH$ma Ho$ Ia SNe go
~hþV {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& SN 2005 EM Ho$ Ho$ g§~§Y _| `h {ZîH$f© ^r h¡
{H$ dh AZmoI| Ia SN 2002 cx go H$m\$s {_bVm-OwbVm h¡ &
SN 2005 EM Ho$ _| X{e©V ~mobmo_o{Q´>H$ bmBQ> H$d© A{YH$V_
(Mobl = – 17.7) àH$mer` AdñWm _| BgHo$ Hw$N> Hw$N> N>ã~m`wŠV
hmoZo H$m Am^mg H$admVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo Adí` hr `h {ZîH$f©
26
{ZH$bVm h¡ {H$ {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ Xm¡amZ 56 Ni (≤ 0.2 M?) H$s
Ho$db Hw$N> _mÌm hr g§íbo{fV hmoVr h¡ & gm_mÝ` SNe H$s
VwbZm _| SN 2005 EM Ho$ _| bmBQ> H$d© H$m Yrao-Yrao KQ>Zm
`h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ {dñ\$moQ> J{VH$ D$Om© H$_ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& nwZ: ~mX
Ho$ µ\o$g _| Xr{ßV `h Xem©Vr h¡ {H$ gm_mÝ` SNe Ia H$s VwbZm
_| SN 2005 hk _| jèrb 56Co go Jm_m {H$aUm| H$s Q´>¡qnJ
A{YH$ gj_ ahVr h¡ Ÿ& àr-_¡{Šg__ ñnoŠQ´>m ãby H§$Q>rZ_ Xem©Vm
h¡ {Og_| Fe III bmBZ| àIa ahVr h¢ Am¡a BZ Fe III bmBZm| _|
{g{bH$Z II Am¡a H¡$b{í`_ II H & K H$s W>mo‹S>r _mÌm Ho$ g§Ho$V
{_bVo h¢ Ÿ& `hr ~mV Ia SN 1991 T Ho$ AË`§V àXrßV ñnoŠQ´>m
_| nmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ& VWm{n, SN 2005 EM Ho$ _| \$moQ>moñ\o$[aH$
dobmo{gQ>r H$m _mnZ Ca II H &K, Fe II, Fe III Am¡a {g{bH$Z
II bmBZm| Ho$ AZwén AdemofU H$s Ý`yZV_ pñW{V go {H$`m J`m
h¡ Ÿ& \$moQ>moñ\o$[aH$ dobmo{gQ>r H$m H$_ {dñVma ~ 6900 km s–1
on day –6 go KQ>H$a ~ 6200 km s–1 on day –4 hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& dobmo{gQ>r _| _§XVm Cg bmo H$mBZo{Q>H$ BZOu Ho$ AZwnmV _|
hmoVr h¡ {OgH$m AZw_mZ bmBQ> H$d© H$s Mm¡‹S>mB© _| H$_r na
AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& BZ {ZîH$fm] Ho$ ~mdOyX SN 2005 EM Ho$ g§~Y§ r
ñnoŠQ´>_ nyar Vah AOr~ {ZîH$f© hr àXmZ H$aVo h¢ & Zo~wba
µ\o$g g§g§{YV ñnoŠQ´>_ gm_mÝ` SNe Ia _| {XIZo dmbo ñQ´>m§J
\$moa{~S>oZ AmàZ Am¡a H$mo~mëQ> bmBZm|-O¡go H$moB© g§Ho$V Zht
XoVo Ÿ& BgHo$ {dnarV SN 2005 hk Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>_ _| Fe II bmBZm|
VWm \$m°a{~S>Zo bmBZm| H$s àIaVm hmoVr h¡ {OgH$m H$maU (Ca
II) 7291, 7234 Å bmBZ| Am¡a ò bmBZ| 7155 Å Am¡a 7453 Å
Ho$ H$maU hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& BZ bmBZm| H$s CnpñW{V d¡gr hr àVrV hmoVr
h¡ Omo SNe IIP Ho$ boQ> Q>mB_ ñnoŠQ´>m _| {XIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
(S>r.Ho$. gmhy, E_. Q>ZmH$m *, Or.gr. AZwn_m, Ho$.Eg.
H$mdm~mQ>m *, EZ. Q>m_° rZmJm * Am¡a Ho$ Zmo_moQ>mo *)
SN 2004A
Vmam _S>b§ NGC 6027 _| 2004 OZdar 9.84 UT H$mo {Og
gm_mÝ` Q>mBn II P gwnaZmodm SN 2004A go g§~§{YV Am°pßQ>H$
bmBQ> H$d© Am¡a ñnoŠQ´>b Bdmoë`weZ H$s OmZH$mar {_br, CgH$m
AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Bg ñnoŠQ´>_ Ama§{^H$ àojU go nVm
MbVm h¡ {H$ Cn`w©ŠV gwnaZmodm H$s ImoO {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ Cnam§V
bJ^J Xygao gßVmh _| hþB© Ÿ& ñQ>¢S>S>© H¢${S>b _oWm°S> H$m Cn`moJ
H$aZo go gwnaZmodm VH$ H$s Xyar 20.35 ± 4.5 Mpe AZw_m{ZV
H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& {dñ\$moQ> _| {ZHo$b H$s CËjo{nV _mÌm Ho$ 0.035 ±
0.02 M? hmoZo H$m AZw_mZ h¡ Ÿ& ßb¡Q>mo H$s Xr{ßV, BgH$s Ad{Y
(~ 70{XZ) Am¡a nR>ma Ho$ _Ü` _| gwnaZmodm 4.7 ± 2.7 x 1050
AJ© {dñ\$moQ>r D$Om© VWm 7.2 ± 2.2 M? H$m CËjo{nV EÝdobn
_mÌ ahm hmoJm Ÿ& gwnaZmodm Ho$ àOZH$ Ho$ dmñVo CËjo{nV EÝdobn
_mg 10 ± 2.5 M? {dd{jV h¡ Ÿ&
(`y.Ho$. JwéJw~obr, S>r.Ho$. gmhy, Or.gr. AZwn_m, Am¡a EZ.Ho$.
MH«$Ymar)
2.15 bKw _¡Ob
¡ Zr` _§Xm{H$Zr
bKw _¡Ob
¡ Zr` _§Xm{H$Zr _| RR bmBam ñQ>ma : ñ_m°ba
hmbmo
EH$ - Xygao H$mo à^m{dV H$aZodmbr J¡bŠo gr LMC-SMC àUmbr
_| bKw _¡O¡bZr` _§Xm{H$Zr hr g~go N>moQ>r h¡ Ÿ& Am§½bo gd}jU
go {Og SMC bmBam ñQ>ma H$s OmZH$mar {_br Wr, CgH$m Cn`moJ
H$aVo hþE d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ nwamZo hm°bmo ( ImoIbm) Ho$ \¡$bmd Am¡a
JhamB© H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Ÿ& RR bmBam ñQ>ma SMC J¡bŠo gr Ho$
àÁdbZ joÌ Ho$ _Ü` Am¡a ebmH$m Ho$ {ZH$Q> {XIVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
ñQ>ma H$s JhZVm ~mhar joÌ H$s Amoa KQ>Vr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& hm°bmo H$s
JhamB© _Ü`dVu joÌ (SKPC VH$) Ho$ nmg A{YH$ nmB© JB© h¡
Am¡a ~mhar joÌ _| H$m\$s H$_ nmB© JB© h¡ Ÿ& CMC hm°bmo H$s
VwbZm _| SMC hm°bmo MnQ>m h¡ Ÿ& Xygar Amoa CMC hmbmo J¡bŠo gr
H$r Anojm H$_ \¡$bmd dmbm h¡ & `h VÏ` J¡boŠgr Ho$ ñdê$n Am¡a
AmH$ma Ho$ gmW hm°bmo Ho$ \¡$bmd H$s _mÌm H$m g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ &
(AÝZmnyUu gw~«_Ê`_)
2.16 J¡bŠo gr _|
NGC 1084 _|
A{^{H«$`mE§
ñQ>ma {Z_m©U H$m AÜ``Z
Vmam| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s A{^pH«$`mE§ {H$VZr O{Q>b h¢, `h
VÏ` U BV RI ~«moS> ~¡§S>, EM Aëµ\$m Z¡amo ~¢S> \$moQ>mo_oQ—>r VWm
_Ü`_ {d`moOZ ñnoŠQ—>mño H$monr go _mby_ hmoVm h¡ Omo BÝ\«$maoS> ~«mBQ>
J¡boŠgr NGC 1084 Ho$ g§~§Y _| {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& J¡boŠgr H$s
YmpËdH$Vm gmobma d¡b`y Ho$ g_mZ H$m\$s hX VH$ h¡ Ÿ& J¡boŠgr
Ho$ A§Xa em°ŠS> arOZ H$s nhMmZ S>m`½ZmopñQ>H$ S>m`J«m_ H$m Cn`moJ
H$aHo$ H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& BZ J¡bŠo gr H$s Hw$N> g§aMZmAm| _| ñQ>ma \$m°_e
} Z
H$s Xa 0.5 _oJm df© –1 {OVZr nmB© JB© h¡ & Vmam {Z_m©U H$s
à{H«$`m 3 _oJm dfmo°§ go 6.5 _oJm dfm}§ H$s H$mbmd{Y Ho$ ~rM
MbVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& ñQ>ma \$m°{_ªJ Ho$ÝÐmo§ _| dV©_mZ Vmamg_yh H$s
Am`w H$m AmH$bZ BVS V-I H$ba H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {H$`m OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& `h `§Ìmdbr H$ba - H$ba {_ŠñS> nmonwboeZ _m°S>ob h¡ Omo
ñQ>ma ~ñQ>© 99 Bdmoë`weZar _m°S>ob Q´>¡H$m| Ho$ Cn`moJ Ûmam ~ZmB©
JB© h¡ Ÿ& J¡gr` àMwaVm dmbo S>²dm\©$ J¡boŠgr Ho$ ~rM Amngr
g§MaU EH$ H$maU hmo gH$Vm h¡ {Oggo J¡boŠgr NGC 1084 _|
ñQ>ma {Z_m©U à{H«$`m H$m\$s à^m{dV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& S²>dm\©$$ J¡boŠgr
Ho$ Adeof J¡boŠgr Ho$ g|Q>a go 19 Kpc H$s àmoOoŠQ>oS> Xyar go
{XImB© n‹‹S>o h¢ &
27
{VaN>r {Xem H$s Amoa {dbmo{gQ>r [µ‹µ\$ëS> h¡ Amoa {djmo{^V h¡ &
h>mBS—>moOZ Am`moS>mBS> g§~§Yr amoQ>oeZ H$d© {dbmo{gQ>r {µ\$ëS> Ho$
A{^bjU {ZH$mbo JE h¢Ÿ& Bg amoQ>oeZ H$d© _| ~ 190 Kms–1
H$s g_ê$n amoQ>oeZ J{V hmoVr h¡ &
(E_. Xmg *, EZ. H§$Q>m[a`m *, Eg.aå`m, Q>r.nr. à^w,
Eg.Eg. _¡ŠH$mS>oZ * Am¡a Eg.EZ. ~moJob *)
(Eg. aå`m, S>r.Ho$. gmhÿ Am¡a Q>r.nr. à^w)
2
bmo g\o$° g ~«mBQ>Zg
o J¡bŠo gr PGC 045080 _| AGN
Am¡a J¡g {S>ñH$ H$s AdpñW{V
A{V {demb bmo g\}g ~«mmBQ>Zog (LSB) J¡boŠgr PGC
045080 H$m ao{S>`mo àojU Am¡a Am°pßQ>H$b ñnoŠQ—>moñH$monr àñVwV
{H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& A{V ñnîQ> Am°pßQ>H$b {S>ñH$ Am¡a ~‹S>r _mÌm _|
hmBS—>mO
o Z AmòS>mBS> (HI) J¡g Bg H$_ {H«$`merb Am¡a XyañW
J¡boŠgr _| dV©_mZ {XIm h¡ Ÿ& 320 _oJm hQ>O
µ© , 610 _oJmhQ>O
µ©
Am¡a¡ 1.4 JrJmhQ>©µO ao{S>`mo H§$Q>rZ_ àojU J¡boŠgr Ho$ {H$E JE
h¢ Ÿ& H§$Q>rZ_ CËgO©Z H$s {ñW{V kmV hþB© h¡ Am¡a Cgo _¡ßS> {H$`m
J`m h¡ Ÿ&g^r VrZ {\«$Šd|gr na BZa {S>ñH$ Ho$ D$na go E_reZ
g§~§Yr ñnooŠQ—>_ {bE JE h¢ Ÿ& 1.4 {JJmhQ>©µO Am¡a 610 _oJmhQ>O
µ©
na Xmo AbJ - AbJ bmoãg Zmo{Q>g H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& J¡boŠgr H$s
Zm{^H$s` AdpñW{V H$s Am°n{Q>Šb ñnoŠQ—>mño H$monr go àojU {H$`m
J`m h¡ Am¡a nm`m J`m h¡ {H$ AGN g§{H«$`m go H$moB© geŠV
CËgO©Z bmBZ| Zht Ow‹S>r h¢, VWm{n Bg g§^mdZm go BÝH$ma Zht
{H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ jrU AGN g§{H«$`m dhm§ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& 1.4
{JJmhQ>©µO na {bE JE H Aëµ\$m µ\$bŠg Am¡a ao{S>`mo H§$Q>rZ_ H$s
pñW{V >H$s nañna VwbZm H$s JB© h¡ {OgH$m {ZîH$f© `h h¡ {H$
Zm{^H$s` AdpñW{V go hmoZo dmbo CËgO©Z H$m _hÎdnyU© A§e
AnZr àH¥${V _| Zm°Z W_©b h¡ Ÿ& AVEd Bg ZVrOo na nhþ±Mm Om
gH$Vm h¡ {H$ PGC 045080 _| AGN H$s Hw$N> Z Hw$N> _mÌm
Adí` hmoJr Ÿ& EŠgQ>|S>oS> ao{S>`mo CËgO©Z Omo {H$ AGN go hmoVm
hþAm àVrV hmoVm h¡ , _| bmoãg/ OoQ²g AdpñW{V H$m g§Ho$VH$
h¡ Ÿ& VWm{n bmo g\}$g ~«mBQ>Zog (LBS) J¡boŠgr H$m A{^bjU
`h kmV h¡ {H$ Cg_| YmpËdH$ AënVm h¡ Am¡a ñQ>ma Ho$ {Z_m©U
H$s g§^mdZm àVrV Zht hmoVr Ÿ& Bg J¡boŠgr _| _Ü` H$s AdñWm
_hÎdnyU© ê$n _| AGN A{^{H«$`m H$m g§Ho$V XoVr h¡Ÿ& PGC
04508 _| hmBS—>mO
o Z Am`moS>mBS> H$m J¡g {S>ñH$ Am°pßQ>H$b {S>ñH$
VH$ ì`mßV h¡ Am¡a Cg J¡boŠgr H$mo AnZr AmJmoe _| {bE hþE
h¡ Ÿ& J¡boŠgr H$m Omo {S>ñH$ {b`m J`m h¡ Cggo ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$
hmBS—>moOZ Am`moS>mBS> H$s gKZVm _| {VaN>mnZ h¡ & {S>ñH$ _|
S>r E\$ Am¡a SDSS _| bmBZa{hV Šdmga
na§namJV ê$n _| SDSS b¡Šg `m Vmo ao{S>`mo go `m EŠg {H$aUm|
Ho$ gdo°jU go kmV {H$E OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dV©_mZ _| `h kmV Zht h¡ {H$
ao{S>`mo -ŠdoQ> BL b¡Šg Am°ãOoŠQ> dhm± h¢, hmbm§{H$ ao{S>`mo -ŠdoQ>
Šdmgmam| H$s gmÑí`Vm Ho$ AmYma na CŠV VÎdm| H$mo dhm§
ñd^mdV: hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& hmb hr _| Bg {Xem _| hþE emoY Ho$
AmYma na SDSS Am¡a 2 S>r E\$ H$s AdpñW{V _mZr Om ahr
h¡ Omo {H$ BL b¡Šg KQ>H$m| Ho$ M`{ZV à{VXe© Ho$ àW_V: J¥hrV
{S>ñH$ na AmYm[aV h¡ & BZ à{VXem}§ _| A{YH$ma VÎd jrU
E_reZ bmBZ dmbo h¢, ò à{VXe© Šbm{gH$b BL b¡Šg go ñnoŠQ—
>_r Vm¡a na {_bVo - OwbVo h¢ Ÿ& (E_reZ bmBZdV©_mZ EŠg
{H$aU Am¡a ao{S>`mo àojU _| Zht {XIVo h¢ Ÿ& ) 2. _r. Ho$ HCT
Am¡a 1.2 _r. Ho$ OHP, \«$m§§g H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ 2.3 amVm| Ho$
Xm¡amZ 12 VmaH$m| H$m BÝQ—>mZmBQ> Am°pßQ>H$b n[adV©Zr`Vm
(INOV) Am°ãOd}eZ {H$E JE Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr ESO 3.6 _r.
H$s `§Ìmdbr H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ 19 VmaH$m| Ho$ nmoboar_r{Q—>H$)
Am°ãOd}eZ {H$E JE Ÿ& BZ àojUm| go g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡ {H$ BZ
VmaH$m| _| 3 à{VeV go H$_ Am°pßQ>H$ nmobamBOoeZ hmoVm h¡ VWm
BZ_| am{ÌH$mbrZ Am°pßQ>H$b n[adV©Zr`Vm ao{S>`mo - ŠdoQ> Šdmgam|
O¡gr hmoVr h¡ & AV: {ZîH$f© h¡ {H$ do Vmao ao{S>`mo - ŠdoQ> BL
b¡Šg Zht hmo gH$Vo h¢ &
(gr.Eg. ñQ>m{bZ>, S>r.Ho$. gmhÿ, Ama. lrAmZ§X *, nr.
no[aOZ * Am¡a E. AJmB© *)
CFHT {bJogr gd}jU _| Š`y Eg Amo
H$ZmS>m \«$m§g hmdmB© Q>obrñH$mon {bJogr gd}jU (CFHTLS)
dV©_mZ _| Omar EH$ q~~ J«hU àomJ«m_ h¡ Omo _oJmH¡$_ AWm©V²
36 gr gr S>r _moO¡H$ H¡$_am H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ H$ZmS>m \«$m§g
hmdmB© Q>o{bñH$mon Ûmam Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& gr E\$ EM Q>r Eb Eg `§Ì
- àUmbr _| Mma \$sëS>m| (D1, D2, D3 Am¡a D4) na JhZ
gd}jU H$m`©H«$_ Am¡a VËg§~§Yr {ZînmXZ àJ{V na h¡ &
28
ò g^r \$sëS> bJ^J 1 x 1 H$mo H$da {H$E h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| Mma
\$sëS>m| (W1, W2, W3 Am¡a W4) na gVhr gd}jU ^r Mb
ahm h¡ {Og_| g^r \$sëS> u, g, r, i Am¡a z {\$ëQ>am| _| 7 x 7
H$da H$a aho h¢ ò gd}jU H«$_e: nm§M ~¢S>m| _| 28.3, 28.5,
28.3, 28.3 Am¡a 27.0 Ho$ JhZ \$sëS>m| _| A§{V_ gr_m {dñVma
Ho$ g§~§Y _| {ZîH$f© Ho$ {bE {H$E Om aho h¢ Ÿ& D1-W1 VWm
\$sëS>m| (Š`m|{H$ ò \$sëS> XNM, SWIRE Am¡a GALEX Ûmam
ào{fV Wt) na Šdmgam| Ho$ M`Z ZrMo g < 22.5 mag VH$ {H$E
JE (~3 _¡½ZrQ>çyS> SDSS Šdmga gd©o go _XÕ_ Wo & AAT
na AA Amo_oJm H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE {gV§~a 2006 _| g\$b
ñnoŠQ—>moñH$mo{nH$ àojU {H$`m J`m & AAT na 858 Š`y Eg Amo
H$m M`Z 1977 _| ImoOo JE Vmam| _| go {H$`m J`m Ÿ& ò Vmao Cg
2-D H$ba H$ba S>mBJ«m_ Ho$ AmYma na MwZo JE {Og_| \$moQ>m_
o r{Q—
>H$ aoS>{eâQ> H$moS> hmBnO© g§bp½ZV h¢ &
(gr.Eg. ñQ>m{bZ, Ama. lrAmZ§X *, nr. no{Q>{OZ *, E.
ñ_oÅ>o * Am¡a S>r. Bë~mO *)
go\$Q>© J¡bŠo gr go go EŠg - {H$aUm| H$m CËgO©Z Am¡a
`y{Z{\$Ho$eZ ñH$s_
go\$Q>© J¡boŠgr EŠg - {H$aU joÌ _| AnZr ~mobmo_r{Q—>H$
XrpßV à^yV _mÌm _| CËg{O©V H$aVr h¡ {Og_| gm°âQ> Am¡a hmS>©
XmoZm| Ý`ypŠbà E_reZ H§$nmoZ|Q> {XIVo h¢ Ÿ& H¢$Q>rZ_ gm_mÝ`
àmo\$mBbmoBbopŠQ—>H$ {Og_| nmda - bm° EoãµOm°ãS>© hmo, àUmbr
{\$Q> H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & CŠV EŠg {H$aU H$s ñnoŠQ—>_r
{deofVmAm| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡, ò {H$aU| go\$Q>© J¡bŠo gr
Ho$ CZ Vmam| _| nmB© OmVr h¡, {OZHo$ Z_yZo ‹~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go MwZo
JE h¢ Ÿ& Bg AÜ``Z Ho$ Xm¡amZ `y{Z{\$Ho$eZ ñH$s_ H$s `§Ì
ì`dñWm _| Amo[aE§§Q>oeZ ñdV§Ì _mZH$m| Ho$ gw_ob H$m ^r bm^
CR>m`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _yb _mÝ`Vm `h H$m_ H$a ahr h¡ {H$
go\$Q>© 1s Am¡a 2s Cgr n¡a|Q> nmonwboeZ H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
My±{H$ CZHo$ Amo[aE§§Q>oeZ AbJ hmoVo h¢, Bg H$maU do Vmao ^r
{^ÝZ ZµOa AmVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo CXmhaU Ho$ gmW ~Vm`m h¡
{H$ go\$Q>© 1s H$s EŠg - {H$aU àXrpßV go\$Q>© 2s H$s àXrpßV go
EH$ {d{eîQ> àUmbr Ho$ AZwê$n µÁ`mXm hmoVr h¡ Omo {H$ gm°âQ>
(0.2 - 2.4 Kev) Am¡a hmS>© (2.0 - 10 Kev) XmoZm| hr BZOm}
~¢S>m| na ghr h¡ Ÿ& `h pñW{V _moQ>o Vm¡a na Cg `y{Z{\$Ho$eZ
ñH$s_ Ho$ gmW gmW ~Zr ahVr h¡ {OgHo$ AmYma na ^{dî`dmUr
H$s OmVr h¡ {H$ EŠg {H$aUm| Ho$ \$moQ>m°Ýg go\$Q>© 28 _| _m¡OXy
Q>moag Ho$ Ûmam Ademo{fV hmo OmVo h¢ {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n
EŠg {H$aU H$s àXrpßV H$_ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mdOyX Ü`mVì`
h¡ {H$ hmS>© EŠg - {H$aU ~¢S> na `h AdemofU à^md H$_ hr
{XIVm h¡ & hmS>© ~¢S> (2.0 - 10 Kev ) \$moQ>m°Z BÝS>oŠg H$m
\¡$bmd go\$Q>© Ho$ XmoZm| CndJm] _| g_mZ hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo hQ>H$a
gm°âQ> ~¢S> _| go\$Q>© 2s go\$Q>© 1s H$s Anojm H«$_e: CÀM \$moQ>mZ
gyMH$m§H$ Xem©Vm h¡ Am¡a `h VÏ` `y{Z{\$Ho$eZ ñH$s_ Ûmam H$s
JB© ^{dî` Ho$ {dnarV h¡ Ÿ& `h hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Zm°Z - Ý`ypŠbà
àg[aV gm°âQ> EŠg - {H$aU H$m CËgO©Z go\$Q>© 2s _| EZOu ~¢S>
Ho$ ^rVa {ZpíMV EŠg {H$aU âbŠg H$mo _hÎdnyU© ê$n _|
à^m{dV H$aVm hmo VWm Bg H$maU CZH$m ñnoŠQ—>m Jham hmo OmVm
hmo Ÿ& ò ZVrOo go\$Q>© J¡bŠo gr H$s `y{Z{\$Ho$eZ ñH$s_ na AmYm[aV
Amo[aE§§Q>oeZ g§~§Yr ^{dî`dm{U`m| Ho$ _moQ>o Vm¡a na AZwê$n h¢Ÿ&
Amo-III H$s àXrpßV Ho$ gmW ~‹T>Zodmbr hmS>© ~¢S> (2.0 - 10 Kev)
EŠg {H$aU àXrpßV H$m hëH$m - gm Q´>|S> XoIZo H$mo {_bm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
VÏ` Ho$ hmoVo hþE hmS>© ~¢S> EŠg{H$aU Am¡a Amo-III H$s àXrpßV Ho$
~rM EH$ br{Zà A§Vgª~§Y H$s Amem ~ZVr h¡, ~eVo© XmoZm|
{H$aU ~¢S> _mn _| AGN Ho$ BpÝQ—>{gH$ nmda go `wŠV hmo &
(draoe qgh , nr. emñÌr)
go\$Q>© J¡bŠo gr NGC 4151 H$m CËgO©Z bmBZ AZwnmV
go\$Q>© J¡boŠgr NGC 4151 Ho$ EŠgQ>|S>oS> Z¡amo bmBZ arOZ
(GNLR) H$m g¡Õm{ÝVH$ _m°S>oqbJ V¡`ma {H$`m Om ahm h¡ &
NGC 4151 Ho$ hmBS—>moOZ EoQ>_mpñ\$à Ho$ ~mao _| _mZm OmVm h¡
{H$ BgH$s ghm`Vm go Hα / Hβ / Hγ / Hβ, Hδ / Hβ, AVr
CËgO©Z bmBZm| H$s JUZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a CZH$s VwbZm
nhbo go àmßV àojU {ZîH$fm}§ go H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ CnamoŠV bmBZ
AZwnmVm| H$s JUZm Ho$ ~mao _| d¡km{ZH$m| H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ CŠV
bmBZ AZwnmV ñ\o$[aH$b gr_oQ—>r _| Zm°Z - Eb Q>r B© ao{S>E{Q>d
Q—>mg§ \$a BŠdoeZ dmbo h¢ Am¡a CZ_| _ëQ>rbodb _m°S>b H$m g_mYmZ
_m§Q> H$mbm }VH$ZrH$ go {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
(E_. lr{Zdmg amd Am¡a. _mBH$m Owdobm *)
`w½_H$ -Vmam àUmbr Ho$ ^m¡{VH$s` _mZH$m| H$m
{ZU©` : OGLE II S>mQ>m H$m {díbofU
g§H«$_Uerb `w½_$Vmam| H$s àUmbr Ho$ g§~§Y _| OGLE II S>mQ>m
{díbofU H$m H$m_ Mb ahm h¡ & J«hUJ«ñV `w½_ VmaH$m| Ho$ H¡$Q>bm°J
_| CnbãY \$moQ>mo_r{Q>[aH$ S>mQ>m H$s _XX go LMC Am¡a SMC Ho$
A§Xa 0.49 - 0.51 Ho$ a|O _| Jm¡U {_{Z__ \o$µOq~~ g§J«{hV
29
{H$E JE BZ g§J«{hV S>mQ>m _| J«hUerb `w½_Vmam| Ho$ ^m¡{VH$s`
A{^bjU (O¡go {H$ Ðì`_mZ, KZËd Vmn_mZ, àXrpßV Am¡a
H$jr` {deofVmE§) kmV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| $AÜ``Z H$m`©
Mb ahm h¡ &
Ho$ gmW Zht H$hm h¡ {H$ ~ 0– ~ 100 pc Ho$ a|O _ NLR
ŠbmCS>g H$m H«$_e; ~‹‹T>Zm Š`m| {XIVm h¡ & Bggoh {ZîH$f©
{_bVm h¡ {H$ S>m`Zm{_H$b {Xem _| AmJo AÜ``Z Omar ahZo
Mm{hE &
(E_. lr{Zdmg amd, ~r.E_. AemoH$ *,S>r Hw$O©{Mdm * Am¡a
db|{Q>Z *)
(dr. Xmg, S>r.E_. H«o$Zem° * Am¡a Eg.~r. H«¡$_a *)
go\$Q>© 2 J¡bŠo gr NGC 1068 _| Z¡amo - bmBZ arOZ _|
J{VH$s
HST `§Ì àUmbr Am¡a BgHo$ CÀM H$moUr` {d`moOZ (~ 0″.1)
ì`dñWm Ho$ ~Z OmZo Ho$ ~mX go\$Q>© J¡bo[Šg`m| Ho$ Z¡amo bmBZ
arOZ (NLR) H$mo boH$a AÜ``Z Am¡a emoY H$m`© hmoZo bJo h¢ &
jrU Am¡a Aën AdpñW{V Am°ãOoŠQ> H¡$_am (En Amo gr) H$s
gr{_V bm¢J pñbQ> gj_Vm VH$ZrH$s CnbãY hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ñnog
Q>o{bñH$mon B_oqOJ ñnoŠQ—>moJ«m\$ (STIS) H$s H$m`©j_Vm _| d¥{Õ
H$s JB© h¡ Vm{H$ go\$Q>© `w½_ VmaH$m| Am¡a AÝ` J¡boŠgr _| Z¡amo
bmBZ arOZ (NLR) _| J{VH$ pñW{V go g§~§{YV AdamoYm| H$m
nVm {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& Bg H«$_ _| H$mBZo_o{Q>H$ AÜ``Z Ho$ H$maU
S>mBZo{_H$b {díbofU Ho$ dmñVo Hw$N> AÀN>r g§^mdZmE§ ~Zr h¢ &
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo S>m`Zo{_H$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE H$m`© {Xem V¡`ma H$s h¡
Omo {dXo e r hã~b ñno g Q>o b rñH$mo n ( HST ) go J¥ h rV
NGC 1068 _| NLR Ho$ CÀM - {d`moOZ bm°J - pñbQ> ñnoŠQ—>m
na AmYm[aV h¡ & S>m`Zo{_H$ AÜ``Z ao{S>E{Q>d \$mog° H$s
{deofVmAm| Am¡a H$m`m] na {dMma {H$`m OmEJm Omo EopŠQ>d
J¡bopŠQ>H$ Ý`ypŠbAg (AGN)Am¡a gwna_¡{gd ãb¡H$ hmob go
(SMBH) {ZH$bZo dmbo Jwê$Ëdr` ~b Ho$ n[aUm_ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg A{^bjU H$mo Ý`ypŠbAa ñQ>bo a H$bñQ>a Am¡a J¡bpo ŠQ>H$ ~ëO
Am¡a dh S—>¡J\$mog© ^r à^m{dV H$aVm h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU NLR
ŠbmCS> A{V J_© Eoå~rE§Q> _mÜ`_ go A{^{H«$`mE§ H$aVm h¡ &
NLR J¡g H$s AmH${bV dobmo{gQ>r Am¡a Xygar {deofVmAm|
H$s NLR Ho$ {nN>bo H$mBZo_{o Q>H$ AÜ``Z àmßV {ZîH$fm] go VwbZm
H$aZo na `h [ZîH$f© àmßV hmoVm h¡ {H$ dhm§ NLR ŠbmCS>g Ho$
Amodaâbmo H$s pñW{V h¡ Ÿ& Bg ZVrOo go `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$
ao{S>E{Q>d bmBZ S—>mBqdJ Ho$ H$maU EgoboaoeZ A{^bjU H$m\$s
~‹‹T> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bggo àmßV Am±H$‹S>m| H$s nwpîQ> hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a
Jwê$Ëdr` ~b Ho$ ~mao _| `h VÏ` gm_Zo AmVm h¡ {H$ NLR
ŠbmCS>g _| H$_r Zht hmoJr Ÿ& qH$Vw AJa S—>¡J \$mog© Ho$ à^md H$mo
em{_b H$a bo§ Vmo 100 - 400 pc H$s Ad{Y _| gwg~§ Õ {dbmo{gQ>r
KQ> gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& BZ VÏ`m| Ho$ ~mdOyX d¡km{ZH$m| Zo `h {dídmg
{MÌ 13 : Left: Model of the NLR of NGC 7674 based on a
fitted slit shown on the right. The Line-of-sight is pointed
by the arrow. Right: The model in shaded gray fits the
data points in color. Points after 0.5 arcseconds are in the
host galaxy.
go\$Q>© 2 J¡bŠo gr NGC 7674 _| Z¡amo - bmBZ arOZ H$m
ewÕ - J{VH$s
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo HST Ho$ Q>o{bñH$mon B_oqOJ ñnoŠQ—>moJ«m\$ go {bE
JE Cg S>mQ>m H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m Omo _ëQ>rAmH$m©Bìg go àmßV
[H$`m hþAm Wm {Oggo {H$ go\$Q>© 2 J¡boŠgr NGC 7674 _|
dV©_mZ Z¡amo - bmBZ arOZ (NLR) Ho$ H$mBZo_{o Q>Šg H$m AÜ``Z
{H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& Bg à`moOZ Ho$ dmñVo d¡km{ZH$m| Zo H$mBZo{_{Q>H$b
_m°S>ob V¡`ma {H$`m Omo Z¡amo - bmBZ arOZ H$s Á`m{_{V Am¡a
{dbmo { gQ>r {\$ëS> H$m EH$ à{Vê$n h¡ O¡ g m {H$
NGC 4151, NGC 1068 Am¡a _mH©$ 3 Ho$ g§~§Y _| {nN>bo
AÜ``Z Ho$ g_` V¡`ma {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& BZ g^r go\$Q>© 2 J¡bŠo gr
VmaH$m| _| H$m°_Z EŠgoboaoQ>oS> Am¡a {S>EoboaoQ>oS> Amoda âbmo n¡Q>Z©
{XIZo H$mo {_bm h¡ {Oggo kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ NLR J¡g H$m dhm§
gm_mÝ` S—>mBqd§J _H¡${ZµµÁ_ H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& NGL 7674 _|
ao{S>`moOQo >/NLR ŠbmCS> H$s Amngr g§{H«$`mAm| Ho$ narjU Ho$
{bE d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam hmB© [aµOmoë`yeZ MERLIN ao{S>`mo _¡n H$m
Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m {Oggo `h kmV hþAm {H$ OoQ> NLR J¡g Ho$
A§Xa à_wI g§{H«$`mË_H$ _H¡${ZµµÁ_ Zht h¡ , ~pëH$ dh J¡g àm`:
H$moB© ^y{_H$m Zht {Z^mVr, `hr VÏ` Cn`wŠ© V {nN>br g§{H«$`mAm|
Ho$ AÜ``Z _| XoIZo H$mo {_bo Wo &
30
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo go\$Q>© J¡bŠo gr Ho$ `y{Z{\$Ho$eZ Ï`moar Ho$ à{VnmXZ
Ho$ {bE gab _m°S>qbJ ñH$s_ V¡`ma H$s h¡ Ÿ& Bggo go\$Q>© J¡bŠo gr
H$m Z¡amo bmBZ arOZ H$s àH¥${V g_Pr Om gH$Vr h¡ Mmho CgH$s
Q>mBn Hw$N> ^r hmo Ÿ& `h _m°S>b go\$Q>© 2 J¡boŠgr, NGC 7674
H$m à{Vê$n h¡ Ÿ& `h _m°S>ob ~‹S>r AmgmZr go XmoZm| àH$ma H$s
J¡boŠgr Ho$ _ob _| h¡ Am¡a Q>mBn 1s Am¡a Q>mBn 2s Ho$ Amo[aE§Q>oeZ
H$mo g_PmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| go\$Q>© `y{Z{\$H$oeZ ñH$s_ Q>mBn 1s Ho$
{bE µÁ`mXm AmV{V AÜ``Z H$aZm b{jV h¡ Ÿ& Q>mBn 2s Ho$
{bE H$_ AmV{V h¡ Am¡a dh Yw±Ybm {XIVm h¡ Ÿ& `h _m°S>ob
{MÌ - 13 _| {XIm`m J`m h¡ &
d¡km{ZH$m| H$m A{YH$ Ü`mZ go\$Q>© J¡boŠgr H$s ~‹TVr hþB© g§»`m
_| Z¡amo bmBZ arOZ J¡g _| {XIZodmbr H$m°_Z Amoda\$bmo n¡Q>Z©
H$s àH¥${V H$s narjm H$aZo na h¡ Am¡a `h XoIZm h¡ {H$ {H$g
Vah Bg H$m°_Z \$bmo H$mo gab {dbmo{gQ>r {\$bS> dmbr
~mBH$mo{ZH$b Á`m{_{V go {\$Q> H$aHo$ XoIm OmE & `h H«$_
>Á`mXm _hÎdnyU© h¡ {H$ ò _m°S>ob Eogo ZVrOo {XImVo h¢, Eogo
{ZîH$f© na nhþ±MZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢ {Oggo {H$ Bg {df` Ho$
{gÕm§V nj Ho$ ~mao _| Am¡a AÜ``Z {H$`m OmE Am¡a J¡gm| Ho$
\$bmo n¡Q>Z© H$mo g_Pm OmE Ÿ& Bg ~mao _| àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ g^r
go\$Q>© J¡boŠgr _| EH$ hr àH$ma H$m âbmo {XI gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
âbmo H$m {deof _hÎd h¡ CgHo$ ^m¡{VH$s` _H¡$pÝµµÁ_ H$mo boH$a h¡
{OgHo$ H$maU âbmo n¡Q>Z© _w»` Z Ho$db go\$Q>© J¡bŠo gr {H«$`merb
~Zm ahVm h¡, ~pëH$ AGN ^r g{H«$` ahVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo
BZ go\$Q>© J¡boŠgr H$s Bg gab, qH$Vw {d{^ÝZ H$m`©àH¥${V Ho$
_hÎd na AÜ``Z H$aZm Amdí`H$ _mZm h¡ &
(dr. Xmg, S>r.E_. H«o$Zem° *, Eg.~r. H«o$_a
emñÌr)
*
Am¡a nr.
go\$Q>© J¡bŠo [g`m| Ho$ Z¡amo bmBZ arOZ _| \$bmo n¡Q>Zm]
H$m AÜ``Z - EH$ S>m`Zo{_H$b EàmoM
go\$Q>© J¡boŠ[g`m| Ho$ NLR H$s H$mBZo_o{Q>Šg Ho$ _hÎd H$mo boH$a
hmb _| {H$E JE AÜ``Z Ûmam J¡g Ho$ gm_mÝ` âbmo n¡Q>Z© go
H$B© {_brOwbr ~mVm| H$m {ZîH$f© àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg AÜ``Z
Ho$ Xm¡amZ XoIm J`m {H$ AZoH$ àXrßV Am¡a VoµO go\$Q>© J¡boŠ[g`m|
(NGC 4151, NGC 1068, Mrk 3, Mrk 78 Am¡a NGC
7674) _| NLR J¡g H$m âbmo hmoZm gab A{^{H«$`m hmoH$a A~
VH$ Aì`m»`m{`V Am¡a A{debofU A{^bjU h¡ J¡g H$m doJ
hã~b âbmo {Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma h¡ {Og_| v(r) ~ r, h¡ {Og_| r H$s
_mn gwna _¡{gd ãb¡H$ hmob (SMBH) Ho$ bJ^J ZOXrH$
_mZH$a H$s OmVr h¡ &
nhbo Omo AÜ``Z Am¡a emoYH$m`© hþE Wo, Cg_| Jwê$Ëd ~b,
{d{H$aU àoea VWm hm°Q> Eoå~rE§Q> go CËg{O©V S—>J¡ \$mog© H$m Cn`moJ
H$aVo hþE NGC 1068 Ho$ âbmo doJ H$m _¡M H$aZo Ho$ {bE _m°S>b
~Zm`m J`m Wm {Oggo {H$ _r{S>`_ Eoå~rE§Q> H$s àH¥${V H$s naI
H$s Om gHo$ `mZr Š`m ŠbmCS> S>mQ>m _| {XIVo {dbmo{gQ>r H$mo
EµµÁ`y_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& S>mQ>m go Bg nhby H$m Hw$N> g§Ho$V {_bVm Wm,
{\$a ^r dh nyar Vah à_m{UV Zht hþAm Ÿ& amoQ>oeZ Am¡a E_drS>r
Ho$ à^md H$mo em{_b H$aVo hþE EH$ JUZm H$s Om ahr h¡ {H$
H$moUr` _mo_|Q>_ AdamoY Š`m h¢, {dbmo{gQ>r àmo‹µ\$mBb _| ghr ghr Š`m K{Q>V hmoVm ahVm h¡ {Oggo {H$ ào{jV âbmo n¡Q>Z© H$mo
Omo‹S> H$a {ZpíMV {ZîH$f© na nhþ±Mm Om gHo$ &
(dr. Xmg, E. _§ J b_, S>r.EZ. H« o $ Zem± * Am¡ a Eg.
~r. H«o$_a *)
3.
g¡Õm§{VH$ Vmam^m¡{VH$s Am¡a ^m¡{VH$s
3.1
àH$me H$m {dH$sU© hmoZm
a¡S>_
§ Zog Ho$ nrN>o {Z{hV bmBQ> H$r Amd{YH$Vm kmV
H$aZm, CgH$m {\$ëQ>[a¨J _oWm°S> go {_bmZ
AË`{YH$ aj g\}$g Ho$ nrN>o àH$me Ho$ jrU {dH$sU©Z H$s
Amd{YH$Vm na {ZîH$f© nmZo Ho$ {bE Z`m VarH$m {dH${gV {H$`m
J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _¡M dmbr {\$ëQ>a àUmbr H$m nhbr ~ma Cn`moJ
{H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg VarHo$ go a¢S>_ _r{S>`_ _| dod Ho$ àmonoJoeZ
H$m AÜ``Z bú` ahm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo Mbr Am ahr à{H«$`m gm{~V
H$aVr Wr {H$ CŠV àH$Q> Ho$ àmo\o$eZ AÜ``Z Ag§^d h¡ µO~VH$
{H$ ao{S>EeZ {µ\$ëS> Ho$ H$m°ha|g b|W H$s _mn kmV Z hmo Ÿ& ao{S>EeZ
{µ\$ëS> H$m a¡S>§_Zog (r0) Img gr_m go A{YH$ Z hmo VWm
nr[aAmo{S>H$ nmQ>© (Λ) Ho$ dodb|W H$m a¢S>_Zog go g§~§Y hmo AWm©V²
(r0/Λ) ≥ 0.33. Bg à{H«$`m H$mo AnZmZo go {hS>oZ Amd{YH$Vm
{ZH$mbZo _| g\$bVm {_br h¡, AWm©V² (r0/Λ) = 0.11 Omo {H$
A~ VH$ kmV gr_m go H$m\$s Á`mXm h¡ Ÿ&
`h à{H«$`m Bg _mÝ`Vm go ewé hmoVr h¡ {H$ {H$gr {hS>Zo no[aAmo{S>H$
MmQ>© Ho$ hmoZo na àH$me H$s {dH$sU©Z JhZVm g_mZ Vah H$s
A{YH$V_ q~Xw (Omo nhbo hmo MwH$s h¡ AV: Cgo {\$ëQ>m[a¨J H$h|)
Va nhþ±M OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh JhZVm bmoHo$eZ, EåßbrÀ`wS> Am¡a BZ
{hS>oZ nrH$ H$s g_mZ Mm¡‹S>mB© dmbr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ~mar ~mar go
H$^r A{YH$ Am¡a H$^r H$_ {dH$sU©Z CËnÞ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& `h
nm`m J`m h¡ {H$ {Z{hV nr[aAmo{S>H$ MmQ>© Bg àUmbr go _mby_
H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ AWm©V² r0/Λ = 0.11 Omo (a/λ) = 0.05 hmoJm
Ohm§ a a¢S>_Zog H$m EoåßbrÀ`yS> λ bmBQ> H$m dodb|W hmo Ÿ& AZoH$
gm§p»`H$s` narjU Cn`wŠV gr_m Ho$ A§Xa AnZmB© H$s à{H«$`m
Ho$ Q>rH$ hmoZo H$s nw{ï> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& AbJ - AbJ nr[aAmo{S>H$
AŠñWm _| Cn`w©ŠV à{H«$`m {H$VZr H$maJa hmo gH$Vr h¡, Bg na
AÜ``Z Omar h¡ Ÿ&
g§aMZmË_H$ A{^bjUm| H$s OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE Cgr à{H«$`m H$s
g§^mì`Vm Am¡a gj_Vm Am¡a gj_Vm H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m Om
ahm h¡ Ÿ& ImgH$a CZ g§aMZmAm| H$mo O~ YygarV EQ>_m°ñ\o$à
XoIZm n‹S>o Omo {H$ Vmam ^m¡{VH$s` Ñî` go H$m\$s _hËdnyU©
n[apñW{V hmoJr h¡ Ÿ& J«oqQ>J {Og_| A{V g§doXZerb Eebo S>mBn
J«oqQ>J em{_b h¡, H$s {ZînmXZ j_Vm ~‹T>mZo H$mo boH$a Cn`w©ŠV
à{H«$`m H$s g§^mdZmE§ H$m\$s h¢ Ÿ&
(Eg. MQ>Ou)
31
3.2 E_.EM.S>r
Am§{eH$ én go Am`ZrH¥$V ßbmµÁµ _m _| Hall-Alfven Va§J
Ho$ dmñVo ghr Zm°Z br{Zà gmoë`weZ
`h XoIZo _| Am`m h¡ {H$ hmb - AËµ\$doZ dod go g§~§{YV E½µO¡ŠQ>
Zm°Z-{b{Zà gmobweZ g_mZ d¥Îmr` Am¡a _§X J{V dmbo
Am`{ZH¥$V ßbmµµÁ_m _| àmßV {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Am`ZrH¥$V
ßbmµµÁ_m O¡go {H$ {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ EH«o$eZ {S>ñH$m| _| {XIZo dmbo
ßbmµµÁ_m Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW-gmW Eogo H$m`© Xem©E§Jo {H$ ßbmµµÁ_m go
{ZH$bZo dmbr {H$aUm| H$mo boH$a Bg {df` go g§~§{YV gm{hË`
_| {H$g Vah `Wm VÏ`Vm Zht h¡ Ÿ&
(dr. H¥$îU, E_. \w$éH$mdm Am¡a Eg. _hmOZ)
Ho$ßbo[a`Z [S>ñH$ _| _¡½ZoQ>mo - amoQ>e
o Zb AñWm{`Ëd H$m
A{Z`{_V ê$n EH$ -O¡gm hr hmoZm
{H$gr Ho$ßbo[aAZ {S>ñH$ H$m H|$Ð _¡¾oQ>mo-amoQ>oeZb AñWm{nËd
H$mo boH$a BµOoZ-g§H$m`m] Ho$ {bE {Z`{_V Am¡a EH$-Oogm hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$ O¡gm hmoZm BµOoZ d¡ë`y H$s {Za§VaVm CËnÞ H$aVm
h¡, (AWm©V² AZñQ>o~b ao{µO_ _| J«moW aoQ> VÏ` ñQ>o~b ao{µO_
_| {\«$Šd|gr EH$ O¡gr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&) CgHo$ ^m¡{VH$s` A{^bjU
VWm{n H$m\$s O{Q>b Am¡a gpå_l« ahVo h¢ {Oggo amoQ>oqQ>J
ßbmµÁµ _m {gñQ>_o H$m ha{_{Q>AZ ZoMa X{e©V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Ý`w_[o aH$b
{g_w b o e Z Ho $ gmW-gmW b¡ ß bo g Q´ > m § g \$m° _ © H$s AZmo I r
Am¡a AñWmnr àd¥{Îm nmB© JB© h¡ Omo {H$ H$m\$s {XZm| go XoIr
Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&
(E_. \w$éH$mdm *, O¡S>. `mo{eXm *, E_. {hamoQ>m * Am¡a {dZmoX
H¥$îU)
µâbmo H$aVo ßbmµµÁ_m _| MHD H$m ñWm{`Ëd: µâ`wµOZ
ßbmµÁµ _m Am¡a Vmam^m¡{VH$s` AZwgY
§ mZ Ho$ ~rM g§~Y
§
_¡¾oQ>mo- amoQ>oeZb AñWm{`Ëd (MRI) H$m AÜ``Z amoQ>oqQ>J
{gqb{S´>H$b ßbmµµÁ_m _| B§Q>aM|O H$s pñW{V _| ~Xbmd go VwbZm
Ûmam {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& E_ Ama AmB© ßbmµµÁ_m amoQ>oeZ H$s pñW{V
na {Z^©a hmoVm h¡, O~{H$ B§Q>aM|O _| n[adV©Z KZËd J«o{S>E§Q>
na à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& E_ Ama AmB© Ho$ {bE BµOoZ _moS> BŠdoeZ
H$m dhr ñdén hmoVm h¡ Omo B§Q>aM|O Ho$ AñWm{`Ëd na bmJy hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& bmoH$b ñQ>¡{~{bQ>r Ho$ _mZX§S> Cgr \$m°_© _| g§{j{nV {H$E
OmVo h¢ O¡gm {H$ ñno{eAb J«o{S>EÝQ> Am°\$ g|{Q´>\w$Jb \$mo_©
Aëµ\$mdoZ {\«$Šd|gr Ho$ EgŠdmà go ~‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `hr
32
{\«$Šd|gr AñWm{`Ëd H$m H$maU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& VWm{n, E_ Ama
AmB© Adí` hr B§Q>aQ>|O _| AñWm{`Ëd go à^m{dV Zht hmoVm h¡
Am¡a BgH$m H$maU Zm°Z-ha{_{S>AZ àmonQ>u hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Ho$ßbo[aAZ
amoQ>oeZ Ho$ H$maU {S>ñH$ Ho$ H|$Ð _| A{Z`{_V én go qgJwb[aQ>r
n¡Xm hmoVr h¡ {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdén Zm°Z AmWm}JmoZb Am¡a
EgŠdmà BÝQ>oJ«o~b B©µOoZ-g§H$m`© Ho$ gmW-gmW B©µOoZ d¡byO
Ho$ H§${Q>Z_ CËnÞ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
(E_. \w$éH$mdm *, O¡S>. `mo{eXm *, E_. {hamoQ>m * Am¡a {dZmoX
H¥$îU)
Vmam^m¡{VH$s` Mwå~H$Ëd joÌ 2 S>r MHD âbmo Am¡a
CgHo$ EßbrHo$eZ nhby
EŠgrgr_o[aH$ MHD âbmoµO H$s gm_mÝ` àH¥${V Ho$ AmYma na
AÜ``Z H$s ZB© {Xem Vbme H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Bg {díbofU
H$m EH$ gh`moJr bm^ Aí`mZ Ûmam g§Mm{bV amoQ>oqQ>J â`yS> Ho$
{bE {ZîH$f© XoZm h¡ Ÿ& Mw~§ H$s` ñQ´>r_ Ho$ g§H$m`© H$mo boH$a AZmoIo
AdamoY Ho$ H$B© H$maU nVm Mbo h¢ Ÿ& BZ ì`damoYm| H$mo AßbmB©
H$aHo$ gwna H§$S>{ŠQ>§J Am¡a gwnaâ`yS> µâbmo Ûmam Hw$N> {ZîH$f©
àmßV {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢ Omo nm{W©d ßbmÁ_m g§~§Yr à`mo Jm|
AWdm Ý`yQ´>m°Z ñQ>mam| H$s Am§V[aH$ g§aMZm Ho$ ~mao _| hmo Ÿ&
VrZ {H«${Q>H$b g\}$g hmoH$a JwOaZodmbm MHD qdS> ~Z J`m h¡
Omo goëµ\$m H§${gñQ>|Q> h¡ Ÿ& `h nhby CnJm_r Vrd« _¢¾oQ>mogmo{ZH$
br{Zà ao{µO_ _| {S>ñH$m| Ho$ AÜ``Z Am¡a JUZm Ûmam gab én
_| g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW goë\$ {g{_b[aQ>r Ho$ AmYma
na YmaU ~ZmB© Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& (YmaUm `mZr Aëµ\$mdoZ g\}$g²
e§Hw$ Ho$ én _| h¡ Ÿ&) d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Bg {df` H$mo boH$a EH$ hr
Vah Ho$ H$B© {ZîH$f© {XE h¢ {Og_| ñQ´>r_ Ho$ g§H$m`© Ho$ {bE
nmda H$s AënVm, CnJm_r ao{µO_ _| Ψ H$s CnpñW{V em{_b
h¡ Ÿ& Aëµ\$mdoZ g\}$g e§Hw$ Ho$ \$m°_}eZ _| EH$ {XemH¥$V {H$aUm|
Ho$ {bE Ano{jV h¡ {H$ nmobm°`S>b {µ\$ëS> ñHo$b Bp ~ rx, hmo Ohm§
x < –1 hmo Ÿ& BŠdoQ>mo[aAb S>m`Zo_mo OoZaoQ>oS> âbmñH$ Ho$ gmW
`h gmobweZ gm§p»`H$s` én _| _¡M H$ao, `h g_Pm Om gH$Vm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| nhbo Omo AÜ``Z hþE Wo, CgH$m {ZîH$f© `m
{H$ dhm§ S>m`Zo_r µâbŠg BµOoZ \o$ŠeZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg AÜ``Z
go g§~§{YV Cn`w©ŠV ZVrµOm| H$m Cn`moJ Zm°Z-{g{_ba âbmo
Ow_oQ´>r àmoS>`wg H$aZo _| {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
ò µâbŠg gyú_ Am¡a àIa h¢ qH$Vw g{H«$` Zrhm[aH$mAm|, EŠg{H$aU `w½_H$m| Am¡a `§J ñQ>oba Am°ãOoŠg Ho$ {bE qdS> {O`mo_oQ´>r
_| Amdí`H$ A§Va ^r h¢ Ÿ& OoQ> H$s àH$me VrjUVm Am¡a Q>{_©Zb
dobmo{gQ>rµO Ho$ AmH$bZ VH©$gå_V h¢ Ÿ& Aëµ\$mdoZ ao{S>Ag H$s
ghr JUZm Q>{_©Zb dobmo{gQ>r kmV H$aZo _| H$m\$s _hËd aIVr
h¡ Ÿ& {S>ñH$ S>m`Zo_mo Ho$ AmYma na BboŠQ´>m-o S>m`Zo{_H$b OoQ> _m°S>bo
{Z{_©V hmo, Bgna AÜ``Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
(E. _§Jb_)
hmB©{~«S> {dñH$mo{gQ>r Am¡a _¡½ZoQ>mo - amoQ>e
o Zb AñWm{`Ëd
A{V J_© {S>ñH$m| VWm ãb¡H$ hmob Ho$ {JX© Xmo àH$ma Ho$ Vmn_mZ
EH«o$eZ {S>ñH$m| Ho$ {dH$mg _| hmB©{~«S> {dñH$mo{gQ>r Ho$ à^md H$m
n[ajU Am¡a AÝdofU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg _oHo${ZµO_ H$m H$maU h¡
_¡¾mo{Q>H$ {µ\$ëS> bmBZm| _| naQ>~}eZ go {dH$sU© hmoVo A{V J_©
Am¡a H$mo{bµOZ a{hV àmoQ>m°Ýg, `h {ZîH$f© hr Bg pñW{V _| EH$
_mÌ g§^d h¡ Ÿ& `h {XIm`m J`m h¡ {H$ Bg _oHo${ZO_ Ho$ {dH$mg
Ho$ Ama§{^H$, hmS>-© ~rQ>m ñVa na `h pñW{V AñWm{`Ëd _| H$maJa
VarHo$ gh`moJr ^y{_H$m {Z^mVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s d¥{Õ Xa H$mo
_hËdnyU© én _| à^m{dV H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
(nr. gw~«_Ê`_, nr. ~oH$a * Am¡a _oZ§g H$mµ\$mQ>mog *)
3.3 nëgma
PSR B211 + 46 _| H$moa H$s A{YH$V_ CËgO©H$Vm
H$moa-à^m{dV PSR B2111 + 46 H$s N>moQ>r àmo\$mBb H$m ~hþ
Am`m_r {\«$Šd|gr na AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m Ÿ& H§$nmoZ|Q> nrH$m| Ho$
µ\o$g bmoHo$eZ H$s nhMmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Jm¡{gAZ {\$Q> {H$E JE
Am¡a CgHo$ nm§M B_reZ H§$nmoZoQ>²_ H$s nhMmZ H$s JB© Ÿ& `h
àñVmd {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ PSR B 2111 + 46 Ho$ CËgO©Z {H$aU
q~~ Ho$ A§Xa e§H$w -O¡gr g§aMZm ~Zr hþB© {XIVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§aMZm
Ho$ H$moaH|$Ð _| Xmo e§Hw$ h¢ Ÿ& H§$nmoZ|Q> nrH$m| Ho$ µ\o$g bmoHo$eZ H$m
Cn`moJ H$aHo$ E~oae
o Z-[aQ>mS>e
} Z (A/R) Ho$ \µ $o g {eßQ> H$s JUZm
H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& A/R Ho$ µ\o$g {eµµâQ> Ho$ H$maU BÝQ>|{gQ>r àmoµ\$mBb Ho$
g|Qa>m°`S> Am¡a nmobamBµOoeZ E§bJ qgJ H$m BÝâboŠeZ ßdmB§Q>
{dnarV {Xem _| VXZwgma {eµµâQ> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {Xem _| CŠV
n[adV©Z _o[aS>moZb ßboZ Ho$ {hgm~ go hmoVm h¡ {Ogo amoQ>oeZ Am¡a
_¡¾o{Q>H$ EŠg Ûmam n[a^m{fV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg VÏ` H$s
gË`Vm _mZH$a _o[aS>moZb ßboZ H$s AdpñW{V kmV H$a, B_reZ
H$moa H$m {Zanoj {dñVma ({MÌ - 14) Am¡a Ý`yQ´>m°Z ñQ>ma g|Q>a H$s
33
nëga>m| _| CËgO©Z joÌ H$s Á`m{_{VH$ JUZm Am¡a ñQ>mHo $
n¡am_rQ>a
AdpñW{V Ho$ AZwH$y b H$moUr` H§$nmoZQo > H$s JUZm H$aZo \µ $o g {eµâµ Q>
H$s Am¡a gQ>rH$ ì`m»`m Am¡a VËg§~§Yr {ZîH$f© J§JmYam Zo hmb
_| àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& (2005, ApJ, 628, 923) &
{MÌ - 14 : The core emission height rcore is plotted as a
function of frequency υ. The points are fitted with a curve
of the form r = (C/υ) + d, where the fit parameters are
C=3 × 105 and d = 115.
(Ama.E_.gr. Wm°_g * Am¡a Ama.Q>r. J§JmYam)
gmnojr` òmoV (AWm©V² ßbmµÁµ _m nm{Q>{© H$ëg AWdm VmaH$-JwÀN>m)|
go {H$aU q~~m| H$m CËgO©Z dH«$aoIr` àjonnW H$s Amoa Zht
~‹T> nmVm h¡ Am¡a Eogm CZHo$ doJ H$s {Xem _| hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$aU
- q~~m| H$m CËgO©Z àojU nW H$s Va\$ hmo, BgHo$ {bE, µOéar
h¡ {H$ àojH$ H$s bmBZ Am°\$ gmBQ> {H$aU - q~~ E§Jb
1/γ {Og_| γ bm°a|O \¡$ŠQ>a H$m g§Ho$V h¡ Ÿ& AVEd PwH$md
go `wŠV VWm amoQ>oqQ>J {S>nmob _¡¾o{Q>H$ \$sëS> _| {XIZodmbr
Á`m{_Vr` pñW{V H$mo g_PH$a Amem H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ {H$
{H$gr {ZíMV nëg \o$g _| XyañW àojU H$mo {d{eï> D±$MmB©
AWdm joÌ go {d{H$aUm| H$s aoIr` g§aMZm hr {XI gH$Vo h¡ Ÿ&
nëgam| go CËgO©Z H$s {Xem Am¡a _mÌm g_PZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$
h¡ {H$ nëgma E_reZ go g§~§{YV gmao ñQ>moH$ n¡am_rQ>a (I, Q,
U Am¡a V - Omo n¡am_rQ>a g_wÀM` h¡ {OgH$s _XX go ao{S>EeZ
H$m \o$g Am¡a nmobamBOoeZ kmV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&)
{ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE _m°S>ob V¡`ma {H$E OmE§ Am¡a Cggo àmßV
{MÌ - 15 : Simulated pulsar profiles. In panels (a) and (b) I is intensity, L linear polarization and V circular polarization. In
both cases, lower panels represent the polarization angle. The angle ® is the magnetic axis inclination angle, and ¯ is the
sight line impact angle. Chosen pulsar period P = 1 s, and Lorentz factor γ = 400 for the relativistic bunches.
34
{ZîH$f© H$mo {H$E JE àojU go {_bmZ {H$`m OmE Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m|
Zo nm`m h¡ {H$ ào{jV ao{S>EeZ Ho$ nmobamBOoeZ ñQ>oQ> VWm
CËgO©Z joÌ _| {Z{_©V Á`m{_{VH$ g§aMZm Ho$ ~rM g§~§Y
Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE H$m\$s gw{XYmOZH$ _oWm°S> {dH${gV {H$`m Om
gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
nmobamBZoeZ ñQ>moH$ n¡am_rQ>am| H$m gw{dMm[aV _m°S>ob `{X
V¡`ma {H$`m OmE Vmo g§^d h¡ {H$ _ëQ>r {\«$Šd|gr na CËgO©Z
joÌ H$s Á`m{_Vr` g§aMZm {Z{_©V H$abr OmE Ÿ& n¡am_rQ>a I
Q>moQ>b BÝg|{Q>Q>r H$m àVrH$ h¡, Q Am¡a U g§`wŠV én go
br{Zà nmobamBOoeZ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVo h¢, L nmobamBOoeZ
E§Jb h¡ VWm V gHw©$ba nmobamBOoeZ H$mo ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h
_m° S >o b Xem© V m h¡ {H$ nmo b amBOo e Z E§ J b H$m pñd¨ J ,
E§Q>r-gr_o{Q´>H$ gHw$© ba nmobamBOoeZ Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM nmañn[aH$
g§~§Y O¡go nmobamBOoeZ H$s {deofVmE§ _m°S>ob Ho$ AbJ AbJ Am`m_m| H$s _XX go {dd{jV H$s Om gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ&
(XoI| {MÌ - 15)
(Ama.Q>r. J§JmYa)
JwéËdr` S>mB©nmob _mo_Q| >
J«¡{dQ>oeZb S>mB©nmob _mo_|Q> Ho$ {bE Vmam^m¡{VH$s` {ddjm
na {dMma {H$E JE Ÿ& 2.4 Amda `w½_ nëgam| Am¡a {_br
go H | $ S> nëgam| Ho $ ñbmo S> m D$Z ao Q > H$m Jw é Ëdr` S> m B© n mo b
_mo_|Q> na Hw$N> AdamoYH$ à^md n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$
S>mB©nmob B§Q>a¡ŠeZ H$s H$pßb¨J na AdamoYr à^md Ý`yQ>m°{ZAZ
JwéËdr` ~b Ho$ EH$ bmI H$amo‹S>d| A§e go ^r H$_ hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& Ama§{^H$ ~«÷m§S> H$s {ddjm Ho$ ~mao _| AÜ``Z {H$E
Om aho h¢ Ÿ&
(gr. {edam_)
3.4 a¡{S>E{Q>d Q´>mg
§ \$a
hmo`bo - O
µ r_mZ ar{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ _¡Q>´rg: à`moJem{b`
\«$o _ _| Šbm{gH$b ñH¡$Q>[a¨J Ï`moar H$m EŠgàoeZ
gmobma g\}$g _¡¾o{Q>H$ \$sëS> Ho$ {S>pñQ´>ã`weZ Ho$ _m°S>ob go
àH$me {dH$sU©Z Ho$ {gÕm§V H$s nw{ï> hmo Vr h¡, AWm©V²
{MÌ - 16 : Effect of magnetic field strength on the Hanle-Zeeman scattering. The magnetic redistribution function (RF) of
Hummer’s type II is shown.
ñd-Mm{bV gíŠV joÌ dhm§ H$m`© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m|
Zo Am{~©Q´>oar \$sëS> ñQ´>|W _| àH$me Ho$ {dH$sU©Z {gÕm§V Ho$
g§~§Y _| ZE VÏ`m| H$s OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE H$m_ ewé {H$E h¢ Ÿ& `h
emoYH$m`© ñQ>Zo \$bmo Ho$ AÜ``Z (1994, gmobma _¡¾{o Q>H$ \$sëS>g² ,
H$bwda AH$mX_r, àH$meZ) na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& ñnoŠQ´>_r bmBZm|
_| {~IaZodmbr nmobarH¥$V bmBQ> EH$ _¡Q´>rg ( 4 x 4)
go em{_b hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h _¡Q´>rg {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡ {H$
ñQ>moH$ doŠQ>a {\«$Šd|gr Am¡a {Xem _| {H$g Vah {dH$sU© hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ& Bg H«$_ _| d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Am{~©Q´>oar ñQ´>|W Ho$ _o¾o{Q>H$ \$sëS>
H$s CnpñW{V Am¡a {Xem _| [a{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ _oQ´>rg Ho$ {bE
Šbm{gH$b Ï`moar {dH${gV H$s h¡ Ÿ& Mw§~H$s` joÌ _| àH$me
Ho$ {dH$sU©Z Ho$ gm_mÝ` _m_bo H$mo hmo`bo-µOr_mZ ao{µO_ H$hVo
h¢, Š`m|{H$ `h Mw§~H$s` joÌ Am§{eH$ én go AmodaboqnJ
(jrU) Am¡a AÀN>r Vah ~±Q>o µOr_mZ H§$nmoZ|Q> geŠV-joÌ
ao{µO_ XmoZm| H$mo H$da H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h pñW{V (hmo`bo Am¡a
µOr_mZ) {dH$s{U©V nmobamBµOoeZ H$mo H$m\$s à^m{dV H$aVr
h¡ Ÿ& Bg gm_mÝ` ao { µ O _ _| E§ J b {\« $ Šd| g r BZ-H$q_J
Am¡a AmCQ>JmoB§J \$moQ>m°Ýg Ho$ ~rM g§~§Y ~ZmVm h¡ {OgHo$
H$maU VWmH${WaV nm{e©`b {\«$Šd|gr {S>pñQ´>ã`weZ (PRD)
Am°Q>mo{_H$ nmobamBOoeZ H$s {deofVmAm| go Jhao OwS>Vr hþB©
gm{~V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Bg gm_mÝ` A{^{H«$`m _| PRD [a{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ
Ho${bE Ï`m°ar {dH${gV H$s h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V
én go J{UVr` A{^bjUm| H$s nhMmZ H$s h¡ Ÿ& Bg_|
J = 0 → 1 → 0 ñH¡$Q>[aJ§ Q´>m§{OeZ H$s pñW{V Ho$ {bE
g_én A{^bjUm| Ho$ ~mao {ZîH$f© em{_b h¡ {Ogo g_m`m{l«V
Šbm{gH$b Amo { gbo Q >a Ï`mo a r H$m Ad`d/à^md _mZ
gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| {XIm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {H$g Vah [a{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ
_¡Q´>rŠg H$mo H$mohaoQ>| (H$mo{bµOZbog) Am¡a Zm°Z-H$m°hoa|Q>
(H$mo{bµOZ {Z`§{ÌV) nmQ>©²g Ho$ br{ZAa gwna-nmo{OeZ
Ho$ én _| ì`ŠV H$a| Ÿ& H$m°{beZbog Am¡a H$mo{bµOZ-{Z`§{ÌV
XmoZm| _¡{Q´>Šg _| _¡¾o{Q>H$ [a{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ AmYma Bg Vah
H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Omo {H$ gwn[a{MV hå_ag© Q>mBn \§$ŠeZ
O¡gm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo `h ^r {XIm`m {H$ {H$g Vah
Šbm{gH$b Ï`moa>r Ho$ AmYma na CÀM VWm {ZåZ ñVa na
Šdm§Q>_ g§»`m Ho$ {H$gr ^r H$m|{~ZoeZ Ho$ dmñVo AmoQ>mo{_H$
Am¡a _moboHw$ba {dH$sU©Z H$m Q´>m§{OeZ Am¡a CgHo$ à^md kmV
{H$E OmE§ Ÿ&
35
boµ\$Q> n¡Zb (AWm©V² {MÌ - 16(H$m)) _| RqII,H (x, x′, Θ),
hmoVm h¡, O~H$s amBQ> n¡Zb (AWm©V² {MÌ - 16 (I)) _| RqII,F
(x, x′, Θ) {XIVm h¡ Omo {H$ \$sëS> ñQ´>|W, AWm©V² n¡am_rQ>amBµµÁS>
q
υH Ho$ AbJ-AbJ d¡ë`y go g§~§Y aIVm h¡ Ÿ& R II,H ({MÌ 16H$)
Ho$ q = 1, 0 Ho${bE g^r H$d© H$mo 105 Ho$ {H$gr \¡$ŠQ>a go JwUm
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& q = + 1 Ho$ {bE S>¡e-S>m°Q>oS> bmBZm| (H$d© H$s Mma) Ho$
à{V g§nyU© g§»`m H$mo 105 go JwUm H$aVo h¢, S>¡e {Q´>ßb S>m¡Q>o‹S>
bmBZ H$mo 104 go JwUm H$aZm, bm¢J S>¡e bmBZ H$mo 20 go JwUm
H$aZm Am¡a {WH$ S>m¡Q>oS> bmBZ H$mo 102 go JwUm H$aZm em{_b h¡
{Oggo {H$ CÝh| Cgr ñHo$b na {XIm gH|$ Ed§ CZH$s {\«$Šd|gr
{Z^©aVm gm{~V H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ&
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Hummer’s Type II Am¡a Type III _| {Z{hV
Mw§~H$s` [a{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ AmYm[aV H$m`m] H$m {_bmZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
{MÌ - 16 Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ hå_a Q>mBn II _| _¡¾{o Q>H$ [a{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ
H$m à^md H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Omo {H$ BZ-H$q_J {\«$Šd|gr (x = 3
S>mB_|eZbog `w{ZQ>), S>pån¨J n¡am_rQ>a 10–3 Am¡a ñH¡$Q>[a¨J E§Jb
90o go g§~§{YV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ò H$m`© AbJ-AbJ Mw§~H$Ëd Ho$
{bE AbJ-AbJ Vah hmoVo h¢ (n¡am_rQ>amBÁS> a|µO υH), `h
\$sëS> ñQ´>|W n¡am_rQ>a (υH) {ZåZàH$ma go ~XbVm h¡ Ÿ& υH =
0.0008 (gm¡{bS> bmBZ), 0.004 (S>m¡Q>oS> bmBZ), 0.02 (S>¡e
bmBZ), 0.1 (S>¡e-S>m¡Q>oS> bmBZ), 0.5 (S>¡e-{Q´>ßb S>m¡Q>oS>
bmBZ), 2.5 (bm¢J-S>¡íS> bmBZ) Am¡a 5 ({WH$ S>m¡Q>oS> bmBZ)
H$moB© ì`{ŠV Xmo à{V`moJr à^md ñnï> XoI H$gVm h¡ {OgHo$ Zm_
EH«$Q>mBn II \§$Še§g H$m {\«$åd|gr-H$moha|Q> à^md Am¡a Xygam,
_¡¾{o Q>H$-H$moha|Q> à^md {OgH$m H$maU Zm°Z-µOram| _¡¾{o Q>H$ \$sëS>
H$m hmoZm h¡ Ÿ&
(E_. g§nyUm©, Ho$.EZ. ZmJoÝÐm Am¡a Oo.Amo. ñQ>¡Zâbmo *)
hmo`bo - O
µ r_mZ ar{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ _¡{Q´>Šg: Šbm{gH$b
Am¡a Šdm§Q>_ BboŠQ´>mSo >m`Zo{_H$ CnmJ_Z
hmo`bo-µOr_Z ar{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ _¡{Q´>Šg BÝH$q_J Am¡a AmCQ>JmB§Q>
a¡{S>EeZ Ho$ ~rM {\«$Šd|gr, E§Jb Am¡a nmobamBµOoeZ Ho$ Omo
O[ab A§Vgª~§Y h¡, Cgo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡ VWm {dH$sU©Z H$s
à{H«$`m Ho$ ^m¡{VH$s` A{^bjU H$m H$maU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m|
Zo J = 0 → 1 → 0 {d{H$U©Z g§H«$_U H$s à{H«$`m ñnï>V:
{XIm`m h¡, {\$a hmo`bo-µOr_mZ ar{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ _¡{Q´>Šg Ho$ ~rM
g_Zwë`Vm ^r Xem©B© h¡, `h _¡{Q´>Šg Ho$ ~rM g_Mwë`Vm ^r
Xem©B© h¡; `h _¡{Q´>H$g Šdm§Q>_ BboŠQ´>mo S>m`Zo{_Šg go ~ZVm h¡,
VWm Xygar _¡{Q´>¸$ Šbm{gH$b g_`m{lV Amo{gboQ>a Ï`moar àmßV
36
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ar{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ _¡{Q´>Šg Ho$ ~rM `h g_Vwë`Vm _¡¾{o Q>H$
{µ\$ëS> H$s g{H«$`Vm Am¡a CgH$s {Xem H$m {ZYm©aU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
hmo`bo-µOr_mZ ar{S>pñQ´>ã`weZ _¡{Q´>Šg Ho$ AZoH$ njm| Ho$ AbJAbJ A{^bjU Am¡a {deofVmE§ kmV hþB© h¢ VWm gwñnï>
~rOJ{UVr` gyÌ ~ZmE JE h¢ {OZH$s _XX go nmobarH¥$V bmBZ
Q´>m§g\$a g§~§Yr JUZmE§ H$s Om gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ hmo`bo
à^md H$s gj_Vm gm_mÝ`V`m bmBZ H$moa VH$ gr{_V ahVr
h¡, d¡km{ZH$m| Zo {XIm`m h¡ {H$ BbmpñQ>H$ H$mo{b`Z go qdJ
hmo`bo B\o$ŠQ> CËnÞ hmo gH$Vm h¡, Am¡a gmW hr {OgHo$ {bE
gmobma EoQ>_m°ñ\o$à _| AZwHy$b pñW{V`m§ hmoZr Amdí`H$ h¡
(AWm©V² bmBZ {dJm| _| gm_§Oñ`nyU© én _| H$mo{b`Z {dñVma
hmo) `h {XIm`m J`m {H$ ñQ´>mJ§ -\$sëS> ao{O
µ _ _| O
µ r_mZ {dH$sU©Z
gh`mo{OV à{H«$`m h¡ Am¡a `h à{H«$`m EoãOmße©Z H$s à{H«$`m go
AbJ h¡ ({Ogo Or_mZ EoãOmße©Z _|{Q´>Šg Ho$ én _| {XIm`m
J`m h¡) VWm CËgO©Z H$s à{H«$`m ({Ogo B_reZ doŠQ>a Ho$ én
_| Xem©Vo h¢ Ÿ&) aoãOmße©Z go gh`mo{OV Zht hmoVr Ÿ& {MÌ 17 _|
∧
n¡Zb (H$) Am¡a (Im) ΓE/ΓR = 0.1 (AWm©V² H«$_e: ß`moa RII
∧
Am¡a RIII) Ho$ AZwén hmoVm h¡, O~{H$ n¡Zb (J) ΓE/ΓR = 999
∧
go A{^{H«$`m H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg hmbV _| àm`: ß`moa RIII Q>mBn ñH¡$Q>[a¨J
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ(`mZr H$m°{b`Z H$s A{YH$Vm _| {dH$sU©Z qdJ hmÝbo
B\o$Q> Ho${bE {Oå_odma hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&) {MÌ 17 _| Xem©`m J`m h¡ {H$
dhm§ qgJb ñH¡$Q>S>© ñQ>moH$ BÝQ>|{gQ>r H§$nmoZ|Q> I VWm {H$gr
H«$mo_moñ\o$[aH$ H¡$Zmo\$s O¡go {H$ \$sëS> {O_mo_oQ´>r _| 90o Ho$ E§Jb
na {dH$sU©Z Ho$ {bE KmVm| _| nmobamBOoeZ (Q/I, U/I, V/I) H$s
AdpñW{V h¡ Ÿ& AbJ-AbJ H$d© Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ H$s e{ŠV Ho$
AZwgma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CŠV KQ>Zm H$m ñnoŠQ´>_ MnQ>m {XIVm h¡ {OgH$m
H$maU h¡ {H$ {dH$sU©Z Ho$ A§Xa BÝH$q_J {\«$Šd|gr na KQ>Zm
EH$sH¥$V AWm©V² g_wÀM` _| hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AbJ-AbJ n¡Zb
BbmpñQ>H$ H$mo{b`Z Xa| ΓE/ΓR Ho$ AbJ-AbJ d¡ë`y Ho$ AZwén
hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& ΓE/ΓR = 1 H$s {ñW{V hmoZo na ñnoŠQ´>_r {MÌ go ñnï> h¡
{H$ qdJ hmo`bo à^md _hËdnyU© hmo OmVm h¡ O¡gm {H$ qdJ hmo`bo
B\o$ŠQ> g§~§Yr Ï`m°ar _| ^{dî`dmUr ^r H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& (AWm©V²
{H$aU-q~~m| H$m \¡ $ bmd bmBZ qdJm| _| ey Ý ` br{Zà
nmobamBOoeZ Ho$ aobr gr_m VH$ Zht nhþ±MVr Ÿ&)
(E_. g§nyUm©, Ho$.EZ. ZmJ|Ð Am¡a Oo.Amo. ñQ>oZâbmo *)
{MÌ - 17 : Stokes profile I and the fractional polarization profiles Q/I, U/I, and V/I after integration over the incoming
frequencies (x′).
3.5 Vmam^m¡{VH$s` ñnoŠQ´>mo nmobao r_rQ>a
g_mZ Mw§~H$s` Am¡a BbopŠQ´>H$ Šd¡S´>nmob \$sëS> H$s
CnpñW{V _| ñH¡$Q>[a¨J nmobamBµOe
o Z
g§`wŠV ~mhar Šd¡S®>nmob _| {Z{hV na_mUw Ho$ D$na Ed§ BbopŠQ´>H$
Am¡a M§w~H$s` joÌ _| {dH$sU© ao{S>EeZ Ho$ nmobamBµOoeZ H$m
g¡Õm§{VH$ AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& jrU Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ _| µOr_mZ
B\o$ŠQ> Am¡a hmo`bo B\o$ŠQ> Ho$ VhV {dH$sU©Z Ho$ gr{_V _m_bm|
na MMm© H$s JB© Ÿ& B§Q>a_r{S>EQ> _¡¾o{Q>H$ \$sëS> _| {dH$sU©Z Ho$
AÜ``Z H$mo boH$a Cn`wŠ© V _mÝ`Vm AWm©V² hmo`bo-O
µ r_mZ B\o$ŠQ>
n`m©ßV h¡ Ÿ& nwZ:Bg YmaUm Ho$ {bE ^r n`m©ßV h¡ {H$ Mw§~H$Ëd
joÌ ñd`_od {H«$`merb Am¡a CÝ_wI hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Šd¡S>® nmob BbmopŠQ´>H$
\$sëS> Egr_o{Q´>H$ bmBZ {eâQ> CËnÞ H$aVm h¡ VWm `m Vmo E|{~E§Q>
_¡¾o{Q>H$ \$sëS> H$s AZwnpñW{V _| AWm©V CgH$s CnpñW{V _|
_µOoXma b¡db H«$m°qgJ \o$Zmo_oZm n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg H«$_ _|
{XIVm h¡ {H$ Šd¡S®>nmoba BbopŠQ´>H$b \$sëS> Q/I àmoµ\$mBb
_| nmobamBµOoeZ ßboZ _| amoQ>oeZ n¡XmH$aVm h¡ Am¡a `h à^md
Hw$b {_bmH$a _¡¾o{Q>H$ \$sëS> Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg {d{eï>Vm
H$m geŠV à^md hmogH$Vm h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam ñWm`r AdñWm
Am¡a Q>mB_ do[a\$mB§J BbopŠQ´>H$ \$sëS> kmV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
`h BbopŠQ´>H$ \$sëS> gmobma dmVmdaU boAa _| ao{S>E{Q>J§ EQ>_m|
H$mo Amd¥V aIVm h¡ Ÿ&
(`r.`r.dy *, E_. g§nU©, Ho$.EZ. ZmJoÝÐm, Eg. AZ§V_yVu *
Am¡a Or. am_M§ÐZ)
~mø Mw~
§ H$Ëd joÌ Ho$ ahZo na nmobamBÁS> ao{S>EeZ Ho$
{bE ñH¡$Q>[a¨J \µ $o g _¡{Q´>Šg
~mø Mw§~H$Ëd joÌ Ho$ ahZo na d{O©V bmBZm| Ho$ dmñVo ñH¡$Q>[a¨J
µ\o$g _o{Q´>Šg kmV {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& E2 (Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ Šd¡S®>nmob) Am¡a
M2 (_¡¾{o Q>H$ Šd¡S>® nmob) d{O©V bmBZ Q´>m{§ OeZ H$s Img pñW{V`m§
_mZ br OmVr h¢ Ÿ& g§JUZm _| à`wŠV Šd¢Q>_ BboŠQ´>m| S>m`Zo{_H$b
EàmoM H$mo boH$a MMm© H$s JB© Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ dmñVo {H$gr _ëQ>r
ßboQ> (J = 0 → 2 → 0 ñH¡$Q>[a¨J Q´>m§{OeZ) H$s pñW{V _|
H§$n¡ŠQ> EZm{b{Q>H$b EŠgàoeZ àñVwV {H$E OmVo h¢ Ÿ& J¡a
Mw~§ H$s` pñW{V _| Hw$N>Ho $ \$m°a{dS>Zo bmBZm| Ho$ {bE aobKo ñH¡$Q>atJ
µ\o$g _o{Q´>Šg ^r {XE JE h¢ Ÿ& AmH$pñ_H$ ao{S>EeZ Ho$ J¡a nmobarH¥$V {H$aU q~~ Ho$ {bE \$m°a{~S>oZ bmBZ ao{S>EeZ Ho$
EH$b {dH$sU©Z _| {XImZodmbr ñQ>moH$ àmoµ\$mBb gßVmh â _|
Ñí`Jå` gr_m Ho$ A§Xa (µOr_mZ ñH¡$Q>[aJ§) {XIVm h¡ {Og_|
37
hmo`bo-µOr_mZ ñH¡$Q>[aJ§ Ho$ B§Q>a_r{S>EQ> \$sëS> ñQ´>|W ao{µO_ ^r
g_m{hV hmoVm h¡)
(`r.`r.dy *. â`y â`y g¡Z *, Ho$.EZ. ZmJoÐm Am¡a Or.am_M§ÐZ)
nmobao rH¥$V EQ>_m| na nmobao rH¥$V ao{S>EeZ H$m àH$sU©Z
Vmam^m¡{VH$s` _hËd Ho$ ñnoŠQ´>mo-nmobar_oQ´>r _| Ñ{ï>JV hmoZodmbo
Hw$N> gmao O{Q>b Am¡a ahñ` nyU© µ\$sMam| H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N>
d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam {ZåZ ñVar` nmobamBOoeZ H$mo Cn`wŠV _mZm
J`m h¡ Vm{H$ nmobarH¥$V ao{S>EeZ Ho$ EQ>m{o _H$ à{H«$U©Z H$s à{H«$`m
Ho$ ~mao _| {ZpíMV {ZîH$f© {XE Om gH|$ Ÿ& Bg CÔoí` Ho$ {bE
EH$ g§{j«ßV Šdm§Q>_ BboŠQ´>mo S>m`Zo{_H$b Ï`moar {dH${gV H$s
JB© h¡ Vm{H$ nmobamBµÁµ S> EQ>_m| na nmobarH¥$V ao{S>EeZ Ho$ àH$sU©Z
H$s à{H«$`m H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& EQ>_ {df_ X¡{eH$
àXr{ßV Ho$ H$maU OmZZo Ho$ {bE nmobamBOoeZ µi go OwS‹ >o ßboZ
dod ao{S>EeZ H$mo AmH$pñ_H$ _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& `h ao{S>EeZ A{~©Q´>}ar
S>màoŠeZ {Ogo nmoba E§Jb (θi, φi) Ûmam {d{Z{X©ï> {H$`m OmVm
h¡, VH$ ì`mßV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a `h ao{S>EeZ EQ>_ Ûmam {dIa
H$a nmobamBOoeZ µf g{hV EH$ {Xem _| \¡$bVm h¡ Ÿ& gm_mÝ`
Vm¡a na Bg EQ>_ H$mo g§nyU© E§Jwba _mo_|Q>_ ji H$s AdñWm _|
_mZVo h¢ {Oggo `h VÏ` g§H«$_U Ho$ ~mX EQ>_ A§{V_ AdñWm
_| nhþ±M OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xmohar g_ñ`m Ji = Jf ≠ 0 H$s {deof AdñWm
_| EQ>_ Am§a^ _| nmobamBÁ‹S> hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& EQ>_ Ho$ nmobarH¥$V
hmoZo H$s Ama§{^H$ AdñWm g~go gm_mÝ` pñW{V _mZr OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& Bgo a¡H§$ K Ho$ tqiki AWm©V² \¡$Zmo ñQ>¡{Q>pñQ>H$b Q>|ga Ho$ Am{~©Q´>oar
goQ> Ho$ én _| _mZ boVo h¢ Ÿ& `h A{YH$V_ 2ji VH$ nhþ±M OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& ñH¡$Q>[a¨J EoåßbrÀ`yS> H$mo br{ZAa H§${~ZoeZ Ho$ Vm¡a na
λ
ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& B©[a‹S>`w{g~b Q>|ga E|ßbrÀ`yS>, Fmλ
(µf, µi)
Am°\$ a¢H$ λ = |ji –jf|...(ji + jf) ñH¡$Q>[a¨J Ho$ {bE \o$g _¡{Q´>Šg R
kmV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| {dñV¥V AÜ``Z A^r Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ&
(Or. nÙZm^m *, `r.`r. dy *, Ho$.EZ. ZmJ|Ðm Am¡a Or.
am_M§ÐZ)
ñQ>mHo $ àmo\$mBbm| (Na I D2 bmBZm|) na EH$ g_mZ
_¡¾{o Q>H$ \$sëS> Ho$ gmW BbopŠQ´>H$ \$sëS> (`y{Z\$m°_© Am¡a
Šd¡S>®nmoba) H$m à^md
hmBS´>moOZ bmBZm| na EH$ g_mZ BbmopŠQ´>H$ Am¡a Mw§~H$Ëd
joÌ H$m à^md Š`m hmoVm h¡, BgZo {dJV Xmo XeH$m| _|
d¡km{ZH$m| H$m H$m\$s Ü`mZ AmH${f©V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& EQ>_m| Ho$
38
bmBZ ñn¡ŠQ´>m na BbopŠQ´>H$ Šd¡S¯>nmob \$sëS> Ho$ à^md H$mo
boH$a g¡Õm§{VH$ H$m`© nhbr ~ma Bgr g§ñWmZ Zo Ama§^ {H$E
ò Ÿ& {dJV Hw$N> dfm] _| ~y Am¡a CZHo$ gh`mo{J`m| Ho$ Ama§{^H$
H$m`m] H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mVo hþE ZmJamOw Am¡a AÝ` (2005, B§S>m0o MrZr
dH©$em°n Am°Z [agoQ>§ Edm§gog BZ gmobma {\${µOŠg) Zo [anmoQ>©
àñVwV H$s Ÿ& Bg joÌ _| Ama§{^H$ emoYH$m`© NAI D2 bmBZ
Ho$ ñQ>moH$ àmoµ\$mBbm| na BbopŠQ´>H$ Šd¡S¯>nmob \$sëS> Ho$ à^md H$mo
g_PZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& A~ `h ^r kmV h¡ {H$ EH$
g_mZ Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ \$sëS> Ho$ ahZo na XmoZm| D bmBZ| Šd¡S´>m{Q>H$
ñQ>mH©$ B\o$ŠQ> Ho$ O[aE VrZ ^mJm| _| ~±Q> OmVr h¢ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V
H$mo XoIVo hþE ì`mnH$ Ï`moao{Q>H$ \$m°_© V¡`ma {H$E Om aho h¢
{Oggo {H$ g§h`mo{JV Šd¡S¯>nmob Am¡a `y{Z\$m°_© BbopŠQ´>H$ \$sëS>
Ho$ à^md H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& Bg Xm¡amZ bmBZ ñnoŠQ´>m
na ~mhar `y{Z\$m_© _¡¾o{Q>H$ \$sëS> H$s n‹S>Vmb ^r H$s OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& Eogo dmVmdaU _| EQ>_m| na ao{S>EeZ Ho$ àH$sU©Z H$mo ^r
g_PVo h¢ Ÿ&
hmo ` bo - ZabrH$a Ï`m° a r _| d¡ [ aE~b _mg
hmBnmoWr{gg/Šdmga _moeZ na A§Va J¡boŠgr`
_mÜ`_ H$m à^md
d¡[aE~b _mg Šdmga _moeZ na A§Va-J¡boŠgr` _mÜ`_
(1GM) Ho$ à^md g§~§Yr AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE AmJo Am¡a emoYH$m`©
Omar h¡ Ÿ& ò _mg Šdmga _yb^yV J¡boŠgr Ho$ Ý`wpŠbAg go BOoŠQ>
hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& `h {ZîH$f© h¡, JwéËdmH$f©U g§~§Yr hmo`bo-Zm{b©H$a
{gÕm§V H$m {Og_| d¡[aE~b _mg hmBnmoWr{gg {gZo[aAmo H$m
{díbofU {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a {ZåZ{b{IV Xmo {gZo[aAmo na {dMma
{H$E JE h¢ Ÿ&
1.
`h YmaUm h¡ {H$ J¡boŠgr` Ý`wpŠbAg _| _mga{hV
Omo Am°ãOoŠQ> CËnÞ hmoVm h¡, dh QSO h¡ Ÿ& QSO
Ý`wpŠbAg _| Ama§{^H$ BÝ\$mB{ZQ> d¡ë`y go aoS>{eµµâQ> h²mg
VH$ dhm§ ~Zm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& `h BÝ\$mB{ZQ> d¡ë`y aoS>{eµµâQ>
g§~Y§ r H$mb©gZ {OAmo_{o Q´>H$ gr[aµO Ho$ d¡Ý`wO _| EH$ (1+Z)
h¡ Ÿ& `h aoS>{eµµâQ> ~mX _| ~mha H$s Va\$ BOoŠQ> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
BZ àojUm| _| Ano{jV h¡ {H$ Šdmga ñnrS> bJ^J 10,000
{H$_r/goH|$S> hmo O~ BgH$m àojU hmo Ÿ& Bg gr_m pñW{V
Ho$ ~mao _| _mÝ`Vm H$m Cn`moJ BOoŠeZ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ ñnrS>
H$mo kmV H$aHo$ {H$`m Om E Ÿ& Cn`w©ŠV g§~§Yr Hw$N> M`{ZV
_m_bm| H$mo boH$a A§H$s` JUZmE§ H$s JBª Ÿ& (ZabrH$a,
Xmg Am¡a AÝ` (2002, g§ñWmZ, J. Mod. Phys, D, 11,
245) Bg {Xem_| AmJo Am¡a emoYH$m`© Omar h¡ Ÿ&
2.
Zm{b©H$a-Xmg Ho$ _yb _m°S>ob _| BOoŠQ>oS> QSO Xem©Vm h¡
{H$ Cg_| _mg H$s d¥{Õ eyÝ` go ewé hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ _|
Omo AÜ``Z {ZîH$f© gm_Zo h¡, CgHo$ AZwgma IGM go CËnÞ
à{VamoY Ho$ H$maU A{V[aŠV {S>goboaoqQ>J \$mog© H$s ~‹T>moVar
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg \o$g© Ho$ g§~§Y _| ñQ>moH$ {Z`_ (\$mog© r x v H$m
g_mZwnmVr hmoVm h¡) H$s gË`Vm _mZ b| Vmo \$mog© H$m _mZkv/m hmoJm Ohm§ K {Zanoj ~Zm ahVm h¡; Eogm V~ O~{H$
Am°ãOoŠQ> H$s {ÌÁ`m VMH _| _mg Ho$ {dnarV g_mZwnmV _|
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Šdmgam| Ho$ Ý`w_o[aH$b H§$ß`wQ>oeZ Ho$ {bE _moeZ
g§~§Yr _yb Zm{b©H$a-Xmg BŠdoŠeZ _| A{V[aŠV Q>_© Omo‹S>o
JE h¢ AWm©V² A§{V_ dobmo{gQ>r V 104 {H$_r/goH|$S> H$s
~mB§S´>r H§$S>reZ ~VmB© JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bggo n¡am_rQ>a K Ho$ _mZ
bJmE JE h¢ Omo Zm{b©H$a Xmg Am¡a AÝ` (2002, g§ñWmZ,
(Ho$. ZmJmamOw, `r.`r. dy *, E_. g§nyU©, Ho$.EZ. ZmJ|Ðm Am¡a
Or. am_M§ÐZ)
3.6
AÝ`moÝ`-{H«$`m J¡bŠo gr
_§Xm{H${Z`m§ AnZo n`m©daU _| n[aì`m{ßV Ho$ gmW B§Q>aŠ¡ Q> H$aVr
h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ B§Q>a¡ŠeZ go _§Xm{H$Zr _| AmH¥${V _ybH$
n[adV©Z g§^d h¡, ñQ>ma-{Z_m©U H$s à{H«$`m à^m{dV hmo
gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Eo{ŠQ>d J¡bo{ŠQ>H$ Ý`yŠbr CËnÞ hmo gH$Vm
h¡ Ÿ& _§Xm{H$Zr H$mo{b`Z _| g~go _hËdnyU© n¡am_rQ>a
B§n¡ŠQ> n¡am_rQ>a hr h¡ Ÿ& Ý`y_o[aH$b {g_wboeZ V¡`ma {H$`m J`m
h¡ Vm{H$ J¡b{o ŠQ>H$ H$mo{b`Z _| Bån¡ŠQ> n¡am_rQ>a K{Q>V n[adV©Z
H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& _§Xm{H${Z`m| _| _mO}J§ Am¡a
Zm°Z _{O©J§ XmoZm| Vah Ho$ H$mo{bµOZ H$mo gyMH$m§H$ Ho$ nmo{bQ´>mon
go ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg H«$_ _| n = 4 H$s pñW{V`m| H$m
AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Vm{H$ _µO©a aoåZ¢Q> _| S>opÝgQ>r ñQ´>ŠMa Ho$
{dH$mg H$mo g_PZm g§^d hmo Ÿ& `h nm`m J`m h¡ àmo\$mBb|
r1/4 Ho$ gyÌ H$mo \$m¡bmo H$aVr h¢ Omo {H$ BZa [aµOZ _| R = 4Rh
VH$ hmo gH$Vr h¡ VWm Bg [aµOZ (nmQ>©) go nao ^r `Wm§V[aV
hmoH$a ~‹T> gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
(nr.E_.Eg. Z§~yXar)
J. Phys. D, 11, 245) go g§~§{YV Hw$N> _m_bm| _| bmJy
hmoVo h¡ Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| Am¡a ghr ZVrµOo àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
A{V emoYH$m`© O
µ éar h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah àmßV {ZîH$f© H$m {_bmZ
àojU go àmßV S>mQ>m go H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ&
(nr.Ho$. Xmg)
3.7
hmB© EZOu EñQ´>m{o \µ ${OŠg
Jm_m ao {dñ\$moQ>m| go {ZH$bZo dmbm EŠgQ´>m S>mB_|eZ
H$ÝñQ´>¢Q>²g
39
d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam Am°Q>mo{_H$ é{~{S>`_ VWm H¡${g`_ BbopŠQ´>H$
{S>nmob _mo_|Q>²g Ho$ ~mao _| ghr-ghr JUZm ^r H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ&
é{~{S>`_ Am¡a H¡${H$`_ BZ Xmo EQ>_m| Ho$ BbopŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob _mo_Q| >g²
Ho$ àojU g§~§Yr à`moJ noZ{gbdm{Z`m ñQ>oQ> `y{ZdguQ>r
Am¡a `y{Zd{g©Q>r Am°\$ Q>oŠgmg, Am°pñQ>Z _| Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ&
BZ à`moJ H$m`m} Ho$ ZVrµOm| go ñQ>S¡ >S§ >© _m°S>bo go hQ>H$a ZB© ^m¡{VH$s
Ho$ ~mao _| _hËdnyU© {ZîH$f© àmßV hm|Jo, {\$bhmb àVrjm h¡
{H$ à`moJ {OZ {gÕm§Vm| Am¡a à`moOZm| H$mo boH$a Mb aho h¢,
do nyao hm| {OZ_| boßQ>mo{_H$ C P dm`moboeZ Ho$ CËn{Îm H$m {df`
^r em{_b h¡ Ÿ&
H§$n¡ŠQ> qnS>m| go Ý`y{Q´>Zm| bw{_Zmo {garµO go g§~§{YV µ\o$g ñnog
H$ÝñQ´>oQ>²g H$mo Am±H$Zo H$s `§Ì ì`dñWm BVZr CÞV H$s JB© {Oggo
{H$ OoZabmBµµÁS> AZgQ>}ÝQ>r {gÕm§V (GUP) H$m BñVo_mb H$aHo$
A{V[aŠV A§V[ajr` {dñVma H$mo Cg_| g_oQ>m OmE Ÿ& Bggo `h
nVm Mbm {H$ d¡go qnS>m| (VWm Jm_m ao {dñ\$moQ>m|) go A{YH$V_
TeV Ý`y{Q´>Zm| âbŠg VWm CÀMV_ D$Om© {Z:gaU H$U-g_yh
Ho$ âbmŠg Am¡a {dñVma _| H$ÝñQ>¢Z ~Z aho h¢ Am¡a BZHo$ H$maU
AJbr LHC gr_mAm| H$m AZwnyaU hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ&
d¡km{ZH$ H$m H$m_ Cg EQ>a{~`_ nbmoaBS> Ho$ Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob
_mo_|Q> g§~§Yr {gÕm§V go g§~§{YV h¡ Omo {H$ BboŠQ´>m°Z Ý`y{ŠbAg
ñHo$ba Ed§ eyS>moñHo$ba go n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h emoY H$m`©
CŠV A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ H° nqbJ _| ZB© g§^mdZmE COmJa
H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Mb ahm emoYH$m`© gmno{jH$ g§JénU VWm
B§Q>a¡ŠeZ _oWm°S> na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ&
(gr. {edam_Z)
AëQ´>mH$moëS> EQ>_m| Ho$ g§~Y
§ _| ~hþqnS>r` {gÕm§V
3.8
Zm°Z-Egobao Qo >a nm{Q>Hª $b {µ\${µOŠg
na_mUwAm| Am¡a AUwAm| Ho$ Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob _mo_Q| >g
²
na_mUwAm| Am¡a AUwAm| Ho$ Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob na {deof emoY {H$E
JE Omo {H$ g_énVm Ho$ ^§J hmoZo Am¡a Q>mB_ [adg©b gr_oQ´>r Ho$
H$maU {H$E JE Ÿ& Bg emoY H$m`© H$s {Xem _| _hËdnyU© g\$bVm
{_bVr h¡ Omo na_mpÊdH$ _aH$ar Ho$ BbopŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob _o_mo_|Q>
H$s _oZr~m°S>r Amno{jH$ Ï`moar go g§~§{YV h¡ Ÿ& na_mUwAm| Ho$
BbopŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob _mo_|Q>²g go g§~§{YV gmo\o${jH$ H° nëS>-H$bñQ>a
ÏWmoar H$m br{ZàBÁS> de©Z V¡`ma H$a {b`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg
de©Z H$mo Zm{^H$s` goŠQ>a _| gr.nr. dm`moboeZ _| A§Xa
Ho$ A{^bjU kmV H$aZo Ho$ {bE bJm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h Zm{^H$s`
joÌ ñH$s\$ (Schiff) _mo_|Q>²g _| Am¡a Q>|ga-ewS>moQ>|ga BboH$Q´>m°Z
Ý`wpŠbà goŠQ>a go n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m`© H$m H$m\$s _hËd
h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bggo gm_mÝ` Vm¡a na ñQ>¢S>S>© go nao ZB© ^m¡{VH$s
VWm {deof Vm¡a na gwna-gr_oQ´>r Ho$ g§~§Y ZdrZ OmZH$mar
{_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
(Ho$.dr.nr. bVm, EM.Eg. ZQ>amO, E_.Ho$. Zm`H$, Ama.Ho$.
Mm¡Ywar, ~r.nr. Xmg, ~r.Ho$. gmh *, Am¡a S>r. _wIOu *)
^m¡{VH$s Ho$ AZoH$ joÌm| _| Šdm§Q>_ µ\o$g Q´>m§{OeZ Ho$ _hËdnyU©
à^md hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo KZËd g§~§Yr _¡{Q´>Šg Ho$ nwZ:
gm_mÝ`rH$aU Am¡a VËg§~§Yr J«wn _oWm°S> H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m
h¡ Vm{H$ {H$gr gpå_l _| Šdm§Q>_ µ\o$g Q´>m§{OeZ H$m AÜ``Z
g§^d hmo Ÿ& CŠV gpå_l _| AëQ´>mH$moëS> ~mogmo{ZH$ EQ>_m|
Ho$ Xmo àén em{_b hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| Mb aho AÜ``Z
H$m _w»` ~b CZ gpå_lm| Ho$ {dÀN>oXZ H$m µ\o$g ahm h¡ VWm
d¡km{ZH$m| Zo XmoZm| µ\o$g {dÀN>oXZ H$m {ZîH$f© àmßV H$a {b`m
h¡ Omo {H$ gwna-âbyS> VWm µ\o$g {dÀN>o{XV _m°Q> BÝ`wboQ>a h¢
Omo EQ>_m| Ho$ Xmo àénm| Ho$ AbJ - AbJ KZËdm| Ho$ à{V AnZr
AbJ A{^{H«$`m Xem©Vo h¢ Ÿ&
(VnZ {_lm, ~r.nr. Xmg Am¡a Ama.dr. nB© *)
EQ>m{o _H$ EñQ´>m{o \µ ${OŠg
_¡J«o{e`_, {g{bH$Z Am¡a gëµ\$a O¡go ~moam°Z _| AZoH$
Aën-g{H«$` Q´>m§{OeZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a BZH$s Amo{gboQ>a gj_Vm
H$s ghr JUZm H$aZo _| gmno{jH$ Am¡a g_yhrH¥$V H$bñQ>a
40
Ï`moar H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a Cg_| nyar g\$bVm àmßV
hþB© h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| nmE JE Am±`H$Z Vmam^m¡{VH$s` _hËd Ho$
nmE JE h¢, ImgH$a Zo Am°`H$Z Omo gmobma H$moamoZm Ho$ dmVmdaU
_| hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
_oWm°S> H$s Anojm `y{ZQ>ar H$nëS> H$bñQ>a Ï`moar (`y gr gr) Ho$
_mÜ`_ H$maJa én _| CËnÞ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
(EM.Eg. ZQ>amO, Ama.Ho$. Mm¡Ywar, ~r.nr. Xmg, ~r.Ho$.
gmhÿ * Am¡a S>r. _wIOu *)
_mobHo $w ba ñnoŠQ´>mño H$m°nr
3.9
na_mUw ^m¡{VH$s Ed§ AUw^m¡{VH$s
H§$ß`wQ>e
o Zb Ho$_oñQ´>r
_moboHw$ba {OAmo_oQ´>rO Am¡a dmB~«oeZb {\$Šd|gr ~hþV hr
_hËdnyU© KQ>H$ h¢ {OgHo$ AmYma na {H$gr amgm`{ZH$
A{^{H«$`m H$s {Xem Am¡a CgHo$ \$bñdén {Z{_©V CËnmX H$s
nhMmZ V` H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ& A§H$s` Á`m{_{V Am¡a Cggo g§~§{YV
{ZîH$f© H$m A{YH$V_ bm^ Bg ~mV na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ {H$
BåàyìS> dMw©Ab H§$ßbrQ> Eo{ŠQ>d ñnog H$m g§JénU Am¡a Amngr
A{^{H«$`mE§ Š`m h¢ Ÿ& `h IVO - CASEL EàmoM GAMESS
(OoZab Am°Q>m{o _H$ E§S> _mobHo $w ba BboŠQ´>m{° ZŠg ñQ´>ŠMa {gñQ>_)
Zm_H$ gm°\$Q>doà n¡Ho$O Ûmam bmJy {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a Bg n¡Ho$O
H$m AZwajU Am¡a Cn`moJ àmoì _mH©$ Jm°S>©Z Am¡a CZHo$ Xb Ûmam
{H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& (AMESS b¡~, Am`modm ñQ>oQ> `y{Zd{g©Q>r
`h H$moS> OëXr hr {Z:ewëH$ CnbãY hmo OmEJm Ÿ&
(aOV Ho$. Mm¡Yar)
EQ>m{o _H$ ñnoŠQ´>mño H$monr
EQ>_m| Am¡a Am`Zm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| gmno{jH$ gr gr H¡$bHw$boeZ H$m
hmà ~m°S>r EŠgmBQ>e
o Z _| à^md nS>Vm h¡, ImgH$a CZ Am`Zm|
_| à^md Š`m hmoVm h¡ Omo \$m°H$-ñnog gr gr S>r Eg, gr gr S>r
Eg (Q>r) go `wŠV ~¡b|g BboŠQ´>m°Z dmbo hmoVo h¢ - Bg {df` H$mo
boH$a AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h AÜ``Z Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ CCSD
(T) Am`ZrH$aU H$s Vrd«Vm VWm ~¡b|g BboŠQ´>m°Z H$s à{VH$mar
D$Om© H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Omo Á`mXm `WmVÏ`mË_H$
AbH$mbr EQ>_m| Am¡a q_Jb Am`Z dmbo nm{W©d Am`moZm| _|
hmoVm h¡, qH$Vw BZHo$ H$maU EQ>_m| Am¡a AWdm AmnZm| _|
J¡a^m¡{VH$s` COm© n¡Xm Zht hmoVr Am¡a Omo Am§{eH§$ én go C-II
O¡go g~-eob go âr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg AÜ``Z go `h ^r X{e©V
hþAm h¡ {H$ hmà ~m°S>r EŠgmBQ>oeZ H$m à^md CCSD (T)
({Ma§Or~ gwa * Am¡a aOV Hw$_ma Mm¡Ywar)
Ama§^ go boH$a A~ VH$ Omo JUZmE§ H$s JB© h¢, CZH$m Cn`moJ
Hw$N>oH$ {S>H$m`mZmo H$ma~oZo (C3 N2 AWdm C(CN)2) AmBgmo_am|
H$mo J«mC§S> VWm {ZåZVbr` Am¡a EŠgmBQ>So > BboŠQ´>m{° ZH$ AdñWmAm|
H$s {deofVmE± OmZZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& n[aJ{UV
J«mC§S> ñQ>oQ> {OAmo_oQ´>rµO Am¡a VXZwgmar dmB~«oeZb {\«$Šd|gr A~
VH$ àmßV àm`mo{JH$ Am¡a g¡Õm§{VH$ S>mQ>m Ho$ AZwén hmoVr h¡,
AV: Omo ^{dî`dm{U`m± H$s OmVr h¢, CZH$s {dídgZr`Vm ahVr
h¡ & dV©_mZ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Omo Am§H$‹S>o àmßV hþE h¢, CZH$m
Cn`moJ Hw$N> J¡a A{^km{nV E_reZ ~¢S>m| go CËg{O©V ñnogrO
H$s nhMmZ H$aZo _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ò Eogo ~¢S> h¢ Omo Hw$N>
{ZpíMV Am¡a {ZåZ Vmn_mZm| na XoIZo H$mo {_bo h¢ Ÿ& `h {ZîH$f©
^r {X`m J`m h¡ {H$ 3-Cyano-2H-Am{OaoZmB©-{bS>oZ AWm©V²
gmB{dbH$ C2N - CN Ho$ 13A′→X1A′ Q´>m{§ OeZ g§VmofnyU© VarHo$
go Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ BZ {H$aUm| H$s ñnoŠQ´>_r {deofVmE§ Š`m h¢ Ÿ&
(aOV Hw$_ma Mm¡Ywar, Am¡a Eg.EZ.Eb.Or. H¥$îUm_mMmar *)
3.10
Ý`w{ŠbAa EñQ´>m{o \µ ${OŠg
d + γ → n + p Ho$ à{V AmB©gmoñHo$ba M1 H$s
^y{_H$m
Ho$ à{V EH$ _m°S>ob Am¡a ñdV§Ì g¡Õm§{VH$ EàmoM Ama§^
go hr g^r g§JV EåßbrÀ`yS> gmW boH$a {dH${gV {H$E JE Wo,
O¡go {H$ AmBgmo ñHo$ba Am¡a AmBgmo doŠQ>a _¡J«o{Q>H$ {S>nmob
EåßbrÀ`yS> M1v Am¡a M1s VWm AÝ` g^r VrZ BbopŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob
EåßbyÀ`yS> E1vj =0,1,2, {OZ_| go AbJ-AbJ J H$m Ame` Hw$b
H$moUr` _mo_|ÝQ>_ h¡, Omo CŠV A{^{H«$`m _| g§a{jV ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
n[aUm_r {díbofU `h Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ XmoZm| {S>âaoeAb H«$m°g
goŠeZm| {OZ_| br{ZAa nmobmaBÝO \$moQ>moÝg Am¡a AZnmobamBÁS>
{S>âa|erAb H«$m°g goŠeZ AmVo h¢, _| EH$ A{V[aŠV àmonmoe©Zb
KQ>H$ cosθ hmoVm h¡, Ohm§ θ H$m Ame` Ý`yQ´>m°Z E{_eZ Ho$ {bE
c.m. E|bJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§{jßV g¡Õm{VH$ n[aUm_ na AmYm[aV
h¡, à`moJembm _| {b`m J`m _oµOa_|Q> Omo EñQ´>mo{µ\${OH$b EZOu
_| M1s H$s ^y{ZH$m ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ&
d(γ→,n)p
(Or. am_M§ÐZ Am¡a Eg.nr. {eënmlr)
d(γγ,n)p _|
Ý`yQ>´mZ° H$m Y«dw U
_m°S>ob ñdV§Ì g¡Õm{VH$ à{H«$`m Ý`yQ>m°Z nmobamBµOoeZ Ho$
AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE ^r AnZmB© Om ahr h¡, `h nmobamBOoeZ
{S>CQ´>m°Ýg Ho$ \$moQ>mo-{S>ñB§S>oJ«oeZ _| OmZZm AÜ``Z _| em{_b
h¡ Ÿ& `h {S>CQ´>m°Ýg A{V gyú_ hmoVm h¡ {OgH$m _mnZ à`moJembm
_| hr g§^d h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ AÜ``Z Am¡a emoY Bg CÔoí` H$mo
boH$a {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {H$ Vmam^m¡{VH$s` D$Om© _| AmBgmoñHo$ba
M1 s E§ ß brÀ`y S > H$s CnpñW{V VWm CgH$s ào j Ur`
{H«$`merbVm Ho$ ~mao _| Amdñ`H$ {ZîH$f© {XE Om gH|$ Ÿ&
Bg {ZîH$f© H$m {~J ~¢J Ý`y{ŠbAmo-{gÝò{gE (BBN) _| H$m\$s
_hËd h¡ Ÿ&
γ ,n)p _| \«$o Q>-~¡H$ nmoba E§Jb {df_Vm
d(γ→
Ho$ g§~§Y _| `y{Zd{g©Q>r Am°\$ d{O©{Z`m _| 3.5
Am¡a 10 MeV Ho$ ~rM b¡~ \$moQ>m°Z Ho$ A§Xa à`moJ Ho$ ~mX
`h {ZîH$f© {X`m J`m {H$ \«§$Q> - ~¡H$ nmobma E§Jb _| gr E_
(cm) \$moQ>mo Ý`yQ´>m°Z {df_Vm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Ag_mZVm
H«$_e ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡ O~ \$moQ>m°Z EZOu AnZr A{YH$V_
gr_m H$s Amoa ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h {dg§J{V d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam
Xr JB© g¡Õm§{VH$ à{H«$`m go ì`m»`m{`V H$s JB© h¡ {OgHo$ {ZîH$f©
h¢ - (i) VrZ AmBgmodQo >ŠQ>a BbopŠQ´>H$ {S>nmob {dñVma _| Ag_mZVm
hmoVr h¡ {OgH$s Hw$b H$moUr` _mn j = 0, 1, 2 hmoVr h¡ VWm
(ii) ar-EoŠeZ Ho$ {bE AmBgmo ñHo$ba _¡¾o{Q>H$ {S>nmob {dñVma
H$m eyÝ` go A{YH$ hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ D$Om© Eogo joÌ H$s Va\$
~‹T>Vr h¡ Omo {~J ~¢J Ý`ypŠb`mo - {gZWo{gg (BBN) H$mo
boH$a _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ&
d (γ→, n ) p
3.11
CÀM D$Om© Zm{^H$s` ^m¡{VH$s
NN H$mo{bµOZ
_| _oeZ àmoS>ŠeZ
{nAm° Z Am¡ a Amo _ o J m àmo S >ŠeZ g§ ~ § Y r AnZo Ama§ { ^H$
Am¡a g¡Õm§{VH$ H$m`© H$s {Xem _| d¡km{ZH$m| Zo `h Xem©`m
h¡ {H$ dr nr H$mo{bµOZ _| W Ho$ Y«wdU H$mo à`moJ Ûmam
_mnZo H$m H$m`© bm^àX h¡ Omo Cg àñVm{dV à`moJ Ho$
41
Abmdm hmoJm {Og_| Amo_oJm àmoS>ŠeZ Ho$ {bE AbJ - AbJ
H«$m°g goŠeZ H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmZm h¡ VWm Bg AÜ``Z
H$m`© Ho$ {bE nmobamBµµÁS> Q>mJ}Q> na Y«wd Ho${ÐV àH$ma-aoIm
H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmEJm Ÿ& AZ - \$mobamBÁS> {S>\$a|{eAb
H«$m°g goŠeZ g§~§Yr _moOyXm n[a_mnZ H$m {díbofU ^r
{H$`m J`m h¡ {Og_| VËg§ ~ § Y r \$m° _ © { bµ µ Á _ Am¡ a ñH$s_
V¡`ma H$s JB© h¡ {Oggo {H$ nr nr H$mo{bµOZ _| ω Ho$ àmoS>ŠeZ
Ho$ dmñVo Ama§{^H$ VWm Am§{eH$ dod Ho$ {dñVma Ho$ g§~§Y
_| à`moJ{l«V ZVrOo àH$m{eV {H$E OmE§ Ÿ&
(Or. am_M§ÐZ, Oo. ~mbmgw~«_Ê`_, E_.Eg. {dÚm * Am¡a
d|H$Q>am_m *)
\$moQ>mo àmoS>ŠeZ _| Ky{U©V àojU Ho$ {bE ñWm`r
Q>g
| a EàmoM
g^r Yy{U©V VWm àojUr` àH$me q~~m| Ho$ {bE CÞV \$m°_y©bm
{ZH$mbZo Ho$ CÔoí` go g¡Õ±m{VH$ à{H«$`m H$m ñdê$n ~Zm`m
Om MwH$m h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam ñd_od Yy{U©V gmå`nyU© `§Ì sπ
Ho$ ghmao _ogZ H$m \$moQ>mo àmoCŠeZ {H$`m OmE Jm Ÿ& ñWm`r
Q>|ga VH$ZrH$m| na AmYm[aV Bg \$m°_y©bo H$s _w»` {deofVmE§
{ZåZdV² h¡ - (i) ñdV§Ì Am¡a ñWm`r Q>|ga Am`m_ H$s g§»`m
4 (2s + 1) h¡, (ii) BZ Am`m_m|/{dñVma H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo
Ho$ {bE qgJb H$ån¡ŠQ> \$m°_y©bm n`m©ßV h¡ Omo AZw_V BbopŠQ´>H$
Am¡a _¡¾{o Q>H$ _ëQ>rnmob {dñVma H$s Ñ{ï> h¡ Am¡a (iii) g^r Ky{U©V
ApñWa gyú_ àH$me q~~ {OZ_| {díbofU j_Vm hmoVr h¡
Am¡a Omo {S>\o$a|{eAb H«$m°g goŠeZ dmbo hmoVo h¢ & Eogo A{^bjU
~mB© br{Zà ñWm`r Q>|gam| Ho$ én _| ì`ŠV Zht {H$E Om
gH$Vo Omo eyÝ` go boH$a 2 (S+1) a¢H$ Ho$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& ñWm`r
Q>g| a {dñVma Am¡a ho{bgrQ>r EåßbrÀ`yS> Ho$ ~rM g§~Y§ gm_mÝ`V:
ñnï> {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ho{bgrQ>r EåßbrÀ`yS> Ho$ {bE EŠgßbr{gQ>
EŠgàoeZ ñWm`r Q>|ga {dñVma Ho$ én _| {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ò
{dñVma eyS>mo-ñHo$ba Am¡a doŠQ>a _oeZ \$moQ>mo àmoS>ŠeZ Ho$
[deof _m_bm| go g§~§{YV h¢ Ÿ& `hm§ g§X{^©V ñWm`r Q>|ga
{dñVma VWm ey S >mo - ñHo $ ba _o g Z Ho $ \$mo Q >mo àmo S >H$eZ
g§~§Yr gwkmV CGLN EåßbrÀ`yS> _| g§~§Y ^r ñnï> hmo
MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&
(Or. am_M§ÐZ, E_.Eg. {dÚm * Am¡a Oo ~mbmgw~«_Ê`_ *)
42
H$mo{bµOZ _| gr_m na CËnÞ
nmobamBOoeZ
p - p
ω
H$m Q>|ga
`h Xem©`m J`m h¡ {H$ ω→ → π+π–π0 Ho$ A{Và^mdr {S>Ho$
_moS> \¡$Zmo ñQ>¡{Q>ñQ>rH$b Q>|ga n¡am_rQ>a {ZYm©[aV H$aZo Ho$
{bE Cn`moJ _| bmE Om gH$Vo h¡ Ÿ& `h n¡am_rQ>a {S>H$ ßboZ
_| gm_mÝ` Šdm§{Q>OoeZ Ho$ g§X^© _| t 20 of ω→ h¡ Ÿ& pp→ppω→
_| go H$moB© {S>Ho$ ßboZ H$m M`Z H$a gH$Vm h¡ {Og_| CËnÞ
ω _ogZ Ho$ _mo_oÝQ>_ q H$s Xr JB© {Xem Ho$ à{V AbJ AbJ Amo[aEÝQ>oeZ hmoJm Ÿ& Cgr _mo_oÝQ>_ q Ho$ {bE {S>Ho$
ßboZ Ho$ à`moJmË_H$ én go gw{dYmnyU© Am¡a AbJ - AbJ
VrZ Amo[aE§Q>oeZ H$mo MwZZo Ho$ ~mX H$moB© t 20 Am¡a t 2±2 H$mo
à`moJm{l«V én _| {ZYm©[aV H$a gH$Vm h¡ Omo pp → ppω→
Ho$ dmñVo {dnarV \«$o _ _| ω Ho$ Q>g| a nmobamBOoeZ H$s {deofVmE§
g§Ho${VV H$ao Ÿ&
(Or. am_M§ÐZ, Oo. ~mbmgw~«_Ê`_ *, Eg.nr. {eënlr Am¡a
Or. nX²>_Zm^m *)
ñd¡pÀN>H$ pñnZ n¡[aQ>r dmbo _og§g H$m \$moQ>mo Ed§
BboŠQ´>mo àmoS>ŠeZ
EH$ ZdrZ EH$sH¥$V EàmoM {dH${gV {H$`m J`m h¡ {OgHo$ AmYma
na ñd¡pÀN>H$ pñnZ n¡[aQ>r dmbo _ogÝg H$m \$moQ>mo Ed§ BboŠQ´>mo
àmoS>ŠeZ go g§~§{YV ñdV§Ì Am`m_m| H$s nhMmZ H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ&
EH$ ì`mnH$ Am¡a gm_mÝ` \$m°_y©bm V¡`ma {H$`m J`m h¡ {OgHo$
Ûmam ñdV§Ì {dñVma H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& `h {dñVma
Am§{eH$ dod H$s Ñ{ï> go hm|Jo VWm CgHo$ Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ Am¡a _¡¾o{Q>H$
_ëQ>rnmob EoåßbrÀ`yS> Xem©E§Jr Ÿ& BZ ñdV§Ì EoåßbrÀ`yS> H$s
g§aMZm Eogr hmoJr {Oggo {H$ AbJ - AbJ [agmoZ|g à^md
H$s grYo hr nhMmZ H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ&
(Or. am_M§ÐZ, E_.Eg. {dÚm * Am¡a Oo. ~mbmgw~«_Ê`_ *)
4..
àm`mo{JH$ IJmob{dkmZ
4.1
Cƒ {d`moOZ IJmob{dkmZ
bmO© Am¡a _moS>aoQ> Q>o{bñH$mon go {S>\«¡$ŠeZ-{b{_Q>oS>
B_oO àmßV H$aZm
`h nwñVH$ Ho$ Ama§^ _| dod Am°pßQ>Šg Ho$ _yb {gÕm§Vm|,
nmobamBµOoeZ, B§Q>a\o$a|g, {S>\«¡$ŠeZ, B_oqOJ, n¥Ïdr Ho$
dmVmdaU _| {djmo^ H$s CËn{Îm, {d{eï>VmAm|, Am°pßQ>H$
à^md g§~§Yr {ddoMZ {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ& {dJV Hw$N> XeH$m|
_| dmVmdaU Ho$ A§Xa Omo B_oO AdH«$_U hþE h¢, Cgo amoH$Zo
H$s VH$ZrH$s {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ njm| na ~b {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
(Bg VH$ZrH$s _| do n¡{gd _oWm°S> em{_b h¢ Omo ñnoH$b
B§Q>a\o$amo_oQ´>r O¡go qgJb Q>o{bñH$mon _| hmoVo h¢ VWm do Eo{ŠQ>d
_oWm°S> em{_b h¢ Omo ES>¡pßQ>d Am°pßQ>Šg _| bJo ahVo h¢ &) Bg
nwñVH$ _| {ddo{MV AÝ` {df`m| _| B_oO ßboZ Q>oH$ZrH$b
Am¡a nw{nb-ßboZ B§Q>a\o$amo_oQ´>r Ho$ ~rM g§~§Y, {S>\o$a|{e`b
ñnoH$b B§Q>a\o$amo_oQ´>r, ñnoH$b ñnoH$b ñnoŠQ´>moñH$monr Am¡a
nmobar_oQ´>r, µ\o$g H$m ~hþAm`m_r hmoZm, dod \«§$Q> erA[aJ§
B§Q>a\o$amo_oQ´>r, µ\o$g ŠbmoµOa _oWm°S> VWm S>mH©$ ñnoH$b B_oqOJ
h¢ Ÿ& {\$a nwñVH$ _| hmB© [agmoë`weZ g|ga, B_oµO àmogo{gJ§
Am¡a IJmobr d¡km{ZH$ _yb {df` ^r {Zé{nV {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ&
IJmob {dkmZ go g§~§{YV VH$ZrH$m| Ho$ CÔoí`, CZHo$ àmßV
{ZîH$f© nwñVH$ Ho$ Cng§hma _| ~VmE JE h¢ Ÿ&
43
àH$meH$s` IJmob{dkmZ _| ÛmaH$ (ZdmoÝ_ofH$mar)
{díbofU: dV©_mZ pñW{V
àojU IJmob{dkmZ _| _rb-ñV§^ CnbpãY ahr O~ Ñí`_mZ
~¢S> _| bmBam (Vega) H$m B§Ý\$oamo_o{Q´>H$ q\«$O OwbmB©, 1974 _|
àmßV {H$E JE Ÿ& `h H$m`© Eb¡~ao r Zo EH$ BÝ\o$amo_rQ>a H$s ghm`Vm
go {H$`m {Ogo S>²`yŠg Q>o{bñH$mon (I2T) H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& ZmBg
Am°ãOd}Q>ar _| pñWV Bg `§Ì ì`Šgm`m _| Xmo ñdV§Ì Q>o{bñH$mo\$
Zm°W-© gmCW ~ogbmBZ g§JénU _| bJmE JE h¢ Ÿ& Cn`wŠ© V nhbo
q\«$O Wo Omo XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ Q>o{bñH$mon Ûmam _{OªJ ñnoŠbm| H$s
g§H$ënZm H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {bE JE Wo Ÿ& {H$aU q~~m| H$mo EH$
Xygao go Omo‹S>H$a Omo {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbo JE, CZHo$ Ûmam IJmob
{dkmZr ào[aV hþE {H$ YaVr na AmYm[aV ~¥hV² `§Ì {dÝ`mg
V¡`ma {H$`m OmE Ÿ& Q>o{bñH$mon _| gwñWm{nV ~¥hV² B§Q>a\o$amo_o{Q´>H$
{dÝ`mg V¡`ma H$aZo H$s {Xem _| àJ{V H$s H$m\$s g§^mdZm h¡ Ÿ&
BgH$s ghm`Vm go Šdmga hmoñQ> J¡bopŠg`m|, EH$gmo-ßbmZoQ> Ho$
B_oO Am¡a ñnoŠQ´>m àmßV H$s OmEJr Ÿ& EñH$mo-ßbmZoQ> Omo gm¡a
àUmbr Ho$ ~mha Ho$ Vmam| go OwS‹ >o h¢ Ÿ& ~¥hV² AmH$ma dmbo Q>{o bñH$monm|
(8-10 _rQ>a) H$s ghm`Vm boH$a AZoH$ B§Q>a\o$amo_rQ>a - ñnoŠQ´>m
g\$bVm nyd©H$ J«hU {H$E JE h¢ Am¡a BZ ñnoŠQ´>m Ho$ AmYma na
Bg eVmãXr Ho$ Ama§^ go hr AZoH$ {ZîH$f© àmßV {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ&
Bg B§Q>a\o$amo_rQ>a Ho$ AmYma na AZoH$ Eogr `§Ì-àUmbr V¡`ma
H$s OmVr h¡ Omo YaVr Ho$ gmW A§V[aj _| OmH$a AnZm H$m_
H$aoJr Ÿ& dV©_mZ d¡km{ZH$ n[aÑî` H$mo XoIVo hþE {\$b hmb Mb
aho Q´>|S> H$s MMm© H$s JB© h¡ {Og_| S>mB©ë`wQ>oS> EnM©am| H$m Cn`moJ
H$aHo$ Am°{ßQ>H$b B§Q>a\o$amo_oQ´>r _| ^mdr {dH$mg H$s Amem _µO~yV
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
(Eg.Ho$. gmhm)
dmVmda{ZH$ Ñ{ï> go AdH«${_V {H$aU q~~ àmßV H$aZo
H$s ZB© n[aH$ënZmE§ {OgHo$ Ûmam ñQ>b
o a B_oO
µ ~ohVa
én _| {bE OmE§Jo
{MÌ - 18 : Diffraction-limited image of a two meter class
telescope.
(Eg.Ho$. gmhm)
ñQ>oba B_oO àmßV H$s ~ohVa VH$ZrH$s ì`dñWm H$mo boH$a `h
emoYH$m`© EH$ Eogm à`mg h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam VmaH$s` AdH«$_U H$mo
g_PZm g§^d hmoJm Ÿ& `h AdH«$_U dmVmda{UH$ {djmo^ Ho$
H$maU hmoVm h¡, g_w{MV dod\«§$Q> g|ga V¡`ma H$aVm h¡, dod\«§$Q> _|
Ìw{Q>`m| H$m n[a_mU kmV H$aVm h¡, dmñVd _| {H$VZm g_`
bJVm h¡ dod\«§$Q> J«hU _| Ÿ& `h emoYH$m`© bmJV nj _| H$_r
bmZo H$m AnZm _w»` bú` _mZm h¡ Ÿ& IJmobr` q~~m| _| AdH«$_U
44
(`m jr U) H$m {hgm~ bJmZo Ho$ {bE \«$mBS> Ho$ n¡am_rQ>a (r0)
H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m {Og_| H$mdmbya, ^maV _| doUw ~mny
Q>o{bñH$mon _| gwñWm{nV ñnoH$b B§Q>a\o$amo_rQ>a H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo
hþE ZE EŠgno[a_|Q>b _oWm°S> AnZm`m J`m Ÿ& Bg _mnZ Am¡a
{ZîH$f© Ho$ AmYma na arAb Q>mB_ H$aŠeZ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$
n¡am_rQ>a àmßV {H$E JE Ÿ& arAb Q>mB_ H$aoŠeZ EŠgno[a_|Q>
_| Am`m IM© ~hþV Á`mXm ahm h¡, AV: d¡H$pënH$ én go Š`
bmJV dmbm _oWm°S> {dH${gV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& CMOS B_oO
µ amo
na AmYm[aV BZ ZE B_oqOJ H¡$_am| H$m A{^H$ën V¡`ma {H$`m
Om MwH$m h¡ Omo {H$ hmB© \«o$_ aoQ> dr{S>`mo àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
A{YH$ Cn`wŠV h¡ Ÿ& hmB©-ñnrS> B_oO boZo H$s Ñ{ï> BZ H¡$_am| go
H$s {ZînmXZ j_Vm kmV H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`moJ {H$E JE Ÿ& dod
\«§$Q> g|qgJ Ho$ AbJ-AbJ _oWm°S> H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m Ÿ&
em¡H$-hmQ>©_mZ (SH) b|gboQ> Eoao Am¡a CMOS B_oµOa H$m
Cn`moJ H$aHo$ dod \«§$Q> g|ga H$m {dH$mg Bg à`moOZ Ho$ {bE
Xoer` VH$ZrH$s go {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Ý`y EobJm°[aW_ H$m {dH$mg
dod AmYm[aV CMOS B_oO
µ a Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m h¡ {OgH$s
ghm`Vm go Ano{jV ZVrµOo g\$bVm go àmßV {H$E JE h¢ Ÿ&
{ZåZ bmBQ> ñVa na MmÁS>© H$ßbS> {S>dmBg (gr gr S>r) My±{H$
gj_ {S>Q>oŠQ>a h¡, AVEd SH dod \«§$Q> g|ga na AmYm[aV EÝS>a
L3 CCD H$s ghm`Vm go narjU {H$E Om aho h¢ Ÿ& MEMS Ho$
AË`mYw{ZH$ àm¡Úmo{JH$s go `wŠV VWm {Z{_©V ES>¡{ßQ>d {_aa H$m
Cn`moJ dod \«§$Q> H§$noÝga Ho$ én _| {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg {_aa H$s
AmH¥${V H$mo {Z`§{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE 37 EoŠ`wEQ>a bJmE JE h¢ Ÿ&
µ\$mBZmBQ> E{b_|Q> EZmbr{gg H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ Cn`w©ŠV {_aa
H$m _oH¡${ZH$b {d[eï>VmAm| H$m g¡Õm§{VH$ narjU {H$`m J`m Ÿ&
BZ d¡km{ZH$m| Zo nhbr ~ma AbJ-AbJ EoŠ`wEQ>a dmoëQ>oµO
g§JénU Ho$ {bE {_aa Ho$ AmH$ma H$mo boH$a Zm°Z-H$mÝQ>¡ŠQ> Q>mBn
Q>opñQ>¨J à{H«$`m {dH${gV H$s Am¡a Bg à`moOZ Ho$ {bE BZhmCg {dH${gV bm¢J Q´>go àmo{\$bmo_rQ>a (LTP) H$m à`moJ {H$`m
J`m Ÿ& BgH$m {ZîH$f© `h hþAm {H$ LTP go àmßV _oOa_|Q>
g~go `WmW© Am¡a ghr gm{~V hþE h¡, O¡gm {H$ \µ $mBbmBQ> E{b_|Q>
EZmbr{gg H$s à{H«$`m go g§^d Zht Wm Ÿ& ES>{¡ ßQ>d {_aa H§$Q´>mbo
Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ dmoëQ>O
µo Eo{Šd{OeZ, àmogqo gJ VWm H§$ß`wQ>e
o Z
g§~§Yr dod \«§$Q> g|ga S>mQ>m H§$ß`yQ>a go àmßV H$aZm EH$ ~‹S>m
H$m_ h¡ Ÿ& H$_ bmJV _yë` H$m ng©Zb H§$ß`yQ>a H$m Cn`moJ
g§JUZm H$m`© hoVw Am¡a {Z`§ÌU `§Ìmdbr Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m Ÿ&
H$ÝdQ>©a H$mo VXZwén {S>{OQ>b ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE 40 M¡Zbm| dmbm
PCI {dH$grV {H$`m J`m h¡ Omo B§Q>a\o$g H$mS>© H$s àUmbr na
AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& dod \«§$Q> g|ga AmCQ>nwQ> na AmYm[aV dod \«§$Q> Ho$
ghr Am±H$‹S>o àmßV {H$E JE h¢ Am¡a Bg à`moOZ Ho$ {bE ES>¡pßQ>d
{_aa Ho$ 37 EoHw$EQ>am| VWm {Q>n-{Q>ëQ> {_aa Ho$ 3 EoHw$EQ>am| go
H§$Q´>mob H$aHo$ bmo AmS>©a E~aoeZm| Ho$ Am±H$‹S>o J«hU {H$E JE Ÿ&
(dr. {MÞßnZ)
4.2
A§V[ajr` IJmob{dkmZ
`y{dQ>
EoñQ´>mog¡Q> na gwñWm{nV nm§M gmB§g nobmoS>m| _| go EH$ `y{dQ>
(UVIT) h¢ Bg_| Mma EŠg-ao Q>o{bñH$mon bJo hþE h¢ Omo gm°âQ>/
hmS>© EŠg-{H$aUm| _| àojU H$aVm h¡ VWm `y{dQ> Ho$ ghmao
AëQ´>mdm`boQ> Am¡a {d{µO~b ~¢S>m| H$m àojU {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Mma
EŠg-ao Q>o{bñH$monm| _| go VrZ VWm Am¡a `y{dQ> H$s _XX go {H$gr
Am°ãOoŠQ> H$m gmW-gmW àojU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `y{dQ> go
XyañW AëQ´>m dm`boQ> (UV) 1300 - 1800 Å, {ZH$Q>ñW AëQ´>m
dm`boQ> UV 1800 - 3000 Å Am¡a VIS 3500 - 5000 Å _| EH$
gmW hr àojU {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg `§Ìmdbr Ho$ ghmao AëQ´>mdm`boQ>
{H$aUm| _| dmBS> {µ\$ëS>-hmB© E|Jwba-[agmoë`weZ B_oµO J«hU H$s
gw{dYm Vmo h¡ hr, ASTROSAT H$m CÔoí` EŠg-{H$aUm|,
AëQ´>mdm`boQ> Am¡a Ñí`_mZ ~¢S>m| Ho$ gmW-gmW ào{jV H$aZm
h¡ Ÿ& ImgH$a hmB© EŠg-{H$aUm|, gm°âµ Q> EŠg-{H$aUm| Am¡a AëQ´>mdm`boQ> {H$aUm| _| n{adV©Z H$mo boH$a CZHo$ A§Vgª~Y§ H$m AÜ``Z
~hþV ê${M H$m {df` h¡, Š`m|{H$ BgHo$ Ûmam g{H«$` _§Xm{H$Zr
Ý`wŠbr _| {d{H$aUm| H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ CÎmaXm`r ^m¡{VH$s à{H«$`mE§
g_Pr Om gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ& `w{dQ> H$m Cn`moJ EŠg-ao Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$
g_Ýd` go EŠg-{H$aUm| go `wŠV Am°ãOoŠQ> Ho$ AÜ``Z _| {H$`m
Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr `h `§Ìmdbr nañna {H«$`merb
J¡bpo Šg`m|, ñQ>ma \$mo{_ªJ§ J¡b{o Šg`m|, ½bmo~bw a VmaH$ g_yhm| hm°Q>/
Zd {Z{_©V Vmam| Am{X O¡go Am°ãOoŠQ>²g H$m àojU ñd`§nyU© én _|
H$a gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
`y{dQ> H$m {S>µOmBZ Hw$N> Eogm V¡`ma {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ 1000s
Am°ãOd}eZ _| FUV _| _¡¾rÀ`yS> 20 H$s g|{gQ>r{dQ>r J«hU H$s
µ mBZ
OmE Am¡a Q>mB_ [agmoë`weZ < 1s àmßV {H$`m OmE Ÿ& Bg {S>O
_| `y{dQ> B_oµOm| H$s VwbZm EŠg-{H$aUm| Ho$ Am°ãOd}eZ go H$s Om
gHo$ {Og_| EoHw$aogr ~ 1 E_ Eg hmo Ÿ& `y{dQ> H$m joÌ ~ 29
AmH©${_Z gH©$b h¡ Am¡a B_oO
µ XyañW UV Am¡a {ZH$Q> UV _| {Z{_©V
hmoVo h¢, {Og_| 1.8” go ~ohVa [agmoë`weZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
45
3.
`§Ì _| {OVZo {_aa bJo h¢, CgH$m {µ\$Ja LEOS (Bgamo)
Zo V¡`ma {H$E h¢ Ÿ& FUV _| > 70% à^mdnyU© VarHo$ go
H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE BZ {_aam| na H$moqQ>J H$s à{H«$`m
Am°{ßQ>_mBµO H$s Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&
_| E_.Or.Ho$. _¡ZZ ñnog gmB§g bo~moaoQ´>ar H$m
{Z_m©U H$m`© nyam hmoZo Ho$ {ZH$Q> h¡ Am¡a `h bo~moaoQ>ar UVIT
H$mo Eg|~b H$aZo Ho$ {bE erK« V¡`ma hmoVm `y{dQ> Ho$ Eg§~br
Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ Ho$ bm`H$ hmo OmEJm Ÿ& (XoI| {MÌ - 20)
4. CREST
{MÌ - 19 : Configuration of the payloads on Astrosat.
_| q~~m| H$m {d`moOZ 2.2” hmoVm h¡ Omo {H$ g^r VrZm|
M¡Zbmo _| BÝQ>o{g \$mBS> CMOS B_oµOa J«hU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ò B_oµOa
H$s JUZm _moS> H$mo gnm}Q> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& (XoI| {MÌ - 19) `w½_Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ én _| no-bmoS> H$m g§JénU {Z{_©V h¡; BZ_| go EH$
Q>o{bñH$mo\$ XyañW UV _| B_oO ~ZmVm h¡ Am¡a Xygam Q>o{bñH$mon
{ZH$Q>ñW UV Am¡a VIS _| B_oO ~ZmVm h¡, ao{S>EeZ H$mo {S>H$« moBH$
{µ\$ëQ>a Ûmam Xmo M¡Zbm| _| ~m±Q> XoVo h¢ Ÿ& XmoZm| Q>o{bñH$monm| _| go
haoH$ H$m g§JénU RC - H¡$goJ«¡Z h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m EnM©a 375 mm
Am¡a µ\$moH$b b|W 4750 mm H$m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& VrZm| M¡Zbm| Ho$ A§Xa
~¢S> H$m M`Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$B© {µ\$ëQ>a EH$ h²drb na M‹T>mE
OmVo h¢, BgHo$ gmW-gmW XyañW UV Am¡a {ZH$Q>ñW UV M¡Zbm|
_| h²drb na J«¡qQ>J _erZ bJmB© OmVr h¡ Vm{H$ {ZåZ {d`moOZ
pñbQ>bog ñnoŠQ´>mñH$monr H$s OmE Ÿ& CŠV Ho$ g§~§Y _| pñW{V H$s
[anmoQ>© ZrMo Xr JB© h¢ Ÿ&
VIS
1.
2.
nobmoS> H$s {àbr{_Zar {S>µOmBZ [aì`y _mM©, 2006 _| {H$`m
J`m Wm Ÿ& g^r gh`moJr àUm{b`m| H$s gw{dñV¥V {S>µOmBZ
V¡`ma H$aZo H$m H$m_ H$m\$s {dH${gV ñVa na Mb ahm h¡
VWm AZoH$ gh`moJr àUm{b`m| H$m A{^`§ÌU Ho$ ~mao _|
Amem h¡ {H$ dh AJbo df© VH$ V¡`ma hmoJm Ÿ&
\$moQ>mo-BboŠQ´>m°Z Ho$ boQ>ab {S´>âQ> H$mo H$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
\$moQ>mo-H¡$WmoS> Am¡a MCP Ho$ ~rM ~hþV H$_ J¡n dmbm
{S>Q>Šo Q>a _m°S>`² bw {dH${gV {H$`m J`m {OgH$s _XX go B_oO
µ
H$s ñnrS> _| < 1” H$m H§${Q´>ã`weZ {X`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& Bg
{dH$mg H$s _w»` ^y{_H$m < 1.8” H$m Hw$b B_oO
µ ñnrS> àmßV
H$aZo _| h¢ Ÿ&
{MÌ - 20 : Schematic of UVIT assembly.
Xmo Q>o{bñH$monmo _| go EH$ H$s B§Or{Zàr _m°S>ob AbJo df©
narjU Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmo OmEJr, CgH$m g§nU
y © nobmoS> H$s V¡`mar
H$m H$m`© df© 2009 Ho$ Ama§^ _| nyam hmoZo H$s Amem h¡ Ÿ&
5.
(`y{dQ> g_yh)
Q>m°doŠg
Q>m°doŠg nobmoS> VrZ AëQ´>m dm°`boQ> (UV) Q>o{bñH$mon H$m goQ> h¡
Omo df© 2008 Ho$ _Ü` _| GSAT-4 g¡Q>obmBQ> Ho$ nmQ>© Ho$ én _|
ISRO Ûmam bm§M {H$`m OmZm h¡ Ÿ& `h {_eZ ^maVr`
Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ Am¡a Q>bo Adrd `w{Zd{g©Q>r H$m EH$ {_bmOwbm à`mg h¡ {OgHo$ A§Xa `§Ì Am¡a _erZr nwO} BµOamBb Ho$
g_yh X|Jo O~{H$ gm°âQ> doà Am¡a {_eZ g§~§Yr `moOZm àmén
^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ _| V¡`ma {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
46
{_eZ àmßV Am§H$‹S>m| (S>mQ>m) H$m bm^ XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ d¡km{ZH$
CR>mE§Jo Ÿ&
Q>m°doŠg `§Ì-àUmbr ~ZH$a V¡`ma hmo MwH$s h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE
A§em§H$Z g§~§Yr H$m`© BµOamBb _| {H$E Om aho h¢, Bgr df© A§V
VH$ g¡Q>obmBQ> Ho$ gmW EH$sH¥$V H$aZo Ho$ {bE `§Ì ISRO H$mo
gm¢n {X`m OmEJm Ÿ& am° ñnog-H«$mµâµ Q> S>mQ>m H$mo \µ $m°_Q} > _| n[ad{V©V
H$aZo Ho$ {bE nmBnbmBZ gm°µâQ>doà {S>µOmBZ {H$`m Om ahm h¡
{OgH$m Cn`moJ d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam {H$`m OmEJm Ÿ& `h nmBnbmBZ
gm°µâQ>doà nyU©V: {bIm Om MwH$m h¡ Am¡a VËg§~§Yr narjU H$m
H$m_ Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Xm¡amZ gy`© H$s AdpñW{V Am¡a ñnogH«$mµâµ Q>
Ho$ ñH¡$qZJ ZoMa O¡gr AZoH$ A‹S>MZ| gm_Zo Am ahr h¢ Ÿ& BZ
pñW{V`m| H$m d¡km{ZH$ {ZîH$f© àmßV H$aZo _| A{YH$ bm^ CR>mZm
{_eZ Ûmam g§^d h¡ Ÿ&
(Q>m°doŠg g_yh)
4.3
bo~moaQo >´r {µ\${OŠg
na AmYm[aV \$mñQ> arS>Am°CQ> Am¡a \$moQ>m°Z
H$mC§qQ>J ICCD Ho$ {bE g§gmYZ àUmbr
FDGA
\$moQ>m°Z H$mC§qQ>J BÝQ>|{g\$mBS> MmµO© H$ßbS> {S>dmBg (ICCD)
AëQ´>m dm`boQ> ñnoŠQ´>b ~¢S> H$m gm°µ âQ> EŠg-ao g§~§Yr
{S>Q>oŠQ>a B_oµO J«hU H$aZo Ho$ {bE gj_ ÀdmBg h¡ Ÿ&
ICCD CnH$aU Ho$ àMmbZ {gÕm§V _| AmZodmbo \$m°Q>moÝg
H$mo bw{_Zg ñnm°Q> _| ~XbZm em{_b h¡ Ÿ& ò bw{_Zg ñnm°Q>
gr gr S>r H¡$_am go J«hU {H$E OmVo h¢ {Oggo _hËdnyU©
A§V[ajr` gyMZm g§a{jV H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h àmogoqgJ
àUmbr grYr Vm¡a na arS>AmD$Q> àUmbr Ho$ Vmb_ob _| hmo
Am¡a BgHo$ Ûmam JbV AWdm Am^mgr (ZH$br) \$m°Q>moÝg
Zht, ~pëH$ ghr \$m°Q>moÝg Bd|Q>²g H$s nhMmZ H$s OmE
BgHo$ {bE Bd|Q> àmoµ\$mBb H$m AmH$m[aH$ {díbofU g§^d
hmo gHo$Jm Ÿ& Bg àmogoqgJ àUmbr {ZåZ{b{IV Mma `y{ZQ>m|
bJr h¢ : gr[aAb Eo Š dr{µ O eZ `y { ZQ> ( SAV ), Bdo Ý Q>
AmBS>]{Q>{\$Ho$eZ `y{ZQ> (EIV), g|Q´>m`qS>J `y{ZQ> (CV)
Am¡a AmCQ>nwQ> H§$Q´>mob `y{ZQ> (OCW) Ÿ& `h AmCQ> nwQ>
H§$Q´>mob `y{ZQ> {nŠgob H$moAm¡{S>©ZoQ> H$s JUZm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a
hmoñQ> nr.gr. B§Q>a\o$g _| S>mQ>m Q´>m§{OeZ H$s {ZJamZr H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& Am¡ gr `y àËòH$ gr gr S>r \«o$_ Ho$ A§V _| \«o$_ Q>¡J
OoZaoQ> H$aVm h¡ {Ogo \$moQ>moÝg Bd|Q> H$moAm°{S>©ZoQ> Ho$ gmW
gr ar µO _| ñQ>moa {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX n[aUm_r {nŠgob
B_oO ñQ>moa {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {S>{µOQ>b én _| AmCQ>nwQ> arS>
AmD$Q> (8-~rQ> CCD H¡$_am) {b`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m
àmogoqgJ àUmbr Ho$ CnamoŠV Mma `y{ZQ>m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ àmogog
{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a {µOqbŠg FPGA àUmbr H$m Cn`moJ
H$aHo$ n[aUm_r AmCQ>nwQ> S>mQ>m H$m {g_wboeZ {H$`m OmVm
h¡ Am¡a VXZwénr AmCQ>nwQ> {S>{OQ>b dod\$m°_© _m°S>ob ~ 6.0 d
Am°\$ Xilinx H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ àmßV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hmS>©doà
{S>pñH«$ßeZ b¢½doµO VHDL H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ hmS>©doà H$moS>
{dH${gV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& àmogoqgJ {gñQ>o_ Ho$ {g_wboeZ H$m
H$m_ nyam {H$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&
({à`m noé_b * Am¡a ~r. amKd|Ð àgmX)
Am°pßQ>H$b \o$µO H§$OwJoeZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ dod\«§$Q>
H$aoŠeZ
Am°pßQ>H$b µ\o$g H§$OwJoeZ (Amo nr gr) àUmbr _| Zm°Z
br{Zà Am°pßQ>H$b B\o$ŠQ> H$mo J«hU H$aZm em{_b h¡ Ÿ&
`h Am°pßQ>H$b Bµ\o$ŠQ> àmonoJoeZ H$s XmoZm| {dnarV {XemAm|
go g§~§{YV h¡ VWm àH$me H$s {H$gr Am{~©Q´>oar ~r_ _| àËòH$
ßboZ dod Ho$ {bE AmdoaAm¡b \o$g \¡$ŠQ>a H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& Am¡ nr gr àUmbr H$m g~go Cn`moJr AZwà`moJm| _| EH$
h¡ E~oaoeZ H$aoŠeZ VWm dmVmdaU à{VHy$b Ed§ {djmo^`wŠV
n[apñW{V`m§ hmoZ| na ^r B_oµO J«hU H$aZm Ÿ& Am°pßQ>H$b
µ\o$g H§$OwJoeZ [aAbmBµO H$aZo H$m gj_ _oWm°S> \$moQ>mo[a\«o$ŠQ>rd (nr Ama) joÌ Am¡a {H$gr AÝ` Zm°Z-br{Zà
_r{S>`m _| \$moa dod {_{Šg§J H$m Cn`moJ h¡ Ÿ& {\$a `h _oWm°S>
µ\o$g H§$OwJoeZ (SPPC) H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& \$moQ>mo-[aEoŠQ>rd
amo{S>`_ S>moßS> ~o[a`_ {aQ>¡ŠQ>o (Rh: BaTi03) joÌ _| à`moJ
{H$ò JE Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo {S>OoZaoQ> \$moa dod {_pŠg¨J (DFWM)
VWm SPPC H§${\$JwaoeZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ \o$g H§$OwJoQ>
qg¾b Ho$ OoZaoeZ Ho$ ~mao _| narjU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& µ\o$g H§$OwJoeZ
E{\${eEÝgr H$m AÜ``Z BÝnwQ> ~r_ BÝQ>|{gQ>r, EJb Am°\$
B§{gS>|g Am{X Ho$ én _| {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& àmßV ZVrµOm| Ho$
AmYma na d¡km{ZH$m| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ SPPC _oH¡${ZµµÁ_
FWM - SPB (AVm© V ² {g_w b o Q >o S > \$mo Q >mo [ aEo Š Q>rd
~¡H$ñH¡$Q>[a¨J) h¡ Ÿ&
({_em har *, ~r.Ama.Eg. ~m~w * Am¡a ~r. amKd|Ð àgmX)
Zm°Z-dmoboQ>mBb Am°pßQ>H$b _o_mo[aO Ho$ {bE \$moQ>mo
[a\«$¡ {ŠQ>d {H«$ñQ>b
{MÌ -
21 : Diffraction efficiency as a function of
pump-probe ration.
hmobmoJ«m{\$H$ _o_moarµO AË`§V é{M H$m {df` h¡ Am¡a Bg_|
nma§n[aH$ _o_mo[aµO H$s VwbZm _| H$B© gw{dYmE§ Ÿ& {deofVmE§
h¢ Ÿ& ZE hmobmoJ«m{\$H$ _o_moarµO _| _ëQ>rßbo{Šg§J Ho$ O[aE à{V
KZ g|Q>r_rQ>a H$B© gm¡ {JJm~mBQ> H$s S>mQ>m ñQ>moaoO S>|Q>{gQ>r hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m`© Ho$ g§~§Y _| d¡km{ZH$m| Zo 488 EZ E_ H$m Cn`moJ
H$aHo$ Fe:Li Nb O3 Am¡a Fe: Ce: Ti: Li Nb O3 na AÜ``Z
H$s [anmoQ>© àñVwV H$s h¡ Ÿ& \o$g J«qo Q>J \$m°_e
} Z Am¡a BaoO
µ a ñQ>S>rO
µ
Xmohar-{H$aU q~~ H${ßb§J Q>oH$ZrH$ Ho$ Cn`moJ Ûmam {H$`m J`m
h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| {H«$ñQ>bm| Ho$ {bE \o$g J«¡qQ>J Ho$ Q>mB_ Bdmoë`weZ H$m
AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h nm`m J`m h¡ {H$ J«oqQ>J Ho$ g§nyU©
J«moW _| bJm hþAm g_` n§n Am¡a àmo~ qH$aU q~~m| Ho$ BÝQ>|{gQ>r
AZwnmV na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m boIZ g_` BÝQ>|{gQ>r
AZwnmV `m ({MÌ - 21) _| d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW ~‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& gj_Vm
m0 Ho$ _m_bm| _| EH$ {ZpíMV d¡ë`y VH$ ~‹T>Vr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$
~mX dh KQ>Zo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Fe:Li NbO3 Am¡a Fe:
Ce: Ti: LiNbO3 Ho$ {bE H«$_e: 51.7% Am¡a 58% H$s {ddV©Z
j_Vm àmßV H$s h¡ Ÿ& ñQ´>m§J n§n Bbw{_ZoeZ H$s CnpñW{V _|
J«oqQ>J {S>Ho$ AnojmH¥$V H$_ Xa go hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h AË`§V Cn`moJr
Am¡a H$maJa A{^bjU h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam bJ^J J¡a-dmînerb
hmobmoJ«m{\$H$ ñ_¥{V CnbãY H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
(àerVm *, ~r.Ama.Eg. ~m~w * Am¡a ~r. amKd|Ð àgmX)
47
g~²-Z¡Zmoao{S>`Z {d`moOZ H$m ñdV: g_m§VaH$mar
Am°pßQ>H$b brda H$m {S>O
µ mBZ Am¡a {ZînmXZ
{à{gµOZ {O`mo_oQ´>r _| Am°pßQ>Šg Ho$ Cn`moJ go `h bm^ h¡ {H$
BZHo$ H$maU narjU Am°ãOoŠQ> na A{YH$ Omoa Zht n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
Bgr{bE Bg {O`mo_oQ´>r H$mo JwéËdr` dod {S>Q>oŠeZ _| \§$S>m_oQ>§b
\$mog}µO Ho$ Q>m°O©gZ ~¡b|g Ho$ narjU _|, O¡dr` à{VXe© g§~§Yr
{deof AÜ``Z _| ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na AmnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg Á`mo_oQ´>r H$m
H$ÝS>ño Q> _¡Q>a {µ\${OŠg _| _hËdnyU© VarHo$ go Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m`© _| d¡km{ZH$m| Zo AnZo `h {dMma àñVwV {H$E h¢ Omo
Am°pßQ>H$ bodg© H$s {S>µOmBZ V¡`ma H$aZo go ~hþV g§~§Õ h¡ VWm
CÝhm|Zo AnZo Ûmam {Z{_©V _erZ H$s {ZînmXH$ j_Vm ~VmB©
h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam _mZH$ goQ>An EnMoa na \$m°Q>moÝg H$mC§Q>
aoQ> VWm {S>\«o$ŠeZ _| g§p»`mH$s` KQ>-~‹T> na {dMma H$aVo hþE
{S>µOmBZ {Z_m©U na ~b {X`m h¡ Ÿ& H$mC§Q> aoQ> Ho$ {S>{µOQ>rH$aU
VWm B_oO ßboZ na \$m°Q>moÝg H$s AmH$mer` AdpñW{V H$m Š`m
à^md n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bgna MMm© H$s JB© h¡ Vm{H$ AmJo CgHo$ AmYma
na dmñVd _| {S>µOmBZ V¡`ma {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
CnamoŠV {ZîH$fm] Am¡a {dMmam| Ho$ AmYma na d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam
ñdV: g_m§VH$mar Am°pßQ>H$b brda {dH${gV {H$`m J`m h¡ {Og_|
AË`{YH$ {dôXZ Am¡a S>m`Zo{_H$ a|O j_Vm h¡ Ÿ& 90 _mBH«$moZ
H$s Mm¡S‹ >mB© Am¡a 182 _mBH«$moZ Ho$ {nM dmbm 110 {ñbQ>²g H$m Eoa¡
{µ\$ëS> b|g Ho$ \$moH$b ßboZ _| gwñWm{nV h¡ Ÿ& Bg µ\$moH$b b|g H$m
b|W 1000 E_ E_ h¡ VWm Omo gr gr E\$ Eb Q²>`y~ go àXrßV
Am¡a Á`mo{VV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Eoa¡ Ho$ n¥ð> ^mJ _| B_oO J«hU {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Omo aoQ´>mo-[aµµâboeZ Ho$ ~mX µ\$moH$b ßboZ Ho$ H$maU ~ZVm
h¡ Ÿ& `h aoQ´>mo - {aµµâboeZ b|g go hQ>H$a ZrMo bJmE JE {_aa go
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
br{Zà gr gr S>r Eoao na B_oµO [aH$mS>© {H$E OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg B_oµO
J«hU H$s Xa à{V goH|$S> 1000 B_oO hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& BZ q~~m| H$mo
{deof àH$ma go {Z{_©V AëJmoarW_ H$s ghm`Vm go àmogog H$aVo
h¢ Ÿ& {Oggo {H$ CZ q~~m| Ho$ H$S>ŠQ> B_oO àmßV {H$E Om gH|$ Ÿ&
Bggo g§~§{YV `§Ì _| ~ 3.10–10 a¡S> HZ–½ H$s H|$ÐH$ ñQ>o{~{bQ>r
hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CZH$s S>m`Zo{_H$ a|O ~ 107 hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
(Ama. H$m¡{eH$, Ama. lr{ZdmgZ, Eg. H$ñVwara§JZ *, E.
g|{Wb Hw$_ma * Am¡a Ho$. d¡JmoZa *)
48
5
Xya~rZ Am¡a doYembmE§
5.1
H$moS¡>H¡$Zmb doYembm
A{Yg§aMZmAm| H$m {dH$mg
H$moS>¡H$mZb _| ñHy$br H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ CÔoí` H$mo boH$a B§Q>aZoQ> Am¡a
b¡Z (bmoH$b E[a`m ZoQ>dH©$) H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© JB© h¡ Am¡a Cgo
doYembm _| {H«$`mpÝdV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ> W«wnwQ> 2 E_ ~r
nr Eg j_Vm H$m h¡ Ÿ& \$mB~a Am°{ßQ>H$ Ho$~b go `wŠV hmB{~«S>
b¡Z (LAN) VWm dmàbog ZoQ>dH©$ gwñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
g§Mma ì`dñWm H$s gwajm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` H$mo boH$a
µ\$màdmb ~Zm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& doYembm Ho$ g_yMo n[aga H$mo
gh`mo{OV H$aZodmbm `h H$m\$s ì`mnH$ ZoQ>dH©$ h¡ {Oggo
H$m`m©b` ^dZ, à`moJembmE§ Am¡a A{V{W J¥h Ow‹S>o hþE h¡ Ÿ&
Ho$ 14 à{VeV go ≈ 1.8 à{VeV A{ZpíMVVm B§Q´>moSy>`wg hmoVr h¡
Omo {H$ CgH$s AZw{H«$`m _¡{Q´>Šg _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
(Ho$.B©. a§JamOZ, Ho$. ZmJmamOw, Ho$.~r. a_oe Am¡a Ho$. e§H$a
gw~«_Ê`Z *)
H$moS>H¡ $mZb doYembm _| Am`ZmoJm« _ Am¡a _¡¾Qo >mJo m« _ H$m
{S>{µOQ>rH$aU
(Ho$.B©. a§JamOZ Am¡a Xrnm§H$a ~¡ZOu)
H$moS>H¡ $mZb doYembm _| H«$_e: 1949 Am¡a 1955 _| \$moQ>mJo m« {\$H$
nona na {O`mo_¡¾o{Q>H$ {µ\$ëS> amC§S> H$s {X Šbm°H$ [aH$m{S>ªJ VWm
Am`Zmoñ\o$à H$s gmC§S> [aH$m{S>ªJ ha nÝÐh {_ZQ> na Ed§ 35
E_ E_ H$s {µ\$ë_ na hmoZmoJ«m_ [aH$m{S>ªJ ewé H$s JB© Wr Ÿ& My±{H$
H$moS>¡H$mZb Mw§~H$s` {dfwdV aoIm Ho$ {ZH$Q> nS>Vm h¡, Bg H$maU
AnZr {Za§VaVm, JwUVm Am¡a AdpñW{V H$mo boH$a Cn`wŠV S>mQ>m~og
AnZr Vah H$m AHo$bm h¡ Ÿ& ñnog d¡Xa Ho$ ~mao _| g§J{hV Am¡a
gwì`dpñWV AÜ``Z Ho$ dmñVo `h S>mQ>m~og do[aE~b [agmog© h¢ Ÿ&
{\$a {S>n BŠdoQ>m[o aAb D$na EQ>_m°ñ\o$à H$s ñnog ŠbmB_oQ>mbo m°Or
Am¡a Cg dmVmdaU _| {Z{hV [d{^Þ Vah H$s H${ßb§J à{H«$`m Ho$
narjU Ho$ {bE ^r S>mQ>m~og _hËdnyU© g§gmYZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE
O
µ ê$ar h¡ {H$ _wpíH$b go {H$E JE BZ narjUm| VWm CgHo$ {ZîH$f©
H$mo g§a{jV H$aHo$ aI| Omo {H$ EZmbm°J \$m°_© go dV©_mZ {S>{OQ>b
\$m°_© _| A§V[aV H$aHo$ nmoñQ>[aQ>r àmßV hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg {S>{µOQ>b \$m°_©
go ÐþV én _| {díbofU g§^d hmoJm Ÿ& `h H$m`© ewé H$aZo Ho$ {bE
AmYma^yV V¡`mar H$s Om MwH$s h¡ Ÿ&
S²>À
w b ~r_ nmobam_oQ>´r Ho$ {bE gj_ _m°S>wbZ ñH$s_
(Oo.EM. emòr Am¡a Oo.dr.Eg.dr. amd)
S²>À
w b ~t_ nmobar_oQ>´ r Ho$ {bE AmR> ñQ>O
µo dmbm g§V{w bV _m°S>w bZ
ñH$s_ dV©_mZ h¡ Ÿ& \$moa ñQ>moH$ n¡am_rQ>a _m°Sw>bZ Ho$ g^r AmR>
ñQ>oOm| _| ~am~a n[a_mÌm _| bJm`m J`m h¡ {OgHo$ \$bñdén
`y{ZQ> H$s Hw$b nmobar_o{Q´>H$ E{â`{eE§gr ~‹T> JB© h¡ Ÿ& S>²`wAb
~r_ {gñQ>_ _| JoZ Q>o~b Eaa g_dmhr gwkmV ~r_ ñd¡qnJ
Q>oH$ZrH$ Ho$ H$maU KQ> JB© h¡ Ÿ& dod ßboQ>m| Ho$ H«$mo_o{Q>H$ ZoMa Ho$
H$maU ñQ>moH$ n¡am_rQ>a H$m dodb|W {S>n|S>|Q> nmobar_o{Q´>H$
E{\${eEÝgr {Z{_©V hþB© h¡ Ÿ& àñVm{dV _m°Sw>bZ ñH$s_ {S>µOmBZ
dod b|W go ~‹S>o dod b|W Ho$ {bE ~ohVa ñQ>moH$ Q Am¡a V
E{\${eE§gr n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Xygar Am¡a XoI| Vmo em°Q>©a dodb|W _|
ñQ>moH$ W H$s ~ohVa E{\${eE§gr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& H$moS>¡H$mZb Q>mda
Q>{o bñH$mon Ho$ ~¡H$-EÝS> `§Ìmdbr Ho$ én _| gwñWm{nV nmobar_rQ>a
H$m A§em§H$Z H$a {b`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& H§$ß`wQ>a {g_wboeZ go nVm
Mbm h¡ {H$ nmobar_rQ>a Ho$ A§em§H$Z Ho$ Xm¡amZ AmH$mer` {dôXZ
5.2
df© 2006 _| gm¡a ^m¡{VH$s H$mo boH$a erVH$mbrZ ñHy$b H§$ß`yQ>am|
dmbm EH$ H¡$ß`yQ>a b¡~ ~Zm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg b¡~ _| IDL Am¡a
\$m°aQ´>mZ O¡go gmB§{Q>H$ H§$ß`yqQ>J gm°âQ>doà go `wŠV Xmo qàQ>a
bJmE JE Ÿ& H$moS>¡H$mZb Ho$ àojmJ¥h H$mo AmYw{ZH$s H$aU {H$`m
J`m h¡ {Oggo dhm§ dr{S>`mo - H±$\«|$qgJ, _moQ>amBÁS> pñH«$Z,
_ëQ>r_r{S>`m àmoO
µ Šo Q>a Am¡a hodr S>çQy >r \µ $moQ>mHo $m°{nà H$s gw{dYmE§
CnbãY hmo JB© h¢ Ÿ& CnamoŠV H$^r àUm{b`m§ gwñWm{nV hmo
MwH$s h¢ Am¡a CZH$m narjU {H$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&
doUw ~mny doYembm, H$mdbya
1.3 _rQ>a
Q>{o bñH$mon g§~Y
§ r n[a`moOZm
doUw ~mny doYembm _| gwñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ Z`m 1.3
_rQ>a EnM©a Q>o{bñH$mon _§Jm`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& VBO hr My±{H$
EH$_mÌ Eogm H|$Ð h¡ {Oggo X{jUr AmH$me _| _¡Jbo {¡ ZH$ ŠbmCS²>g
VH$ àojU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Q>{o bñH$mon go ì`mnH$ joÌ H$mo
B_oO
µ J«hU H$aZo Ho$ {bE {b`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {Og_| `h gw{dYm ^r
h¡ {H$ g_H$mbrZ CCD Eao Ho$ dmñVo Bgo H$m_ _| bm`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
Bg Q>{o bñH$mon H$s à_wI [deofVmE§ {ZåZ{b{IV h¢ :
1.
130 g|._r. EnM©a arMo-H«o${Q>Z H$pÝ\$JwaoeZ H$m hmoZm Ÿ&
2.
â`yÁS> {g{bH$m \$sëS> H$aŠQ>a hmoZm {Oggo {H$ 30 AmH©${^Z
H$m H$aoŠQ>oH$ µâb¡Q> \$sëS> J«hU {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
3.
15 _mBH«$moZ (0.3 AmH©$goH$) {nŠgob _| > 75% BÝŠdm`S>©
BZOu dmbm h²dmBQ> bmBQ> B_oµO J«hU H$aZo H$s j_Vm H$m
hmoZm Ÿ& gmW hr g§nyU© 30 AmH©${_Z {µ\$ëS> Ho$ dmñVo EH$
gmBS> (0.65 AmH©$goH$) _| ñŠdmà 30 _mBH«$moZ Ho$ ^rVa
90% EZOu H$m hmoZm Ÿ&
4.
49
A§em§H$Z H$aZm, goH$| S>ar S´>mBd brS> ñH«$y S´>mBd H$mo AnS>Qo > H$aZm,
_erZr Om±M H$aZm, ~¡b|qgJ H$aZm VWm _{O_wW S´>mBd H$m
EbmB§_Q| > H$aZm Ÿ& Mmby df© Ho$ Xm¡amZ gm_Zo AmB© {deof g_ñ`mE§
{ZåZ{b{IV Wr :
1.
[a_moQ> Am°naoeZ Ho$ EH$ _m¡H$o na ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU EŠgnmoO
µ a
hwAm Ÿ& Bg KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mX {S>ñQ>rëS> dmQ>a Ho$ àmB_ar {_aa
H$mo gm\$ {H$`m J`m Ÿ& HFOSC Zm_H$ nhbo Am°pßQ>H$b
E{b_|Q> H$mo ^r gm\$ {H$`m J`m Ÿ&
2.
goH|$S>ar S´>mBd `y{ZQ> Ho$ Hw$N> _mBH«$mo_rQ>a ~r`[a¨J AmCQ>
{H$`m J`m Ÿ& A{V[aŠV nwO} _±JdmE JE, qH$Vw ò nwO}
Amo[aOZ Ho$ R>rH$ AmH$ma _| CnbãY Z hwE Ÿ& EH$ `y{ZQ> _|
µOéaV Ho$ AZwgma n[adV©Z {H$`m J`m Am¡a Bg H$m`© _|
~|Jbya Am¡a hmÝbo Ho$ _oH¡${ZH$b {S>µOmBZ goŠeZ Am¡a
dH©$em°n Ho$ B§Or{Zà d¡km{ZH$m| Am¡a VH$Zr{e`Zm| H$s
_XX br JB© h¡ Ÿ& S´>mBd `y{ZQ> _| {Kgmd dmbr Hw$N> pñdM|
^r ~Xbr JBª Ÿ& _¡gg© EUST Ûmam àMmbZ g§~Y§ r N>mQo >r_moQ>r g_ñ`mAm| na OëXr Ü`mZ {X`m J`m Omo ewé _| B_ob
go {H$`m J`m Am¡a ~mX _| CZHo$ _oH¡${ZH$ H$m`©ñWb na
AmE Ÿ&
3.
Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ H§$Q´>mob H§$ß`yQ>a _| ~ma-~ma Iam~r hþB© Ÿ&
{S>ñH$ H$s ~ma-~ma pŠbqZJ H$aHo$, dmBag MoH$ H$aHo$,
{S>\«¡$½_|Q>oeZ Ûmam VWm H$^r-H$^r ñnoà {S>ñH$ Am{X
bJmH$a Iam~r Xya H$s JB© Ÿ&
{~Zm H$aoŠQ>a Ho$ R-C \$moH$g _| > 55% BÝgŠdmà EZOu
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h EZOu 0.6 AmH©$goH$ {nŠgb Am¡a 30
AmH©${_Z {µ\$ëS> àmB_ar _| F/2.5 hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& A§{V_ RC
\$moH$b ao{gAmo F/8 Am¡a ßboQ> ñHo$b 20.63 AmH©$goH$/mm.
H$mdbya Ho$ b¡{Q>À`yS> _| R>rH$ ~¡R>o, Q>o{bñH$mon H$m _oH¡${ZH$b
_mC§qQ>J Am¡a CgH$m {S>µOmBZ BQ>oaoeZ Eogm ~Zm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ {bE na{H$pënV d¡km{ZH$ àmoJ«m_ H$s µOéaV Ho$
AZwgma Am°{ßQ>H$b {gñQ>_ V¡`ma H$aZo H$m H$m_ nyam {H$`m Om
MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& `h Q>o{bñH$mon {Xg§~a, 2008 VH$ {en_|Q> Am¡a
gwñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmo OmE Jm Ÿ& Bg Q>o{bñH$mon _|
Hw$N> gmao gh`moOr CnH$aU H$s {S>O
µ mBZ Am¡a \o$~[aHo$eZ g§ñWmZ
~ZmH$a CnbãY H$amEJm Ÿ& BZ gh`moJr CnH$aUm| Ho$ dmñVo
{_{Z`b W_©b BZa{e`m µOê$ar hmoJr Ÿ&
4 Ho$ {nŠgob Ûmam 4K j_Vm H$m _moµO¡H$ CCD B_oOa g§ñWmZ
Ho$ A§Xa hr {dH${gV {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& `h B_oOa µ\$ñQ>© bmBQ>
_erZ hmoJm Ÿ& _erZ H$o$ AbJ AbJ nmoQ>m] Ho$ {bE Am°Q>moJmBS>a
VWm {µ\$ëQ>a nmo{O
µ eZa H$s {S>O
µ mBZ ~ZmB© Om ahr h¡ {Ogo BÝñQ¯>_Q| >
_mC§qQ>J Š`y~ _| Omo‹S>Zm h¡ Ÿ& _ëQ>r Am°ãOoŠQ> \$mB~a`wŠV
ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ V¡`ma H$aZo Ho$ dmñVo Ama§{^H$ `moOZm H$m {Z_m©U
H$m`© ^r ewé hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&
(E.Ho$. nVr)
5.3
^maVr` IJmob{dkmZ doYembm, hmÝbo
{h_mb`Z M§Ðm Q>{o bñH$mon (EM gr Q>r)
ny{U©_m Ho$ g_` Am¡a CgHo$ Amgnmg _hrZo â Ho$ A§Vamb na
{h_mb`r M§Ðm Q>o{bñH$mon H$m n[ajU Am¡a Cg_| gwYmamË_H$
aI-aImd CZ IJmob{dkm{Z`m| Am¡a B§Or{Zàm| Ûmam {H$`m OmVm
h¡ Omo HCT Ho$ Xb _| hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ H$m`m] _| {ZåZ àH$ma Ho$
narjU Am¡a H$ma©dmB© AmVr h¢ Ÿ& J«hU {H$E OmZodmbo B_oµO H$s
JwUVm H$m narjU, Am°pßQ>H$b \$moH$g/{Q>n/{Q>ëQ> H$m {ZYm©aU,
dod\«§$Q> Šdm{bQ>r MoH$ H$aZm, ßdmB§qQ>J _m°S>ob H$mo AnS>oQ> H$aZm
{h_mb`r M§Ðm Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ A§Xa HFOSC EH$ Eogm H|$Ð
(dH©$hm°g)© h¡ Ohm§ g{H«$`Vm ~Zr ahVr h¢, Ho$db Q>n| aoMa H§$Q´>mbo
H$mS>© _| Hw$N> g_ñ`mE§ ahVr h¢ Ÿ& EH$ A{V[aŠV ñnoà H$mS>©
H$monoZhoJ `y{Zd{g©Q>r H$s doYembm go _§Jdm`m J`m Ÿ& NIR
H¡$_am H$m H§$Q´>mob H§$ß`yQ>a dfmªV _| H«¡$e H$a J`m Ÿ& A~ EH$
AÝ` ZE H§$ß`yQ>a H$mo B§ñQ®>_|Q> {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& CÀM {dôXZ
j_Vm dmbm CCD H¡$_am ~|Jbya _| _§Jdm`m J`m h¡ Am¡a Cgna
AmJo {dH$mg H$m`© {H$E Om aho h¢ Ÿ& Bgna ñnoà 1K x 1K
CCD CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ n[aga _| AZwajU Ho$ {H«$`m
H$bmn MbZo ahVo h¢ {OZ_| B§Q¯>o_|Q> Ho$ {bE {b{ŠdS> ZmBQ´>moOZ
V¡`ma H$aZm, à{V[XZ Xmo ~ma Xrdma H$s Q>m°nqbJ H$aZm Am¡a
_hrZm| na Xrdma H$m {Zdm©VrH$aU em{_b h¡ Ÿ&
(EM.gr.Q>r. Xb)
50
HAGAR Q>{o bñH$mon Eoao
hmB© AëQ>rÀ`yS> Jm_m {H$aUm| (HAGAR) go g§~§{YV IJmobr`
à`moJ hmÝbo _| EH$ g§`wŠV d¡km{ZH$ à`mg h¡ {Og_| ^maVr`
Vmam ^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ Am¡a Q>mQ>m B§ñQ>rÀ`yQ> Am°\$ \$mC§S>oeZ
argM©, hmÝbo {_bH$a H$m_ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& Bg emoYH$m`© _| Jm_m
{H$aUm| H$s Xohar H$mo ZrMo H$aHo$ 4300 m Ho$ \¡$bmd H$s d¡km{ZH$
pñW{V H$m àojU {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& g^r Q>o{bñH$mon Q´>m§gnmoQ>©
H$aHo$ Am¡a nm`m| na bJmE JE h¢ Ÿ& A{YH$Va Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$~b
AmdaUm| _| h¡ Ÿ& do R>rH$ Vah Ho$ H$m_ H$a gH$Vo h¢, BgHo$
_ÔoZµOa BZ g^r Q>o{bñH$mon H$s ì`mnH$ ê$n go Om§M H$a br JB©
h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX CÝh| ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr gmW Mo
Q>o{bñH$mon hmÝbo ôO {XE JE h¢ Am¡a CÝh| ñVå^m| H$s ghm`Vm
go àñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Xya~rZm| g{hV Ý`y _moeZ H§$Q´>mob
B§Q>a\o$g `y{ZQ> H$s ^r AÀN>r Vah Om§M H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a gdm}
na\$m_]g Q´>¡qH$J Ho$ {bE {d{e{ï>`m| Am¡a Ano{jV _mZH$m| Ho$
H$mµ\$s AZwHy$b h¡ Omo{H$ 10 AmH©$goH$ ({Zanoj EÝH$moS>a _| EH$
H$mC§Q>) Ho$ Ama E_ Eg Eaa Ho$ {bE _mÝ` h¡ Ÿ& BZ Q>o{bñH$monm|
H$s VoO J{V Ho$ {bE V~ 2/3 S>oJ à{V goH|$S> H$s Kw_mdXma
ñnrS> àmßV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Ý`y eÅ>a H§$Q´>mob `y{ZQ>| ^r
gwñWm{nV H$s JB© h¢ Ÿ&
Bg gmb VrZ Q>o{bñH$mon nyU©V: ñWm{nV {H$E Om MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a
CZHo$ S´>mBd {gñQ>_ AÀYr Vah H$m_ H$a aho h¢, BgH$s Om±M H$s
Om MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ A{V[aŠV VrZ Q>o{bñH$mon narjU H$m`©
Ho$ dmñVo V¡`ma {H$E JE h¢, BZHo$ A§Xa EÝH$moS>a H$m _oH¡${ZH$b
EbmBÝ_oQ> R>rH$ go {\$Q> {H$`m hþAm h¡, BgH$s Om§M H$s OmZr h¡
Am¡a ~mX _| CZH$m gdm}-Q>oñQ> ^r Ano{jV h¡ Ÿ& g|Q´>b Q>o{bñH$mon
H$mo H$_reZ {H$`m OmZm h¡ Am¡a `h H$m_ OyZ, 2007 go Ama§^
hmo OmEJm Ÿ& EH$ _mo~mBb H«o$Z gwñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _§Jdm`m
J`m h¡ Ÿ& g§ñWmZ _| ñWmZr` ñVa na {dH${gV _mBH«$m| H§$Q´>moba
VWm H§$Q´>mob gm°âQ>doà go H§$ß`yQ>a H$s {Z`§ÌU àUmbr g§Mm{bV
H$s OmEJr Ÿ& Bg g§MmbZ _| haoH$ Q>o{bñH$mon H$m EbmBÝ_oQ> Ed§
ßdmBqQ>J _m°S>ob H$m {ZYm©aU ^r em{_b h¡ Ÿ& H$‹S>mHo$ H$s gXu Ho$
_m¡g_ Ho$ ewé hmoZo Ho$ nhbo CnamoŠV gmar J{V{d{Y`m§ nyar Zht
hmo nmBª Ÿ& AVEd Bg {Xem _| H$m`© df© 2007 Ho$ J«rî_ go nhbo
Ama§^ {H$`m OmEJm &
(EM E Or E Ama Q>r_)
{MÌ - 22 : The institute staff members with the honourable members of Parliamentary committee for Science & Technology,
Environment & Forest, Government of India
{dkmZ Am¡a àm¡Úmo{JH$s, n`m©daU VWm dZ g§~§Yr
g§gXr` g{_{V H$m Xm¡am
{dkmZ Am¡a àmoÚmo{JH$s, n`m©daU VWm dZ (^maV gaH$ma)
g§~§Yr g§gXr` g{_{V Zo ^maVr` IJmobr` doYembm (AmB© E
Amo), boh H$m Xm¡am {H$`m Ÿ& `h Xm¡am {XZm§H$ 10-14 OyZ, 2006
H$s Ad{Y _| Cg H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ {gb{gbo _| {H$`m J`m {OgH$m
CÔoí` Oå_y Am¡a H$mí_ra _| d¡km{ZH$ gw{dYmAm| H$m Om`µOm
boZm Wm Ÿ& àmo\o$ga {dZmoX H¥$îU, S>rZ (AH$mXm_H$ H$m`©) Zo
g{_{V Ho$ gXñ`m| H$m ñdmJV {H$`m Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` IJmob
[dkmZ doYembm _| CnbãY gw{dYmAm| H$s OmZH$mar g{_{V Ho$
gXñ`m| H$mo Xr Ÿ& Bg OmZH$mar _| ^maVr` Vmam ^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ
H$s Cg gm_mÝ` n¥ð>^{y _ H$m CëboI em{_b Wm Omo IJmob {dkmZ
Am¡a VËg§~§Yr d¡km{ZH$ H$m`©-{Xem _| g§ñWmZ Ho$ bú` h¢ Ÿ&
ZoeZb bmO© gmobma Q>{o bñH$mon
ZoeZb bmµO© gmobma Q>o{bñH$mon (NLST) gwñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$
{bE C{MV ñWmZ VbmeZo H$s {Xem _| Bg df© à`mg ewé {H$E
JE Ÿ& ò à`mg g_`~Õ VarHo$ go AbJ-AbJ MaUm| _| {H$E
Om aho h¢ Ÿ& Mm§JWm§J bX²>XmI àñVm{dH$ NLST Ho$ {bE H$B©
H$maUm| H$m\$s AÀN>m Am¡a {dMmaUr` ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& O¡go {H$ dhm±
hmB© AëQ>rÀ`yS>, gX© Am¡a gyIo dmVmdaU H$m hmoZm Ÿ& hmÝbo Ho$
51
Abmdm Prb dmbo ñWmZm| na ^r {dMma {H$`m J`m Š`m|{H$
dmVmdaU Ho$ D$na bmO© dmQ>a ~m°S>r H$m ñWm`r à^md n‹S>Vm h¡,
ImgH$a {XZ Ho$ g_` Bg dmVmdaU H$m à^md CëboIZr` hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ {XbMñn `mÌmAm|, bÔmI joÌ H$s g_J« ñWmbmH¥${V
na {dMma H$aVo hþE Ed§ gmobma Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ {bE AÀN>o VWm
C{MV ñWmZ H$s OéaV {X_mJ _| aIVo hþE `h {_U©` {H$`m
J`m {H$ hmÝbo Am¡a n¢Jm¢J boH$ joÌ Ho$ ~mao _| J§^raVm go {dMma
{H$`m J`m Ÿ& hmÝbo H$s ñWmbmH¥${V _| CVw§J nd©Vm| H$s AdpñW{V
~‹S>r {deofVm h¡, O~{H$ n¢Jm|J boH$ joÌ _| CVw§J nd©V h¡ Am¡a
dhm§ Prb Ho$ gmW-gmW ^maVr` gr_m _| 30 {H$._r. H$m {dñVma
h¡ Ÿ& n¢Jm¢J gy (Pangong TSO) joÌ Á`mXm ~ohVa h¡ Š`m|{H$
`hm§ nya~-npíM_ H$s {Xem _| ñWbr` XrK©VmAmoa {dñVma h¡,
nya~ go npíM_ H$s Am¡a hdm ~hVr h¡, X{jU {H$Zmao ì`mnH$
Am¡a gw{dñV¥V {MnQ>r gVh h¡ Ohm§ go Prb H$m Z`Zm{âm_
Ñí` ZOa AmVm h¡, {\$a `hm§ _mZd g§gmYZ ^r CnbãY h¡ Ÿ&
Prb Ho$ Ob H$mo Ny>Vr hþB© Omo _§X Am¡a ß`mar hdm dhm§ ~hVr h¡,
CgHo$ H$maU `h ñWmZ Am¡a ^r emZXma àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg ñWmZ H$s {deofVm `h ^r h¡ {H$ `hm§ Vmn_mZ H$m\$s
hX VH$ EH$-gm Xoa VH$ ~Zm ahVm h¡ Omo {XZ Ho$ gmobma
pñW{V`m| Ho$ àojU Ho$ {bE AÀN>m hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& D$na {OZ
gH$mamË_H$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m {OH«$ {H$`m J`m h¢ CZHo$ ~mao
_| gyP^yP Am¡a {dñVma go {dMma H$a boZm Mm{BE Ÿ& hmÝbo
{MÌ - 23 : Weather station at the possible site, Pangong lake.
52
go d¡Xa ñQ>oeZ Am¡a nmobmJm|JH$m bm na gmobma nmda ñQ>oeZ
Zd~§a, 2006 _| nm|Jm|J Ho$ ^maVr` ^yjoÌ Ho$ H|$Ð _| _oaH$
Jm§d _| {eâQ> H$a {X`m J`m Ÿ&
d¡Xa H|$Ðm| go àmßV Ama§{^H$ ZVrOo CËgmhdY©H$ h¢ Am¡a BZ_|
gmdYmZr Am¡a gVH©$Vm go ñWbm| na {dMma H$aZm µOê$ar h¡ Ÿ&
`h H$m_ df© 2007 Ho$ J«rî_ go ewé {H$`m OmZm h¡ Ÿ&
df© 2006 _| à`mg {H$E JE {H$ g§^m{dV C{MV ñWmZm| H$s
Om±M naI Ho$ {bE µOê$ar `§Ìmdbr _§JmB© OmE Am¡a CZH$m
Cn`moJ {H$`m OmE Ÿ& gmobma {S>\o$a|{e`b B_oO _mogZ _m°ZrQ>a
(SDIMM) Am¡a em¡S>mo ~¢S> a|qOJ (SHABAR) `§Ì Am¡a
CnH$aU ZoeZb gmobma Am°ãOd}Q>ar, Q>ŠgZ go CYma AmYma
na _§JdmE JE Wo Ÿ& SDIMM Am¡a SHABAR CnH$aU df©
2006 H$s Xygar N>_mhr _| _§JdmE JE Wo Am¡a Cgo ~|Jbya
n[aga _| d¡km{ZH$m| Am¡a VH$Zr{e`Zm| Ho$ n[aM` Ho$ {bE
bJdm`m J`m Wm Ÿ& {\$a BgH$m CÔoí` `h ^r Wm {H$ Ama§{^H$
àojU Ho$ {bE BgH$s Om§M H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ& _rS>o S>o{bñH$mon H$s
~¡b|qgJ O¡gr Hw$N> ES>¡ßQ>oeZ {H«$`m-H$bmn, dr{S>`mo CnH$aUm|
H$s CnbãYVm VWm XyañW joÌm| _| _erZm| Ho$ àMmbZ Ho$ {bE
A{V[aŠV nwOm] H$s IarX g§~§Yr H$m`© {H$E JE Ÿ& ~|Jbya pñWV
BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg Am¡a Am°pßQ>Šg bo~moaoQ´>rµO _| gwñWm{nV SDIMM
Am¡a SHABAR Ho$ Sw>pßbHo$eZ Am¡a ES>¡ßQ>oeZ Ho$ H$m`© ^r ewé
{H$E JE Ÿ&
_mBH«$mo-W_©b _mnZ Ho$ dmñVo CÞV CnH$aU {dH${gV H$aZo
Ho$ H$m`© ewé {H$E JE Ÿ& gmobma Q´>oH$am|, gZ-\$moQ>mo_rQ>a,
{nahr{b`mo _rQ>a, _m¡g_ H$s ^{dî`dmUr Ho$ {bE `§Ì ì`dñWm
VWm A{daV AmH$meu` H¡$_am O¡go CnH$aUm| H$s IarX Ho$ {bE
H$m`©dmB© H$s JB© Ÿ& Cn`w©ŠV _erZr CnH$aU gwñWm{nV {H$E
JE, Bg CÔoí` H$mo boH$a {OµOmBZ V¡`ma H$aZo H$m H$m_ Ama§^
{H$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& BZ CnH$aUm| H$s Eoa¡ H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE
Omo àojU {H$E OmVo h¢, CgHo$ ~ohVa ñWmZm| Ho$ M`Z Am¡a
_yë`m±H$Z Ho$ {bE Ano{jV BÝnwQ> {_b|Jo Ÿ&
hmÝbo _| gwñWm{nV `§Ìm| H$s ghm`Vm go {Za§Va Omo àojU H$m`©
1998 go 2006 VH$ H$s Ad{Y _| {H$E JE h¢, Cggo àmßV
AmH$mer` AdpñW{V Ho$ [aH$mS>m], _m¡g_r Am±H$‹S>m| Am¡a Ñí`
[aH$mS>ª H$s Om§M H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& {H$VZo {XZm| AmH$me ñdÀN> ahoJm,
BgHo$ ~mao _| AZw_mZ bJmZo Ho$ {bE nmBamZmo_rQ>a S>mQ>m H$m
Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m Ÿ& BZ Am±H$‹S>m| H$mo Ñí` Am±H$‹S>m| go Omo‹S>H$a
{Xdg H$mbrZ pñW{V`m| Ho$ ~mao _| gm_mÝ` _yë`m§H$Z {ZîH$f©
hmÝbo àojU Ho$ AmYma na {XE Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& qdS> Am¡a AmÐ©Vm
g§~§Yr S>mQ>m H$m narjU ^r {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {Oggo {H$ gmobma
pñW{V `m| H$m àojU Cn`moJr g_`md{Y _| H$s Om gHo$ Ÿ& _raH$
go d¡Xa ñQ>oeZ S>mQ>m H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Vm{H$ ñdÀN>
AmH$mer` AdñWm ñWmZ na dm`dr pñW{V Ho$ ~mao _| AZw_mZ
{H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
(Eg.nr. ~mJmao, Eg.Eg. hgZ, Q>r.Or. A{XË`m, Oo.nr.E.
g¡_gZ, Q>r.nr. à^w, `m§JMwH$ S>mO
o ,} E_.nr. qgh, OJXod qgh,
Ho$.nr. amOw, E.Ho$. gH$goZm, Ama lr{ZdmgZ, Or. lr{Zdmgwb,w
nr.`y. H$m_V, Ho$.B©. a§JamOZ Am¡a Wå~Q>¢J S>m¡O})
5.4
H«$o ñQ>, hmogH$moQ>o
d¡km{ZH$ emoYH$m`©
hmÝbo pñWV 2 _rQ>a {h_mb`Z M§Ðm Q>o{bñH$mon go IJmob
{dkm{Z`m| Zo {dkmZ Am¡a àm¡Úmo{JH$s g§~§Yr AZwg§YmZ Am¡a
{ejm H|$Ð (H«o$ñQ>) go XyañW S>mQ>m g§J«h {H$E h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$m`©
Ho$ {bE H«o$ñQ> _| CnbãY g¡Q>bmBQ> H$å`w{ZHo$eZ {b§H$ H$m
Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m Ÿ& ^maVr` Vmam ^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ Ho$ IJmob
{dkm{Z`m| H$m EH$ Xb Bg n[aga go {Za§Va H$m_ H$aVo ahVo
h¢ Ÿ& ò do d¡km{ZH$ h¢ Omo Cn`w©ŠV Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ à_wI Cn`moJ
H$Vm© h¢ Ÿ& IJmob{dXm| H$m `h H$m`©Xb gw{Z{íMV H$aVm h¡
{H$ ò Q>o{bñH$mon Am¡a H$å`w{ZHo$eZ qbH$ H$s CnbãY `§Ì
ì`dñWm AÀN>r AdñWm _| aho Am¡a Bg CÔoí` Ho$ {bE g|Q>a
\$m°a [agM© E§S> ESw>Ho$eZ BZ gmB§g E§S> Q>oH$Zmobm°Or (H«o$ñQ>)
VWm AmB© E Amo Ho$ B§Or{Zà B©_mZXmar go gVV² H$m_
H$aVo ah| Ÿ&
H«o$ñQ> Ho$ boµOa bo~moaoQ>ar _| AZwg§YmZ g§~§Yr H$m`© H$bmn Am¡a
H«o$~oŠg Ho$ à`moJ ^r Mmby df© _| MbVo aho Omo {H$ gy`© Am¡a YaVr
Ho$ ~rM g§~Y§ na H|${ÐV H$m`© aho h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm boO
µ a bo~moaQo >ar
H$s H$m`©{Xem _| ^r Hw$N> {H«$`m H$bmn Omar aho Ÿ& Mmby df© Ho$
Xm¡amZ Q>md° Šo g Ho$ gm°âQ>dò a {dH$mg go OwS‹ >m H$m`©Xb ~|Jbya n[aga
_| ñWmZm§V[aV {H$E JE Ÿ& E_ Or Ho$ _¡ZZ ñnog gmB§gO
µo bo~moaQo >ar
_| {dH$mg g§~§Yr H$m`© MbVo aho VWm ò H$m`© AmJm_r df© ^r
Omar ah|Jo &
àm¡Úmo{JH$s` {dH$mg
àm¡Úm|{JH$s` {dH$mg H$s {Xem _| bmO© Q>o{bñH$mon H$mo
gwñWm{nV H$aZo H$mo boH$a ñWmZ Ho$ M`Z g§~§Yr H$m`©
MbVo aho {Og_| hmÝbo pñWV dV©_mZ `§Ìmdbr H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m J`m Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| {dH$mg g§~§Yr H$m`© {S>\o$a|{e`b
B_oµO _moeZ _m°ZrQ>aZ BÝñQ¯>_|Q> H$s ñd-Mm{bV ì`dñWm Ho$
_mÜ`_ go {H$E JE Ÿ& {h_mb`Z M§Ðm Q>o{bñH$mon _| S>mQ>m
AmH$m©Bìg AÝ` CëboIZr` joÌ h¡ Ohm§ _hËdnyU© {dH$mg
H$m`© hþ E h¢ Ÿ& `h nw a mVËdr` H| $ Ð AbJo df© AnZm
{d{YdV² H$m`© Ama§^ H$aoJm Ÿ& {h_mb`Z M§Ðm Q>o{bñH$mon
H$m [a_moQ> Am°naoeZ gwMmE hmo gHo$, BgHo$ dmñVo gm°µâQ>doà
{dH$mg H$m H$m`© Omar h¡ Ÿ& A{Ib AmH$mer` H¡ $ _am
{OgH$m àMmbZ A~ VH$ _¡ { H$JZ go {Z`§ { ÌV ahm
h¡, H$m àMmbZ {\$b hmb ñWmZr` IAO go {Z`§{ÌV hmo
MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& Bggo g§~§{YV B_oµO H«o$ñQ> hmo_noO Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
CnbãY h¢ Ÿ&
{dkmZ Am¡a àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s {ejm
AZoH$ H$m`©H$« _ h¢ {OZHo$ _mÜ`_ go H«$o ñQ> {dkmZ Am¡a àm¡Úmo{JH$s`
H$s {ejm _| AnZm `moJXmZ H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& BZ H$m`©H«$_m| _|
Q>o{bñH$mon H$m XyañW Am°naoeZ Am¡a CgH$m {XIm`m OmZm
_w»` h¡ Ÿ& H«o$ñQ> Zo emoY VWm à{ejU g§~§Yr CZ H$m`©H«$_m|
Ho$ joÌ _| _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ {H$E h¢ Omo HCT _| MbmE
Om aho h¢ Ÿ& à{ejw B§Or{Zà S>mQ>m AmH©$Bd Am¡a gmBQ>
H¡$aoŠQ>EBOoeZ B§ñQ¯>_|Q>oeZ Ho$ {dH$mg H$m`© _| bJo hþE h¢ Ÿ&
E_.Eg.gr. Am¡a ~r.B©. Ho$ AZoH$ ñQ>oS>w ÝQ>g² H«o$ñQ> _| AnZo
nmR>²`H«$_ g§~§Yr n[a`moOZm H$m`© H$aVo h¢ {Og_| ^maVr`
Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ AWdm H«o$ñQ> Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ CZHo$ _mJ©Xe©Z
H$Vm© hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
H«o$ñQ> Ûmam EM.gr.Q>r Ho$ XyañW Am°naoeZ H$m {S>_m§ñQ´>oeZ
Am¡a dr{S>`mo - H$Ý\«|$qgJ CnH$aU H$s _XX go Q>o{bñH$mo{nH$
gw{dYm H$m M_ËH$ma {XImZo H$m H$m`©H«$_ Am`mo{OV {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& B§{S>`Z EñQ´>moZmo{_H$b Am°ãOd}Q´>r Ho$ {dH$mg H$m
g§{jßV B{Vhmg Ed§ IJmob [dkmZ Ho$ joÌ _| ñWb M`Z Ho$
_hËd H$s ì`m»`m BZ H$m`©H«$_m| _| H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Mmby df©
_| àojU VWm {S>_m§ñQ´>oeZ H$m`©H«$_ XoIZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$
dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Xm¡am {H$`m & BZ g^r J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ gmW-
53
gmW em¡H$sZ VWm Aì`dgmWr AZoH$ IJmob ào{_`m| Zo H«o$ñQ>
_| AnZr amV {~VmB© Am¡a AnZo - AnZo CnH$aUm| AmH$mer`
pñW{V H$m AdbmoH$Z {H$`m Ÿ&
5.5
ao{S>`mo Q>{o bñH$mon, Jm¡[a{~XZya
Jm¡ar{~XZya ao{S>`mo hrb`moJm« \$ (GRH) H$m AnJ«So >e
o Z
à`mg {H$E Om aho h¢ {H$ Or Ama EM Eoao H$s g§doXZerbVm
Am¡a E|Jwba {dôXZ j_Vm ~‹T>mB© OmE Ÿ& AJa 200 A{V[aŠV
Eb nr S>r gwñWm{nV H$a {XE OmE§ Vmo q~~m| H$m AmH$ma
nya~, npíM_ Am¡a X{jU {XemAm| _| dV©_mZ 600 _r. go
~‹T>H$a bJ^J 1500 _r. hmo OmEJm Ÿ& `§Ìm|_| bJmE JE
E|Q>rZm 64 Cn-g_yhm| go {g¾bm| H$m àmogog H$aZo Ho$ {bE
µOê$ar h¡ {H$ 5000 M¡Zbm| dmbr {S>{µOQ>b ~¡H$ EÝS> {gñQ>o_
gwñWm{nV H$s OmE Ÿ& [agrda àUmbr {Z{_©V H$s OmE
BgHo$ {bE g§H$ënZm {S>µOmBZ V¡`ma {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg g§~§Y _| `moOZm h¡ {H$ CÞV àUmbr Ho$ {bE 6 MHz
j_Vm bmµO© BW {b`m OmE Omo dV©_mZ 2 MHz Ho$ BW
Ho$ ~Xbo _| hmoJm Vm{H$ Cg_| ~ohVa g|{g{Q>{dQ>r hmo Ÿ&
12 MHz dmbo g¢ n {bJ Šbm° H $ Ho $ gmW H$m_ H$ao , Eo g o
àmoQ>moQ>mBn `y{ZQ> H$s {S>µOmBZ ~ZmB© JB© h¡ Ÿ& Eogr `y{ZQ> erK«
hr Jm¡ar{~XZya _| gwñWm{nV H$s OmEJr Ÿ&
(Ama. a_oe, Ho$.Ama. gw~«_Ê`Z, E_.Eg. gw§XamamOZ Am¡a
gr. H${WamdZ)
~«m{O{b`Z S>g
o r_r{Q´>H$ Eoao (BDA) Xygam \µ $o g
nhbo µ\o$g _| 6 E§Q>rZm dmbm [a{gda {gñQ>_ BDA Am°~O
µ d}Q>ar
_| gwñWm{nV {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& Bg doYembm _| Xygam \µ $o g [a{gda
{gñQ>_ bJm`m OmZm h¡ {Og_| 38 nmam~mo{bH$ E§Q>rZm bJmE
OmE§Jo Ÿ& BZ nmam~mo{bH$ E§Q>rZm go {g¾bm| H$mo àmogog H$aZo
Ho$ {bE 1500 M¡Zb dmbm {S>{µOQ>b H$m°[aboQ>a {gñQ>_ Ano{jV
h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m°[aboQ>a {gñQ>_ H$m g§H$ënZm {S>µOmBZ na H$m_ Mb
ahm h¡ Ÿ&
(E_.Eg. gw § X aamOZ, Ho $ .Ama. gw ~ « _ Ê`_ Am¡ a
Ama. a_oe)
54
Jm¡ar{~XZya ao{S>`mo Eoao gmobma ñnoŠQ´>mJo m« \$ (GRASS)
Jm¡ar{~XZya ao{S>`mo Eoao gmobma ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ (J«mg) àUmbr _| 8
bm°J§ nr[aAmo{S>H$ S>mBnmob dmbm EH$ Eoa,o EH$ ñnoŠQ´>_ EZmbmBµOa
Am¡a EH$ S>mQ>m EŠdr{µOeZ {gñQ>_ em{_b hmo `h ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$
250 KHz H$s {\«$Šd|gr [agmoë`weZ Am¡a 43 m sec Ho$ EH$
Q>mB_ [agmoë`weZ g_oV 30 - 150 MHz H$s {\«$Šd|gr a|O _|
H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Jm¡ar{~XZya ao{S>`mo Eoao gmobma ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$
à{V{XZ bJ^J 04:00 UT H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg `§Ìmdbr H$m
Cn`moJ âboà H$s {H«$`merbVm Am¡a gy`©-{H$arQ>r` _mg
BOoŠeZ Ho$ ao{S>`mo {g¾oMa H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{MÌ - 24 : Gauribidanur Radio Array Solar Spectrograph
(GRASS). The Agilent spectrum analyzer along with
control and data acquisition PC are shown.
(B©. B~|ZmBµOa, Ama. a_oe, E_.Eg. gw§Xam amOZ Am¡a
Ho$.Ama. gw~«_Ê`Z)
6
6.1
55
~|Jbya n[aga H$s g{H«$`VmE§
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$s bo~moaoQ´>r
Ý`y B©B©dr 44-82 Bgobo gr gr S>r H¡$_am àUmbr
doUw ~mny doYembm _| Eebo ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ J«oS> – 4 EEV {Mn Ho$
gmW H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& A~ EH$ Z`m H¡$_am J«oS> –0 gr gr S>r {Mn
dmbm {Z{_©V {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& g|ga 2048 bmBZm| Am¡a 4096
H$m°b_m| ({Og_| 15 x 15 _mBH«$moZ {nñHo$b bJo h¢) H$s EEV
48 - 82 _¡{Q´>Šg na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& J«oS> ‘0’ g|ga 150 k [b{ŠdS>
ZmBQ´>moµOZ {H«$`moñQ>¡Q> _| gwñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& EH$b bú`
dmbm DSP àmoggo a hmoñQ> nr gr go gh`mo{OV én _| H$m_ H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& `h nr gr GUI H$s g{dYm (J«¡{µ\$H$b `yµOa B§Q>a\o$g)
àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h nr gr S>mQ>m g§J«hU, S>mQ>m g§gmYZ, B_oµO
ñQ>moaoµO VWm B_oµO àmogo{gJ§ µ\$sMam| go `wŠV h¡ Ÿ& `hm bJm`m
hþAm H¡$_am {gñQ>_ H$mo µ\$mBZ-Q>²`yZ {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {Oggo {H$
Zm°`J n\$m©_]g H$mo AmpßQ>_mBµO {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& `h àUmbr df©
2007 _| _Ü` VH$ VBT Eebo ñnoŠQ´>moJ«m\$ _| gh`mo{OV H$s
OmEJr Ÿ&
QNX Ho$ A§VJ©V CCD EoŠdr{µOeZ
gm°âQ>dò a
dV©_mZ _| EH$ Z`m arAb Q>mB_ Am°nao[Q§>J {gñQ>_ ~|Jbya n[aga
_| CnbãY hmo MwH$m h¡ {Ogo QNX H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& `h {gñQ>_ arAb
Q>mB_ g§~§Yr gm°µâQ>doà {dH${gV H$aoJm Ÿ& QNX H$s _hËdnyU©
{deofVmAm| _| ò em{_b h¢ Ÿ& POSIX H§$ßbmE§g, _mBH«$mo H$Z©b
Am{H$©Q>oŠMa, àmogog _¡ZoµOa, _ogoµO nmqgJ n¡am{S>½_, Eg E_
nr, HAS (hmB© Edobo{d{bQ>r {gñQ>_), {H«${Q>H$b àmogog
_m°ZrQ>aZ Ÿ& `h QNX àUmbr {deofH$a Bå~oS>oS> arAb-Q>mB_
AßbrHo$eZ S>odbn_|Q> Ho$ {bE Cn`wŠV h¡ Ÿ& [agmog© _¡ZoµOa EH$
`yµOa b¡db àmoJ«m_ h¡ Omo AÝ` àmoJ«m_m| go _ogoO J«hU H$aVm h¡
Am¡a hmS>©doà go Cgo Omo‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `h Eogr àmogoO h¡ Omo nmWZo_
ñnog (eg/dev/ser1) _| nm`Zo_ àr{µ\$Šg a{OñQ>a H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg_| AÝ` àmogog Cn`w©ŠV go Ow‹S> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& [agmog© _¡ZoµOa
{bZwŠg _| bJo {S>dmBg S´>mBda go Jhao Ow‹S>m h¡, qH$Vw _w»` A§Va
`h h¡ {H$ {S>dmBg S´>mBŠQ> {bZwŠg _| EH$ H$Z©b _mo‹S>`wb h¡,
O~{H$ QNX Zm_H$ {gñQ>_ _| [agmog© _¡ZoµOa EH$ `wµOa b¡db
àmoJm« _ h¡ Ÿ& QNX _| gr gr S>r H¡$_am gm°âQ>doà H$m {dH$mg
ŠbmB§Q> - gd©a àmoJ«m_ Ho$ én _| {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& `h gd©a
àmoJ«m_ [agmog© _¡ZoOa Wm Omo hmS>©doà go Ow‹S>m Wm Am¡a Ano{jV
Q>mñH$ nyam H$aVm Wm Ÿ& âbmB© _| H$Z}b Ho$ gmW àmogog H$mo BZ Ÿ&
AmCQ> _| Omo‹S>Vo h¢. \$m°Q>moZ (`h _mBH«$mo GUI S>do bna hmoVm h¡)
H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE Or `y AmB© (J«m{\$H$ `yµOa B§Q>a\o$g)
{dH${gV {H$`m J`m Vm{H$ Cn`moJ - H$Vm© Am¡a ŠbmBÝQ> EH$
Xygao go Ow‹S> gH|$ Ÿ& J«mhH$ (ŠbmBÝQ>) [agmog© _¡ZoµOa H$mo `yµOa
H$m [aŠdoñQ> ôOVm h¡ Vm{H$ Ano{jV H$m`© g§nÞ {H$ `m OmE§
(AWm©V² DSP H$m B{Z{gAbmBµOoeZ {H$`m OmE, dmoëQ>oµO Am¡a
{~Amg, S>mH©$, EŠgnmoO Am{X U¡g| àMmbZm| H$mo goQ> {H$`m
OmE Ÿ&) Ano{jV B_oO S>mQ>m FITS \$m°_}Q> _| EH$ \$mBb Ho$
A§Xa {bIoOmVo h¢ Am¡a Cg arQ>oZ \$mBb H$mo hmB© {S>ñH$ _| ñQ>moa
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& dV©_mZ _| B_oµO J«hU gm°âQ>doà H$m `h de©Z B_oµO
g§J«hU H$a boVm h¡, qH$Vw CgH$m {díbofU {bZwŠg àUmbr na
{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{bZwŠg Ho$ A§VJ©V gr gr S>r B_oµO J«hU g§~§Yr
gm°âQ>doà
g[hV C++ H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE {bZwŠg Ho$ A§Xa
nhbo B_oO EoŠdr{µOeZ gm°âQ>doà {dH${gV {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ&
ŠbmBÝQ>/gd©a _m°S>ob na AmYm[aV Bg gm°âQ>doà _| gr gr S>r
B_oO J«hU H$aZodmbo gm°âQ>doà H$m_ H$aVo Wo {Oggo gd©a d¡go
g_` _| H$m_ H$aVm Wm O~ ŠbmBÝQ> {S>ñßbo Ho$ {bE J«¡{µ\$H$b
`yµOa B§Q>a\o$g CnbãY H$admVm Wm Ÿ& `h {gñQ>_ gm°âQ>doà
_mH$m}Zr VWm 2K x 2K Q>oH$ g|ga Ho$ AmYma na 2K x 4K gr gr
S>r g|ga Ho$ {bE {dH${gV {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& Bg g§Jh« U gm°âQ>dò a
_| bJ^J 4 {_ZQ> 23 goH|$S> H$s Q>mBq_J Wr Ÿ& `h g§J«hU
Q>mB_ H$_ {H$`m OmE, BgHo$ {bE hmS>©doà H$mo g§emo{YV {H$`m
J`m Vm{H$ 2K x 4K g|ga na CnbãY Sw>Ab arS> AmCQ> H$s
gw{dYm {_b gHo$ Ÿ& Bgr Vah g§J«hU gm°âQ>doà _| ^r `Wmo{MV
gwYma {H$`m J`m Ÿ&
Gtkmm
gdm©{YV C{MV NLST ñWb Ho$ M`Z Ho$ dmñVo _mBH«$mo
W_©b S>mQ>m g§Jh« U àUmbr
M`{ZV ñWbm| na VèwXm goßaoeZ Ho$ {bE {S>\$o am|{enb Vmn_mZ
Ho$ _mnZ Ûmam Q>{o bñH$mon go àojU H$m`©H$« _ H$s n[a`moOZm ~ZmB©
JB© h¡ Ÿ& `h àojU Img D±$MmB© na _mBH«$mo W_©b pñW{V Ho$ {bE
hmoJm Ÿ& Bg n[a`moOZm H$m bú` kmV Xyar na AbJ - AbJ
AdpñWV Xmo ßdmB§Q>m| Ho$ ~rM {S>\o$a|{e`b Vmn_mZ Ho$ _mnZ
Ûmam Vmnr` à^md kmV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& _mZ br{OE {H$ dh kmV
D±$MmB© (Xyar) h h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _mnZ H$m`©H«$_ EH$ hr gmW AbJ AbJ D±$MmB© na {H$E OmVo h¢ Vm{H$ boàm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dhm§ Ho$
EH$sH¥$V à^md _mby_ {H$E OmE§ Ÿ& Vmn_mZ g§~§Yr Eogo S>mQ>m
56
Ho$ AmYma na \«$m°`S> Ho$ n¡am_rQ>a gwñWm{nV BŠdoeZ Ho$ _mÜ`_
go àmßV {H$E Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Q>o{bñH$mon go `h àojU n[aJ{UV
\«$m`S>r` n¡am_rQ>a go g§~§{YV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m`m©Ýd`Z _|
Q>oånaoMa àmoãg ì`mdgm{`H$ Vm¡a na CnbãY {µ\$ë_ Q>mBn
ßb¡{Q>Z_ Q>|naoMa {S>Q>oŠQ>a go {bE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `h {S>Q>oŠQ>a 50
mm x 50 mm x 50 mm KZmH$ma Cg ~Šgo _| hmoVm h¡ Omo
E~moZmBQ> go {Z{_©V h¡ Ÿ& H$m§ñQ>|Q>Z dmà H$m N>moQ>m XwH$‹S>m àm¡~
Ho$ XmoZm| {gam| H$mo Omo‹S>Vm h¡ Vm{H$ g{H©$Q> Ho$ g_w{MV ñQ>oO go
W_©b bmoqS>J H$mo AmBgmoboQ> {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ& àm¡~ _| Vmn_mZ
H$m n[adV©Z hmoZo na dmà ao{gñQ>|g _| VXZwén n[adV©Z {XIZo
bJVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ àm¡ãg Ho$ H$maU h²drQ>-ñQ>moZ {~«O H$m bmoAa
Am_© ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE àm¡ãg Ho$ ~rM H$moB© Vmnr` A§Va hmoZo
go {~«O Ho$ AmCQ>nwQ> _| A§Va H$m hmoZm h¡ Ÿ& qgJZb H§${S>gqZJ
BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg Ho$ µO[aE dmoëQ>oO nmg H$aHo$ CËnÞ Ag§VwbZ H$s
_mn {S>{O
µ Q>b én _| àmßV H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h `§Ì-ì`dñWm
AnZm AÀN>m H$m`© {ZînmXZ Xem©o BgHo$ {bE hdrQ> ñQ>moZ {~«O
Am¡a àr E§ßbr\$mà Ho$ D$nar Am_© Ho$ A§Xa {µ\$ŠñS> _oQ>b-{µ\$ë_
ao{gñQ>a bJm`m OmVm h¡ Omo àm¡ãg Ho$ H$m\$s ŠbmoO hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
~mH$s BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ì`dñWm àm¡ãg Ho$ AbJ aIr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& nm§M
AbJ - AbJ D±$MmB`m| na _mnZ H$m`©H«$_ EH$ hr gmW {H$E
OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
\¡$~«r - noam°Q> B§gQ¯>_Q| > Ho$ {bE gm°âµ Q>dò a
AmB© B© B© B© - 488 B§Q>a\o$g H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE \¡$~«rnoam°Q>
B§ñQ¯>_|Q> H$m {Z`§ÌU gm°µâQ>doà qdS>moµO EÝdm`Ý_]Q> Ho$ A§VJ©V
{dH${gV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg _erZ H$m narjU {H$`m Om ahm
h¡ VWm {Xg§~a 2007 VH$ Bgo gmobma Q>mda Q>°Zob Q>o{bñH$mon _|
ñWm{nV {H$`m OmEJm Ÿ&
H$moS>¡H$mZb gmobma Q>Zob Q>o{bñH$mon Ho$ {bE S´>mBd
{gñQ>_ _| gwYma
gy`©H$b§H$ g§~§Yr AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE H$moS>¡H$mZb gmobma
Q>Zob Q>o{bñH$mon H$s _m¡OyXm `§Ì àUmbr Am¡a JmBS> n_m©ßV
Zht ahr h¡ Ÿ& AV: {Z{_©V {H$`m J`m {H$ RA Am¡a DEC _|
µ\$mBZ ñnrS> _yd_|Q> ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE `§Ìmdbr àmßV H$s OmE Ÿ&
Bg `§Ì àUmbr (hmS>©doà) Ho$ àmßV hmo OmZo go RA Am¡a
DEC _| B_oµO nmo{OeqZJ g§~§Yr EoHw$aogr ~ohVa hþB© h¡ VWm
µ\$mBZa ñQ>onm| Ho$ gmW gy`© H$b§H$ pñW{V`m| H$s ñH¡$qZJ CÞV
én _| hmoZo bJr h¡ Ÿ&
(BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg g_yh)
6.2
\$moQ>m{o ZŠg bo~moaQo >´r
1 m H$m
Q>o{bñH$mon
µOramoS>a _¡Q>r[aAb go {Z{_©V goH|$S>ar {_aa V¡`ma {H$`m Om ahm
h¡ Vm{H$ doUw ~mny doYembm, H$mdbya _| 1m Q>o{bñH$mon hoVw
dV©_mZ goH|$S>ar `§Ìmdbr H$mo ~XbH$a Cgo ñWm{nV {H$`m OmE
Ÿ& _¡qMJ Bg|{Q´>grQ>r go `wŠV H$ÝHo$d go H|$S>ar `§Ì àUmbr {Z{_©V
H$s Om MwH$s h¡ VWm dV©_mZ goH$| S>ar `§Ìdmbr go CgH$s VwbZmË_H$
Om§M ^r H$s Om MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& OramoS>a H$ÝdoŠg goH|$S>ar `§Ì àUmbr
na g§»`m§H$Z H$m`© Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& B{bpßQ>H$b µâb¡Q> {_aa V¡`ma
{H$`m Om ahm h¡ {Oggo {H$ H$ÝdoŠg goH$| S>ar `§Ì àUmbr Ho$ narjU
Ho$ {bE qhS>bog ñ\o$à Q>oñQ> H$s ì`dñWm _| CgH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m
OmE Ÿ&
{WZ {µ\$ë_ ~m°Šg H$moQ>a BC 300 H$s H$mo{Q>J§ hoVw g§`Ì§
{WZ {µ\$ë_ àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ {bE AZwg§YmZ VWm {dH$mg gw{dYm
Ho$ EH$ A§J Ho$ én _| EH$ ~hþ à`moOZr {WZ {µ\$ë_ ~m°Šg H$moQ>a
BC 300 H$mo{Q>J§ g§`Ì
§ ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& {d{^Þ IJmobr`
AZwn`moJm| {Og_| {µ\$ëQ>a Am¡a {S>Q>oŠQ>a H$m {Z_m©U em{_b h¡, Ho$
dmñVo Z¡Zmo {WZ {µ\$ë_ {Z_m©U g§~§Yr AZwg§YmZ Am¡a {dH$mg
ê${MH$a H$m`©joÌ h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ _| µOmar AZwg§YmZ H$m`© H$m CÔoí`
NIR {µ\$ëQ>am| Am¡a {S>Q>oŠQ>am| Ho$ {bE {WZ {µ\$ë_m| H$m {dH$mg
H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& ~m±Šg H$moQ>a BC 300 H$mo{Q>J§ ßbm§Q> _| {µ\${µOH$b
dona {S>nmo{OeZ _oWm°S> AnZmB© OmVr h¡ {OgHo$ {bE W_©b
dmînrH$aU, BboŠQ´>mZ° ~r_ JZ dmînrH$aU VWm _¡¾Q¡ >´ mZo ñnwQ>[a¨J
H$s gw{dYmE§ Bg H$moqQ>J g§`§Ì _| CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& ñH¡$qZJ BboŠQ´>m°Z
_mBH«$moñH$mon (SEM) Am¡a EZOu {S>ñne©Z ñnoŠQ´>m_o rQ>a (EDS)
g_oV AÝ` gw{dYmE§ ~‹T>mZo go g§~§{YV H$m`© Mb aho h¢ Ÿ& BZ
gw{dYmAm| Ho$ Ûmam Z¡Zmo bodb na h_| {WZ {µ\$ë_m| na A{YH$ ~b
XoZo H$s Amdñ`H$Vm n‹S>oJr Ÿ&
d¡Š`w_ H$moqQ>J
E_ d¡Š`w_ ßbm§Q> H$s g{d©qgJ H$admH$a Am¡a gwMmê$ ~Zm
{bE J`m h¡ VWm 0.9 E_ ì`mg dmbo HAGAR bJ^J 47
{_aam| H$s Aë`w{_{Z`_ H$moqQ>J H$amB© Om MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& H$mo{Q>J§
ßbm§Q> go g§~§{YV _aå_Vr Ho$ ~‹S>o H$m`© ~mX _| H$amE OmZo H$s
`moOZm h¡ Ÿ& hmÝbo _| pñWV 2 E_ d¡Š`w_ H$moqQ>J ßbm§Q> g§~§Yr
Amdí`H$ H$m`© àJ{V na h¡ {Oggo {H$ HCT _| bJo àmB_ar
{_aam| H$s H$moqQ>J H$m H$m_ g§nÞ {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
1.2
57
INSAT 3D g¡Q>b
o mBQ> Ho$ {bE VHRR gZ erëS> n¡Zb
BÝg¡Q> W«r-S>r g¡Q>obmBQ> Ho$ B_oµOa Am¡a n¡Zbm| Ho$ gmC§S>a Hy$ba
{gŠg goQ>m| (àËòH$ Ho$ {bE 10) Ho$ dmñVo gZ erëS> n¡Zb H$s
nm°{bqeJ H$m H$m_ nyam hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& nm°{bqeJ Ho$ BZ H$m`m] _|
Z_yZo (300) g§~§Yr H$m`© em{_b h¢ Ÿ& eof goQ>m| H$s nm°{bqeJ
g§~§Yr H$m`© N>h _hrZm| _| nyao {H$E OmE§Jo Ÿ&
bm¢J Q´>g
o àmo{\µ $bmo_rQ>a : BRNS,
ì`dñWm
DAE
Ûmam {Z{Y
bm¢J Q´>og àmo{µ\$bmo_rQ>a (LTP): dgªZ II (gwYmam hþAm df©Z)
g_` AZwgyMr Ho$ AZwgma nyam {H$`m J`m Am¡a `h `§Ì - àUmbr
RRCAT, BÝXm¡a H$mo ôO Xr OmEJr Ÿ& My±{H$ Bg `§Ì àUmbr Ho$
{bE hmCqgJ A^r V¡`ma Zht {H$`m J`m h¡, AV: Bg `§Ì
àUmbr H$mo ì`mnH$ én go A§em§{H$V {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Am¡a VËg§~Y§ r
àboIZ V¡`ma {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
(\$moQ>mo{ZŠg Xb)
ES>p¡ ßQ>d Am°pßQ>Šg
à`moJembm _| H¡$gm _m°S>ob Cn`wŠV hmo gH$Vm h¡, BgH$mo boH$a
g\$bVmnydH© $ {S>O
µ mBZ Am¡a CgH$m g§Jê$nU V¡`ma H$aHo$ CgH$m
narjU {H$`m J`m, CgHo$ ~mX A~ `h à`mg h¡ {H$ doUw ~mny
Q>o{bñH$mon 2.34 _r. Ho$ {bE Q´>m`b ES>¡{ßQ>d Am°pßQ>Šg àUmbr
H$m g§JénU V¡`ma {H$`m OmE Ÿ& e¡H$ hm°Q>©_Z B_oµO d¡Uw ~mny
Q>o{bñH$mon go [aH$mS>© {H$`m J`m {Og_| 10 go 20 {_{b goH|$S>
B§Q>oJ«oeZ Q>mB_ na Hy$ëS> ANDOR gr gr S>r H¡$_am H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m OmE Ÿ& `h nm`m J`m {H$ 8.3 _¡{¾À`yS> Ho$ ñQ>¢CS>© ñQ>ma
1500 H$mC§Q> XoVm h¡ {Oggo 1000 H$mC§Q> H$m JoZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
{Xem _| Am¡a à`moJ AmJ_r _hrZm| _| {H$E OmE§Jo {Oggo {H$
VBT Ho$ \$moH$ñQ> _| dod\«§$Q> Eaa H$mo _oOa {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
BgH$m CÔoí` h¡ {H$ Eogr _mnm| Ho$ ~mao _| A§{V_ EoQ>_m°ñ\o$[aH$
H$a¡ŠeZ kmV hmo gHo$ Ÿ&
(E.Ho$.gŠgoZm, dr. {MÞßnZ Am¡a Oo.nr. b¢gbm°Q>)
6.3
30
`m§{ÌH$ B§Or{Zàr à^mJ
B§M Ho$ Q>b
o rñH$mon H$m nwZ{Z©_m©U
doUw ~mny àojUH|$Ð, H$mdbya _| gwñWm{nV 30 B§M Ho$ Q>obrñH$mon
H$s `m§{ÌH$s H$mo CÝZV ~ZmZo g§~§Yr {S>µOmBZ, {díbofU Am¡a
CgHo$ ì`mnH$ nwZ{Z_m©U H$m H$m`© nyam {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg {Z_m©U
n[a`moOZm Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z H$m AmXoe ôOm Om MwH$m h¡ Am¡a Bg
H$m`© _| hþB© àJ{V g§VmofOZH$ h¡ Ÿ& H$m`© {ZînmXZ Ho$ {bE Xya~rZ
Ho$ V¡`ma hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mao _| Amem h¡ {H$ OwbmB© / AJñV 2007
VH$ CgH$m narjU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
7
B§M H$mo- BbmoñQ>Q¡ > àUmbr
h²dmBQ> bmBQ> g{H«$` joÌ _m°ZrQ>a Ho$ {bE g§H$ënZmË_H$ A{^H$ën
V¡`ma H$aZo H$m H$m_ nyam hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& A{^H$ën, {d{Z_m©U
Am¡a Amny{V© H$mo boH$a em°n gd} ^r {H$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& CŠV
àUmbr V¡`ma H$aZo Ho$ dmñVo AmXoe OëXr ôOm OmZm h¡ &
(`m§{ÌH$ {S>µOmBZ AZw^mJ)
6.4
{g{db B§Or{Zàr à^mJ
‘^mñH$am’ A{V{W J¥h {Z_m©UmYrZ h¡ Omo nwñVH$mb` gå_obZ
H$j VWm Eogo H$_am| go gwgpÁOV hmoJm {Og_| emoYN>mÌ Ed§
d¡km{ZH$ A{V{W R>ha gH|$ Ÿ& Bg Amdmgr` ^dZ _| 24 EH$
{~N>mdZ dmbo H$_ao, 18 Xmo {~N>mdZ dmbo H$_ao VWm VrZ A{V{W
H$j hm|Jo Ÿ& Bg ^dZ _| agmoB©Ka Am¡a S>mBqZJ hm°b ^r hmoJm &
Bg Amdmgr` ^dZ H$m {Z_m©U H$m`©© {gV§~a, 2007 VH$ nyam
hmo OmZo H$s Amem h¡ &
({g{db B§Or{Zàr AZw^mJ)
6.5
H§$ß`yQ>a H|$Ð
^maVr` Vmam ^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ H$m H§$ß`yQ>a H|$Ð H$m à{V_mZ
{dJV dfm}§ Ho$ Xm¡amZ ~XbVm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ hr H$m\$s
epŠVembr H§$ß`wQ>a bJm`m OmE {Og_| H|$ÐH¥$V gw{dYm hmo Bggo ~‹T> Vo - ~‹T>‹ >Vo 200 S>oñH$Q>m°n go A{YH$ H$s gw{dYmAm| dmbo
ZoQ>dH©$ V¡`ma H$s OmVr h¡ Vm{H$ g§ñWmZ Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a ñQ>m\$
AnZr A{YH$Va H§$ß`yQ>a Amdí`H$VmE§ nyar H$aZo _| gj_ hmo
gH|$ Ÿ& H§$ß`yQ>a H|$Ð Ho$ CÎmaXm{`Ëdm| _| em{_b h¡ {H$ ha ì`pŠV
H$mo hmS>©doà ‹VWm gm°âQ>doà g§~§Yr gmar gw{dYmE§ Xr OmE§§ VWm
ZoQ>dH©$ H$mo boH$a AJa H$moB© J‹S>~‹S>r hmo Vmo Cgo H|$Ðr`H¥$V VarHo$
go R>rH$ H$adm`m OmE Am¡a H|$Ðr`H¥$V bm°qJJ àUmbr H$m_ H$ao &
^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ Ho$ _w»` n[aga _| B§Q>aZoQ> EŠ$gog
H$s j_Vm ~‹S>mH$a 5 _oJm ~mBQ> à{V goH|$S> H$a {X`m J`m h¡ ,
qH$Vw {\$bhmb Bg ~‹S>r j_Vm H$m ^r A{YH$V_ Cn`moJ {H$`m
OmZo bJm h¡ VWm Bg H$maU H$^r - H$^r ZoQ>dH©$ H$ÝOoeZ H$s
58
g_ñ`m gm_Zo Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `moOZm h¡ {H$ H«o$ñQ> _| EH$ d¥hÎm²
S>mQ>m g|Q>a ~Zm`m OmE Ohm± & ^maVr` IJmob doYembm Am¡a
Q>md° Šo g g§~Y§ r S>mQ>m CnbãY hm| Ÿ& BZ bú`m| Ho$ AZwgma H$ån`wQ>a
g|Q>a H$m A{Yg§aMZmË_H$ gwYma {H$`m Om ahm h¡, g§ñWmZ Ho$
AÝ` VrZ n[agam| _| 2 _oJm~mBQ> à{V goH$| S> j_Vm dmbm B§Q>aZoQ>
EŠgog ñWm{nV {H$`m Om ahm h¡ , qH$Vw {\$bhmb Ho$db
H$moS>¡H$mZb àojU H|$Ð _| CŠV gw{dYm CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ>
EH$gog H$mdbya VWm Jm¡ar{~XZya _| ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg
Mb ahm h¡, qH$Vw J«m_rU joÌ _| B§Q>aZoQ> gw{dYm bJmZo _| _wpíH$b
gm_Zo Am ahr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU Bg H$m`© H$mo AmemZwê$n OëX
nyam H$aZm H${R>Z hmo ahm h¡ &
EH$ S>mQ>m g|Q>a ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡ {Og_| {S>ñH$ ñnog H$s
bJ^J 8 Q>r ~r j_Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg {S>ñH$ ñnog H$s gw{dYm H$m
Cn`moJ ^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ Ho$ d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam A§Vam©îQ—
>r` S>mQ>m H$m _m°ZrQ>aZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmEJm Ÿ& BgHo$ AÝ`
Cn`moJm| _| Eg S>r Amo H$m nwamVÎdr` g§J«h H$aZm Am¡a {d{^ÝZ
àH$ma Ho$ S>mQ>m H$mo gwa{jV H$aZm em{_b h¡ Ÿ& H$ån`wQ>a g|Q>a
H$mo CÝZV ~ZmZo H$s ÑpîQ> go AmJo H$s ~‹S>r nhb `h h¡ {H$
CÀM {ZînmXZ j_Vm dmbr H$ån`yQ>a gw{dYm H$m`m°©{ÝdV H$s
OmE Ÿ& Bg {Xem _| g_o{H$V H$ma©dmB© AJa OëXr H$a| Vmo dV©_mZ
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H$s Om gH$Vr h¢ Am¡a A^r Omo g_ñ`mE§ gm_Zo Am ahr h¢,
CZH$m _hÎdnyU© VarHo$ go g_mYmZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ &
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6.6
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df© 2006 Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ H$m
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2006-2007 H$s Ad{Y _| nwñVH$mb` _| 316 ZB© {H$Vm~| VWm
6 ZE OaZbm| H$s IarX H$s JB© Ed§ J«mhH$Vm àmßV H$s JB© Ÿ&
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11 OaZbm| H$s nwamZr \$mBb| gmB§g S>màoŠQ> Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Am°Z
bmBZ CnbãY H$a br JB© h¢ Ÿ& ^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ
Ho$ g^r H|$Ðmo§ VWm n[agam| _| `h Am°Z - bmBZ gw{dYm CnbãY
H$am Xr JB© h¡ & ^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ H$m nwñVH$mb`
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h¡ Ÿ& nwñVH$mb` Bg df© go {eH$mJmo {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ àog OaZbm|
(EñQ—>moZmo{_H$b OaZb, EñQ>mo[µ\${µOH$b OaZb Ho$ AZwnyaH$
àH$meZm|) H$mo Am°Z bmBZ àmßV H$aZo _| g\$bVm àmßV H$a MwH$m
h¡ Omo {H$ H$ZOm°{Q>©`_ S>rb go g§^d hmo gH$m h¡ &
~mha go _§JmB© JB© nwñVH$m| VWm ZB© IarX dmbr nwñVH$m| H$s g§»`m
nwñVH$mb` _| H$m\$s hmo MwH$s h¢ & nwñVH$m| H$s àXe©Zr bJmH$a ZB©
{H$Vm~m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmJê$H$Vm n¡Xm H$s Om ahr h¡ Am¡a B© _ob gw{dYmE§
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H$mo {_b ahr h¡ & {H$Vm~m| H$s Yyb Pm‹S‹ > CÝh| ZE {gao go gOm`m
J`m h¡ VWm H$m\$s nwamZo g§Jh« H$s N>Q± >Zr ^r H$s Om ahr h¡ Vm{H$
Bg gmb go nwñVH$mb` _| OJh| ~Z gH|$ &
OaZbm| go _wÐU H$admZo H$m H$m_ VWm emoYnÌm| go \$moQ>moH$m°nr
{ZH$mbZo H$m H$m_ H$m\$s KQ>m h¡ & BgH$m H$maU `h h¡ {H$ A~
A{YH$Va OaZb Am°ZbmBZ h¢ Ÿ&
nwñVH$mb` _| `h à`mg {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {H$ emoYH$m`m] H$s
µOê$aV| nyar H$aZo _| h_mar gj_Vm ~aH$ama aho Am¡a gmW hr
d¡km{ZH$m| H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo, AmonoZ EŠgog, BboŠQ—>m°{ZH$ ê$n _|
gr S>r Am{X Ûmam emoYm{W©`m| H$mo gm_J«r CnbãY H$amZo _| h_
{H$gr Vah nrN>o Z ah| & Bg à`moOZ Ho$ {bE ZB© BboŠQ—>m°{ZH$
godmE± Am¡a S>mQ>m~og gw{dYmE± A~ gwb^ hmo MwH$s h¢ & BZ
gw{dYmAm| Ho$ H maU emoYH$m`m] Ho$ {bE Cn`mooJr d¡gr gm_J«r
CnbãY H$amZo _| ^r _XX {_b ahr h¡ Omo gm_J«r ^maVr`
Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ nwñVH$mb` _| grYo CnbãY Zht h¡ Ÿ& A~
nwñVH$mb` _| Am°Z bmBZ gw{dYm`| h¢ {Oggo Xoe Ho$ A§Xa Am¡a
{dXoem| _| Omo IJmob {dkmZr nwñVH$mb` h¢ CZgo g§nH©$ _µO~yV
~Z J`m h¡ &
AJa VH$ZrH$s ÑpîQ> go XoI| Vmo ^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s nwñVH$mb`
H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd bmB~«oar go BboŠQ—>m°{ZH$ Am¡a do~ AmYm[aV
gw{dYmE§ CnbãY H$admZm h¡ Ÿ& BZ H$m`m] _| nwñVH$mb` Ho$ do~
{MÌ :- 25 : `h {MÌ {H$gr AkmV {MÌH$ma Ûmam 1908 _|
~Zm`m J`m Wm {Og_| H$moS>¡H$mZb doYembm H$mo {XIm`m J`m
h¡ Ÿ& n¥îR>m| H$s ghm`Vm go emoYH$m`m] _| g_Ýd` VWm gh`moJ
XoZm em{_b h¡ Ÿ& nwñVH$mb` Ho$ AÝ` H$m`m] _| BboŠQ—>m{° ZH$ OaZb
bmB~«oar S>mQ>m~ogm| H$m aI-aImd H$aZm em{_b h¡ &
59
{MÌ - 25 : Painting of the Kodaikanal Observatory drawn in 1908 by an unknown artist.
g§ñWmZ Ho$ hmogH$moQ>o nwñVH$mb` VWm AÝ` µ\$sëS> ñQ>oeZm| na
pñWV nwñVH$mb`m| _| g§X^© J«W§ H$s g§»`m ~‹T>mB© JB© h¡ & _hÎdnyU©
{H$Vm~m| H$s A{V[aŠV à{V`m± Am¡a Hw$N> gmar ZB© nwñVH|$
H$moS>¡H$mZb bmB~«oar Ho$ {bE IarXr JB© h¢ Ÿ& ò {H$Vm~| {deofH$a
OyZ 2006 _| H$moS>¡ _| Am`mo{OV g_a ñHy$b àmoJ«m_ Ho$ Adga na
IarX H$s JBª Ÿ& BboŠQ—>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_ go AZoH$ OaZbm| H$s
CnbãYVm hmogH$moQ>o , H$mdbya VWm H$moS>¡H$mZb Ho$ joÌr` H|$Ðmo§
na hmo MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& nwñVH$mb`r` à{ejU H$m`©H«$_ MbVo ahVo h¡§
ŸVWm à{eUm{W©`m| H$mo nwñVH$mb` ì`dñWm Ho$ g^r AZw^mJm|
VWm H$m`m] Ho$ ~mao _| ì`mnH$ à{ejU àXmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
C{MV ^§S>maU ì`dñWm Am¡a A{^{H«$`m Ûmam nwñVH$mb`
nwamZo g§Jh« m| H$m g§ajU {H$`m OmZm
df© Ho$ Xm¡amZ bJ^J 20,000 n¥îR>m| H$s nwamZr nm§Sw>{b{n`m| VWm
nwñVH$m| H$s g\$mB© H$m A{^`mZ Mbm`m J`m Am¡a b¡{_ZoQ> H$adm`m
J`m h¡ & Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hÎd Ho$ 109 àboIm| H$m ñH¡$qZJ H$aHo$
CÝh| AmonoZ EŠgog [anmo{Oar na Anbmon H$a {b`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
Eogo à`ËZ {H$E Om aho h¢ {OgHo$ Ûmam nm§S>w {b{n g§Jh« U go g§~{§ YV
_w{ÐV gyMr BboŠQm°{ZH$ _mÜ²`_m| na S>mb Xr OmE§ Vm{H$ emoYH$m`m]
_| CZH$m à^yV _mÌm _| Cn`moJ {H$`m Om gHo$ & Bg df© go ZB©
n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ dmñVo {Z{Y`m± dm{f©H$ AmYma na Am~§{Q>V H$s
Om ahr h¢, O¡go {H$ nwñVH$mb` H$s {S>{OQ>b gm_J«r H$m g§ajU
H$aZm Ed§ nwñVH$mb` _| nwamVÎdr` A{Yg§aMZmË_H$ ì`{ŠVJV
H$mo CÝZV ~ZmZm &
nwamVÎdr` _hÎd Ho$ g§J«hU Ho$ {bE ZB© gm_J«r lr_Vr Moar
Am_©ñQ—>m°§J go àmßV hþB© h¡ & lr_Vr Moar Am_©ñQ—>m°§J ñdJu`
EZ.Ama. nm¡JgZ H$s nm¡Ìr H$s nm¡Ìr h¢ & CÝhm|Zo ^maVr`
Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ H$s 33 \$moQ>mJo m« \$ Am¡a 2 àH$m{eV nwñVH|$,
H$m\$s gmao emoYMmQ>©, g_mMma nÌ H$s N>h H$VaZ| Am¡a Hw$N>oH$
ì`pŠJV nÌ XmZ ñdê$n CnbãY H$amE h¢ &
\$adar, 2007 _| {X Bån¡ŠQ> J«wn, Q>moamÝQ>mo, H$ZmS>m Ho$ µOo\$ar
H«o${bÝgQ>Z Zo g§ñWmZ H$m Xm¡am {H$`m Am¡a AmBÝgQ>rZ Ho$ H$m`m]
na ì`m»`mZ àñVwV {H$`m & CZhm|Zo AnZm EH$ {XZ nwamVmpÎdH$
_hÎd Ho$ g§Jh« _| {~Vm`m Am¡a Om°Z EdaeoS> na CnbãY gm_J«r
H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m & {J«âW `y{Zd{g©Q>r, Am°ñQ—>o{b`m Ho$ emoY N>mÌ [aMS>© dmpëS>¨J Zo \$adar, 2007 _| hr H$moS>¡H$mZb
nwñVH$mb` H$m Xm¡am {H$`m VWm Mw§~H$s` àojU Ho$ [aH$mS>© H$m
AÜ``Z {H$`m Ÿ&
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VWm g§ñWmZ Ho$ nmíd© Ñí`m| na Am°{S>`mo H$m`©H«$_ [aH$mS>© {H$`m
& BZ à{V{Z{Y`m| Zo E. dmJrídar Am¡a gr {~Xu H$m gmjmËH$ma
{b`m Omo ^maVr` Vmam^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ _| AmH$m©Bìg Ho$ {df`
_| Wm {OZ_| CZH$m {deof ~b nm°½gZ Ho$ g§J«hm| na Wm & `h
gmjmËH$ma CZHo$ X²dmam àñVwV H$m`©H«$_ _| [abo {H$`m OmEJm &
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60
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à{H«$`m {Z`{_V A§Vamb na nyar H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr nhbr
àdoe narjm 7 OZdar, 2007 H$mo g§Mm{bV H$s JB© Wr Am¡a
CgH$o AmYma na 4 emoYN>mÌm| Zo erVH$mbrZ gÌ _| nr.EM.S>r
Ho$ {bE àdoe àmßV {H$E h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Am¡a emoY N>mÌ Zo AJñV,
2006 _| ^maVr` Vmam ^m¡{VH$s g§ñWmZ _| àdoe {b`m Wm &
Eogo emoYN>mÌm| H$m M`Z OoñQ> narjm Ho$ AmYma na {H$`m OmVm
h¡ VWm OoñQ> Ho$ ~mX gmjmËH$ma ^r {bE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `yOrgr,
gr,Eg AmB© Ama narjmAm| Ho$ AmYma na {OZ emoY N>mÌN>mÌmAm| H$m M`Z hmoVm h¡, CÝh| ^r nhbo gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {bE
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H$s Ad{Y _| g§Mm{bV {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Bg H$m`©H«$_ à{V^m{JVm
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>m[o \µ $µ[O
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H$m\$s g§»`m _| N>mÌ - N>mÌmE§ bm^mpÝdV hþB© Am¡a Bg_| ^maVr`
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dJ© Ho$ ñQ>m\$ gXñ`m| Ho$ {bE H$ë`mUH$mar
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_yë`m§H$Z Ho$ Xm¡amZ {deof ê$n go {dMma {H$E OmVo h¢ &
g§ñWmZ _| 31 _mM©, 2007 H$mo ñQ>m\$ gXñ`m| H$s Hw$b g§»`m
351 Wr Ÿ& gaH$mar AmXoem| Ho$ AZwgma d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s
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gw{dYmE§ Xr JB© h¢ &
61
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amO^mfm H$m`m©Ýd`Z Zr{V H$m AZwnmbZ
amO^mfm {h§Xr H$mo boH$a do g^r g§^d à`mg {H$E Om aho h¢
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Geometry optimization using improved virtual orbitals:
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Density-matrix renormalization group studies of mixture
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Evaluation of astrophysically useful parameters for HD
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Astrophysically useful parameters for some vibronic
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Some useful data set for the astrophysical molecules AlS
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Frequency-dependent Lg attenuation in the Indian
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Exact nonlinear solution for the Hall-Alfvén wave in
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An efficient modulation scheme for dual beam polarimetry
*Lázaro, C., *Ferro, A. A., *Arévalo, M. J., *Bramich,
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CCD photometry of the globular cluster M2: RR Lyrae
physical parameters and new variables
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Maiti, Malay, 2007, AJ, 133, 1633
Observational and theoretical evidence of variation in
the atmosphere of L-dwarfs
*Manoj, P., Bhatt, H. C., *Maheswar*, G., Muneer, S.,
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Evolution of emission-line activity in intermediatemass
young stars
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Photometric, spectroscopic and polarimetric variability
of the weak-emission T Tauri star HD 288313
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Phase separation in a two species Bose mixture
Nataraj, H. S., *Sahoo, B. K., Das, B. P., Chaudhuri, R.
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Theoretical studies of the atomic transitions in boronlike
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Nataraj, H. S., *Sahoo, B. K., Das, B. P., Chaudhuri, R.
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The electron electric dipole moment enhancement factors
of rubidium and caesium atoms
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Ab initio calculation of P,T-odd interaction constant in
BaF: a restricted active space configuration interaction
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Nayak, M. K., Chaudhuri, R. K., Das, B. P., 2007, Phys.
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Ab initio calculation of the electron-nucleus
scalarpseudoscalar interaction constant in heavy polar
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*Ogura K., *Chauhan N., *Pandey A. K., Bhatt B. C.,
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*Pandey S. B., *Castro-Tirado A. J., *McBreen, S., Bhatt,
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Multi-wavelength afterglow observations of the high
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Parthasarathy, M., *Branch, David, *Baron, E., *Jeffery,
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On the progenitor of supernova 1987 A
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Abundances in planetary nebulae: Hb 5
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The equatorial background solar corona during solar
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Ramesh, R., *Sawant, H. S., et al. 2007, Adv. Space Res.,
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Aperture synthesis in optical astronomy; the current status
*Sahoo, B. K., Das, B. P., Chaudhuri, R. K., *Mukherjee,
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Theoretical studies of the 6s→5d3/2 parity nonconserving
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Theoretical studies of the 6s2S1/2 → 5d2D3/2 paritynonconserving transition amplitude in Ba+ and associated
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Coupled-cluster approach to polarizabilities:
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*Sahoo, B. K., *Islam, Md. R., Das, B. P., Chaudhuri, R.
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Lifetime of the metastable D states in Ca+, Sr+ and Ba+
Ramachandran, G., *Vidya, M. S., *Balasubramanyam,
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Unified approach to photo and electro production of
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*Sahoo, B. K., Sur, C., *Beier, T., Das, B. P., Chaudhuri,
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Enhanced role of electron correlation in the hyperfine
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Irreducible tensor approach to spin observables in photo
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Sahu, D. K., Anupama, G. C., *Srividya, S., et al., 2006,
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Photometric spectroscopic evolution of the Type IIP
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The 1024 channel digital correlator receiver of the
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Astrophysically useful parameters for certain band
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Hubble Space Telescope and optical observations
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Near infrared JH photometry of young open cluster Be
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Spectroscopic studies of solar corona VI: Trend in linewidth variation of coronal emission lines with height
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Star formation in the region of the open cluster - NGC
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Electron acceleration in solar noise storms
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Energetics of solar coronal mass ejections
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Electron acceleration in a post-flare decimetric conIndian
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Investigations of morphology of dust shells of comet C/
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Electronic structure reference calculations for
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10.4 nwñVH|$
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Diffraction-limited imaging with large and moderate
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10.5 Books edited
Hasan S. S., Banerjee D., 2007, AIP Conf. Proc. 919,
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Kodai School on Solar Physics
*Sandra Ricketts, Birdie C., *Eva Isaksson, 2007, ASP
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Library & Information Services in Astronomy V: Common
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10.6 Paper presentations in meetings
Birdie C., Vagiswari, A., 2007, Intl Conf. on Semantic web
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Copyright ownership to historical contents in the Open
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Gangadhara, R. T., 2007, XXV ASI meeting, Feb.7- 9,
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Influence of rotation on pulsar radio emission
Gajendra Pandey, Kameswara Rao, N., 2006, UV and
Multiwavelength Astronomy with ASTROSAT, 27-29
September 2006
Studies of hot hydrogen deficient stars with UV IT
Giridhar, S., 2007, In-house workshop, IIA, Bangalore,
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Automated parameterization of OMR spectra using
ANN
Goswami Aruna, 2006, In-house meetings, IIA, Bangalore,
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Abundance distribution of neutron-capture elements in
carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars
Goswami Aruna, 2006, In-house meetings, IIA, Bangalore,
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CEMP stars and early galactic chemical evolution
SGR - spectroscopic monitoring
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Optical observations of GRB 060124 afterglow: a case
for an injection break
Kameswara Rao N., Gajendra Pandey, Eswar Reddy, B.,
S. Sriram, K. Jayakumar, 2007, XXVth ASI meeting, Feb
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Precision radial velocities with VBT Echelle - A global
network of 2 m-class telescopes
Ramachandran, G., 2006, DAE-BRNS Symposium on
Nuclear Physics, Vadodara during 11-15 Dec. 2006. :with
S. P. Shilpashreeon d( γ→, n)p analyzing power at
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Balasubramanyam* on Meson polarization in
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Shilpashree and G. Padmanabha* on Decay of polarized
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Saxena, A.K., 2006, 3rd Intl Workshop Metrology for Xray Optics, Daegu, Korea, May 2006
A new polarization shearing interferometer based long
trace profilometer (Version II)
Subramanian A., Bhatt, B. C., 2006, In-House meeting,
IIA, Bangalore, April 17-18, 2006
Photometric study of distant open clusters in the second
quadrant: NGC 7245, King9, King13 and IC 166
10.7 Abstracts/Poster presentations in meetings
Aruna Goswami, 2007, XXVth ASI Meet-2007, Feb 7-9,
2007 Osmania University, Hyderabad
Neutron-capture elements in Carbon-enhanced
metalpoor stars
Carbon-enhanced Metal-Poor stars at high Galactic
Latitudes
Hiremath K. M., 2006, Long Term Variations of the Solar
Cycle: Forecast of the Future Cycles; Magnetic flux in
the solar convective envelope inferred from the sunspots’
initial appearances (with M. R. Lovely) at the IHY-2007,
Bangalore.
Gajendra Pandey, 2007, XXVth meeting, Feb 7 - 9, 2007,
Osmania University, Hyderabad
A search for neutral fluorine lines in late B- and Atype
supergiants
Gajendra Pandey, Kameswara Rao, N., ¤David Lambert,
2007, XXVth ASI meeting, Feb 7 - 9, 2007, Osmania
University, Hyderabad
Emission lines in high resolution spectra of EHe stars
Fluorine abundances in R CrB and EHe stars
Kameswara Rao N., Gajendra Pandey, 2007, XXVth ASI
meeting, Feb 7 - 9, 2007, Osmania University, Hyderabad
The hydrogen deficient binary stars KS Per and Upsilon
Kameswara Rao N., Goswami, A., Eswar Reddy B.,
Gajendra Pandey, 2007, XXVth ASI meeting, Feb 7 - 9,
2007, Osmania University, Hyderabad
The Hα width and absolute magnitude relation in late
type stars
Kameswara Rao N., S. Muneer, S. Sriram, Gajendra
Pandey, 2007, XXVth meeting, Feb 7 - 9, 2007, Osmania
University, Hyderabad
Variablity of Na I spectral lines in the ISM (clouds)
towards Vela Supernovae remnant
Nataraj, H. S., Das, B. P., *Sahoo, B. K., Chaudhuri, R.
K., *Mukherjee, D., 2006, December 4-7, VII Asian
international seminar on Atomic and molecular physics,
IIT, Chennai, India
The electric dipole moment of electron: Test of P & T
violation
Saxena, A.K., Chinnappan, V., Lancelot, J. P., 2007,
XXVth meeting, Feb 7 - 9, 2007, Osmania University,
Hyderabad
Proposed adaptive optics system for Vainu Bappu
Telescope
Sivaraman, K. R., Gupta, S. S., Ananth, A. V., 2006, IHY2007, Bangalore.
Measurement of solar diameter
10.8 GCN Circulars, IAUC, CBET, Newsletters
Aruna Goswami, IIA Newsletter, 2007, 12, 9
CEMP stars at high galactic latitudes
*Castro-Tirado, A. J., Anupama, G. C., Srividya, S.,
Ramya, S., *de Ugarte Postigo, A., *Sanchez, S.,
*Montoya, L., *Castillo, A., *Munoz-Mateos, J. F.,
*Jelinek, M., ¤Gorosabel, J., 2006, GCN 5384
GRB 060801: Optical observations at Hanle and
Calar alto
*Gurugubelli, U. K., Anupama, G. C., Sahu, D. K., CBET
789 & 790
Supernova 2006td
Sahu, D. K., Anupama, G. C., 2006, CBET, 665
Supernova 2006it in NGC 6956
68
10.9 Popular articles
C. Sivaram published the following popular articles :
A burst of brightness SN 1006, May 23, 2006, DH
A celestial tale of two entities, Aug. 29, 2006, DH
Remembering Giottos rendezvous, June 2006, DH
PLUTO: No nine pizzas, August 26, 2006 - Centre page
article, DH
Alternative biochemistries for life on earth, Oct. 3, 2006,
DH
Report on Plutos status, Times of India, Aug. 26, 2006.
All in the name, Sept.12, 2006, DH
How Long is a second?, Oct. 24, 2006, DH
Gamma ray effect on life, Jan.9, 2007, DH
Spacecraft to smash comet, June 27, 2006, DH
Magnetic showers in space, Dec. 19, 2006, DH
Fifty years of neutrinos and antimatter, Jan. 23, 2007,
DH
Starry-eyed surprise, SN 1987-A (20 yr), March 27, 2007,
DH
Tryst with devils number, June 6, 2006. DH
Astronomical realities, Feb. 21, DH
Discovery of Vesta by Olbers, March 2007, DH
11 Miscellaneous activities
11.1 Teaching and guidance
Aruna Goswami supervised a student for her degree
project on Low resolution spectroscopy of carbon stars:
A search for CH stars during April-May 2006. She is also
guiding a student on a project on Spectral characteristics
of carbon stars under IIA’s SPSP program, 2007.
D. Banerjee is supervising a Ph D student from JAP
program (Mr. Girjesh Gupta). He has also taught a course
on Fluids and plasmas for the JAP programme. He
delivered a series of introductory lectures on the Sun, for
the summer project students at Bangalore. He also
supervised a summer project student in the year 2006.
S. P. Bagare continued to serve as external examiner for
the PG exam in Physics, Bangalore University. One of
the co-guided students, Mr. K. Balachandra Kumar, was
awarded Ph D during early 2007 by the Madurai Kamaraj
University.
V. Chinnappan has submitted his Ph D thesis on A new
approach to stellar image correction for atmospherically
degraded images under the guidance of A. K. Saxena.
Gajendra Pandey guided a summer project student T.
Abhijit on Spectral classification of stars.
K. M. Hiremath is guiding M. R. Lovely, an FIP candidate
for her Ph D thesis. He is also co-guiding Mr. Ivan
Molnar’s for his Ph D thesis (Konkoly Observatory,
Hungary). Hiremath taught a course in Solar Physics for
M.Sc (Physics) students at the Center for Post Graduate
Studies of Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College,
Bangalore.
S. M. Vijayan under the guidance of V. K. Gaur, S. S.
Gupta et al. has been awarded the Ph D degree during
November 2006, by the Gandhigram Rural Institute, Tamil
Nadu, on his thesis Estimation of tropospheric precipitable
water vapour and crustal deformation using GPS.
S. S. Gupta guided two M. Phil. physics students of The
Mother Teresa Womens University, Kodaikanal, on Solar
physics. S. S. Gupta was appointed as external examiner
to conduct practical examination for the M. Sc., 2nd
semester of the Mother Teresa Womens University,
Kodaikanal.
R. Kariyappa taught a course in Solar physics for M.Sc.
Astrophysics students at the physics dept., Bangalore
University for 3 months during August - October, 2006.
He was appointed as a member of the Board of Examiners
for M.Sc. (Physics: Astrophysics) of the same University
and served as an external examiner as well. He also served
69
as an examiner at the Department of Physics, Christ
College (Autonomous).
A. Mangalam taught a JAP course in high energy
Astrophysics during January-April 2007. He also guided
Mr. Sanat Pandit, M Sc. (IIT Delhi) on a project on Virial
configurations of relativistic fluids.
K. N. Nagendra is guiding M. Sampoorna a Ph D student
of IIA, since 2004.
P.M.S Namboodiri guided T. Ilavenil, an M. Phil student
of theoretical physics department, University of Madras,
who completed an M Phil. project under him. The project
titled The density structure and shape of interacting
galaxies was submitted and approved by the University.
He has also been an external examiner for the M.Sc.
(Astronomy) examination of Osmania University,
Hyderabad.
T.P. Prabhu is supervising the Ph.D. project of Ramya, S.
Akash Raman and Anchit Malhotra from BITS were
guided by K. E. Rangarajan and ¤Sankara Subramanian
on the project titled Solar magnetism and Zeeman effect
from May 16-July 16.
B. E. Reddy is guiding a student Bharath Kumar towards
his Ph D on Study of lithium rich K giants. He has also
guided two students Smitha and Rupa Shree from IIA for
their three months project on Identifying stellar
populations using kinematic motion and Measuring Li
isotopes from the spectrum of a star hosting planets.
S. K. Saha delivered 14 lectures on Astronomical
techniques to the JAP and IIA graduate students during
July-September, 2006. He supervised a summer school
student on Aperture synthesis during May-June, 2006. He
guided a student, S. C. Vella durai, American College,
Madurai, for his M. Phil degree on Speckle imaging.
A. Satya Narayanan delivered 12 lectures on Introduction
to the Sun to the graduate students during August - October
2006.
C. Sivaram taught a semester course on General relativity
and cosmology (25 lectures), to final year M.Sc student,
Bangalore University (Jan-April 2007); Onesemester JAP
course High energy astrophysics to Ph D Students (Jan.April 2007). He has also guided a summer project student
on Accretion discs around rotating black holes.
K. R. Sivaraman delivered three lectures on the
topic Observational Techniques (Optical) at the Solar
physics winter school, held at Kodaikanal in December
2006.
70
A. Subramaniam has guided three students towards their
short-term projects under the degree project program. She
is also guiding Blesson Mathew for his Ph D thesis and
co-guiding B. Bhavya, Research Scholar, Cochin
University of Science and Technology.
K. R. Subramanian has been guiding Ebenezer for his
Ph D thesis on Radio signatures of shocks in the corona.
K. Sundara Raman has guided three M.Sc. (Physics)
students of Mother Teresa Womens University,
Kodaikanal, two students of St. Josephs’ College, Trichy
in their dissertation work for the Master’s program. He
functioned as the external examiner of II M.Sc. (Physics)
students of the said University, Kodaikanal. He had
functioned as the Course Director, Kodai summer school
in physics, during 6-25 June, 2006.
11.2 Invited talks/lectures in meetings
S. P. Bagare gave an invited talk on Importance of
spectroscopic techniques in astrophysical studies, during
the golden jubilee symposium on Applications of
Spectroscopy held in March 2007 at the VHNSN post
graduate college, Virudhunagar.
D. Banerjee gave two invited oral presentations at the
36th COSPAR scientific assembly, Beijing, China, 16-23
July 2006; MHD waves and oscillations in solar magnetic
structures, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 29 May - 1 June
2006.
R. K. Chaudhuri gave following invited talk titled Recent
trends in many-body methods for electronic structure and
properties of atoms and molecules at Toshali, Puri;
Physics and Astrophysics of dust: Formation, probes and
astrophysical implications, Kavalur.
H.C. Bhatt gave a talk on Dust-gas separation:
Dynamical aspects Workshop on Physics and
Astrophysics of dust at VBO Kavalur; 24-27 Feb. 2007.
B.P. Das gave the following invited talks: International
Conference on atomic physics, 2006, 21 July, Innsbruck,
Austria, Theory of parity nonconservation in trapped
ions; 7th Asian international seminar on atomic and
molecular physics, 2006, 5 December, Chennai Parity
nonconservation in atomic ions; National theoretical
chemistry conference, 2006, 22 December, Tiruchirapalli
Relativistic coupled-cluster theory: Application to
hyperfine interactions in the D states of alkaline earth
ions; XVI National conference on atomic and molecular
physics, 2007, 7 January, Mumbai, Quantum phase
transitions in ultracold bosonic atoms; Recent trends in
many-body theory of atoms and molecules, 2007, 10
January, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Relativistic coupled-cluster
Theory of parity nonconservation in atoms. Das gave the
following colloquia’s and seminars: at the IISc, 16
November, 2006 CP Violating Scalar-Pseudoscalar
Interactions; at the University of California, Berkeley,
USA,17 April, 2007 Quantum Phase Transitions in
Ultracold Atoms; at the University of California,
Merced,USA,25 April, 2007 Atomic Parity
Nonconservation: A Non-Accelerator Probe of the
Unification of Fundamental Forces; at the Pennsylvaina
State University, USA,4 May, 2007 Atomic Electric Dipole
Moments: A Table-Top Search for the Higgs Particle; at
the Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Harvard University, 6 May, 2007 Electric Dipole Moment
of the Electron; at the Yale University, 8 May, 2007 A New
Limit for a TViolating Electron-Nucleus Interaction
S. Giridhar delivered an invited review paper at JD 13 on
Exploiting Large surveys for galactic astronomy.
S. S. Hasan delivered following invited reviews:
Chromospheric dynamics, in the meeting on Scientific and
technological requirements for future high resolution solar
space missions, July 17-18, 2006 during the 36th COSPAR
Scientific Assembly, Beijing, China, and in IAU General
Assembly, Prague, Czech Republic during August 15-26,
2006; Dynamics of the magnetized solar chromosphere ,
at the 2nd UN/NASA Workshop on the IHY & Basic Space
Science, November 27 - December 1, 2006 at IIA,
Bangalore. He delivered Keynote address on ‘Solar Physics
in India’, National Workshop on Solar Physics, Meerut,
November 7-10, 2006. Hasan presented a statement on
Indian programmes related to the International
Heliophysical Year 2007 at the 44th Session of the
Scientific and technical Subcommittee on the Peaceful uses
of outer space, February 19-20, 2007, Vienna, Austria.
K. M. Hiremath gave an invited talk entitled Forecast of
future solar cycles and Indian monsoon rainfall at the
National Workshop on Dynamical Long-Range
Forecasting of Indian Monsoon : Status, User Needs and
Grand Challenges, 12-13 Feb 2007, organized by CMMACS at NAL, Bangalore.
R. Kariyappa gave contributory following talks:
Contribution of solar chromospheric fine scale features
to UV irradiance variability at IHY-2006, Spatially
resolved images and solar irradiance variability at held
at PRL, Ahmedabad during January 22-25, 2007.
V. Krishan gave the following invited talks: The Hot and
cold of the Sun, Kodai School on Solar Physics, December
10-22, 2006; Partially ionised solar atmosphere, Frontiers
of plasma physics, at Kathmandu,January 23-27, 2007;
Hall and Effect and Ambipolar Diffusion in the Solar
atmosphere, ICCSC-24, Ahmedabad , January 21-26,
2007; Solar atmosphere, Solar Physics Workshop, Meerut;
Magnetic spectrum in the solar wind, IHY Workshop,
Bangalore, IIA, November 27- December 1, 2006; Density
71
spectrum in the solar wind, IHY Workshop, ARIES,
Nainital, May7-10, 2007; Solar atmosphere, Meerut
Magnetic spectrum in the solar wind, IHY, Bangalore;
Density spectrum in the solar wind, IHY, Nainital.
December 2006 and ADCOS meeting held at ISRO,
Variation of Coronal Emission line profiles with height
above the limb ASGI meeting, March 4, 2007, Armagh,
UK.
T. P. Prabhu gave an invited talk titled Star Formation in
Galaxies at the Indo-FrenchWorkshop on Observational
Astronomy, IUCAA, Pune, March, 2007.
K. R. Subramanian gave an invited talk titled Global solar
radio flux variations during October - November 2003 at
the 2nd UN/NASA Workshop on IHY & Basic Space
Science, meeting held at IIA, during November 27 Decemeber 1, 2006.
G. Ramachandran gave an invited talk titled Baryometer
at the Academic meeting, ‘Parthafest’ on 13 March 2007
in honour of R. Parthasarathy at the IMS, Chennai.
B. E. Reddy gave a talk in absentia titled Abundance survey
of the galactic thick disk at the international conference
held during 12-16 June, 2006 on The metal rich universe
at Los Cancajos, Canary Island and on Decomposition of
galactic disk: abundances and kinematics, IAU Symp.
241, Stellar populations as building blocks of galaxies,
Santacruz De Lapalma, Spain, 12 December 2006.
S. K. Saha gave the following invited talks : Optical
metrology in astronomy at the DST-SERC School on
Optical metrology and diffraction optics, University of
Calcutta, Kolkata, December, 2006; Optical
interferometry in astronomy at the Centre for Space
Physics, Kolkata, on 23rd December, 2006; Adaptive
optics and its applications at the Symposium of Optical
Society of India, on 3rd March, 2007, Baroda MS
University, Baroda; Optical interferometry at the CSIO,
Chandigarh, on 23rd March, 2007; Aperture synthesis in
optical astronomy, organised by Optical Society of
America and Physics Society, IIT-D, at the Indian Institute
of Technology, Delhi, on 30th March, 2007.
J. H. Sastri gave following invited talks: Physical
processes underlying the equatorial effects of solar wind
dynamic pressure (Pd) variations in the 2nd UN/NASA
Workshop on IHY & Basic Space Science held in IIA,
Bangalore during November 27- December 1, 2006;
Evolution of studies in India of high latitude- low latitude
upper atmosphere coupling, at the Golden Jubilee
Symposium on Radio Science (INCURSI-2007) held in
NPL, New Delhi, during 21 - 24 February, 2007.
M. Sampoorna gave a talk on Effect of a turbulent
magnetic field on Spectral lines polarization, at 10th
Young Astronomers’ Meet held at IIA, Bangalore, India,
during January 3 - 5 2007.
J. Singh delivered following talks: Magnetic nature of
coronal loops at the 2nd UN/NASA Workshop on IHY &
Basic Space Science, Nov.29-Dec.1, 2006 held at IIA,
Bangalore; Proposed National large Solar Telescope; at
the Golden Jublee celebration meeting of PRL,
Ahmedabad, December 2006 Proposed emission line
Space Coronagraph at Indo-US meeting held at Udaipur
P. Subramanian gave the following invited talks:
Electron acceleration in solar noise storms, at IHY 2006,
IIA Bangalore, Nov 27 - Dec 01, 2006; The Sun: our
nearest particle accelerator, Winter school on
astroparticle physics, Ooty, Dec 20-28 2006; Radio and
coronographic studies of CMEs, ASI meeting, Hyderabad,
Feb 04-07 2007.
R. Vasundhara gave an invited talk at the Asia Oceania
Geosciences Society 3rd Annual meeting (AOGS 2006),
at Singapore, 10-14 July, 2006. She gave an oral
presentation at the meeting, Mutual events of the Uranian
satellites and further observations in network, Paris,
November 15-18, 2006.
11.3 Attendance in meetings
Abhay Karnataki attended the first Heidelberg Summer
School hosted by the IMPRS for Astronomy and Cosmic
Physics at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, during
in September 25-29, 2006; Workshop on Study of Emission
from Hot Diffuse Gas with ASTROSAT December 27, 2006
to January 3, 2007 at Christ College, Bangalore; Workshop
on Physics and Astrophysics of Dust: Formation, Probes
and Astrophysical Implications held in Kavalur, during
VBO, Kavalur during 24 Feb 2007 to 27 Feb 2007.
A. V. Ananth, S. S. Gupta, S. S Hasan, K. M. Hiremath, R.
Kariyappa, V. Krishan, M. Sampoorna, J. H. Sastri, A.
Satya Narayanan, J. Singh, K. R. Sivaraman participated
in the second UN/NASA Workshop on International
Heliophysical Year and Basic Space Science, Bangalore,
India, Nov. 27-Dec. 1, 2006
G.C. Anupama, V. Das, V. Krishan, A. Subramaniam,
R.T. Gangadhara, A. Goswami, A. Singh attended the
XXV ASI meeting held at Hyderabad during 2007
February 7-9.
B.C. Bhatt attended the Academy’s discussion meetings
on Inverse problems with special reference to atmospheric
transport at Coorg, Karnataka during November 23-26,
2006 organized by C-CMMACS and India Academy of
Sciences, Bangalore.
72
C. Birdie participated in the LISA V conference held at
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, in June 2006. She participated
in the panel discussion on Role of libraries to access
knowledge in April, 2006, at the Yale law School.
V. Das attended the Workshop on Physics and
Astrophysics of Dust: Formation, Probes and
Astrophysical Implications 24th–27th February 2007, at
Vainu Bappu Observatory, Kavalur.
K.R.Subramanian participated in the IHY 2007 meeting
held at IIAP during November 27 to December 1, 2006.
11.4 Visits
Abhay Karnataki visited Max Planck Institute for
Astrophysics, Heidelberg, Germany, for a mini-project with
Dullemond, Study of proto-planetary discs around young
solar objects, 2-14 October 2006.
S. Giridhar attended XXVI IAU General Assembly, at
Prague Czech Republic, during Aug 14-25, 2006.
G. C. Anupama visited the University of Tokyo, Hiroshima
University and Kyoto University during 2006
November 4-26.
R. Kariyappa attended an International conference on
Challenges for solar cycle-24, held at PRL, Ahmedabad
during January 22-25, 2007.
D. Banerjee visited Armagh Observatory, U.K. for three
weeks during September 2006, under the Royal Society
British Council joint project grant.
V. Krishan attended the following meetings Frontiers
B. C. Bhatt visited Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT),
Vellore, Tamilnadu on October 13, 2006 during its SEDVIT week and presented a seminar on Site Testing in
Astronomy-Himalayan site and IAO, Ladakh at their
Physics department.
of Plasma Physics, at Kathmandu, January 23-27, 2007;
ICCSC -24, Ahmedabad, January 21- 26, 2007; Kodai
School on Solar Physics, December 10-22, 2006; Solar
Physics Workshop, Meerut; IHY Workshop at ARIES,
Nainital, May 7-10, 2007.
M. Sampoorna participated in the Kodai Winter
School on ‘Solar Physics’ held at Kodaikanal Solar
Observatory, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, during
December 10 – 22 2006.
S. K. Saha chaired a session of the Symposium of Optical
Society of India’, during 2-3rd March, 2007, Baroda MS
University, Baroda.
J. H. Sastri participated in the Golden Jubilee Symposium
on Radio Science (INCURSI-2007) held in National
Physical laboratory, New Delhi, during 21- 24
February 2007.
A. K. Saxena attended the 3rd International Workshop
on Metrology for X-ray Optics, Daegu, Korea, held during
May 2006. He also attended the third International
Workshop on Metrology for X-ray Optics, Daegu, Korea,
May 2006.
J. Singh attended the Winter school meeting at Kodaikanl
on December 2006; Golden Jublee celebration meeting
of PRL meeting held at PRL, Ahmedabad in December
2006; Indo-US meeting held at Udaipur December 2006.
M. P. Singh attended the Rajbasha Seminar on Widening
dimensions of modern science in Ladakh at the Field
Research Laboratory, DRDO, Leh on National science
Day on 28th February 2007. He delivered a talk on Indian
Astronomical Observatory - a multidisciplinary
Observatory in Ladakh.
H.C. Bhatt visited St Philomena’s College, Mysore on
January 23 2007.
B.P. Das visited the University of California, Berkeley,
USA 18 March-3 May 2007; Institute for Theoretical
Atomic and Molecular Physics, Centre for Astrophysics,
Harvard University, 5-15 May 2007.
R.T. Gangadhara visited the National Centre for Radio
Astrophysics (TIFR), Pune during 6-14 April 2007;
ARIES, Nainital during April 25-26, 2007 and gave an
informal talk on Spectroscopic methods and automated
parametrization using ANN.
S. S. Hasan visited (i) Harvard Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics, Cambridge, U.S.A. during April- June, 2006,
(ii) Kiepenheuer Institute, Freiburg, Germany, in
November, 2006, and (iii) Anglo Australan Observatory,
Sydney; Siding Springs & Mt. Stromlo, Canberra, Australia
in December, 2006
C.S. Stalin visited the Anglo-Australian observatory during
September 24-28, 2006.
R. Vasundhara visited the Queen’s University, Belfast
during August-September, 2006 for two weeks to work
with Alan Fitzsimmons and Stephen Lowry on the Deep
impact data.
11.5 Involvement with scientific community
G. C. Anupama is PI of the INSA-JSPS project Physics of
core collapse supernovae. She is also the editor of the
Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India since 2004
March. She is a member of the review committee for the
project Virtual Observatory India - The Next Generation,
funded by the Ministry of Communications and
Information Technology.
C. Birdie has been invited to serve as the standing
committee member of S/T section of IFLA for the year
2005-2009. She is a member of the editorial team of Proc.
LISA V conference to be published as a volume of ASP
conference series, as well as of J. Sci. & Techn. Libraries
published by the Haworth Press, New York for the term
2006-2008.
S. Giridhar has been elected as president of IAU
Commission 45 on Stellar Classification for 2006- 2009.
She served as co-chair of SOC which conducted the Joint
Discussion (JD) titled Exploiting Large Surveys for
Galactic Astronomy for the IAU General Assembly. The
Journal Mem. Soc. Italiana published full proceedings of
this JD as a special issue. Giridhar is co-editor along with
C. Corbally and Coryn Bailer-Jones. She also gave a
keynote address at WAM lunch on Aug 21, 2006 during
GA 26 on Women Astronomers in India. Giridhar
continues to serve as BGS member for Pt. Ravinshankar
Univ. Raipur, since 2005.
S. S. Hasan is an Associate of the Harvard College
Observatory, Cambridge, U.S.A., since 1991. He is the
principal investigator of a DST-DAAD International
Programme with the Kiepenheuer Institute, Freiburg,
Germany on Dynamics and Heating of the Magnetized
Chromosphere. Hasan has been elected as a member of
the editorial board of Solar Physics, as well as a member
of the IHY International Steering Committee, which has
the responsibility of overseeing the operations within IHY.
He is also a member of the editorial board of Journal of
Astrophysics and Astronomy.
R. Kariyappa continues to be a council member for
Karnataka State Council for Science & Technology,
Karnataka Government, IISc, Bangalore, for a period of
3-years (2004 - 2007). He continues to serve as a coinvestigator for SOLARNET space mission project under
CNRS, France. He continues to be as a ‘Mail-in-Reviewer
for NASA’ to review three research proposals which have
been submitted to NASA for funding.
V. Krishan was honored by the Mother Teresa University,
on National Science Day, February 28, 2007 as Woman
of the Year for IHY. She is a visiting Professor at the RRI.
for two years. She is also on the Editorial Board of The
African Physical Review. She is an Associate Member of
NIAS.
K.N. Nagendra continues to be a (SOC) Member of IAU
Comm. 36, on Stellar Atmospheres, with an elected term
73
of 3 years; He is a consulting specialist for the French
CNRS Programme involving Observatoire de Nice, and
Observatoire de Paris.
B. Raghavendra Prasad is a member of DST (TSG)
Expert Group on Molecular Electronics, conducting
polymers, Non-invasive and other bio-sensors. He is a
member of DST (TSG) project review committee on
Molecular electronics, conducting polymers, Noninvasive
and other bio-sensors.
K.B. Ramesh is a member of the design and development
group of the optical solar telescope for school and college
students under the public outreach cell of IIA.
S. K. Saha continues to be a member of the Project
Appraisal and Review Committee (PARC) of a project
on Design and Development of adaptive Optics System
for Missile Imaging & Tracking and Long Range
Surveillance, Instruments Research & Development
Establishment (IRDE), Defence Research & Development
Organisation (DRDO), Dehra Dun, India. S.K. Saha
continued to be a member of the Editorial Board, Asian
Journal of Physics.
J. H. Sastri served as a member of the Program Advisory
Committee for Atmospheric Sciences (PACAS) of the
DST, New Delhi. He served as a member of the Scientific
Advisory Committee of Space Physics Laboratory (SPL)
of VSSC/ISRO, Trivandrum. He served as a co-chair of
theWorking Group2 (WG2) for Space Weather: Science
and Applications of CAWSES-India program funded by
DOS/ISRO and also a member of the National Science
Steering Committee of CAWSES-India.
C. Sivaram has brought out 4 issues of the ‘Astrobiology
newsletter’ in 2006-07.
A. Subramaniam was elected as a Councillor of the ASI
for the triennium 2007-2009. She is a member of the expert
committee on Physical and Mathematical Sciences for
theWomen Scientist Scheme of the DST.
74
12 Public Outreach
12.1 Popular talks
S. P. Bagare gave lectures on Contributions of total solar
eclipse observations to Physics and Astrophysics, at the
Birla Institute, Bangalore in October 2006. He gave a
talk on New insights into our understanding of the solar
system, at Sri Sri Ravishankar College, Bangalore, in
November 2006.
D. Banerjee delivered lectures for the Olympiad students
at Kavalur; on open days at IIA Bangalore; as part of
graduate outreach program have visited Presidency
college, Calcutta and St. Xaviers College Calcutta
(October 2006) and gave a series of lectures.
B. C. Bhatt gave a lecture on Site Testing in Astronomy
with demonstration of 2-m HCT remote operation
on telescope operation, data acquisition etc from
CREST network, on March 11, 2007, to a group
of students who visited CREST under REAP/BASE
program.
H. C. Bhatt gave a lecture on Our Galaxy: The
Milky Way at St Philomena’s College, Mysore on
Jan 23 2007.
Gajendra Pandey gave a talk on Life and death of
heavyweight and lightweight stars on National science
day, held at IIA.
R. T. Gangadhara gave the following public talks : Pulsar
emission altitude from relativistic phase shift, NCRA,
Pune, 6 April 2006; Radio Pulsars, The Bangalore
Science Forum, National College, Bangalore, 19 April
2006; White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars and Pulsars, B.V.
Jagadeesh Science Centre, National College, Bangalore,
28 April 2006.
J. P. Lancelot gave lectures at BIFR for the Astronomy
and Astrophysics course.
A. Mangalam gave a talk on Physics of stars to
college students at the Nehru Planetarium in May
2006. He also gave a talk on Birth and death of stars
at the National Symposium on Physics in the 21st
Century at CMERI, Durgapur, during February, 10 - 11,
2007. A. Mangalam is also a part of the Research
Education Advancement Programme (REAP) training
and research program run by the Bangalore Association
for Science Education (BASE), Nehru Planetarium
for advanced graduate and undergraduate students,
in which IIA is a participating institute. He taught
a semester long course on some topics from mathematical
physics.
T. P. Prabhu gave talks entitled Astronomy from High
Altitudes at the Astronomy Club, John H. Welsh
Technology Centre, Bangalore, on 23 February 2007, and
at Vemana Institute of Technology, Bangalore, on
21 March 2007.
K. B. Ramesh gave five guest lectures on Solar Physics at
BIFR, Bangalore and also gave a guest lecture on The Sun,
our star at Vivekananda college, Madurai.
G. Ramachandran gave a talk at B. V. Jagadish Science
Center, The National College, Bangalore - 560076 (25th
Aug 2006) on Nuclear forces
B. E. Reddy gave a talk titled Milky Way as seen from
the Earth on 23 January 2006 at the astronomy
program Windows to our Galaxy at St. Philomena’s
college, Mysore. He also gave a talk on Stars and the
Milky Way on 02 Feb 2007 at St. Alosius College,
Mangalore
M. Sampoorna presented two public lectures at the Nehru
Planetarium on the topic Second Solar Spectrum - a new
window to the Sun on June 8 2006.
K. R. Subramanian gave a talk titled Gauribidanur radio
heliograph to students of Dept of Physics and Astronomy
of Nimengen University, Netherlands at the Gauribidanur
radio observatory on October 9, 2006. He also gave two
lectures on Radio astronomy to students of certificate
course on Rocket and space dynamics conducted by St.
Joseph’s collage, Bangalore, in collaboration with ISRO
on January 13, 2007 and March 11, 2007. He gave a talk
on Radio Sun to students of IEEE Chapter, UVCE college,
Bangalore on March 9, 2007. He gave several lectures on
basic radio astronomy to students of certiciate course in
astronomy conducted by the BIFR, Bangalore, during May,
October 2006.
Prasad Subramanian is participating in an ongoing
program with the Jagannath Institute of Technology and
Management (JITM) in southern Orissa.
C. Sivaram gave the following lectures : New status of
Pluto as a dwarf planet and new definitions of a Planet at
the Visweraya Industrial Museum and Planetarium, Oct.
2006; Comet power houses, B.V. Jagadeesh Science Centre
Aug. 11 and August 25, 2006; Gravitational waves
Mahaveer Jain College, July 27, 2006; Calendar and on
astrobiobiology Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, January 2007;
Perceptions of the universe Rotary Club, Indiranagar,
February 2007; Cosmic microwave background and Nobel
Prize Physics 2006 at the National Science Day, Bangalore
University, February 28 2007. He was also the Director of
the course on Rocket dynamics, Space science and
astrophysics, which was an intercollegiate undergraduate
course for B.Sc/BE students, held at St. Joseph College,
from Sept. 2006 April 2007. He was Chief Resource
person, for course on General relativity cosmology and
astrophysics, for Phys. Dept. Christ College, (Sept. 2006,
Apr. 2007). Sivaram taught a four week graduate course
at BIFR on Introduction to astrobiology, Jan - Feb 2007.
Also several lectures (about 25) given to students of
Certificate course in astronomy, at BIFR.
K. Sundara Raman inaugurated the Physics Association
at Bishop Heber College, Trichy and delivered 2 lectures
on Basics of Astrophysics and Solar Physics on July 28
2006. He participated as the chief guest for a function at
Anna Science Centre Planetarium, Trichy on 29 January
2007 and delivered a lecture On the importance of
dissertation and project works being undertaken as a part
of the curriculum. He functioned as the chief guest during
the Inter Collegiate Meet PHYSI KALAM 2007
conducted at Vivekananda College, Madurai. He gave a
lecture on Astrophysics to the gathering. He also delivered
a keynote address On the importance of basic sciences,
and gave a lecture on Sun as a Star, belonging to various
colleges on the occasion of the function PHYSICS QUEST
2007 conducted in connection with the National science
day on 28 February 2007 by the Mother Teresa Womens
University, Kodaikanal.
12.2 National science day
The National science day was celebrated in the Institute
with great enthusiasm on 28 February, 2007. Lectures on
astronomy, and a short movie on IIA entitled, ‘From
Nungambakkam to Hanle’, a continuous movie show at
the Seminar Room and an exhibition of colourful posters
on astronomical objects and models of telescopes were
among the several activities during the day, in which more
than 200 school children have participated. Celebrations
were finally brought to a close by watching the night sky
through the Meade telescope.
{MÌ 26 : A group of students are watching solar spectra.
75
Observation of the Sun and sunspots through an
appropriate telescopic arrangement in a tent was set up. A
two mirror Coelostat system was set up to demonstrate
the presence of sunspots on the solar disk to the school
children. A 3 inch objective and a reimaging unit was used
to obtain a 10 inch image of the Sun on a big screen.
Apart from this demonstration, a quiz on sunspots was
set up, just adjascent to the live demonstration of Sun’s
image, to create inquisitiveness in them towards the solar
astronomy. A compact disk based spectroscope was made
for the first time in IIA for the students to look at the solar
Fraunhofer spectrum. College and school students were
explained about the sunspot numbers, how the absorption
spectrum is formed in the Sun and other details. Several
volunteers took part in explaining the experiments to the
students.
(K. B. Ramesh, K. E. Rangarajan, K. Nagaraju, J. P. A.
Samson & mechanical staff)
IHY outreach program
Several groups were formed for bringing out a prototype
experimental setup to study the Sun by college and school
students during the current International Heliophysical
year Outreach program. The instruments were (i) two
element radio interferometer, (ii) 3 inch optical telescope
design and fabrication, (iii) optical arrangement for the
Coelostat and spectrograph, (iv) CCD and computer
arrangement for data collection and (v) mechanical design
and fabrication of Coelostat. Later on, the know-how will
be passed on to the industry for mass production of the
units and the equipment will be distributed to selected in
stitutions for the purpose of public education. (K. E.
Rangarajan & R. Ramesh)
IIA stall at outstations
76
{MÌ
27 : IIA stalls at Govt. engineering college, Trissur on
November 1-3, 2006.
A team from IIA participated in the following exhibitions
as part of the public outreach programme consisting of
students and technical staff. The events are (i) Swasraya
Bharath 2006, National Self Reliance Week Celebration,
during 11-17 October 2006, Kochi, Kerala, (ii) science
exhibition, Trichur Engineering College, during 1-3
November 2006, Trichur, Kerala, (iii) science Expo 2006,
Vishwesvaraya Techmology Museum 24-27 November
2006, Bangalore, and (iv) Xplore-2007, A National level
Technical Exhibition, Kannur Government Engineering
College, 20-22 February 2007, Kannur, Kerala.
The exhibits in the stall included a tabletop model of
Vainu Bappu Telescope, a model showing the progress
of astronomy, and some optical and X-ray images of
celestial objects. A documentry about the life and times
of Einstein prepared by IIA students as well as a movie
on Hanle Observatory were also screned.
(T. K. Muralidas, Blesson Methew, Vigeesh, Bharat Y.,
Pukazhenthi)
13 Colloquia/Seminar given by visitors
04 April 2006
The Mystery of the Accelerating Expansion of the
Universe
Tarun Deep Saini
JAP, IISc, Bangalore
06 April 2006
Optical observations of GRB afterglows
Shashi Bhushan Pandey
Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Spain
21 April 2006
The Origin of E+A (post-starburst) Galaxies
Tomotsugu Goto
Department of Infrared Astrophysics, Institute of Space
& Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan
02 May 2006
Metal and Dust Content of the Universe as Determined
through QSO Absorption Lines
Pushpa Khare
Physics Dept., Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar.
30 May 2006
Fourier decomposition of RR Lyrae Light Curves and
the Oosterhoff Dichotomy
Armando Arellano Ferro
Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma
de Mexico, Mexico.
02 June 2006
Bhas Bapat
Photo Triple Ionization of CO2
Laboratory Astrophysics Group, PRL, Ahmedabad
9 June 2006
Relativisitic Numerical Hydrodynamics and Equation of
State
Indranil Chattopadhyay
Chungnam National University, South Korea
14 June 2006
Exposure Time Calculator for IFOSC and Sky
Background Estimation
Pavan Chakraborty
Assam University, Silchar
15 June 2006
PSR B0329+54 - A Pulsar with Unique Emission
Properties
Dipanjan Mitra
National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, TIFR, Pune
77
20 June 2006
X-raying Stellar Coronae: Structure, Composition, and
Energetics
Vinay Kashyap
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA
20 June 2006
Do you need to understand General Relativity to
understand Gravitation?
Hari Dass
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai
27 June 2006
Vertical Structure and Dynamics of Galaxies
Chanda Jog
JAP, IISc, Bangalore
29 June 2006
Unravelling the morphologies of Luminous Compact
Galaxies using the HST/ACS GOODS survey
Abhishek Rawat
IUCAA, Pune
03 July 2006
Optical and Near-Infrared Instrumentation at the UK
Astronomy Technology Centre
Nagaraja Naidu
UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Edinburgh, UK
06 July 2006
Distant SN Surveys for Cosmological Expansion
Measurements using SUBARU
Mamoru Doi
Institute of Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Japan
07 July 2006
Spectropolarimetric and Spectroscopic studies of
Circumstellar Environments of Explosive stars, and the
Hiroshima 1.5-m Telescope Project
Koji S. Kawabata
Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Japan
10 July 2006
Core-Collapse Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: Type
Ib SN2005bf and Type Ic SN2006aj/GRB060218
Nozomu Tominaga
Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Japan
11 July 2006
Cosmic-ray Muons, Atmospheric Neutrinos and Neutrino
Oscillations in the Back-drop of the India-based Neutrino
Observatory
D. Indumathi
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai
78
13 July 2006
GMRT Observations of Galaxy Group Holmberg 124:
Signatures of Tidal Interaction and Ram Pressure
Stripping
Nimisha Kantharia
NCRA, Pune
05 September 2006
Occurrence of Radio Halos and Relics in Galaxy Clusters:
Hints on their Origin and Properties from a Deep GMRT
610 MHz Cluster Survey
Tiziana Venturi
Istituto di Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy
25 July 2006
Clues to Early Universe from Fossil Stars
Biman Nath
RRI, Bangalore
12 September 2006
What Thermonuclear X-ray Bursts can tell us about
Neutron Stars
Sudip Bhattacharyya
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA
28 July 2006
An Explosion of Cosmic Explosions
Shrinivas R. Kulkarni
California Institute of Technology, USA
08 August 2006
Statistical Problems in Astronomy
Jogesh Babu
Center for Astrostatistics, Pennsylvania State University,
USA
10 August 2006
Status of the development of the Brazilian Decimetric
Array and other activities of the solar physics Group at
INPE
Sawant H.S
BDA Team -Brazilian National Space Research Institute
- INPE Brazil
22 August 2006
Sliding Down the Double Helix: How do Proteins Find
their Binding Sites Inside the Cell Nucleus?
Holger Merlitz
Department of Physics, Xiamen University, China
24 August 2006
Observation of VHE Gamma Ray Sources with the
MAGIC Telescope
Pratik Majumdar
Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Germany
29 August 2006
The Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment
David Lambert
Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin,
USA
31 August 2006
The Giant Magellan Telescope
David Lambert
Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin,
USA
19 September 2006
Magnetars under the Chandra and XMM-Newton Eye
Firoza Sutaria
Pennsylvania State University, USA
26 September 2006
On the Role of MHD Waves in solar wind source region
Abhishek Kumar Srivastava
BHU, Varanasi
03 October 2006
All About HII Regions
Mike Dopita
Mt. Stromlo & Siding Spring Observatories, Institute of
Advanced Studies, Australia
31 October 2006
Level-crossing Phenomena in Astrophysics
Palash Baran Pal
SINP, Kolkota
02 November 2006
Chemical Evolution of Molecular Clouds
Satoshi Yamamoto
University of Tokyo, Japan
21 November 2006
Small-scale dymanics in coronal holes
Miruna D. Popescu
Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland
22 November 2006
Temporal Variations of Solar Rotation during Solar
Cycle 23
H. M. Antia
TIFR, Mumbai
07 December 2006
Star-forming galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
parallels
Yogesh Wadadekar
Princeton University, USA
12 December 2006
Line Formation in Media with Stochastic Velocity Fields
Wilhelm H. Kegel
Zentrum fuer Astronomie & Astrophysik, Technische
Universitaet Berlin, Germany
02 January 2007
First star-Hypernova connection: explosive
nucleosynthesis & abundance patterns of extremely metal
poor stars
K. Nomoto
09 January 2007
SIM, Stellar Aberration, and Special Relativity
Richard Conn Henry
The Johns Hopkins University, Canada
10 January 2007
Diffuse Elliptical galaxies: A Rosette stone to Understand
the Evolution of Galaxies in Clusters
Philippe Prugniel
Observatoire de Lyon, France
10 January 2007
Multiple and Multi-centred Scattering in Bounded and
Unbounded Media
Dilip Ghosh Roy
University of Utah, USA
11 January 2007
Analysis of Stellar Populations
Mina Koleva
11 January 2007
Quasar time delays, Ho and Dark Matter
F. Courbin
Ecolé Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
12 January 2007
Ages for Illustrative Field Stars using Gyrochronology
Sydney Barnes
Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, USA
16 January 2007
The Accretion disk and its Transport Mechanism The
Current Status
Banibrata Mukhopadhyay
JAP, IISc
01 February 2007
Halo Coronal Mass Ejections and their Geoeffectiveness
N. Gopalswamy
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center USA
79
05 February 2007
Recent Low-frequency Studies near the Galactic Centre
Subhashis Roy
ASTRON, The Netherlands
06 February 2007
Einstein‘s Jury : Trial by Telescope
Jeffrey Crelinsten
The Impact Group, Toronto, Canada
26 February 2007
The Internal Structure of Venus and Mars from Satellite
Tracking
Dan McKenzie
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge,
UK
27 February 2007
Gravitational Wave Astronomy
Achamveedu Gopakumar
Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
01 March 2007
Inspiral Dynamics of Compact Binaries: its Applications
and Implications
Achamveedu Gopakumar
Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
06 March 2007
Warm Absorbers in Active Galactic Nuclei
Ajit Kembhavi
IUCAA, Pune
12 March 2007
HII Regions
Humeshkar Nemala
University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
13 March 2007
Orion: A Case Study of Star Formation in a Magnetized
Medium
Gary Ferland
University of Kentucky, USA
80
14 Visitors at IIA
30 April - 3 May, 2006
Pushpa Khare
Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
May 1 - 2 June, 2006
A. Arellano Ferro
Instituto De Astronomia
Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Mexico
15 - 17 May, 2006
D. Ojha
TIFR, Mumbai
20 May - 1 June & 11 - 14 July, 2006
Sanjoy Mozumdar
IIT, Chennai
June - August, 2006
Kasey Wagoner
Department of Physics,Washing University St, Louis,
Missouri, USA
3 June - 2 July, 2006
Albert Tarantola
IPGP, Paris, France
7 - 15 June, 2006
Pavan Chakraborty
Assam University, Silchar
11 - 18 June, 2006
Dipanjan Mitra
IUCAA, Pune
11 - 16 June, 2006, 21 June - 1 July, 2006 & September
20 - 22, 2006
Pijush Bhattacharjee
SINP, Kolkata
12 - 15 June, 2006
Haridass
Institute of Mathematical Science, Chennai
20 June, 2006
Vinay Kashyap
CFA, Harvard, USA
27 June - 3 July, 2006
Abishek Rawat
IUCAA, Pune
4 - 14 July, 2006
M. Doi, K. Kawabata, N. Tominaga, N. Tanakashi
6 - 14 July, 2006
Nimisha Kantharia
TIFR, Mumbai
July - September, 2006
Holger Merlitz
Department of Physics, Xiamen University, China
7 - 14 August, 2006
H. S. Sawant
INPE, Brazil
August, 2006
David L. Lambert
McDonald Observatory, University of Austin, - for 4 weeks
Texas, USA
6 - 12 August, 2006
Jogesh Babu
Pennsylvania State University, USA
22 - 23, August, 2006, & 27 November - 1 December,
2007
Rajmal Jain
PRL, Ahmedabad
30 August - 10 September, 2006
Tiziana Venturi, Simona Giacintucci
Istituto di Radioastronomia, INAF / CNR, Bologna, Italy
10 - 19 September, 2006 & Februray 17 - 19, 2007
Angom Dilip
PRL, Ahmedabad
12 September, 2006
Sudip Bhattacharyya
NASA Goddard Apace Flight Center, USA
13 - 14 September, 2006
Nihita Goel
TIFR, Mumbai
16 September - 3 October, 2006
Firoza Sutaria
S.N.Bose Center for Basic Science, Kolkata
September - November, 2006
Michael Dopita
Mt. Stromlo & Siding Spring Observatories Institute of
Advanced Studies, Australia,
11 - 15 September, 2006
Kaushar Sanchawala
Graduate Institute of Astronomy
National Central University, Taiwan
26 - 29 September, 2006
John Hutchings
Herzberg Instt. Astrophysics, Vancouver, Canada
13 - 14 October, 2006 & 26 -27 February, 2007
B. R. S. Babu
Calicut University, Calicut
31 October - 2 November, 2006
Palash B. Pal
SINP, Kolkata
9 November - 4 December, 2006
Miruna Daniela Popescu
Armagh Observatory, UK
12 December, 2006
Wilhelm Kegel
University of Frankfurt, Germany
2 - 22 December, 2006
Oskar Steiner
Kiepenheuer-Institut fr Sonnenphysik Freiburg, Germany
December 2006- February, 2007
Lars Kreiger
Kiepenheuer-Institut fr Sonnenphysik Freiburg, Germany
December 28, 2006 - January 4, 2007
K Nomoto
4 January, 2007
E. N Parker
University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
8 - 14 January, 2007
Philippe Preugniel, Mina Koleva
9 - 16 January, 2007
Frederic Courbin
Laboratoire d’Astrophysique, EPFL, Switzerland
10 January, 2007
Martin Rees, Bernie Jones, Guru Gujral
The Royal Society, London
27 January - 2 February, 2007
N Gopalswamy
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA
10 - 18 February, 2007
Pat Eliason
NSO, USA
81
10 - 17 February, 2007
Kiran Jain NSO, USA
24 Februray, 2007
P C Agarwal
TIFR, Mumbai
27 February - March 2, 2007
Michel Dennefeld
Institut d’Astrophysique, Paris, France
5 - 6 March, 2007
A Khembavi
IUCAA, Pune
11 - 15 March, 2007
Gary Ferland, Humeshkar Nemala
University of Kentucky, USA
14 - 28 March, 2007
Gopal Krishna
NCRA, Pune
Visitors during 27 November - 1 December, 2006.
Mohamed Alabdoadaim
Sebha University, Libya
Najat Mohammed Rashid
University of Baghdad, Iraq
Zainol Abidin
University of Malaysia, Malaysia
Hamid M.K. Al-naimiy
University of Sharjah, UAE
Luc Damé
Service d’Aronomie du CNRS, France
Baylie Damtie
Department of Physics, Bahir Dar University, Ethopia
Thomas Djamaluddin
National Institute of Aeronautics & Space (LAPAN),
Indonesia
Jiulin Du
Tianjin University, China
Guenther Eichhorn
Harvard-Smithsonian CFA, Cambridge, USA
Robert Erdelyi
University of Sheffield, UK
Jos‘e Henrique Fernandez
University of Taubate - UNITAU, Brazil
82
Trevor Garner
Univ. of Texas, Austin
Nassim Seghouani
Chemin de l’Observatoire, Algeria
A. R. W. Hughes
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Jalu Tejo Nugroho
National Institute of Aeronautics & Space (LAPAN),
Indonesia
Umran S. Inan
Stanford University, USA
Jose Kaname Ishitsuka Iba
Instituto Geofisico del Peru, Peru
M. K. H. Ismail
National Space Agency of Malaysia, Malaysia
Jie Jiang
National Astonomical Observatories, China
Endawoke Yizengaw Kassie
Institute of Geophysics & Planetary Physics, UCLA, USA
Abebe Kebede
NC A&T State University, Greensboro
Sergey Krasotkin
Theoretic & App. Space Phy. Dept. Moscow State
University, Russia
Alejandr Lara S‘anvhez
Instituto de Geofisica UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria
Coyoacan, Mexico
Ayman Mahrous
Helwan University, Egypt
Christian Monstein
ETH Zurich Institute of Astronomy, Switzerland
Yong-Jae Moon
Korea Astronomy & Space Science Institute, South Korea
Jared O. Hera Ndeda
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology,
Kenya
Satoru Ueno
Kyoto University, Japan
Klaus Wilheim
Max-Planck-Institut fur Sonnensystem, Germany
Han Wonyong
Korea Astronomy & Space Science Institute, South Korea
Kiyohumi Yumoto
Kyushu University, Japan
Ashok Ambastha, P. Venkatakrishnan, Nandita Srivastava,
Sanjay Gosain
USO, Udaipur
Subramanian
NCRA, TIFR, Pune
Shanmugaraju Annamalai
Arul Anandar College, Tamilnadu
I. A. Ansari
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Badruddin
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Lokesh Bharati
Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Archana Bhattacharyya, Veenadhari B Pantuala, Sobhana
Alex, Raman S Thevar, Rajesh Singh, Gurbax Lakhina,
Ashwini K Sinha
IIG, Mumbai
Shyamal Chakraborty
Raja Peary Mohan College, Hooghly
Mikhall Panasyuk
Moscow State University, Russia
S. M. Chitre,
University of Mumbai, Mumbai
Miruna Daniela Popescu
Armagh Observatory, Ireland, UK
Bhola Dwivedi, Ravindra Pratap Patel, Kalpana Patel,
Vinay S Pandey Abhishekh K Srivastava, Shubha Singh
BHU, Varanasi
Akeem Babatunde Rabiu
Federal University of Technology, Nigeria
Takashi Sakurai
National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo, Japan
T.E. Girish
Government Engineering College, Trivandrum
Ashok Kumar Gwal
Barkatullah University, Bhopal
83
Ravindra Jadav
Bahauddin Science College, Junagath,
R. Sridharan
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum
Ajay Kumar Jadeja, Malini Aggarwal
Saurashtra University, Gujarat.
Wahab Uddin
Institute of Observational Sciences, Uttaranchal
Santhosh Kumar
Rani Durgawati University, Chattisgarh
Manohar Lal Yadava, S. Guruvain
IIG, Tirunelveli
Subhash Chandra Kaushik
Department of Physics, Government Autonomous PG
College, Madhya Pradesh
Rajmohan Kombiyil
Tohoku University, Japan
P. K. Manoharan
RAC, Ooty
Arak M. Mathai
Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Kerala
Saumitra Mukherjee
JNU, New Delhi
A. Paranjapye
IUCAA, Pune
Kamlesh Pathak
S.V. NIT, Surat
Felix Pereira
St. Xavier’s College, Trivandrum
Girija Rajaram, Radharani Alyana
IIT, Mumbai
P. Balarama Rao
National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad
D. Narayana Rao
National Atmospheric Research Lab., Tirupati
B. Madhava Reddy
National Geophys. Res. Institute, Hyderabad
Ashok K Sharma, Parashram T. Patil, R.V. Bhonsle
Shivaji University, Kolhapur
Ram Pal Sharma
IIT, New Delhi
Ashok K. Singh
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
K. C. Srivastav
University of Allahabad, Allahabad
84
15 Conferences, Workshops at IIA
15.1 In-house scientific meeting
An In-house scientific meeting was conducted for the first
time in the history of IIA on April 17th and 18th. There
were 52 presentations of 15 minutes duration each on
various subjects like Theoretical Astrophysics, Solar
Physics, Stellar physics, Galactic astronomy and
Instrumentation by the scientific and technical staff of
the Institute. A partial list of the topics of the talks of the
two day meeting are given below: The first two sessions
were devoted to the topics covering the observations of
Sun in various wavelength bands of different regions like
chromosphere, corona and photosphere, in-house
developed instrumentation for polarization
measurements, radio observation and instrumentation for
the study of Sun. In the next two sessions, the topics on
Stellar physics included accretion disk disks, abundance
analysis, star clusters, novae, pulsars and diffuse radiation
field. Radiative transfer and theories on atomic physics
were discussed in the theoretical astrophysics session.
Development on HAGAR telescope and speckle
interferometry were covered in the instrumentation
session.
15.2 International workshop on UVIT and
ASTROSAT
IIA organised an international workshop on ‘UV and
Multiwavelength Astronomy with ASTROSAT’ during 27
to 29 September 2006. It was a well attended meeting. In
addition to participants from various national
organisations, there were partcipants from Canada, UK,
and Australia.
The first part of the programme covered the overview of
the various payloads on Astrosat and the science, followed
by the status of the satellite ASTROSAT as a whole by
the PI and project manager of ASTROSAT respectively.
It looks that the programme is progressing as expected
and no major hurdles are anticipated. The presentations
on the sensitivities, capabilities, constraints and status of
six payloads on Astrosat were discussed. The data pipe
line of UVIT, ground and onboard calibrations and the
preparations to achieve them were also discussed. A
presentation on the new addition to UVIT, the gratings
was also made. The science plans and programmes to be
conducted mainly with UVIT as lead were discussed next.
These included topics on binary stars, star clusters, novae
and supernovae, hot stars, interstellar extinction, star
forming galaxies, H II regions, Planetary nebulae. and
Variable stars.
Later multiwavelength based programmes were discussed
which included X-ray binaries, QPOs, black hole
candidates, AGNs, GRBs, micro-variability of Quasars,
pulsars etc. Topics on UV and other backgrounds and
groups of galaxies and the science that is being done with
the UV mission GALEX were also covered. Deep surveys
with UVIT of selected areas and discussion on which areas
and for how long was also formed part of the topics
covered. In addition a long discussion on the observational
strategies to be adopted was also considered along with
complimentary ground based studies required and the
resources needed.
15.3 Second UN/NASA workshop on IHY and
basic space science
The term heliophysical is a broadening of the concept of
geophysical, extending the connections from the Earth to
the Sun & interplanetary space. The Earth, Sun & Solar
system are studied not as separate domains but through
the universal processes governing the human realm of
space. An workshop on International Heliosphysical year
(IHY) has been conducted at the institute during 27
November - 1 December 2006. The objectives of IHY are:
•
Global study of the Sun-heliosphere system
outward to the heliopause to understand the
external, and historic drivers of geophysical
change,
•
provide benchmark measurements of the response
of the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, the lower
atmosphere and Earth surface to identify global
processes and drivers which affect the terrestrial
environment and space,
•
foster international scientific cooperation in the
study of heliophysical phenomena now and in the
future, and
•
communicate the unique scientific results of the
IHY to the interested scientific community and to
the general public.
Researchers and educators from a large number of
countries were invited by the United Nations, NASA and
IIA to participate in the workshop. There were participants
from universities and research institutions, observatories,
national space agencies, planetariums and international
organizations. More than 150 participants from 30 Member
States of the UN were represented at the workshop. The
workshop was inaugurated by Dr. K. Kasturirangan,
Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies and
Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha). At the opening of
the workshop, statements were made by the Director of
IIA, and by representatives of the IHY secretariat, NASA
and UNOOSA.
85
{MÌ 28 : Left to right: S. S. Hasan, M. Guhathakurta, B. V. Sreekantan, K. Kasturirangan, H. Haubold, J. Davilla, N. Gopalswamy
15.4 Young astronomers’ meet
The Young astronomers’ meet (YAM) was organized in
IIA with the aid of Department of Science & Technology
during January 3-5, 2007. The YAM is an exclusive forum
for the young researchers working in Astronomy &
Astrophysics to express and exchange their ideas related
to the current developments in the field. YAM also aims
at motivating the bright M.Sc. students to choose their
career in Astronomy. About 90 participants including 50
research scholars from various research institutes and
universities working in the diverse fields of Astronomy
and Astrophysics ranging from solar & stellar astrophysics
to cosmology attended the Meet. Around 30 M.Sc.
students and a few engineering students also participated.
The program included the oral and poster presentations
by the participants, evening colloquiums by the senior
scientists, a visit to ISRO Satellite Center to overview the
various ongoing space projects at ISRO and a trip to
CREST campus, Hosakote to introduce the remote
operational techniques of the Himalayan Chandra
Telescope.
15.5 Kodai summer school in physics
A three week summer school in Physics was conducted
during 5-24 June 2006 on the subjects (i) special theory
of relativity, (ii) general theory of relativity, and (iii) fluid
dynamics was conducted at IIA, Kodaikanal. Twenty one
students of final year postgraduate and graduate courses
from various parts of the country participated. The classes
and simultaneous tutorials were conducted by the eminent
persons in the field from the premier institutions of the
country. Professor Albert Tarantola and Dr. K. Sundara
Raman delivered evening special lectures to the students
and local public. The students were exposed to the solar
observations and night sky viewing.
15.6 Solar physics winter school
An international school on Solar Physics was organised
during December 10 – 22, 2006 at Kodaikanal
Observatory. The aim of the school was to teach the basics
of solar physics and to motivate the students to take up a
research career. This is the first time the students were
exposed to a course on SoIndian lar physics. Thirty six
students (undergoing M.Sc and Ph.D. programs) from
within the country and six foreign students attended the
school. Thirteen speakers ( seven from abroad and six
from within the country) gave 42 lectures and in addition,
five evening seminars were arranged. Students took part
in observational exercises, solved short problems and
familiarised themselves with few computer models. An
evening seminar titled ‘Radiative equilibrium in solar
atmosphere’ was given by Rangarajan.
86
15.7 Workshop on physics and astrophysics of
dust
A workshop on Interstellar Dust was organised at the
Vainu Bappu Observatory, Kavalur, during February 2426, 2007. The aim was to discuss the formation, probes
and astrophysics of dust. A heterogeneous group of about
thirty people, physicists, chemists, astronomers, and
mathematicians were brought together with a common
purpose in mind- to solve the mysteries of dust5 grains
in outer space.
The characteristics of cometary dust were discussed and
its difference with interstellar dust was emphasized.
Presence of dust in the atmosphere of brown dwarfs and
of T Tauri type stars is generally inferred form infra red
studies of these objects and through polarization studies.
A careful study of the gas phase abundances in diffuse
clouds can yield valuable information on the amount of
dust forming material available in the ISM. A systematic
effort in this direction reveals that the amount of heavy
elements available is not enough to produce the observed
extinction. Doubts are cast on the once widely accepted
Mathis-Rumpl-Nordsieck mixture with power law type
distribution. The ubiquitous 218 nm feature may not be
due to graphite at all. The first results on a survey of dust
through infra red studies in the inner Milky Way were
also presented.
Evidence of dust in elliptical and lenticular galaxies was
presented through extinction maps of these galaxies which
were obtained from extensive photometric data. Evidence
of the presence of dust in starburst galaxies and in quasars
was also presented. Heavy elements, which the grains
are seemed to be composed of seem to have formed rather
early in the history of the universe since there appears to
be substantial amounts of dust in high redshift quasars.
Supernovae are thought to be responsible for producing
the heavy elements and dust in these environments.
The workshop dealt with the physics and chemistry of
dust and several interesting topics, e.g. heterogeneous
chemistry of very small dust particles, crystallization and
morphology of grains, dynamical aspects the separation
of dust and gas in various interstellar environments,
spectroscopic studies in the identification of dust species,
and the importance of the study of complex molecules in
understanding the chemistry of dust. Possibility of
laboratory simulation of dust-gas interaction and
observing the dynamics through holographic imaging was
also examined.
The workshop also discussed on the spectroscopy and
light scattering as probes of interstellar dust. The
theoretical modeling of the scattering process was
discussed in several talks. The results of the application of
the theory of Discrete Dipole Approximation to scattering
by grains were discussed. The formal presentation of the
talks closed with a description of a new effort on laboratory
studies of light scattering by grains. At the end, there was
a discussion on the identification of the possible areas of
overlap between the various groups in the country.
16
National & International Programmes
16.1 Collaborations with other countries
1.
Collaboration between IIA and INPE, Brazil
in the development of the digital system for
the Brazilian decimetric array continued.
A 32 channel digital correlation system
was interfaced to the 5 element interferometer
system at INPE. A 1444 channel correlator
system is being constructed at IIAP for the
final phase of the BDA which will consist
of 32 parabolic dishes of 4 m in diameter operating
in the band 1.5 - 5 GHz with maximum baselines
of 2 km.
2.
TAUVEX mission, an Indo-Israeli ultraviolet
imaging experiment that will image large parts
of the sky in the wavelength region between
140 and 320 nm and is expected to be launched
as part of the next GSLV mission (GSAT-4) in
mid-2008.
3.
An antipodal transient telescope has been installled
at IAO, hanle in collaboration with the McDonnell
Center for Space Sciences, Washington University,
St Louis. This is one of the two 0.5-m optical
telescopes for photometric monitoring of active
galactic nuclei, the other one already operating in
Arizona, USA.
4.
A radio spectrograph operating from approximately
18-70 MHz is being developed for radio telescope
at Gauribidanur under the UN Basic science
initiated programme in collaboration with
the University of Maryland, and the Naval
Research Lab.
16.2 Collaborations with institutes within the
country
1.
IIA is collaborating with ISRO, Inter University
Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA),
Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), and
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
to develop UltraViolet Imaging Telescope
(UVIT), which is one of the payloads on satellite
Astrosat.
2.
IIA has set up a Gamma Ray Telescope array
at IAO, Hanle, in collaboration with TIFR.
The telescope design and development (mechanical,
civil and control electronics) is implemented
by IIA, while the Software for the telescope
control and Data Acquisition System are developed
87
by TIFR. The complete array of 7 telescopes
is expected to be operational by December 2007
and the preliminary science observations could
begin thereafter.
88
17 Extra-curricular activities
Annual day celebrations
{MÌ 29 : IIA is in festive mood.
After a gap of more than a decade, the Institute celebrated
the annual day function on April 15, 2006. On this
occasion, the Institute’s magazine ‘TARA’ was brought
out. The function was well attended by the staff members
and their families.
Raj-rakt
{MÌ 30 :
Scene from Raj-rakt performed by Habib Tanvir’s
Naya Theatre.
The Institute’s Hosakote campus hosted a play entitled,
‘Raj-rakt’ based on Tagore’s ‘Visarjan’ on 11th February
this year. It was played by Naya Theatre, a professional
touring company, headed by Habib Tanvir. It was well
attended.
89
18 Staff list 2006-2007
Jr. Research Fellow: Anusha L, Rumpa Chaudhari,
Girijesh Gupta, Tapan Mishra, Anantha Charan Pradhan,
Sumangala Rao, Bharat Kumar Era Reddy, Roopashree,
Amit Shukla, Smitha Subramanian, Vigeesh G
Director: S. Sirajul Hasan
18.1 Academic & Scientific members
Senior Professor: B. P. Das, Vinod Krishan, T. P. Prabhu,
N. Kameswara Rao, J. H. Sastri, C. Sivaram, J. Singh, R.
Srinivasan
Professor: S. P. Bagare, H. C. Bhatt, S. Surendra Gupta,
R. C. Kapoor, Jayant Murthy, A. K. Pati, A. V. Raveendran
Associate Professor: G. C. Anupama, S. Chatterjee,
Sunetra Giridhar, Sushma G. V. Mallik, K. N. Nagendra,
K. E. Rangarajan, S. K. Saha, K. R. Subramanian, R.
Surendiranath
Scientist - E: P. M. S. Namboodiri, B. Raghavendra
Prasad
Scientist - D: B. C. Bhatt, R. K. Chaudhuri, R. T.
Gangadhara, K. M. Hiremath, R. Kariyappa, Arun
Mangalam, M. V. Mekkaden, S. Mohin, K. P. Raju, K. B.
Ramesh, Prajval Shastri, Prasad Subramanian, A.
Satyanarayanan
Scientist - C: S. Annapurni, D. Banerjee, Aruna Goswami,
J. Javaraiah*2, U. S. Kamath, S. Muneer, Gajendra
Pandey, P. S. Parihar, R. Ramesh, M. Srinivasa Rao, B.
Eshwar Reddy, D. K. Sahu, S. K. Sengupta, C. S. Stalin,
K. Sundara Raman, B. A. Varghese
Scientist- B: P. Bama, E. Ebenezer, B. S. Nagabhushana,
Shanthikumar Singh
Research Associate: M. Appakutty
Distinguished Professor: R. Cowsik (Vainu Bappu
Chair), V. K. Gaur, K.R. Sivaraman, S.N. Tandon
Visiting Sr. Professor: G. Ramachandran, P. R.
Vishwanath
18.2 Technical staff
Engineer G: A. K. Saxena
Sr. Principal Scientific Officer: A. V. Ananth
Engineer E: V. Chinnappan, G. Srinivasulu, M. S.
Sundararajan
Engineer D: P. M. M. Kemkar, J. S. Nathan, R.
Ramachandra Reddy, N. Selvavinayagam
Principal Scientific Officer: J. P. Lancelot
Librarian: Christina Bridie
Engineer C: Amit Kumar, Dorje Angchuk, V. Arumugam,
S. S. Chandramouli, Faseehana, S. Kathiravan, P. K.
Mahesh, S. Nagabhushan, B. Ravikumar Reddy, M. P.
Singh, S. Sriram
Scientific Officer SD: P. S. M. Aleem, L. Yeshwanth
Sr. Technical Officer: J. P. A. Samson, A. Selvaraj
Technical Officer B: F. Gabriel, J. V. S. V. Rao, K. S.
Subramanian
Sr. Documentation Officer: Sandra Rajiva
Engineer B: P. Anbazhagan, K. Anupama, K. Dhananjay,
Tsewang Dorjai, Sanjiv Gorka, Sonam Jorphali, P. U.
Kamath, T. T. Mahay, Vellai Selvi, K. C. Thulasidharen
Technical Officer: C. Nanje Gowda, A. V. VeIndian
layuthan Kutty, S. Muthukrishnan, K. Rangaswamy, R.
Selvendran
Visiting Professor: D. C. V. Mallik, M. Parthasarathy,
Vasundhara Raju
Tech. Associate B: K. Jayakumar, K. Kuppuswamy,
Narasimhappa, M. Joseph Rosario, N. Sivaraj, G. S.
Suryanarayana
Post Doctoral/Visiting Fellow: Varendra Das, P.
Gopakumar, C. Kathiravan, Rhekesh Mohan, Mar-garita
Safonova
Sr. Mech. Asst. C: A. Mani
Sr. Research Fellow: Abhay M Karnataki, P. Venkatpani
Lata, Malai Maiti, Blesson Mathew, K. Nagaraju, H. S.
Nataraj, Ramya, S., Sampoorna, M., Veeresh Singh, Reji
Mathew Thomas, G. Udaya Kumar
Tech. Associate: D. Babu, P. Kumaravel, Mallappa, S.
Pukalenthi, A. Ramachandra, S. Ramamoorthy, S.
Venkateshwara Rao, K. Ravi, M. R. Somashekar, C. V.
Sriharsha
Draughtsman D: V. K. Subramanian
90
Sr. Tech. Asst. B: A. P. Balakrishnan, R. Ismail
Jabillullah, J. Manoharan, T. K. Muralidas
Asst. Librarian B: B. S. Mohan, P. Prabahar
Project Consultant: A. Vagiswari
Consultant: Kuldip Chandar, B. R. Madhava Rao
Visiting Project Associate: N. Jayavel
18.3 Administrative staff
Administrative Officer: A. J. Ragupathy
Dy. Administrative Officer: S. Rajasekaran
Finance Officer: K. Ramachandran
Accounts Officer: M. P. Parthasarathy
Staff Officer: K. Thiyagarajan
Personnel Officer: A. Narasimharaju
Asst. Administrative Officer: Y. K. Raja Iyengar,
K. Mohan Kumar, Ramaiah
Asst. Accounts Officer: G. R. Venugopal
Store Officer: D. Lakshmaiah
Sr. Section Officer: Meena, K. Sutherson
Section Officer: Narasimhamurthy, S. Rajendran
Hindi Officer: Saroj Ishwaralal
Sr. Office Superintendant: L. Josephine, Uma
Maileveloo, P. Alphonse Mary, Pramila Mohan, A. P.
Monnappa, M. G. Chandrasekaran Nair, R. M. Paulraj,
K. Padmavathy
19 AmH$mer`
91
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Ca+K Latitude Observations - 109 days; Polarimeter Observations - 29 days,
Spectrographic Observations - 11 days
>5

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Transcription

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