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Wind Technology Historical Drive Trains Conversion - Wind
Wind Technology Historical Drive Trains Conversion Devices Configurations (HAWT, VAWT) Rotor Design Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW Paul Gipe & Assoc. Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941 ~700 hrs Gedser 24 m, 250 kW 1957-1967 © Risø National Laboratory Tvind 54 m, 2 MW 1978-Present Paul Gipe & Assoc. Growian 100 m, 3 MW, 1981 ~400 hrs Paul Gipe & Assoc. Large Turbine Manufacturers • • • • • • • Vestas (DK) Bonus-Siemans NEG-Micon (DK) Enercon (D) GE Wind (D-US) Gamesa (ES) Mitsubishi (JP) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org • • • • • • • Nordex (DK) Ecotecnia (ES) DeWind (D) Suzlon (India) Lagerwey (NL) RePower (D) Fuhrländer (D) Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW © Bonus Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Ecotecnia 1.6 MW Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Ecotecnia Direct-Drive Wind Turbines • Enercon (D) • Lagerwey (NL) • Jeumont-Industrie (F) © Enercon Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Lagerwey Direct-Drive © Lagerwey Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Jeumont-Industrie Direct Drive • Discoid French Nuclear Submarines • 50 Units Built J48 © Jeumont-Industrie Configuration: Axis of Rotation HAWT Paul Gipe & Assoc. VAWT Wind Energy Conversion Devices • Drag Devices HAWT (Seldom) VAWT (Often) First Choice of “Inventors” • Lift Devices HAWT (Dominant) VAWT (Rare) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWT Configurations Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Persian Panemone Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Savonius or “S” Rotors Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus 4 Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus 3 Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus 2 Blades DAF-Indal Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI Paul Gipe, wind-works.org DAF-Indal, Kortright Cente, Ontario VAWTs Darrieus 2 Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus Bi-Blade Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill Articulating Straight Blade VAWT Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft) • • • • Paul Gipe, wind-works.org High Hype Complex Costly DOE Boondoggle Variable Geometry VAWT (Musgrove) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © PI Specialists We Know What Works . . .and What Doesn’t Eole, Cap Chat © Vortec Paul Gipe, wind-works.org HAWT Configurations Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Number • 1 Blade • 2 Blades • 3 Blades • Multiblade Farm Windmill • No Blades No, Really Paul Gipe, wind-works.org One-Blade Turbines • • • • • • • Lightweight Only One Blade Small Gearbox High RPM Noisy Complex Rotor Odd Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two Blades • • • • • • • • Lighter than Three Static Balance Dynamic Imbalance in Yaw Teetering Hub Pitch-Coupled Teetering Higher RPM than Three Noisier than Three Visual Imbalance Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two-Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two-Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two-Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Three Blades • Dynamic Balance in Yaw • Complicates Erection • Visually Balanced • Lower RPM • Bigger Gearbox • Can Use Simple Hub Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wood Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Composite Wood Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Metal Blades • Aluminum • Steel Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Shape • Taper • Twist • Glauert Formula Shark Fin Shape Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Taper Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Color • White • Gray • Black Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Ducted Turbines © Vortec Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Coning-Positive Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Coning-Negative © Nordex Paul Gipe, wind-works.org RePower, Husum, Germany Orientation VAWTS Omnidirectional Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation of HAWTS Tracks Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Fan Tails Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © DeWind Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Yaw Motors Orientation Passive Yaw-Tail Vanes Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Passive Yaw-Tail Vanes Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Passive-Downwind Paul Gipe, wind-works.org No Aerodynamic Rotor Controls • Mechanical Brakes Tacke • Flutter SWP Air • Electro-Dynamic SWP Skystream Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Furling-Vertical Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Controls Furling-Horizontal Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Controls Air Brakes Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Variable Pitch • Pitch-to-Feather Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Tip Brakes (Plates) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Pitching Blade Tips Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Spoilers Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils • • • • • Single Surface Constant Planform Tip Shape Tip Speed Ratio Stall Control Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Single Surface Airfoils Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils Constant Planform Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils © Vestas Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils Blade Tips Paul Gipe, wind-works.org