aircraft recognition - 321 (City of Newcastle)

AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION
PROFICIENCY
Australian
Air Force Cadets
Cadet / Instructor Notes
Rewrite Edition, 1st April 2007
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION (ARP)
12 Periods
Serial
Title and Objectives
Periods No
ARP 1 Revision 1
Revise ARB 1
ARP 2
Aircraft Designations and National Registrations
a. Analyse the U.S. Military system of designating Aircraft.
2
b. State the national civil registration prefixes of the following countries:
(1) Australia (VH)
(6) Japan (JA)
(2) USA (N)
(7) Philippines (RP)
(3) UK (G)
(8) Indonesia (PK)
(4) PNG (P2)
(9) New Zealand (NZ)
(5) Germany
ARP 3
National Markings
a. Describe the national military markings of the following countries:
(1) France
(5) Canada
(2) Germany
(6) China
(3) Italy
(7) India
(4) Japan
(8) Pakistan
1
ARP 4
Aircraft Identification
3
a. Identify, using WETFUS, a minimum of 15 aircraft contained in the Proficiency List
(Annex A to the ARP syllabus). At least three (3) aircraft from Europe and three (3) aircraft
from the USA are to be included.
b. Discuss in detail the roles of the aircraft selected from ARP 4a.
ARP 5
Historical Commercial Aircraft
1
Identify the significant types of historical commercial aircraft used since the end of WW II:
a. Comet
b. Constellation / Super Constellation
c. DC - 3
d. Concorde
e. Boeing B707
ARP 6
Regional Air Forces
1
Identify the most significant aircraft types, and their roles, of the regional air forces located
within Australia’s geographical area.
a. Indonesia
b. New Zealand
c. Singapore
d. Malaysia
e. India
f. Vietnam
g. Pakistan
ARP 7
Historical Military Aircraft
1
Identify the following historical military aircraft and their roles in the RAAF and/major air
battles
1. Spitfire
2. Lancaster
3. P-51 Mustang
4. B-17 Flying Fortress
5. F-86/CA-21 Sabre
ARP 8
Examination
1
ARP 9
Examination Review
1
ANNEX A
TO ARP SYLLABUS
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
PROFICIENCY LIST
Aircraft
Note: A minimum of 15 aircraft are to be used, of which at least three (3) aircraft must be
from Europe and three (3) aircraft from the USA
Historical Aircraft
Hurricane
Spitfire
Kittyhawk
Liberator
Lancaster
Beaufighter
Neptune
MiG-15
P-51 Mustang
F-86/CA-21 Sabre
Me 109
B-17 Flying Fortress
B-25 Mitchell
B-29 Super Fortress
B-47 Strato Fortress
B-52
Meteor
Vampire
Zero
Boomerang
Wirraway
Lincoln
Contemporary Aircraft
British Aerospace Hawk 100
Sikorsky S-76B Spirit
An-124 Condor
An-225 Myria
Aero Commander
C-5 Galaxy
Cessna 310
Cessna 172
DC-10/KC-10
Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker
Piper PA-28 Cherokee
DHC-6 Twin Otter
MIG-29 Fulcrum
ATR 42
Panavia Tornado
Daulphin 2
Bell 212/414
Cessna model 560 Citation
Embraer EMB-110 Banderante
Piper Chieftain/ Navajo
Dornier Do228
Shenang F-5
ILyushin II-76 Candid
Mil-8 Hip
Su-25 Frogfoot
F-16 Fighting Falcon
S-3A Viking
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 1 - REVISION
1 PERIOD
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION FEATURES
1001. This Chapter revises the lessons learnt in ARB 1.
1002. The material included in this chapter is identical to ARB 1 and consideration should be
given to use of the cadet notes provided in ARB for revision and reference purposes.
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 2 - AIRCRAFT DESIGNATIONS & NATIONAL REGISTRATIONS
2 PERIODS
Objectives
2001.
a. Analyse the US Military system of designating Aircraft.
b. State the national civil registration prefixes of the following countries:
(1) Australia (6) Japan
(2) USA
(7) Philippines
(3) UK
(8) Indonesia
(4) PNG
(9) New Zealand
(5) Germany
General
2002. Aircraft registrations and designations are important for detailed aircraft recognition as
many of the special features (covered in ARP 1) will vary with the mark/model and possibly
the operator of the aircraft to be identified.
2003. Aircraft designation is particularly useful in aircraft recognition. It will help identify
the aircraft’s role and sometimes the origin of manufacture, therefore limiting the possible
number of aircraft operators.
2004. Aircraft designations and national registrations vary from country to country. In this
chapter we analyse the aircraft designations of world’s major powers, and registrations from
aircraft which regularly visit Australian airports.
United States Military System of Aircraft Designation
2005. The United States is by far the largest designer and producer of modern military and
commercial aircraft. Many of these are used by foreign Air Forces because the cost of smallscale design and production is prohibitive for economies the size of Australia’s, for example.
Hence the Royal Australian Air Force is made up of largely U.S. designed aircraft.
2006. Aircraft manufactured in the U.S. normally maintain their U.S. designations.
Models produced for export sometimes carry a different model number or letter for example
the F-111C and G both operated by Australia only.
2007. The U.S. Military use a series of alphabetical characters as type designations and role
prefixes. These military codes are generally independent of the manufacturer’s designation or
common name ie. EAGLE, HORNET etc.
2008. U.S. type designations consist of a single alphabetical character and identify the
utilisation of the aircraft. For example the code F indicates that the aircraft is a fighter.
2009. To further identify individual types, a numeric code is allocated for example in fighter
aircraft:
F-14 Grumman Tomcat
F-16 General Dynamics Fighting Falcon
F-15 McDonnell Douglas Eagle
F-18 McDonnell Douglas Hornet
and in trainer aircraft:
T-34 TurboMentor
T-45 McDonnell Douglas Goshawk
2010. U.S. Military role designations also consist of a single alphabetical code and are used
in conjunction with the type designation, eg. Grumman EA-6B Prowler: ‘E’ identifies the
aircraft as an Electronic Warfare derivative of the A-6 Intruder. ‘A’ identifies attack aircraft
and ‘B’ identifies the model ie. The second model of the type produced (the use of overheads
from ARB is advised), and Boeing (707) CV-135 is a Staff Transport aircraft operated by the
U.S.A.F. and is a derivative of the C-135 series of transport aircraft. ‘C’ identifies the aircraft
as a U.S. military transport aircraft and ‘V’ as a staff transport.
2011. At this point the instructor may wish to set an assignment or progress exam in which
cadets undertaking this course can locate and identify various U.S. military types which show
examples of the U.S. system of aircraft designation.
2012. A table of U.S. Military type designations and role prefixes are included as Annex A to
this chapter and should be copied and provided to cadets for future reference after any
progress exams or assignments.
U.S. MILITARY AIRCRAFT DESIGNATIONS
U.S. TYPE DESIGNATIONS: With example
A
Tactical Support or Attack
(Fairchild Republic A-10 Warthog)
B
Bomber
(Boeing B-2 Lancer)
C
Transport
(Lockheed C-130 Hercules)
E
Electronic Aircraft
(E-3 AWACS)
F
Fighter
(McDonnell Douglas F-18 Hornet)
H
Helicopter
(Bell AH-1 Apache)
O
Observation
(Cessna O-1E Birddog)
P
Patrol
(Lockheed P-3C Orion)
S
Anti-submarine
(Lockheed S-3A Viking)
T
Trainer
(Grumman T-45 Goshawk)
U
Utility
(U-17)
V
V-STOL
(V-22)
X
Experimental
(X-29)
U.S. ROLE PREFIXES:
D
Drone director
E
Electronic equipment
H
Search and rescue
K
Tanker
L
Cold weather operations
M
Permanently modified
N
Assigned special tests
Q
Drone
R
Reconnaissance
V
Staff transport
W
Weather reconnaissance
Y
Service test
Z
Project
U.K. MILITARY AIRCRAFT DESIGNATIONS
AEW Airborne Early Warming
B
Bomber
C
Transport
F
Fighter
FGA
Fighter Ground Attack
GA
Fighter Ground Attack
GR
Ground Attack Reconnaissance
HAR Helicopter Air Rescue
HAS
Helicopter Anti-submarine
HC
Helicopter, Cargo
HCC Helicopter, Transport and Communications
HT
Helicopter, Training
HU
Helicopter, Utility
K
Tanker
MR
Maritime Reconnaissance
R
Reconnaissance
PR
Photographic Reconnaissance
S
State
T
Trainer
NATIONAL CIVIL REGISTRATION PREFIXES
2013. Aircraft registrations in addition to the use of WETFUS covered in ARP 1 of this
course can provide clues to the identification of unknown aircraft.
2014. Knowledge of the differing registration prefix’s used by different countries can help
narrow down the possible type of the aircraft. Once the country operating the aircraft is
known, research into aircraft operated by that country will soon provide the aircraft type.
2015. The following list of registrations and prefixes are the most prevalent at our major
international airports:
Australia
VH
- followed by 3 alphabetical characters
USA
N
- followed by alpha and numeric characters
UK
G
- followed by 4 alphabetical characters
PNG
P2
- followed by 3 alphabetical characters
Germany
D
- followed by 4 alphabetical characters
Japan
JA
- followed by 4 alphabetical characters
Philippines
RP
- followed by 4 alphabetical characters
Indonesia
PK
- followed by 3 alphabetical characters
New Zealand NZ
- followed by 3 alphabetical characters
APPENDIX A
CIVIL AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION PREFIXES
1 AFGHANISTAN
YA
60 GUATEMALA
2 ALBANIA
ZA
61 GUINE-BISSAU
3 ALGERIA
7T
62 GUINEA
4 ANGOLA
D2
63 GUYANA
5 ANTIGUA/BARBUDA
VP-LAA
64 HAITI
6 ANTILLES
PJ
65 HONDURAS
7 ARGENTINA
LO
66 HONG KONG
8 AUSTRALIA
VH
67 HUNGRY
9 AUSTRIA
OE
68 ICELAND
10 BAHAMAS
C6
69 INDIA
11 BANGLADESH
S2
70 INDONESIA
12 BARBADOS
6P
71 IRAN
13 BELGIUM
OO
72 IRAQ
14 BELIZE
VP-H
73 ISRAEL
15 BENIN
TY
74 ITALY
16 BERMUDA
VR-B
75 IVORY COAST
17 BOLIVIA
CP
76 JAMAICA
18 BOPUTHATSWANA
ZS
77 JAPAN
19 BOTSWANA
A2
78 JORDAN
20 BRAZIL
PP-PT
79 KAMPUCHEA
21 BRUNEI
VR-U
80 KENYA
22 BULGARIA
LZ
81 KIRIBATI
23 BURMA
XY XZ
82 KOREA
24 BURUNDI
9U
83 KOREA (DPR)
25 CAMEROON
TJ
84 KUWAIT
26 CANADA
C
85 LAOS
27 CAPE VERDE REPUBLIC CR-C
86 LEBANON
28 CAYMAN ISLANDS
VR-C
87 LESOTHO
29 CENTRAL AFRICAN REP TL
88 LIBERIA
30 CHAD
TT
89 LIBYA
31 CHILE
CC
90 LICHTENSTEIN
32 CHINA
B
91 LUXEMBOURG
33 COLOMBIA
92 MADAGASGAR
34 COMORO
D6
93 MALAWI
35 CONGO
TN
94 MALAYSIA
36 COSTA RICA
TI
95 MALDIVES
37 CUBA
CU
96 MALI
38 CYPRUS
5B
97 MALTA
39 CZECHOSLOVAKIA
OK
98 MAURITANIA
40 DENMARK
OY
99 MAURITIUS
41 DJIBOUTI
J2
100 MEXICO
42 DOMINICANREPUBLIC
HI
101 MONACO
43 ECUADOR
HC
102 MONGOLIA
44 EGYPT
SU
103 MONGOLIA
45 EIRE
EI
104 MONTSERRAT
46 EL SALVADOR
YS
105 MOROCCO
47 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 3C
106 MOZAMBIQUE
48 ETHIOPIA
ET
107 NAMIBIA
TG
J5
3X
8R
HH
HR
VR-H
HA
TF
VT
PK
EP
YI
4X
I
TU
6Y
JA
JY
XU
5Y
T3
HL
P
9K
RDPL
OD
7P
EL
5A
HB
LX
5R
7Q-Y
9M
8Q
TZ
9H
5T
3B
XA XB XC
SA
(6HMAY)
(MONGOL)
VP-LMA
CN
C9
ZS
49 FALKLAND ISLANDS
50 FIJI
51 FINLAND
52 FRANCE
53 GABON
54 GERMANY (DR)
55 GERMANY (FDR)
56 GHANA
57 GIBRALTAR
58 GREECE
59 GRENADA
119 PAPUA NEW GUINEA
121 PERU
123 POLAND
125 QATAR
127 RWANDA
129 SAUDI ARABIA
131 SEYCHELLES
133 SINGAPORE
135 SOMALIA
137 SPAIN
139 ST HELENA
VP-F
DO
OH
F
TR
DM
D
9G
VR-G
SX
VQ-G
P2
OB
SP
A7
9XR
HZ
S7
9V
6O
EC
VQ-H
141 ST LUCIA
J6
143 ST VINCENT/GERANDINES VP-V
145 SURIMAN
PZ
147 SWEDEN
149 SYRIA
YK
151 THAILAND
HS
153 TOGO
5V
155 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
9Y
157 TURKEY
TC
159 U.K. COLONIES
VP VQ VR
161 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES A6
163 UPPER VOLTA
XT
165 USA
N
167 VANUATA
(F)
169 VIETNAM
(VN)
171 VIRGIN ISLANDS
VP-LVA
TO LZZ
173 YEMEN
4W
175 YUGOSLAVIA
YU
177 ZAMBIA
9J
108 NAURU
C2
109 NEPAL
9N
110 NETHERLANDS
PH
111 NEW ZEALAND
ZK ZL ZM
112 NICARAGUA
YN
113 NIGER
5U
114 NIGERIA
5N
115 NORWAY
LN
116 OMAN
A40
117 PAKISTAN
AP
118 PANAMA
HP
120 PARAGUAY
ZP
122 PHILIPPINES
RP
124 PORTUGAL
CR
126 ROMANIA
YR
128 SAO TOME AND PRINCICPE S9
130 SENEGAL
6V 6W
132 SIERRA LEONE
9L
134 SOLOMAN ISLANDS H4
136 SOUTH AFRICA
ZS ZT ZU
138 SRI LANKA
4R
140 ST KITT/NEVIS/ANGUILLA VP-LKA
TO LLZ
142 ST LUCIA
VQ-L
144 SUDAN
ST
146 SWAILAND
3D
148 SWITZERLAND
HB
150 TANZANIA
5H
152 THE GAMBIA
C5
154 TRANSKEI
ZS
156 TUNISIA
TS
158 TURKS/CAICOS ISLANDS
VQ-T
160 UGANDA
5X
162 UNITED KINGDON
G
164 URAGUAY
CX
166 USSR
CCCP
168 VENEZUELA
YV
170 VIETNAM
XV
172 WESTERN SAMOA
5W
174 YEMEN (DPR)
176 ZAIRE
178 ZIMBABWE
7O
9O
VP-W VP-Y
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 3 - NATIONAL MARKINGS
1 PERIOD
Objectives
3001. (a) Describe the national military markings of the following countries:
(1) France
(5) Canada
(2) Germany (6) China
(3) Italy
(7) India
(4) Japan
(8) Pakistan
General
3002. National markings like registrations on civil aircraft can provide an avenue for
recognition of a particular aircraft type.
3003. Once the marking has been identified, research into the inventory of that nation’s Air
Force aircraft may lead to the identification of the aircraft in question.
France
3004. These consist of roundels on the fuselage and wings, fin flashes on the vertical tail
surfaces and identification numbers on either the fuselage or tail. France, unlike most
countries, has not adopted low visibility roundels and fin flashes. In the case of the French
Navy a similar roundel is displayed with an anchor depicted in the centre.
Germany
3005. The German national marking is displayed on each side of the fuselage and on top and
beneath the wings. This varies on some types dependent on the nature of the camouflage
applied. Aircraft serial numbers and squadron codes are located on either side of the fuselage
marking. The first two numbers denote the squadron the aircraft belongs to, ie. 35 SQN
would read 35 and the two numbers appearing after the insignia indicate the individual
aircraft’s number within that squadron.
Italy
3006. Italian Air Force markings consist of roundels located on each side of the fuselage and
above and below the wings. Aircraft serial numbers and squadron identification numbers
follow a similar system to that of the German Air Force described above. The Italian navy’s
aircraft carry similar markings but, like the French, an anchor is placed in the roundel.
Japan
3007. The Japanese Air Self Defence Force aircraft have national insignia comprising of a
large solid red circle with a thin white outline adorning the fuselage and repeated above and
below the wings. The solid red circle represents the rising sun which is similar to the
country’s national flag. Individual aircraft identification numbers and squadron numbers are
located normally on the side of the fuselage or vertical tail surface. Japan, like France, does
not apply low visibility markings to its aircraft.
Canada
3008. The Canadian Air Force markings are very similar in location to that of their U.S.
military counterparts. Both high and low visibility roundels are featured as a medium
thickness circle with the national symbol, a maple leaf, located in the centre. Aircraft and
squadron identification numbers are located on either the fuselage or the vertical tail surfaces.
Canadian transport and VIP aircraft often have the words Canadian Armed Forces painted
down both sides of the fuselage in either red or a low visibility grey or black, depending on
the camouflage applied to the aircraft.
Peoples’ Republic of China
3009. China’s Air Force markings are a derivative of their national flag. The markings are a
yellow outlined red star with two, again yellow-outlined red rectangular bars similar to those
seen on U.S. military aircraft. The majority of squadron codes and individual aircraft
identification numbers are applied to both sides of the fuselage in varying positions
depending on the aircraft type and also on the vertical tail surfaces.
India
3010. India as a member of the Commonwealth has had many British influences. The Indian
Air Force National markings are similar to those applied to British military aircraft, only
different colours are used to match their national flag. Roundels feature on both sides of the
fuselage and above and below the wings. Fin flashes of dark green, white and red appear on
the vertical tail surfaces of most aircraft, together with squadron and aircraft identification
numbers. 024 MIG 21.
Pakistan
3011.
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 4 - AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION
3 PERIODS
Objectives:
4001. a. Identify, using WETFUS, a minimum of 15 aircraft contained in the Proficiency List
(Annex A of the ARP syllabus). At least three aircraft should be from Europe and three
aircraft from the United States of America should be included.
b. Discuss in detail the roles of the aircraft selected from ARP 4a.
•
British Aerospace Sea Harrier
•
British Aerospace Hawk 100
•
Sukhoi SU-27 Flanker
•
Aerospatial AS365 Dauphin
•
Piper PA-28 Cherokee
•
Embraer EMB-110 Banderante
•
DeHavilland DHC-6 Twin Otter
•
Cessna C172
•
Grumman E-2C Hawkeye
•
Sikorsky S-76B Spirit
•
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
•
Piper PA-31 Chieftain/ Navajo
•
Cessna Citation
•
MiG-29 Fulcrum
•
Panavia Tornado
•
Ilyushin IL-76 Candid
British Aerospace Sea Harrier
ORIGIN:
United Kingdom
ROLE:
Shipboard V/STOL Multi Role Fighter
CREW:
1 Pilot
STATUS:
The first harrier made its maiden flight on 20th August 1978. Major
changes came from the RAF by raising the cockpit for better vision,
better electronics and radar. The Royal Navy used this fine aircraft in
the 1980’s while defending the Falkland Islands against Argentina. The
Harrier proved in worth against the French Mirage, and US built A-4
Skyhawk
WETFUS:
W: High swept wings and tailplane with significant anhedral.
E: Engine air intakes either side of the forward fuselage with two
swivel exhaust nozzles either side of the middle fuselage.
T: Vertical stabilizer is swept with curved stepped fuselage Horizontal
stabilizer is swept and high mounted with negative dihedral (anhedral).
F: Lobe shape with pointed nose. Tail boom extends from the rear.
Single ventral fin rear of fuselage.
U: Retractable bicycle with smaller wingtip outrigger wheel.
S: Vertical Take off and Landings
British Aerospace Hawk 100
ORIGIN:
United Kingdom
ROLE:
Two seat basic and advanced jet trainer with capability for close
support and air intercept missions.
CREW:
1 Student Pilot and 1 Flying Instructor
STATUS:
The Hawk made its maiden flight on 21 August 1974 and replaced the
Gnat, Jet provost in RAF service. The hawk is the current mount of the
Red Arrows aerobatic team. Hawk trainers also serve with the Air
force of Indonesia, Finland, Kenya, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia. A
version suitable for operations from aircraft carrier serves with the
United States Navy. Single Strike versions are available. The Hawk
was chosen as the replacement for the aging MB-326H Macchi Lead-in
Fast Jet trainer.
WETFUS:
W: Swept, Low mounted with low aspect ratio wings, curved
tips.
E: One turbofan inside body with small intakes either side fuselage.
T: Fin is swept with short curved fairing and high anhedral.
F: Cigar shaped with pointed nose and tapers to the rear.
U: Retractable tricycle.
S: Large, two piece sloping cockpit canopy
Sukhoi SU-27 Flanker
ORIGIN:
Russia
ROLE:
Interceptor Fighter.
CREW:
1 Pilot
STATUS:
First flown in prototype form on 20th May 1977. The SU-27 is
available in single and two seat configurations and is capable of
operating from either land or an aircraft carrier. The SU-27 is in front
line service with the Air Force of the Commonwealth of Independent
States. The SU-27 has also been developed as a carrier borne fighter
with another new ground attack version.
WETFUS:
W: Swept wing with smooth leading edge root extensions
E: Two turbofan with square intakes under fuselage just forward of
leading edge
T: Swept tailplane with tips, Twin swept fin.
F: Circular section fuselage sloping sharply aft of canopy.
U: Retractable tricycle undercarriage.
S: Cockpit high set behind large drooped nose.
Aerospatiale AS 365 Dauphin
ORIGIN:
France
ROLE:
General Purpose Helicopter
CREW:
1-2 crew and max 11 passengers
STATUS:
First flown 24th January 1975 the Dauphin was planned as a
replacement for the widely used Alouette series of helicopters.
Available with retractable tricycle or fixed undercarriage, the Dauphin
is employed in the anti-shipping, search and rescue, Air Ambulance
and battlefield support duties. 90 examples serve with the US Coast
Guard and anti shipping versions are used by the Saudi Arabia. A
number have been used in Australia notably by the Victorian Police
Air Wing and Ambulance.
WETFUS:
R: Four main rotor blades
E: Two turboshafts.
T: tail rotor within the swept fin/ stabilizing fins either side of rear
boom.
F: Tadpole shaped fuselage.
U: Retractable tricycle.
S: Extensive glazing of cockpit area.
Piper PA-28 Cherokee
ORIGIN:
U.S.A
ROLE:
2-4 seat training/ touring aircraft
CREW:
1student pilot and 1 flying instructor or 1 pilot and up to 3 passengers.
STATUS:
The Cherokee Series began life as a four seater with 150 or 160hp.
Subsequent development included an up-rated engine and retractable
undercarriage versions. The Cherokee and its variations such as the
Warrior are used extensively with Aero Clubs and Flying Schools.
Throughout the Cherokee’s life a number of refinements have been
made with the most notable being tapered wings for greater speed.
WETFUS:
W: Low square wing (tapered on later models).
E: Single engine mounted forward of cockpit.
T: Straight edge tailplane mounted centre of tapered fuselage.
F: Swept fin with all moving stabiliser.
U: Fixed/Retractable tricycle.
S: Exit door on right hand side of fuselage.
Embraer EMB-110 Banderante
ORIGIN:
Brazil
ROLE:
Commuter Airline
CREW:
2 crew and 16 passengers
STATUS:
First flown 26th October 1968 the Banderante serves with commuter
airlines around the world as well as many air forces. A number of
military versions are available fulfilling such tasks as maritime patrol,
geophysical survey and radio calibration duties. Banderante is a
popular regional airliner throughout Australia with user including Aus
Air and Qantas.
WETFUS:
W: Low mounted square wings
E: Two turboprop engines mounted forward leading edge.
T: Swept tail surface.
F: Long cigar shaped fuselage with large central fin at rear.
U: Retractable tricycle.
S:
De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
ORIGIN:
Canada
ROLE:
Light utility transport & Regional Airline
CREW:
2-3 crew and 20 passengers
STATUS:
First flown 20th May 1957 and aimed at the third level airline market it
was sold as a landplane, floatplane or on ski’s providing itself a very
versatile aeroplane in all environments. By the end of 1986, 826 twin
otters had been manufactured. The twin otter has been in service in
Australia with Australian Airlines, Ansett and now with Qantas and
Aero Pelican which is based in New South Wales.
WETFUS:
W: High mounted, strut based square wings
E: Two turboprop engines mounted in leading edge.
T: Mid mounted tailplane on square swept fine of wings.
F: Long square fuselage with forward mounted canopy
U: Fixed tricycle undercarriage mounted on fuselage.
S:
Cessna 172 Skyhawk
ORIGIN:
United States of America
ROLE:
4 seat training and touring aircraft
CREW:
1 Student Pilot and 1 Flying Instructor or 1 Pilot and 3 passengers
STATUS:
The Cessna 172 series first flew in 1956 and since then in excess of
36,000 aircraft of this type have been built, making it the top selling
aircraft in the world. Performance improvements have been made
throughout the life of this aircraft. Original aircraft had straight vertical
tail surfaces and high back fuselage. Later versions included swept tail
surface and cut down rear fuselage with window to facilitate rear
vision.
WETFUS:
W: High straight wing with inboard leading and trailing edges.
E: Single engines mounted in nose of fuselage.
T: Straight or swept fin and low mounted tailplane.
F: Lobe shape with blunt nose.
U: Tricycle fixed undercarriage, often with speed fairing.
S:
Grumman E-2C Hawkeye
ORIGIN:
United States of America
ROLE:
Airborne early warning, surface surveillance & strike control aircraft.
CREW:
2 crew and 3 airborne tactical data systems operators.
STATUS:
First flown 20th January 1971 it replaced the modified Grumman
Tracker in the US Navy service. The Hawkeye is also in service with
Japan, Israel, Singapore and Saudi Arabia.
WETFUS:
W: High aspect ratio tapered wings
E: Two turboprop engines mounted in nacelles under the wing.
T: Multiple (4) vertical fins and straight dihedral tailplane.
F: Long cylindrical shaped fuselage with high forward cockpit.
U: Tricycle undercarriage with wheels retracting in to engine nacelles.
S: Rotating disk-shape radome mounted on rear fuselage.
Aerospatiale AS 365 Dauphin
ORIGIN:
U.S.A
ROLE:
General Purpose Helicopter
CREW:
1-2 crew and up to 12 passengers
STATUS:
First flown 22nd June 1984, and is derived from the S-76A-MkII. The
more basic version is the S-76 Utility, and the H-76 Eagle is a military
version for use as transport, gunship/assault, combat SAR,
Observation.
WETFUS:
R: Four main rotor blades
E: Two turboshafts mounted in fuselage.
T: Vertical Stabiliser is swept. Horizontal is tapered and mid mounted
on rear of fuselage
F: Tapered to tail and has large rotor pylon.
U: Retractable tricycle.
S:
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
ORIGIN:
U.S.A
ROLE:
Single seat multi- role fighter (F-16A) and two seat operational trainer
(F-16B)
CREW:
1 Pilot (F-16A) or 1 Student Pilot and Instructor (F-16B)
STATUS:
First flown 20th of January 1974 The F16 serves with a variety of air
arms this includes the USA, Belgium, Denmark and other European
and Asian countries .
WETFUS:
W: Tapered Straight, mid mounted with square tips.
Chine fairings extended forward to the cockpit.
E: Single turbofan mounted in fuselage with intake under forward
fuselage.
T: Vertical Stabilizer is swept with angular fairing. Horizontal
Stabilizer with negative dihedral and mid mounted on the fuselage.
Two ventral fins on rear fuselage
F: Cigar shaped with pointed nose. Cockpit well forward of wing.
U: Retractable tricycle.
S: Missile rail mounted on wing tips.
Piper Navajo/ Chieftain
ORIGIN:
USA
ROLE:
Business, Executive & Commuter Airline
CREW:
1 Pilot and 7-9 passengers
STATUS:
First flown 30th September 1964 The Navajo/Chieftain series have
achieved world wide popularity with commuter airlines and charter
operators. The Navajo accommodates pilot and seven passengers while
the Chieftain incorporates a fuselage stretch to allow 2 additional
passengers to be accommodated. The Navajo series is in extensive use
throughout Australia with third level airline
WETFUS:
W: Tapered wing
E: Two piston engines mounted in leading edge of wing.
T: Swept tail surface. Low set.
F: Cigar shaped fuselage.
U: Retracted tricycle undercarriage.
S: Long nose for storage.
Cessna model 560 Citation 5
ORIGIN:
U.S.A
ROLE:
Business and Executive jet
CREW:
1-2 crew and 6 to 10 passengers
STATUS:
Following its introduction in 1971 the Citation has proved to be a very
popular form of executive transport. The Citation is available in a
number of versions which will be dependant on the number of
passengers which need to be carried. The Citation has been adapted for
military use.
WETFUS:
W: Low set, high aspect ratio wing with leading edge swept back and
dihedral.
E: Two turbofan engines mounted either side of the sides of the
fuselage rear of trailing edge.
T: Swept tail surfaces with dihedral on tail.
F: Long circular fuselage.
U: Retractable tricycle undercarriage.
S:
MiG 29 FULCRUM
ORIGIN:
USSR
ROLE:
Multi role Fighter
CREW:
1 Pilot MiG 29A -2 crew, 1 Student and 1 instructor MiG29B
STATUS:
First prototypes were flown on the 1977 and the first production model
went into service in 1983. The MiG 29 was supplied to India, Iraq,
Syria, Yugoslavia and North Korea. East Germany was the first
WarPac recipient.
WETFUS:
W: Swept, low mounted with elliptical tips.
Chine fairing from forward canopy to the wings leading edge.
E: Two turbofan engines mounted under wings with wedge intakes.
T: Twin vertical stabilizers are tapered – tapered with a stepped
angular fairing extending over wings as a fence and mounted on
fuselage and extends well beyond the exhaust.
F: Lobe shaped with pointed nose.
U: Retractable tricycle undercarriage.
S: Leading edge slats
TORNADO FMK3 (Panavia)
ORIGIN:
U.K
ROLE:
Tandem two-seat air defence fighter
CREW:
2 crew
STATUS:
First prototype flown on 27th October 1979 and first production model
flown on 5th March 1984. Aircraft also supplied to Saudi Arabia, and
Oman. This aircraft is the definitive air defence version for the RAF of
the multi-national (UK, Italy and West Germany) interdictor strike
aircraft.
WETFUS:
W: Low set, high aspect ratio wing with leading edge swept back and
dihedral.
E: Two turbofan engines mounted either side of the sides of the
fuselage rear of trailing edge.
T: Swept tail surfaces with dihedral on tail.
F: Long circular fuselage.
U: Retractable tricycle undercarriage.
S:
ILYUSHIN IL-76 (CANDID)
ORIGIN:
USSR
ROLE:
Heavy duty transport and troop carrier
CREW:
7 crew and 6 to 10 passengers
STATUS:
First prototype flew on the 25th March 1971. Production for Aeroflot
and SovAF started in 1974. Military versions delivered to
Czechoslovakia, India, Iraq and Poland. Has been modified to become
and air to air refuelling tanker.
WETFUS:
W: High mounted, variable, swept back and tapered with blunt tips.
E: Four turbofan engines mounted on pylons under wing extending
forward of trailing edge.
T: Swept T-tail surfaces.
F: Long circular fuselage tapered towards the rear.
U: Retractable tricycle undercarriage with tandem main wheels.
S: Glass Nose, Clam rear doors.
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 5 - HISTORICAL COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT
1 PERIOD
Objectives
5001. Identify the significant types of historical commercial aircraft used since the end of
WW II:
a. Comet
b. Constellation / Super Constellation
c. DC-3
d. Concorde
e. Boeing B707
General
5002. The extreme distances of our island nation mean that air travel is the most economical
means to travel within or around it. Australian cities have developed close to the surrounding
oceans and natural deep water seaports such as Sydney and Perth and much of our population
is located in these areas.
5003. However, most of our natural resources which have and continue to make up a large
proportion of our economy are located in the arid and somewhat inhospitable parts of our
country.
5004. Examples of where aircraft have played a major role in our development are literally
endless. From the Royal Flying Doctor Service to Airborne cattle mustering on stations to our
north, to the transport of workers and supplies to mineral deposits such as the Nifty Copper
mine in Western Australia.
DEHAVILLAND COMET
ORIGIN:
United Kingdom
ROLE:
Commercial Airliner
SPEED:
788 kmh (490 mph)
RANGE:
2186 km (1750 miles)
ACCOMMODATIONS: up to 101 passengers
HISTORY: The Comet was the world’s first jet-airliner making its maiden flight, on 27th
July 1954. The Comet suffered from severe structural problems early in its life, with a
number breaking up in flight, resulting in the type being withdrawn from service.
Unfortunately the Comet never recovered from its earlier problems giving American
manufacturer Boeing an opportunity to catch up in airliner development with the release of its
B707. Nonetheless development continued with larger more powerful models produced
serving with BOAC, East African Airways, Olympic Airways and the RAF. The Comet not
to be out done became the basis of the successful Nimrod Maritime reconnaissance aircraft
still in frontline service with the RAF.
CHARACTERISTICS: Low wing swept monoplane with the engines mounted in the wing
root. Long circular fuselage with conventional fin and rudder low set dihedral tailplane. Fuel
tanks mounted in pods on leading edge of outer wing in later models.
LOCKHEED CONSTELLATION / SUPER CONSTELLATION
ORIGIN:
USA
ROLE:
Transcontinental Airliner
SPEED:
607 km/h (377mph)
SPAN:
45.72m (150ft)
SERVICE CEILING:
LENGTH:
35.41m (116ft)
RANGE:
8690km (5400miles)
WEIGHT:
70760kg (156000lb)
RATE OF CLIMB:
ENGINE:
Four Wright R-3350 Turbo compound radials of 3400 hp each.
ACCOMMODATION: Up to 95 passengers.
STATUS: The prototype first flew in January 1943 which was intended for military service.
In airline use the Constellation was improved steadily through a series of variants. The basic
Constellation was stretched as the Super Constellation and included more powerful engines.
Constellations and Super Constellations served with Qantas as international airliners during
the 1950’s.
CHARACTERISTICS: Long oval shaped fuselage with low set straight wing. Radial engines
mounted in leading edge of wing. Tricycle undercarriage with main wheels retracting into
engine nacelles. Three fin tailplane with oval shaped vertical tail surfaces.
DOUGLAS DC3/C47 DAKOTA / GOONEY BIRD
ORIGIN:
USA
ROLE:
Medium Range Passenger or freight transport
SPEED:
274 km/h (170mph)
SPAN:
28.96m (95ft)
SERVICE CEILING:
LENGTH:
19.66m (64ft)
RANGE:
2413 km (1500 miles)
WEIGHT:
12712kg (28000lb)
RATE OF CLIMB:
ENGINE:
Two Pratt and Whitney R-1830-90c Piston Engines of 1200hp.
ACCOMMODATION: 3 crew and up to 36 passengers
STATUS: First flown in December 1935 the DC-3 is world renowned as the most significant
transport aircraft ever produced. During World War II over 10,000 DC-3s were produced
serving in all theatres during this conflict and is still in service with many air arms today
including the RAAF. The DC-3 is still in widespread service throughout the world as an
airliner and freight aircraft and it was the DC-3 aircraft which first formed the fleets of
Australia’s domestic airlines, TAA (now Qantas), Ansett and East West Airlines( now
Ansett). There are still a number of DC-3’s operating in Australia with notable examples
operated by Qantas and Ansett Australia from Essendon Airport in Victoria.
CHARACTERISTICS: Low mounted wings with swept leading edges. Engines mounted in
leading edge of wing with tailwheel undercarriage retracting into rear of engine nacelles.
Round fuselage shape with conventional tailplane.
CONCORDE
ORIGIN:
UK/France
ROLE:
Supersonic Passenger Airliner
SPEED:
SPAN:
SERVICE CEILING:
LENGTH:
RANGE:
T/O WEIGHT:
RATE OF CLIMB:
ENGINE:
2179 km/h (1,354mph)
22.55m (85 ft)
60,000 ft
62.10m (203 ft)
At max weight and at M2.02: 6228km (3,870 miles)
185066kg (408,000 lb)
Four Rolls Royce Olympus 593 engines
38,050-Ib Thrust with 17% Afterburners
ACCOMMODATION: 3-4 crew and up to 60 passengers
STATUS: Designed as the first supersonic jet liner, the Concorde went into production in
November1973. By 2005, when production ended a total of 12 Concordes had been
produced. The first 2 major European airlines to take delivery were British Airways and Air
France. A number of Concordes are still in service around the world in Aviation Museums.
CHARACTERISTICS: Low wing Delta monoplane with straight flat wings with tapered
leading edges and straight trailing edge. Cigar fuselage with pointy, adjustable nose.
Conventional fin assembly. Engines mounted under wings.
BOEING 707
ORIGIN:
USA
ROLE:
Passenger Airliner
SPEED:
1010 km/h (550mph)
SPAN:
44.42m (145 ft)
SERVICE CEILING:
LENGTH:
46.61m (153 ft)
RANGE:
6317km (3,925 miles)
T/O WEIGHT:
150590kg (133,874 lb)
RATE OF CLIMB:
ENGINE:
Four 18,000 lb thrust, Pratt & Whitney JT3D-3B turbofan engines
ACCOMMODATION: 9 crew and up to 150 passengers
STATUS: Designed specifically for the U.S domestic market, the Boeing 707 went into
production in 1957. By 1962, when production ended 162 Electra’s had been produced. Most
major airlines to take delivery were Pan Am, TWA and Qantas. A number of 707 are still in
service around the world and the type forms the basis of the Boeing E-3 series of AWAC
platform. B707-338C series service with the RAAF as a VIP Transport and Air-Air refuelling
CHARACTERISTICS: Low wing monoplane with swept dihedral wings.
Circular fuselage with radome nose. Conventional fin and tailplane assembly. Engines
mounted on pylons at the leading edges of wings.
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 6 - REGIONAL AIR FORCES
1 PERIOD
Objectives
6001. Identify the most significant aircraft types, and their roles, of the regional air forces
located within AUSTRALIA’S geographical area.
a. Indonesia
b. New Zealand
c. Singapore
d. Malaysia
e. India
f. China
g. Pakistan
General
6002. Throughout Australia’s geographical area, there are a number of developing nations
which can project air power.
INDONESIA
6003. Indonesia is a developing nation which has been steadily improving its air power
capability. Indonesia has a fledgling aerospace industry which is encouraged, via government
policy, to establish consortiums with other nations. This policy has resulted in outcomes like
the Cn-235 twin turbo prop transport jointly produced between CASA of Spain and
Indonesia’s, aircraft company IPTN.
6004. Indonesia is pushing ahead with plans to modernise its fleet of aircraft. It has recently
introduced into service the General Dynamics F-16 and the British Aerospace Hawk 100/200.
The government has also shown interest in purchasing sophisticated AWACs aircraft in order
to provide an early warning capability. Types under consideration include the Grumman E2C Hawkeye and the proposed Boeing E-767 AEW aircraft.
6005 The Indonesian Air Force is responsible for all air combat, transport and training
operations for Navy and Army. In addition, it provides close air support for the Army and
long range maritime reconnaissance missions for the Navy.
6006. The Air Force is divided into two regions, each comprised of a separate operational and
functional support command. The operational commands are known as KOOPSAU I,
headquartered in Jakarta and responsible for the western region and KOOPSAU II,
headquartered in Ujung Pandong and responsible for the eastern region.
6007. The two functional support commands are Training Command and Material Command.
6008. The Indonesian Air Force has approximately 24,000 personnel and is organised into the
following flying units:
2 ground attack squadrons
1 interceptor squadron
2 counter insurgency squadrons
1 maritime recon squadron
4 transport squadrons
3 helicopter squadrons
4 flying training squadrons
6009. Aircraft of the Indonesian Air Force
Fighter/Attack
8 F-16A Fighting Falcons
10 F-5E Tiger II
24 Hawk 100/200
26 McDonnell Douglas A-4E Skyhawk
12 OV-10 Bronco
Reconnaissance
1 Lockheed C-130MP Hercules
1 Shorts Skyvan
Transports
32 CASA CN-235
7 Douglas C-47 Dakota
10 CASA CN- 212 Aviocar
9 Lockheed C-130B Hercules
3 Lockheed C-130H Hercules
7 Lockheed C-130H-30 Hercules
2 Lockheed KC-130B tankers
7 Fokker F-27 400M Troopship
1 Fokker F-28-1000 Fellowship
1 Boeing 707
2 Lockheed Jetstar 6
Maritime Reconnaissance
3 Boeing 737-200 Surveiller
2 Lockheed C-130H-MP Hercules
6 CASA CN-235
Trainers
4 F-16B Fighting Falcon
4 F-5F Tiger II
2 McDonnell Douglas TA-4H Skyhawk
14 British Aerospace Hawk T53
24 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentor
40 AS202 Bravo
Utility/Communications
6 DeHavilland Canada DHC3 Otter
5 Cessna 401
2 Cessna 042
5 Cessna T207
2 Beechcraft F33A Bonanza
12 T-41 Mescalero
6 PZL Wilga
1 Shorts Skyvan 3M
Helicopters
7 Aerospatiale AS 532 Super Puma
13 Aerospatiale SA 330 Puma
3 Aerospatiale SA 316 Alouette III
12 Hughes 500C
2 Bell 204B utility
2 Bell 206 Kiowa
12 Messerschmitt BO105C/CB
1 Sikorsky S-61 Sea King VIP transport
12 Sikorsky S-58T Choctaw
NEW ZEALAND
6010. The Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) is responsible for all air operations
including maritime patrol and close air support to the Army.
6011. New Zealand has a small economy, making the purchase of sophisticated military
equipment difficult. Therefore, since 1991, emphasis has been placed on modernising
existing aircraft such as its fleet of A-4 Skyhawks. N.Z. has also purchased new combatcapable trainers.
6012. The RNZAF is organised into two groups, Operational and Support.
6013. The Operational Group has its headquarters located at Whenuapai with major
operational bases at Auckland, Hobsonville, Ohakea, Woodbourne and Wigram. The
Operational Group consists of:
-1 strike wing with two fighter squadrons and one weapons training squadron
-1 maritime wing with one maritime patrol squadron
-1 transport wing with two squadrons and one helicopter transport squadron
-1 flight of anti-submarine warfare helicopters in support of the navy.
6014. The Support Group is based at Auckland with elements at Wellington, and Wigram.
The Support Group consists of: -1 training wing and 1 communications flight.
6015. The RNZAF has a total personnel of 3,900 which incorporates 460 ready reserve and
220 Territorial force members.
6016. The RNZAF is organised into the following flying units:
75 SQN
14 McDonnell Douglas A-4K Skyhawk
2 SQN
6 McDonnell Douglas A-4K Skyhawk
14 SQN
18 Aermacchi MB-339C combat trainers
5 SQN
6 Lockheed P-3K Orion
42 SQN
9 British Aerospace Andover
40 SQN
5 Lockheed C-130H Hercules/2 Boeing 727-100
3 SQN
14 Bell UH-1H Iroquois/2 Bell 47GB.
SINGAPORE
6017. The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) is responsible for all air operations in
addition to ground based air defence.
6018. Singapore is engaged in a major acquisition program with the recent lease and eventual
purchase of General Dynamics F-16A fighters and major upgrades to their existing
McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and Northrop F-5E/F Tiger II aircraft. Under
consideration is the purchase of McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet aircraft to fulfil the strike
fighter role and the upgrade of existing Grumman E-2C Hawkeye aircraft AEW capability.
6019. In March 1993, a bilateral agreement was reached between Singapore and Australia to
establish a pilot training facility at RAAF Pearce in Western Australia alongside No 2 Flying
Training School.
6020. The RSAF has 6,000 permanent personnel with a reserve force of 7,500 members.
6021. The Air Force consists of 15 flying squadrons complemented by three surface to air
missile battalions and one artillery battalion.
6022. The aircraft of the RSAF are:
Fighter/Attack
2 General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcons
70 McDonnell Douglas A-4S/S1 Skyhawk
36 Northrop F-5E Tiger II
28 British Aerospace (Hawker) Hunter
Reconnaissance
6 Northrop RF-5E Tigereye
Surveillance
4 Grumman E-2C Hawkeye
4 Fokker F-50 Enforcer II
Transport
4 Lockheed C-130B Hercules
4 Lockheed C-130H/KC-130 Hercules
2 Lockheed C-130H-30 Hercules
6 Shorts SC7 Skyvan
Helicopters
6 Aerospatiale AS 550E Squirrel
20 Aerospatiale AS 550C-2/U-2 Ecureuil reconnaissance
9 Bell UH-1B Huey
30 Bell UH-1H Huey
4 Bell AB205A/A-1 Huey
5 Aerospatiale AS 532B Super Puma SAR
16 Aerospatiale AS 532M Super Puma
Training
4 General Dynamics F-16B Fighting Falcon
29 S211
26 SF260M/W Warrior
4 British Aerospace (Hawker) T75
16 McDonnell Douglas TA-4S/S1 Skyhawk
7 Northrop F-5F Tiger II
MALAYSIA
6024. As is the case with many developing South East Asian nations, Malaysia is developing
its defence force from an organisation designed for counter insurgency operations to a well
trained defence force able to project air power.
6025. The Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) is in the process of modernising and training
its force of 10 flying squadrons and 12,000 personnel. Malaysia is introducing into service a
number of new front line fighter aircraft including the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet,
Mikoyan MiG-29M Fulcrum and British Aerospace Hawk, together with improved weapons
systems such as the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile for the Hawk.
6026. In addition to modernisation, the RMAF has signed agreements with Singapore and
India on general defence cooperation which has Singapore providing airborne early warning
to Malaysia through their E-2C Hawkeye fleet, and India providing support by way of
training, support and parts for the introduction into Malaysian service of the MiG-29M
Fulcrum.
6027. The RMAF is divided into two Commands consisting of the following squadrons:
1 Air Defence Squadron
1 Maritime Patrol Squadron
4 Transport Squadrons
4 Helicopter Squadrons.
6028. The aircraft of the RMAF are:
Fighter/Attack
8 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18D Hornets
12 Mikoyan MiG-29M Fulcrum
14 Northrop F-5E Tiger II
29 McDonnell Douglas A-4PTM Skyhawk
10 British Aerospace Hawk 100
Reconnaissance
2 Northrop RF-5E Tigereye
Maritime Patrol
3 Lockheed C-130H-MP Hercules
4 Beechcraft B200T Maritime Patrol Super King Air
Transport
6 Lockheed C-130H Hercules
13 DeHavilland Canada DHC4 Caribou
1 Marcel Dassualt Falcon 900 VIP
1 Fokker F-29 Fellowship 1000 VIP
6 Cessna 402B VIP/liaison
Trainers
6 Mikoyan MIG-29UB Fulcrum B
18 British Aerospace Hawk 200
20 Swiss MD3-160
3 Northrop F-5F Tiger II
10 McDonnell Douglas TA-4TM Skyhawk
11 Aermacchi MB-339 Veltro 2
38 Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer
10 Scottish Aviation Bulldog
5 Cessna 402B
Helicopters
34 Sikorsky S-61 Sea King
25 Aerospatiale AS516 Alouette III liaison
7 Bell 47G Trainer
1 Aerospatiale AS332L Super Puma
1 A109C Hirundo.
INDIA
6029. India possesses the second largest Air Force in Asia, behind China, with an active
manpower of 110,000 personnel.
6030 The Indian Air Force has undergone an extensive modernisation program with the
introduction of new aircraft including the French-produced Mirage 2000 fighter.
6031. The Air Force is organised on a regional basis into four Operational Regional
Commands and two Support Commands (Maintenance and Training Commands).
The operational commands consist of 41 flying squadrons.
6032. The four regional commands are as follows:
Central Air Command (HQ Allahabad)
Western Air Command (HQ New Delhi)
Eastern Air Command (HQ Shilling)
Southwestern Air Command (HQ Jodpur)
6033. Ground-based Air Defence is co-ordinated with the Indian Army and maintains 30
surface-to-air missile battalions.
6034. The aircraft of the Indian Air Force are:
Fighter/Attack
43 MIG-29A Fulcrum * on order
65 MIG-27M Flogger
100+ MIG-21MF Fishbed
40+ MIG-21MA Fishbed
50+ MIG-21FL Fishbed
200+ MIG-21bis Fishbed
120 MIG-23MF/BN Flogger
38 Mirage 2000H
98 Jaguar IS/IB
17 Jaguar IM Maritime attack
Bomber
38 Canberra B(I) 58
Reconnaissance
6 MIG-25R Foxbat
Transport
3 Boeing 707-320C
2 Boeing 707-200
20 IL-76MD Candid
113 AN-32 Sutlej
60+ HS-748 Andover
3 C-20 Gulfstream III
2 Learjet 29 (survey)
20 DeHavilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
43 Dornier Do 228
Helicopters
60+ MIL Mi-8 Hip transport
37 MIL Mi-17 Hip transport
12 MIL Mi-24 Hind attack
20 MIL Mi-35 Hind attack
10 MIL Mi-26 Halo heavy lift
6 Aerospatiale AS 565M Dauphin
175+ Aerospatiale SA16 Alouette III Cheetah attack
140+ Aerospatiale SA315 Lama utility
Trainers
4 MIG-29B Fulcrum
2 MIG-25U Foxbat
25+ MIG-21U/UM Fishbed
7 Mirage 2000TH
40+ Hawker Hunter F56
20+ Hawker Hunter T66
8 Canberra PR57
165 Kiran 1
60 Kiran 2110 HPT-32 Deepak
19 Ht-2
38 TS-11 Iskra
PAKISTAN
6035. The Pakistani Air Force is responsible for all air combat and land-based air defence
operations. The Pakistani Air Force is relatively large, with approximately 45,000 personnel
and 31 flying squadrons.
6036. Tensions between India and Pakistan are well documented and as such modernisation
of their modest fleet is important to try and keep pace with India’s extensive modernisation
program.
6037. Pakistan has a rudimentary aviation industry which is capable of assembling and
maintaining imported aviation hardware while also originating some home-grown designs on
a small scale. Several Western nations have provided Pakistan with Military aircraft with
China providing a number of copied Soviet designs.
6038. The Pakistani Air Force operates only a limited number of maritime patrol and
reconnaissance aircraft and no armed helicopters. Both the Army and Navy maintain air arms
for ground attack and submarine warfare.
6039. In 1991, U.S. intelligence agencies formulated the opinion that Pakistan possesses at
least one nuclear air-delivered weapon. Most Pakistani Air Force aircraft are capable of
delivering the device.
6040. The Pakistani Air Force consists of:
Fighter/Attack
38 General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon
54 A-5 Fantan
80 F-6 (China J-6)
108 F-7 (China J-7)
16 Dassualt Mirage IIIEP
50 Dassault Mirage IIIO
28 Dassault Mirage VPA
30 Dassault Mirage VPA-2
Reconnaissance/Patrol
13 Dassault Mirage IIIRP
4 RT-33A Shooting Star
Transports
4 Boeing 707
12 Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules
1 Fokker F-27 Friendship
1 Dassault Falcon 20
Utility/Communications
2 Beechcraft B55 Baron
1 Rockwell Commander 680
1 Beechcraft Twin Bonanza
2 Piper Seneca II
4 Cessna 172N
Trainers
5 General Dynamics F-16B Fighting Falcon
20 FR-5 (Former MIG-17 Fresco ex USSR)
6 FT-2 (Former MIG-15 Midget ex USSR)
15 FT-6 (China J-6)
2 Dassault Mirage VDPA
2 Dassault Mirage VDPA-2
10 T-33A Shooting Star
50 Cessna T-37B
79 MFI-17B Mushshak
Helicopters
1 Aerospatiale SA330 Puma VIP
12 Aerospatiale SA316 Alouette III utility
5 Aerospatiale SA315B Lama liaison
4 HH-43B Huskie SAR
CHINA
6041. The Air Force of China has approximately 5,000,000 personnel and 6000+ combat
aircraft. They consist of:
Strategic Strike
Xian H-6
Tupolev Du-4 “Bull”
Light Bombers
Harbin H-5
Interceptors
Chengdu/Xian J-7 “Skybolt”
Shenyang J-8 “Finback”
Shenyang J-6
Shenyang J-5
Attack
Nanchang Q-5 “Fantan-A”
Chengdu/Xian J-7 “Skybolt”
Shenyang J-8 “Finback”
Shenyang J-6
Shenyang J-5
Tupolev Du-2 “Bat”
Anti Armour Attack
Aerospatiale SA.342L ”Gazelle
Reconnaissance
Shenyang JZ-6
Shenyang JZ-5
Harbin HZ-5
Transport
BAe Trident IIE
Cessna Citation I
Ilyushin II-18 “Coot”
Shaanxi Y-8
Antonov An-26 “Curl”
IIyushin II-14 “Crate”
Lisunov Li-2 “Crab”
Harbin Y-11
Huabei Y-5
Mil Mi-8 “Hip”
Aerospatiale AS.332 Super Puma
Sikorsky S-70C-II
Harbin Z-5
Communication/ Liaison
Harbin Z-9 “Haitun”
Mil Mi-1 “Hare”
Training
Nanchang CJ-5/6
Shenyang/Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 UTI “Midget”
Shenyang JJ-5
Shenyang JJ-6
Guizhou JJ-7
Harbin HJ-7
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 7 - Historical Military Aircraft
2 PERIODS
Objectives
7001. Identify the significant types of historical military aircraft which are likely to be
observed at air displays or museums, and their roles. (Annex A to ARB syllabus can assist).
General
7002. Australia has played a role in almost every theatre of war and as such has a relationship
with many of the aircraft with which our aviators served in.
SUPERMARINE SPITFIRE
ORIGIN:
UK
ROLE:
Single seat fighter
SPEED:
408mph
SPAN:
36.10ft
SERVICE CEILING: 43000ft
LENGTH: 33.3 ft
RANGE:
1180 miles
WEIGHT: 7767 lbs
RATE OF CLIMB: 2850ft/min
ENGINE:
One Rolls Royce Merlin 63/63A 12-Cylinder Vee liquid cooled engine
of 1710 hp.
CREW:
1 Pilot
ARMAMENT:
2 x 20mm cannon and 4 x .303 inch machine guns.
STATUS:
The most famous aircraft of the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire first flew
on the 5th March 1936 and by the end of the war 20,351 aircraft, in 40
different versions, had been produced. The Spitfire was first delivered
to the RAAF in August 1942 and 656 Spitfires served with the RAAF
in four models. A number of ex RAAF Spitfires have found their way
into Australian Aviation Museums. A flying example was restored by
Col Pay in Scone, NSW and now lives at Temora Aviation Museum.
This aircraft performs at most major air shows around Australia.
CHARACTERISTICS: The Spitfire was one of the first aircraft to have low elliptical wing.
AVRO LANCASTER
ORIGIN:
UK
ROLE:
Heavy Bomber,
SPEED:
244kt
SPAN:
102ft
SERVICE CEILING: 20,000ft
LENGTH: 69.11 ft
RANGE:
1,477kms
WEIGHT: 72,700 lbs
RATE OF CLIMB: 2850ft/min
ENGINE:
Four 1,280 hp Rolls Royce Merlin 20, 22 or 24 12-Cylinder Vee liquid
cooled engines
CREW:
Normal 7 crew members
ARMAMENT:
8 x .303 inch machine guns in nose, dorsal and tail turrets.
STATUS:
The most famous bomber aircraft used in the defence of Britain, A
Lancaster III ED390 ‘Queenie VI’ was delivered to the RAAF in June
1943and was given the serial ofA66-1, in November 1944 the second
Lancaster arrived in Australia ‘G for George W7483/A66-2. A number
of Lancaster’s can be found in Australian Aviation Museums. G for
George can be found in the Australian War Museum in Canberra.
CHARACTERISTICS: The RAAF only had two Lancaster’s but this aircraft came back to
the RAAF as the Lincoln Bomber. Which 73 served with the RAAF
from 1946-1961.
NORTH AMERICAN P-51 MUSTANG
ORIGIN:
USA
ROLE:
Single seat fighter
SPEED:
437mph
SPAN:
37ft
SERVICE CEILING: 41,900ft
LENGTH: 32ft
RANGE:
1,700 miles
WEIGHT: 11,600 lbs
RATE OF CLIMB: 2300ft/min
ENGINE:
One 1,490 hp Rolls Royce Merlin 66 V-1650 12-Cylinder Vee liquid
cooled engines
CREW:
1 Pilot
ARMAMENT:
6 x 50cal machine guns and 2000Ibs of bombs/ fuel tanks.
STATUS:
First flown in 1941 in response to an RAF requirement for a long range
fighter, the Mustang was developed into one of the best single engine
fighter aircraft of all times. Licenced produced in Australia from 1945
some 499 Mustangs served with the RAAF. A number of Mustangs
can be seen flying in Australian skies today.
CHARACTERISTICS: Tapered laminar flow wing mounted low in oval, Sectioned
fuselage. Sliding bubble canopy, Conventional tailplane. Retractable
tailwheel undercarriage. Single piston engine mounted in forward
fuselage with exhaust mounted in either side. Radiator air intake below
fuselage.
BOEING B-17 FLYING FORTRESS
ORIGIN:
USA
ROLE:
Heavy Bomber,
SPEED:
244kt
SPAN:
102ft
SERVICE CEILING: 20,000ft
LENGTH: 69.11 ft
RANGE:
1,477kms
WEIGHT: 72,700 lbs
RATE OF CLIMB: 2850ft/min
ENGINE:
Four 1,200 hp Wright R-1820-87 Cyclone Radial engines
CREW:
Normal 8/10 crew members
ARMAMENT:
11 x .0.5 inch and 1 x0.30 inch machine guns in nose, dorsal and tail
turrets.
STATUS:
The most famous US bomber aircraft used by many countries in World
War II, The most famous B-17 was the ‘Memphis Belle”.
CHARACTERISTICS: Australian crews flew B-17’s for the RAF in England. US\crews
flew B-17s in and from Australia in the fight for the pacific.
NORTH AMERICAN F-86 SABRE/ CAC CA21 SABRE
ORIGIN:
USA
ROLE:
Single seat jet fighter
SPEED:
437mph
SPAN:
37ft
SERVICE CEILING: 41,900ft
LENGTH: 32ft
RANGE:
1,700 miles
WEIGHT: 11,600Ibs
RATE OF CLIMB: 2300ft/min
ENGINE:
One 1,490 hp Rolls Royce Merlin 66 V-1650 12-Cylinder Vee liquid
cooled engines
CREW:
1 Pilot
ARMAMENT:
6 x 50cal machine guns and 2000Ibs of bombs/ fuel tanks.
STATUS:
First flown in 1941 in response to an RAF requirement for a long range
fighter, the Mustang was developed into one of the best single engine
fighter aircraft of all times. Licenced produced in Australia from 1945
some 499 Mustangs served with the RAAF. A number of Mustangs
can be seen flying in Australian skies today.
CHARACTERISTICS: Tapered laminar flow wing mounted low in oval, Sectioned
fuselage. Sliding bubble canopy, Conventional tailplane. Retractable
tailwheel undercarriage. Single piston engine mounted in forward
fuselage with exhaust mounted in either side. Radiator air intake below
fuselage.
AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION PROFICIENCY (ARP)
ARP 8 – 9 EXAMINATION & REVIEW
2 PERIODS
ARP 8
8001. Examination.
ARP 9
8002. Examination Review.