what is soil nailing?

27/4/2016
KEMENTERIAN KESEJAHTERAAN BANDAR,
PERUMAHAN, DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN
METHODS OF SLOPE REMEDIAL
(SOIL NAIL / SHOTCRETE / VEGETATION)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENTS
HISTORY OF SLOPE FAILURES
KUALA LUMPUR SLOPE INFORMATION
SYSTEM (KULSIS)
METHODS OF SLOPE REMEDIAL
i.
SOIL NAIL
ii.
SHOTCRETE
iii.
VEGETATION
CASE STUDY OF SLOPE REMEDIAL : BUKIT
NANAS
FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS) GUIDELINE FOR
SLOPE STABILITY
CONCLUSION
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1. The POPULATION OF MALAYSIA was estimated
to be 30 572 466 people. This is an INCREASE of
1.51% compared to the previous year.
2. The escalating numbers of population leads to the
HIGH DEMAND FOR RESIDENTIAL AREA.
3. LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF FLAT LAND causes
the development to shift towards the hilly areas.
4. Rapid development on hilly areas affects SLOPE
STABILITY
and
poses
RISKS
and
DETERIORATION to properties and human lives.
5. Thus, SUITABLE SLOPE REMEDIAL WORKS is
NECESSARY to strengthen the slope and ensure
the slope is safe.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
According to the landslide forensic statistic data from year 2004 to
2007 of Slope Engineering Branch under the Public Works of
Department Malaysia, 57% of landslides were due to human factors,
whereas only 29% and 14% due to physical and geological factors,
and most of the landslides occured at man-made slopes
410 landslides
occurred on
federal roads
Over 700 landslides
were reported on 2015
290 happened
along state
roads
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SLOPE FAILURE AT BUKIT ANTARABANGSA
(2008)
SLOPE FAILURE AT
BUKIT ANTARABANGSA
• Occurred on 6TH December
2008
• Location : Bukit Antarabangsa,
Ulu Klang, Selangor
• 14 Bungalows at Taman Bukit
Mewah and Taman Bukit
Utama destroyed
• 1.5 km from Highland Tower.
• Fatalities : 4 persons
• Injuries :15 persons
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SLOPE FAILURE AT SETIAWANGSA
• Emergency Response on Setiawangsa Slope Failure (28th December 2012)
• 1 house were badly damaged and houses evacuation were applied
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BRIEFING TO PUBLIC & MEDIA ON SLOPE FAILURE
AT SETIAWANGSA
Briefing To Public
Briefing To Media And Kuala Lumpur
Mayor
Briefing
To
Briefing
AtPublic
Site
Briefing To Media At Site
SLOPE FAILURE AT BUKIT NANAS
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Wangsa Maju,2006
Bangsar, 2011
Wangsa Maju,2006
Cheras, 2011
Bukit Segar,2010
Taman Tasik Perdana,2011
La View En Rose Restaurant,2014
Jalan Semantan, 2008
Jalan Ampang, 2013
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SLOPE FAILURE AT LEBUHRAYA MAHAMERU
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
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SLOPE FAILURE AT RUMAH ANAK-ANAK YATIM DAN KEBAJIKAN
MADRASAH AL-TAQWA, HULU LANGAT
SLOPE FAILURE AT
HULU LANGAT
•
•
•
•
•
Occurred on 21st May 2011
Location : Rumah Anak-anak Yatim dan
Kebajikan Madrasah Al-Taqwa, Felcra
Semungkis, Batu 14, Hulu Langat.
The number of Victims : 25 persons
Fatalities : 16 persons
Injuries :9 persons
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LANDSLIDE AT KM52.4, KARAK HIGHWAY
DEBRIS FLOW
IN RAUB,
PAHANG
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SLOPE
FAILURE IN
SG. BESI,
KUALA
LUMPUR
As a reminder, repair works are very
,
and the reactive measures taken would gives
impact towards
thus…………
Preventive is better than corrective,
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SOLUTION
“Kuala Lumpur Slope Information
System” is designed to provide a
comprehensive geospatial data on
hazard and risk map to assist local
authorities in providing DETAILED
SLOPE INFORMATION &
selecting the BEST REMEDIAL WORKS
SYSTEMATIC WAY TO MANAGE
SLOPE INFORMATION
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KUALA LUMPUR SLOPE
INFORMATION SYSTEM
(KULSIS)
CLICK HERE TO START
BUKIT TABUR
SG PENCHALA
AERIAL VIEW OF TERRAIN
MODEL OF KUALA LUMPUR
BY USING GIS SOFTWARE
PUSAT BANDAR
BUKIT DINDING
KL Area = 247km2
KL Hilly Area = 134km2 (54%)
KL Flat Area: 113km2 (46%)
SG BESI
TOTAL SLOPES: 3299
Dark and Soft Red highlights the
hilly Kuala Lumpur area
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3D FLYTHROUGH OF DTM IN KUALA LUMPUR
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TYPE OF SLOPE REMEDIAL
TYPE OF SLOPE
REMEDIAL
RETAINING WALL
1.
2.
3.
4.
GRAVITY WALL
CANTILEVER WALL
PILING WALL
MSE WALL
SOIL
REINFORCEMENT
1. SOIL NAIL
2. GROUND ANCHOR
3. GEOTEXTILE
SURFACE EROSION
CONTROL
1.
2.
3.
4.
HYDROSEEDING
TURFING
PLANTATION
SHORTCRETE
H o r iz o n t a l
Forc e
O v e r t u r n in g
M om ent
R e s is t in g
M o m en t
R e s is t in g F o rc e
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WHAT IS SOIL NAILING?
Soil nailing is a technique used to bring soil
stability in areas where landslides might
be a problem.
Soil nailing can prevent landslides by inserting
steel reinforcement bars into the soil and
anchoring them to the soil
TERMINOLOGY OF SOIL NAIL
Steel Bearing Plate
(200x200 mm)
Subject to calculation
Soil Nail Head
(400x400 mm)
20°
Nail Inclination :
150 -200
Critical Slip Circle
Reinforcement Bar
Diameter = 25, 32 & 40 mm
Sources : Soil Nail Design Malaysia Perspective
(Chow Chee Meng & Tan Yean Chin)
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TERMINOLOGY OF SOIL NAIL
Horizontal Spacing of nail:
Typically 1.5m to 2.5m
Vertical Spacing of nail:
Typically 1.5m to 2.5m
Minimum plate width of 200mm
Minimum plate thickness 19mm
Concrete cover typically 50-75mm
thick
Sources : Soil Nail Design Malaysia Perspective
(Chow Chee Meng & Tan Yean Chin)
TYPICAL DETAIL OF SOIL NAIL
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SOIL NAILING ANIMATION
SITE IS CLEARED
SLOPE IS CUT
SOIL NAILING IS INSTALLED
Insert Bar and
Grouting
Steel Plates
Shortcrete
Hole is drilled
Steel Casing, Nut & MS plate
T32 Galvanised Hot Rolled Steel
Sand
Cement
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Excavator
Drilling Machine
Guniting Spray
Air Compressor
Cement Mixture
Case 580 Super K
Hydraulic Screw Compressor
Grouting Pump
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STRUCTURAL CAPACITY OF SOIL NAIL
Ultimate structural capacity, P = 0.87 x fy x As
Where: fy = characteristic strength of steel bar
As = reinforcement area
= πd²/4
*Structure Capacity (refer BS 8110: Clause 7.4.4.3.1)
* Normal Size Use in Malaysia
Steel Bar
Diameter
(mm)
Cross-sectional
Area of Pile, Ac
(mm²)
25
490
32
804
40
1,256
Ultimate structural capacity, P
P = 0.87 x fy x As
= (0.87 x 460 N/mm² x 490 mm²) / 1000
= 196 kN
Structural Capacity Soil Nail vs Steel Bar Size
Structural Capacity Soil Nail vs Steel Bar Size
900
786
800
Structure Capacity (N/mm2)
700
600
503
500
524
400
*use FOS = 1.5 according to BS 8081: 1989
322
300
335
196
200
215
100131
0
25
32
40
50
Diameter Steel (mm)
Ultimate Structure Capacity
Allowable Structure Capacity
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SOIL NAILING WORK SEQUENCES
STEP 1
Clearing , scaling and trimming
Trimming slope to perform proposed
slope inclination
Clear and remove from site all obstacle
over the areas for the construction
SOIL NAILING WORK SEQUENCES
STEP 2
Survey & Paging soil nail point
Survey soil nail point to measure actual
quantity of soil nail
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SOIL NAILING WORKS SEQUENCES
STEP 3
Preparation of Soil Nail Works
Installation of staging to perform soil
nailing works
SOIL NAILING WORK SEQUENCES
STEP 4
Drilling soil for installation of soil nail
Air
Compressor
Drilling soil nail point using drilling
machine
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SOIL NAILING WORK SEQUENCES
STEP 5
Installation of soil nail
Reinforcement bar
Inserting reinforcement bar (size as per
design) in the hole
SOIL NAILING WORK SEQUENCES
STEP 6
Grouting Process
Reinforcement bar
Full grouting apply after installing the
reinforcement bar in the hole ( cement
grout as per design )
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SOIL NAILING WORKS SEQUENCES
STEP 7
Locking Soil Nail
Install soil nail plate and
locking using bolt & nut
SOIL NAILING WORK SEQUENCES
STEP 8
Testing – Pull Out Test
Perform pullout test to determine the
performance of soil nailing based on
design working load
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Pull Out Test
(According to BS 8081:1989)
• The pullout test on soil nail generally
1.5 times the working load as
specified in BS 8081:1989.
• Load at this stage is called the
pullout capacity.
• Tests are carried out to determine the
strength of soil nailed structures
PROGRESS PICTURE
PULLOUT ON SITE
SETTING UP FOR PULL OUT TEST
GAUGE METER READING WHILE PULL OUT TEST
PULL OUT TEST IN PROGRESS
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Production Rate
TIMES REQUIRED TIMES REQUIRED
/ 1m LENGTH
/ 6m LENGTH
(minute)
(minute)
TIMES REQUIRED
/ 12m LENGTH
(minute)
SPT VALUE
LENGTH (m)
10
1
2
12
24
20
1
6
36
70
30
1
7.5
45
90
40 - 50
1
10
60
120
AVERAGE DAILY RATE FOR 12M
REINFORCEMENT
SPT VALUE
AVERAGE DAILY RATE FOR 6M
REINFORCEMENT
10
40
20
20
14
7
30
11
6
40 - 50
8
4
EXAMPLES OF SOIL NAILING USING
MACHINERY
Excavator mounted drill rig
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VIDEO SOIL NAIL
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DEFINITION OF SHOTCRETE
Shotcrete is a today an all-inclusive term that
describes spraying concrete or mortar with either a
dry or wet mix process through a hose and nozzle
onto a surface
DEFINITION OF GUNITE
Gunite is trademarked name that is
incorrectly used to describe the dry mix
shotcrete process
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EXAMPLE APPLICATION OF SHOTCRETE
Shotcrete is used for slope
surface protection
EXAMPLE APPLICATION OF SHOTCRETE
Shotcrete is used for concrete grouting of
soil nail (Wet Mix)
Grout
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INGREDIENT OF SHOTCRETE
CLASSIFICATION OF SHOTCRETE
DRY MIX
1. Dry materials including cement,
aggregate, and ad-mixture are mixed
together through a hose and then, at
the nozzle via a water ring, water is
injected evenly throughout the mix.
2. Dry mix usually uses for Slope protection
surface (Shotcrete)
Application of Dry MIX
WET MIX
1. Materials including cement, aggregate,
ad-mixture and water – are mixed
together before being pumped through a
hose.
2. Wet mix usually uses for Grouting
process for Soil Nail Work
Application of Dry MIX
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Sand
Material
Cement and Admixture
Machinery
Cement Mixture
Guniting Spray
Grouting Pump
SEQUENCE OF SHOTCRETE WORK AT
TAMAN BUKIT SEGAR, CHERAS
SITE CLEARING
INSTALLATION OF BRC
FINISH SHOTCRETE
SPRAY CONCRETE
SPRAY CONCRETE
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VIDEO SHOTCRETE
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VEGETATION FOR SLOPE REMEDIAL
1. Vegetation influences slope stability by:
• Providing cover for the impact of rain falling on
slopes and prevent erosion on slope surface
• Providing root systems by transferring shear stress
in soil to the tensile resistance in the root
2. Types of vegetation:
• Hydroseeding
• Turfing
HYDROSEEDING
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HYDROSEEDING
• Application of grass seed mixed with fertiliser and
nutrient by spraying method over the ground
• The grass seed will grow eventually and the root
of the grass will act as an organic reinforced fiber
and hold the surface soil.
HYDROSEEDING WORKS
GRASS SEED, FERTILIZER AND
NUTRIENTS ARRIVED AT SITE
EXAMPLE OF GRASS SEED
SPRAY GRASS SEED
FINISH HYDROSEEDING WORKS
GRASS BEGIN TO GROW
SPRAY GRASS SEED
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VIDEO OF HYDROSEEDING
BEFORE AND AFTER HYDROSEEDING
BEFORE
AFTER
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TURFING
TURFING
• Turfing is a direct application of grass with
developed roots on a slope surface
• The relatively matured grass will grow easier
and extend its root into the soil to strengthen
the overall surface.
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TURFING WORKS
LIMBANG, SARAWAK
BEFORE REMEDIAL
AFTER REMEDIAL
TURFING WORKS
1
2
3
4
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1. SOIL NAIL
2. SHOTCRETE
3. HYDROSEEDING
Geotechnical Forensic Unit,
3rd Floor, Block 5, Unipark Suria , Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tel : (603) 87383388 Fax: (603) 89221134 www.ikram.com.my
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SATELLITE IMAGE OF FAILURE AREA
Jalan P Ramlee
Jalan Raja Chulan
Jalan Sultan
Ismail
Jalan Bukit Nanas
SYABAS Treatment
Tank
Jalan Ampang
Failure
Location 2B
Convent Bkt
Nanas
Failure
Location 1B
SMK St
John
Failure
Location 1A
Failure
Location 2A
LAYOUT PLAN OF LOCATION FAILURE 1
Location 1B
Location 1 A
Location 1 A
Location 1A
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LAYOUT PLAN OF LOCATION FAILURE 2
Location 2A
Panoramic View Of Location 2B
6m
Rubble Wall
6m
20m
Stone Pitching Moved Forward
Staircase To Basement Parking
Location 2B
REMEDIAL LAYOUT PLAN (LOCATION 1)
LOCATION 1B
Anchored RC
Wall
Soil Nailing
LOCATION 1A
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REMEDIAL CROSS SECTION
(LOCATION 1)
Remedial Item
Location 1A
Location 1B
Height (4m)
130m Length
35m Length
Tieback Soil
Nail(18m)
330 nos
80 nos
Soil Nail
(12m length)
2700 nos
324 nos
Surface
Protection
Enkamat
6000 m²
700 m²
Foundation
Micropile
(6m length)
55 nr
13 nr
RC Wall
Slope
Strengtening
LOCATION 1B
LOCATION 1A
12m
18m
4m
Soil Nailing
Anchored Retaining Wall
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
(LOCATION 1A)
1A
Before
Failure Area
1A
After
Slope Remedial
Length of Soil Nailing – 12m
Exposed Height Anchored RC Wall – 4m
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SITE PHOTO BEFORE & AFTER
REMEDIAL (LOCATION 1A)
SIDE VIEW
JAN 2014
SEPTEMBER 2014
NOVEMBER 2014
JAN 2014
SEPTEMBER 2014
NOVEMBER 2014
FRONT VIEW
95mRL
DTM OF
FAILURE AREA
(LOCATION
1A)
Before
32mRL
95mRL
After
32mRL
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REMEDIAL LAYOUT PLAN (LOCATION 2)
LOCATION 2A
Soil Nailing
LOCATION 2B
Anchored RC
Wall
REMEDIAL CROSS SECTION
(LOCATION 2A)
Remedial Item
Location 2A
Height (4m)
50m Length
Tieback Soil
Nail(18m)
300 nr
Slope
Strengtening
Soil Nail
(12m length)
70 nr
Surface
Protection
Enkamat
700 m²
RC Wall
LOCATION
2A
12m
18m
4m
Soil Nailing
Anchored Retaining Wall
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SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS (LOCATION 2A)
2A
Before
2A
After
Slope Remedial
Length of Soil Nailing – 12m
Exposed Height Anchored RC Wall – 4m
SITE PHOTO BEFORE & AFTER
REMEDIAL (LOCATION 2A)
RIGHT VIEW
JAN 2014
SEPTEMBER 2014
NOVEMBER 2014
LEFT VIEW
JAN 2014
OCTOBER 2014
NOVEMBER 2014
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82mRL
Before
DTM OF
FAILURE AREA
(LOCATION 2)
FAILURE 2A
FAILURE 2B
42mRL
39mRL
82mRL
After
After
LOCATION 2A
LOCATION 2B
39mRL
42mRL
DTM VIDEO OF BUKIT NENAS
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GUIDELINE FOR SLOPE STABILITY
(FACTOR OF SAFETY)
GUIDELINE
F.O.S
NATURAL SLOPE
(GLOBAL
/LOCAL)
F.O.S
MAN MADE SLOPE
(GLOBAL
/LOCAL
F.O.S
TEMPORARY SLOPE
(GLOBAL
/LOCAL)
1.3
1.5
1.2
DBKL GUIDELINE
PANDUAN REKABENTUK
CERUN (JKR)
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GARIS PANDUAN PERANCANGAN
PEMBANGUNAN DI KAWASAN BUKIT DAN
CERUN BAGI WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA
LUMPUR, 2010
JKR GUIDELINE FOR SLOPE DESIGN
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8.0 CONCLUSION
• Soil nail, vegetation and shotcrete are types of
remedial works for SLOPE STABILIZATION and
PROTECTION of slope surface.
• Understanding the methods of remedial works is
crucial to ensure the works are ACCORDING to
the
STANDARD
SPECIFICATION
and
SEQUENCES.
• KuLSIS is an example of comprehensive slope
information system which acts as a tool for local
authorities to MANAGE SLOPE EFFICIENTLY.
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