1)What is meant by “assimilation”?

Recall Questions:
1)What is meant by “assimilation”?
2) What is cuneiform?
3) What is written on the Stele of Hammurabi?
4) What soft metal was introduced, and then
tried (with poor results) to be used for weaponry,
in ancient Mesopotamia?
Ancient History
Through Egyptian Art
Great Pyramids
Gizeh, Egypt
Pyramids of Menkaure, ca. 3,000-2,920 B.C.E.;
Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 B.C.E.;
Khufu ca. 2551-2528 B.C.E.
limestone
largest (Khufu) approximately 450 ft. high
Hieroglyphs.
The “Rosetta Stone”
in the British Museum
45 in x 28.5 in x 11 in thick
Black Granite
The ancient Egyptians believed the ka (or life-force),
along with the physical body, the name,
the ba (personality or soul), and the šwt (shadow),
made up the five aspects of a person.
A wooden ka statue provided a
physical place for the ka to manifest.
Like a soul, the 'Ba' is an aspect of a
person that the Egyptians believed would
live after the body died, and it is
sometimes depicted as a human-headed
bird flying out of the tomb to join with the
'Ka' in the afterlife.
Relief sculpture and painting
were two ways used to
decorate the interior walls of
the tombs and create pleasant
eternal living quarters for the
deceased's "ka".
Ti watching hippopotamus hunt
from Saqqara, Egypt
ca. 2,450-2,350 B.C.E.
painted limestone
approximately 48 in. high
Sunk relief of the
crocodile god Sobek
Detail of the frieze of the wells in the tomb of
Pharaoh Horemheb, showing (left to right) the
gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus.
Great Sphinx
Gizeh, Egypt
ca. 2520-2494 B.C.E.
sandstone
approximately 65 ft. high
Sculpted statues of themselves
were very important to the
pharaohs as a means of
perpetuating their memories and
protecting their "ka".
All early Egyptian sculpture is
characterized by (1)
compactness (2) symmetry of
form and (3) its block-like shape
Menkaure and Khamerenebty
from Gizeh, Egypt
ca. 2,490-2,472 B.C.E.
graywacke
approximately 54 1/2 in. high
Statue of Hatshepsut
Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
ca. 1,473-1,458 B.C.E.
limestone
76 3/4 in. high
Hatshepsut with offering jars
Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
ca. 1,473-1,458 B.C.E.
red granite
8 ft. 6 in. high
Akhenaton (formerly Amenhotep IV )
from the temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt
ca. 1,353-1,335 B.C.E.
sandstone
approximately 13 ft. high
Akhenaton
sacrificing a duck
ca. 1,353-1,335 B.C.E.
limestone
9 5/8 in. high
Pharaoh Akhenaton and his family
adoring the Aten, second from the left is
the daughter of Akhenaten.
ca. 1,353-1,335 B.C.E. limestone
Aten is the disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian
mythology, and originally an aspect of Ra.
Death Mask of Tutankhamen
from Thebes, Egypt
ca. 1,323 B.C.E.
gold with semiprecious stones
21 1/4 in. high
Wedjat Eye
of Tutankhamen
from Thebes, Egypt
ca. 1,333-1,323 B.C.E.
gold and precious
stones
2 in. wide
Wedjat Eye, or the Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal
power and good health. The eye is personified in the goddess Wadjet. The name
Wadjet is derived from 'wadj' meaning 'green' hence 'the green one' and was known
to the Greeks and Romans as 'uraeus' from the Egyptian 'iaret' meaning 'risen one'
from the image of a cobra rising up in protection
Last judgment of Hu-Nefer from Thebes, Egypt ca. 1,290-1280 B.C.E.
painted papyrus scroll, 18 in. high
Judgment scene from the Book of the Dead. In the three scenes from the Book of
the Dead (version from 1375 B.C.) the dead man (Hunefer) is taken into the
judgment hall by the jackal-headed Anubis. The next scene is the weighing of his
heart, with Ammut awaiting the result and Thoth recording. Next, the triumphant
Hunefer, having passed the test, is presented by the falcon-headed Horus to Osiris,
seated in his shrine with Isis and Nephthys.
Detail: last
judgment of HuNefer
from Thebes, Egypt
ca. 1,290-1280 B.C.E.
painted papyrus
scroll, 18 in. high
This detail scene, from the Papyrus of Hunefer (ca. 1375 B.C.), shows Hunefer's heart
being weighed on the scale of Maat against the feather of truth, by the jackal-headed
Anubis. The Ibis-headed Thoth, scribe of the gods, records the result. If his heart is
lighter than the feather, Hunefer is allowed to pass into the afterlife. If not, he is eaten
by the waiting chimeric devouring creature Ammut composed of the deadly crocodile,
lion, and hippopotamus. Vignettes such as these were a common illustration in
Egyptian books of the dead.
Alexandrian - Ptolemaic – Egyptian Art
1. Macedonian Kings (Alexander, et al) 332 - 304 BCE
2. Ptolemaic Kings (Ptolemy I, et al) 304 - 30 BCE
3. Roman Emperors (Octavianus / Augustus, et al) 30 BCE - 396 CE
Temple of Horus built during Greco-Roman period
Edfu, Egypt
ca. 237-47 B.C.E.
Serapis was a God devised during the 3rd
century BC on the orders of Ptolemy I of
Egypt as a means to unify the Greeks and
Egyptians in his realm.
Head of Serapis wearing a modius (flattopped cylindrical headdress or crown)
(Roman-era Hellenistic terracotta)