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Today’s Class
The Meiji Restoration
and Boshin War
• Background to the Meiji Restoration.
• The Boshin War and the Battle of Hakodate
• Projects
© Philip Seaton 2014, Hokkaido University.
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Foreign Intervention
Background to the Meiji
Restoration
•
•
1853: Perry arrives.
•
1856: US consul (Townsend Harris,
right).
•
1858: Treaty of Amity and
Commerce (followed by treaties
with Russia, UK, France, Holland).
1854: Perry’s second visit. Treaty of
Peace and Amity (provisions/good
treatment for US whalers).
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The Weakened Bakufu
•
Ansei Reforms (1854-6): Strengthening of bakufu
military (with help of the Dutch).
•
Bakufu weakened by the “unequal treaties”.
Consultation with tozama lords angers fudai lords.
•
1858: Hotta Masayoshi (chairman of senior
councilors) seeks imperial approval of treaties.
Humiliating rejection.
The Bakufu Fights Back
•
Hotta resigns. Power struggle to
replace him.
•
Ii Naosuke (the choice of fudai lords)
is chosen. He approves the treaties
and succession of Iemochi as shogun
without court approval.
•
•
Emperor Komei outraged.
Ii responds with the Ansei Purge
(1858-9): Anti-bakufu agitators are
arrested/executed.
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Court vs Bakufu
Response of the Imperial Forces
•
Ii Naosuke (who had approved the
unequal treaties) murdered at
Sakuradamon Gate in 1860.
•
Persecuted shishi (men of high
purpose) start their pro-emperor
campaigns.
•
•
1863 - : Shinsengumi (Tokugawa
loyalist samurai, guards for
Iemochi’s visit) patrol Kyoto
assassinating anti-bakufu samurai.
•
1862: Effective end of the sankin-kotai
system (means lords could spend
money on defense). Some lords
relocate activities to Kyoto.
•
Shogun Iemochi’s visit to Kyoto (1863)
displayed weakness. First shogunal visit
since 1634.
•
Kobu gattai: attempts at court and
bakufu reconciliation end in failure
(divisions over “expel the foreigners”).
Power shifts to Kyoto.
Kyoto becomes the centre of a
power struggle.
Iemochi
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“Expel the Barbarians”
•
Start of Sonno Joi (“revere the
emperor, expel the barbarians”).
•
1862: Emperor Komei’s edict to
“expel the barbarians”. First direct
involvement in politics for centuries.
•
Shogun forced to follow the antiforeigner edict.
•
A “declaration of war” on foreigners.
Western Powers Retaliate
•
Choshu (based in
Shimonoseki) leads the antiforeign movement.
•
Westerners and shipping
attacked.
•
Bombardment of Kagoshima
(August 1863, right) following
the murder of a British trader.
•
Bombardment of Shimonoseki
(1864) by a combined
Western fleet.
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Social Unrest
•
•
High inflation.
•
Cholera epidemics
brought by foreigners.
•
Crop failures in 1866 and
1869.
Rebellion
Need to recoin (Japanese
gold bought with silver
coin leads to a “gold rush”
out of Japan).
•
Choshu driven from Kyoto
(September 1863).
•
Mito Rebellion (May 1864): Sonno
Joi rebellion put down by the
bakufu.
•
Hamaguri Rebellion (August 1864):
Choshu troops try to seize control
of the imperial palace (right).
•
•
Two expeditions to punish Choshu: 1864 and 1866.
The second is a humiliating defeat for the bakufu.
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The Satcho Alliance
•
•
Fall of the Tokugawa
Satsuma and Choshu had forged an
anti-bakufu alliance (brokered by
Sakamoto Ryoma, right).
Satsuma’s refusal to help the bakufu
in 1866 Choshu expedition a key
to the bakufu’s defeat.
•
Iemochi’s death a pretext for
ending the Choshu expedition in
1866. Yoshinobu (right) becomes
Shogun.
•
Emperor Komei dies in 1867.
Emperor Meiji succeeds him.
•
In 1867 the court demands power
to rule.Yoshinobu accepts.
•
Choshu and Satsuma march on
Kyoto in 1867. They stage a coup
d’etat.
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Meiji Restoration
•
The court accepts Yoshinobu’s
resignation. Tokugawa rule at an
end.
•
Creates a power vacuum. Court
does not yet have the structures
to rule.
•
Court demands Yoshinobu’s
formal handing over of power.
•
Yoshinobu decides to return to
Kyoto with an army ...
The Boshin War and
Battle of Hakodate
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The Boshin War
•
Tokugawa forces are defeated at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi
in January 1868 (below).
•
•
Edo declared an open city in April.
Battles of Nagaoka and Aizu in summer/autumn 1868.
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Hakodate: Treaty Port
Goryokaku Fort
•
Hakodate: A perfect
natural harbour.
•
•
Pentagonal fort built to a
European design.
One of the designated
treaty ports (opened
1859).
•
•
Completed in 1866 and
housed government
offices.
By the early 1860s many
foreigners. (See Ann Irish
Chapter 5).
•
Site of the 1869 Battle of
Hakodate.
•
Hakodate’s churches and
consulates are popular
tourist sites today.
•
Now a tourist site
famous for its cherry
blossoms.
http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/docs/
2014013100471/
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Enomoto’s Escape
•
Counter Attack
Enomoto Takeaki, commander
of the bakufu navy, escapes from
Edo to Sendai.
•
•
Joins forces with other
Tokugawa loyalists.
Restoration army forces counter
attack in spring 1869.
•
•
Sails to Ezo (Hokkaido).
Occupies Hakodate. Captures
Matsumae Castle in November
(Matsumae had declared loyalty
to restoration forces).
Led by Kuroda Kiyotaka (right),
later head of the Hokkaido
Development Agency.
•
Leading figure in the
establishment of Hokudai.
•
Prime minister 1888-89.
•
Declares a “Republic of Ezo” in
December 1868.
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The Fall of Goryokaku
•
Discussion
3,000 Tokugawa loyalists could
not hold out against 7,000
restoration troops.
•
Loyalists pushed back to their
last stand in Goryokaku.
•
They surrender in May 1869,
ending the Boshin War.
•
Hijikata Toshizo (right) a popular
hero of the battle.
• Look at this pamphlet about Goryokaku
Tower.
• Why do you think Hijikata appears four
times?
• What does his “hero status” in Hakodate
tell us about Hokkaido history and tourism
in Hakodate?
Pamphlet:
http://www.goryokaku-tower.co.jp/pdf/leaflet/en.pdf
http://www.youblisher.com/p/97006-My-AncestorToshizo-Hijikata-and-the-Shinsengumi/
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Hijikata in Hakodate
Hijikata in Hakodate
• Win ¥100,000.
• Die like Hijikata at
the Goryokaku
Festival (will be held
17-18 May)!
http://www.hotweb.or.jp/goryokaku-sai/
Visit the Hijikata Toshizo Museum in
Hakodate! http://www.romankan.com/
hizikata/00index.html
Statue in Goryokaku Tower
Festival Website:
http://www.hotweb.or.jp/goryokaku-sai/
index.html
Last year’s winners
25
Hijikata in Hino City
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Hijikata: Hero or Villain?
• An immensely popular historical figure,
especially in Hakodate and Hino.
• Or, a rebel, a torturer, fearless killer and
“demon vice-commander”.
• Lauded as a hero in many TV dramas and
films.
• How would his “samurai spirit” be received
Hijikata Toshizo Museum:
http://www.hijikata-toshizo.jp/
in the context of later wars?
Statue at Takahatafudoson (Kongoji Temple)
You decide!
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Projects
• We will finalize your research project
groups today.
Research Projects
• Presentations are in Weeks 12-14 (7, 14, 28
July).
• We will have a “reading week” in week 10
(23 June) during which time you will work
in your groups.
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