"Strategic Geographies - Challenge of Their
Transcription
"Strategic Geographies - Challenge of Their
GEOGRAPHY STRATEGIC GEOGRAPHIES —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— CHALLENGE OF THEIR VISUALIZATION THOMAS STRUTH !"#$%$#&'()*+&,-./$)*&012*/3"/&45&6$+&78$19#&0775&:$/9;31.5&#$$%&'()*+,-.&'/0/&1'2'/"1'345 (67+.89:'.;8'<+.,9.'<-='><+,<-'?66=4<-&'@<+,9'A'B8C'D6+E5 !"#$%&'(#$)*+*#,-#$."#/"01'233444.5 /61/!1//444/78"7 GEOGRAPHY RUT BLEES LUXEMBURG !"##$%&'(")*!"#$$%!"&'()*+,!"#-."/"#%."01"2)31456" &78),49:";3<4)*4"=71*+*>84"?*3,!"@3)*9!"3+5",A4"3),*9,6 BA3,"A3((4+9"78,9*54",A4"C7)54)9"72",4))*,7)*3<"9,3,49"D"EA4,A4)",A4" *1(7F4)*9A45",4))3*+9"72"27)14)"41(*)49"7)",A4"43),AG9"9,*<<"2)7H4+" (7<49!"<7+I"E)*,,4+"78,"72"J*9,7):6" K3<I357"*9"7+4"(A7,7I)3(A4)",A3,"C)43L9",A494"03I49"7(4+",A)78IA"3" F*983<*,:",A3,"*+94),9"4+7)1789"5*9,3+04"D"EA4,A4)"*+"A*9"K3A4<"7)";4+49*9" ()7M40,61"N+",A*9"5*9,3+04"N"944",A47)*H3,*7+6"N,"*9"3"F*983<*,:"17)4"3L*+" ,7",A4";)44L"+7,*7+"72",A47)*3",A3+",7",A4"F*983<"39")4()494+,3,*7+62 &3+"(A7,7I)3(A:"3<97"03(,8)4"EA3,"*9"+7,"071(<4,4<:")407I+*H456 BA3,"E4"*++704+,<:"03<<",A4"I<7C3<"0<*13,4"0)*9*9"*9"(3),<:"EA3,"E4" 4/(7),45"78,"72",A494"03I49"*+,7"3"+,("(-.*&+7'13+G9"<3+5"D,A3,"7,A4)" I47I)3(A:"07+9,)80,45"39"(3),"72",A4"13L*+I"72"03(*,3<*916"O8,"980A"3" +7'13+G9"<3+5"5749"+7,"4/*9,!"3+5"+4F4)"5*56"N,"*9"30,83<<:",A4" 3,179(A4)4!",A4"E3,4)!",A4"43),A!"7+04"9441*+I<:"5*9,3+,!",A3,"*9"+7E" L+70L*+I"3,"78)"577)6"N,"E39"+4F4)"97"5*9,3+,"27)",A4"(77)"*+",A4" ;<7C3<"K78,A"3+5",A4"5*935F3+,3I45"*+",A4")*0A"078+,)*49"EA7"A3F4" C44+"23)"17)4"4/(7945",7",7/*0*,:",A3+",A4"()*F*<4I456"PA4"I<30*4)9!" 7+04")417,4"3+5"*117C*<4!"3)4"+7E"*+0)439*+I<:"17C*<4"<*>8*59" ,780A*+I"Q89R6"S+5",A4"18<,*,8549"72"5*935F3+,3I45"4F4):EA4)4"3)4" C4071*+I"30,7)9"7+"3"I<7C3<"9,3I46"T4*,A4)",A4"I<30*4)9"+7)",A494" 18<,*,8549"03+"C4"L4(,"*+",A3,"(8,3,*F4"+7'13+G9"<3+5"8(7+"EA*0A" (7E4)28<"9A3(4)9"72"78)"1754)+*,:",A78IA,",A4:"078<5")4<:6 K4C39,*U7"K3<I357G9"/*0*'-'&()7M40,",77L"A*1"7F4)"3"<7+I"5*9,3+04",7" !"+5"3",4))*,7):",A3,"E39"C4:7+5",A3,"+,("(-.*&+7'13+G9"<3+5!"3" !"#$%&'(#$)*+*#,-#$."#/"01'233444.5 /61/!1//444/78"7 STRATEGIC GEOGRAPHIES —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`&0-%()a''7M<-//$.5) ) @AA_:)Ob-&#+)&.) ;.8%-/#%6,#6%$:P),/#%6"$*)7) <$%3$.#&.$)c-00$%(5)d'.1'.5) L,#'7$%)@AA_:)+##3GFF ***:/$%3$.#&.$=-00$%(: '%=F@AA_FAXF3-%9 e .&=+#/ e 2-.&8$/#' e 2-%-#+'.:+#20 5 <$7-/#&Y')<-0=-1'5) ) !"#"$%$8)f$#%&$E$1) <$3#$27$%)@A5)@ABA)-#G) +##3GFF***:-2-T'.-/&2-=M$/: ,'2F=%-.1/M#%-E-64J`W`<\<< ;gh@-Ai_7]!"BiB8AB^8X"i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— CHALLENGE OF THEIR VISUALIZATION !" SASKIA SASSEN RUT BLEES LUXEMBURG !"#$%&%'()*+,-.%/0#0$%('#$"%%&#$'()*+,-#$"./$0$11/$23#$4*53678$ '9:*-6;<$=5>6*+6$?93+,+@:6$A+5-#$B5*+;#$5,7$-C6$5*-+;-8 !"#$%&'(#$)*+*#,-#$."#/"01'2334445/ /51/!1//444/67"6 GEOGRAPHY THOMAS STRUTH !"#$%!&'#"()$'*"%+$,-%.!/0%!1$234(5-%6"78"%9)*4:5!"#$$%!"&'()*+,!" #%$"-"./$"012"&34),567",85"9),*6,"9+:";9)*9+"<33:19+!"=9)*6">"?5@"A3)B2 C !;"**4(4;7(%<":5"*);"$:%=>?%.";4$*-%/4@%A*4:BC%9AA-%6("$D)E4*5!"#$$D!"&'=)*+,! EF$"-"#$D!G"012"&34),567",85"9),*6,9+:";9)*9+"<33:19+!"=9)*6">"?5@"A3)B2 !"#$%&'(#$)*+*#,-#$."#/"01'2334445" /51/!1//444/67"6 STRATEGIC GEOGRAPHIES — CHALLENGE OF THEIR VISUALIZATION !" SASKIA SASSEN 8 PE2#*>8+408*?1&##1B* * M#5+(6*12#*Q'0;;0*0(6* E2#01&37*F3(6'RS*T&#/#0&)2* %&+A#)1*!*8#6*9'12*0312+&@* U+8374'0*V('-#&/'15W< #$%#&'#()#*+,*&#)+-#&'(.*%&#/#()#*'/*01*12#*)+&#*+,*3&40('15* 3(6#&/1++6*0/*0*7+&#*.8+408*#-#(1*120(*+3&*9#/1#&(*:3&+%#0(*(+1'+(* +,*12#*3&40('15*+,*12#*%'0;;0<*=1*'/*7+&#*12#*3&40('15*+,*12#*>8+408* ?1&##18< 9 ?1#,#(*>&+(#&1*0(6* * U2&'/1+%2*?)2&#'#&@*'()!"*+ ,-./-(0+,-."12%0+3)-)&."!+2+ 4567+8$*+45590*TU+8+.(#B* X3(/173/#37*M+((*YZZ[W\* '()!"*+,-./-(*T]#9*^+&CB* F0&'0(*>++670(*>088#&5@* F05*[I_3(#*YZ@*`aYaW\*'()!"*+ ,-./-(:+;()-)&."<(*+456=> ?@4@*TN+(6+(B*O2'1#)20%#8* >088#&5@*_385I?#%1#74#&* `a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b+.* Q348'/2'(.@*`aaa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— CHALLENGE OF THEIR VISUALIZATION 1%/&2'%#03%4#&5%#2*6%5720)8)9%6.#:'#;%;,5)%'+#03%'%#'-&/%'#1%/,;%# -&50#,<#03%#=)*0%5),5)04>#,<#03%#/)04+#03%#/)04?'#-5%'%*0+#%@%*#A3%*# 03)'#)*0%5),5)04#)'#,20')6%#03%#-5,!#0765)@%*#20)8)04#8,B)/'#&*6#03%)5# '-&0)&8#<5&;)*B'.#C3%4#&5%#03%#%"##6$:/)56.+"#,5#@&/&*0#B5,2*6'#03&0# %*&18%#;&*4#5%')6%*0'#0,#/,**%/0#A)03#03%)5#/)04#&0#�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�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a# N),-1-+'/#!"6#B!++',!$68# $)/1)%('3)+74#F)$#9--</#!$)# ($!"/+!()6#'"(-#-3)$# (.)"(7#+!"0*!0)/4 !"#$%&'(#$)*+*#,-#$."#/"01'23344456 !"#!$%&'()%(*$!+#,-,)"(#'"#.&!(#'/#/))"#!/#,)$)#/'+)"%)/#-$#0!1/#2$-,# (&)#1-'"(#-2#3').#-2#,!'"/($)!,#!$%&'()%(*$)4#5-#$)%-3)$# '"2$!/($*%(*$)/#(&!(#2!%'+'(!()#6!'+7#+'2)#'"#(&)#%'(78#,!"7#-2#.&'%&# 6)/)$3)#$)%-0"'('-"8#'/#(-#$)%-3)$#&'/(-$')/#-(&)$#(&!"#(&)#&'/(-$7# -2#9*'+6'"0#2-$#*/)$/8#2-$#%-"/*,1('-"4#5-#($!"/2-$,#(&)# '"2$!/($*%(*$)/#2-$#1*9+'%#*/)#'"(-#/'()/#2-$#!$%&'()%(*$!+#!"6# !$('/('%#'"()$3)"('-"/#'/#"-(#-"+7#(-#%)+)9$!()#1)-1+):/#&'/(-$')/#9*(# !+/-#(-#0'3)#1$)/)"%)#(-#)3)$76!7#+'2)4## /51/!1//444/67"6