Effects of Hula Hooping Versus Treadmill Exercise on Attitudes and

Effects of Hula Hooping Versus Treadmill Exercise on Attitudes and

Courtney J. Stevens, Trent Irwin, Ricky Camplain, Devon Humphreys, &
Angela D. Bryan.
University of Colorado at Boulder & The University of New Mexico
2/3 or more of American adults are physically
inactive (Kahn et al. 2002; CDC, 2008) .
Females engage in less physical activity than
males (Buckworth & Dishman, 2007).
Lack of physical activity is strongly correlated
with rates of obesity (Levi, Segal, St Laurent, & Kohn, 2011).
(Levi, Segal, St Laurent, & Kohn, 2011).
Most common modality (USDHHS)
Practical and affordable
Adequate?
Enjoyable?
(Ekkekakis et al., 2008; Hulens, et al., 2003).
BUT, visibility /SPA concerns
How can we address
these barriers and
make exercise more
fun??
Privacy
Low impact
Adequate Intensity (Porcari, 2011; www.acefitness.org)
Design:
120 sedentary women
2 conditions, (HOOP, n = 58) or (WALK, n = 62)
Pre-task survey
30mins moderate intensity exercise bout
▪ Measure of heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived
exertion (RPE)
Post-task survey
30 day follow-up survey
Test the main effect of exercise condition
(HOOP) vs. (WALK) on HR and RPE during a
30 minute exercise session.
Measure the effect of condition on change in
physical activity level.
Baseline 30 days.
Explore potential mediators of behavior
change.
Attitudes
toward
the
behavior
Subjective
Normative
Support
Perceived
Behavioral
Control
Intentions
to engage
in the
Behavior
Frequency
of
Behavior
(Ajzen & Madden, 1986)
1). The HOOP group will perceive the exercise
as less physically exerting (RPE) than the WALK
group but average HR (exercise intensity) will
not differ.
2). The HOOP group will have greater change
in activity scores from baseline to 30 days
follow-up.
After controlling for BMI…
3). HOOP group will be related to greater
attitudes, norms, and PBC scores at post-task.
4). Post-test attitudes, norms, and PBC will
predict intentions for exercise at 30 days followup.
5). Exercise intentions will have a significant
main effect on change in activity scores.
Age
Ethnicity
Caucasian
African American
Asian
Hispanic
Native American
Other
Education
≤ High School Level
≤ 2 years of college
Bachelor’s degree
Some grad school
Master’s degree
PhD/Professional
Hula Hoop
Treadmill
p
27.16 (SD =
7.37)
26.61 (SD =
6.81)
.68
.72
19
4
1
24
4
6
15
4
4
25
6
8
.25
10
33
12
2
1
0
9
30
15
1
5
2
Hula Hoop
BMI
Underweight
Normal Weight
Over Weight
Obese
Extreme Obese
Treadmill
p
.08
3
19
14
14
8
3
31
9
14
5
Resting Heart
Rate beats per
minute (BPM)
85.28 (SD = 14.25)
81.87 (SD = 14.32)
.20
Godin Leisure
Time Activity
Score at baseline
23.74 (SD = 18.42)
29.02 (SD = 22.68)
.17
RPE X CONDITION
F (1, 118) = 2.05, p = .20 (NS)
HEART RATE X CONDITION
F ( 1, 118) = 4.90, p = .03
F (1,107) = 2.68 , p = .05 (one-tailed)
-.198*
Attitudes
toward
-.029
.182*
the
behavior
-.241**
Condition .013 Subjective .024
Frequenc
Intentions
Hoop = 1
Normative
y of
Walk = 2
Support
Behavior
-.259**
Perceived
Behavioral
Control
.584***
* p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001, Yuan-Bentler
scaled χ² (9,n=120) = 14.94, p<.05; CFI=.96
Hula-hooping is equivalent to or better than
treadmill walking in terms of aerobic
intensity.
Instable intentions
Novel approaches to exercise may be more
effective than traditional approaches for
improving exercise participation among
physically inactive women.
Hula Hoop
Treadmill
p
Attitudes
5.78 (SD = 1.48)
5.94 (SD = 1.04)
.418
Norms
4.19 (SD = 1.21)
4.31 (SD = 1.29)
.605
PBC
4.53 (SD = 1.40)
4.24 (SD = 1.29)
.241
Intentions
3.57 (SD = 1.46)
3.53 (SD = 1.56)
.863
“I've tried aerobics, circuit training, weight
training, and water aerobics, but hooping is
the only thing I've stuck with because it's
simply fun. When I put on my music and pick
up a hoop, I'm not exercising - I'm playing. I
can go from half an hour to two hours or
more, depending on what I'm trying to
accomplish in a given session. Let's see your
typical obese sedentary person do that with
aerobics!”