The Coyaba Beach Resort

Transcription

2013
Coyaba Beach Resort Energy Audit
Prepared by:
Leslie Smith,
Nicol Benjamin and
Henry Fredrick
Supervised by:
Energy Dynamics Limited
Date submitted:
19/09/2013
The Coyaba Beach Resort Energy Audit Report
2013
Disclaimer
Recommendations are in keeping with similar recommendations appropriate to the industry
represented and the nature of the specific operations.
The reference to any company, product, equipment, methodology or other mention and the
use of any image, diagram does not represent in any way the endorsement or recommendation
for the use of any company, product, equipment or other items so mentioned. As such
reference is merely for the convenience of clarity for the reader.
The Coyaba Beach Resort (Grenada) Energy Audit Report
2013
Executive Summary
This Detailed Energy Audit was conducted in an effort to identify cost effective Energy Saving
Opportunities (ESOs) and to recommend various energy saving measures at the Coyaba Beach
Resort, Grenada. In pursuance of its objective, the property was surveyed and data was
gathered over a period of six (6) days to model the facility’s current energy use.
During a twelve (12) month period from May, 2012 and April, 2013, 39,630 guest nights (GN)
were sold and a total of 807,740 kWh of electricity at a cost of $US340,736 was consumed at
the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada (US$0.42/kWh). The energy consumption over the period
resulted in an Energy Usage Index (EUI) of 20.4kWh/GN (i.e. US$8.60/GN electricity). During
this same period 17,577 m3 of water was consumed at the facility at a total cost of US$75,122
(US$4.27/m3), resulting in a water consumption index of 0.4m3/GN (i.e. US$1.90/GN water).
The Coyaba Beach Resort has very low water and energy consumption indices when compared
to hotels in the Caribbean region.
This Level 2 Energy Audit has identified six (6) Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) & Renewable
Energy Measures (REMs) as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Summary of Energy Efficiency Measures and Renewable Energy Measures
ESO #
ESO 1
ESO 2
ESO 3
ESO 4
ESO 5
ESO 6
Energy/Water Saving
Opportunity
Replace the CRT TVs with
Flat Screen LED TVs
Replace R22 conventional
mini split units with R410A inverter type mini
split units
Replace Air Conditioning
unit in Kitchen with an
exhaust fan
Install a Grid Connected
Photovoltaic System for
guestroom lights
Repair water leaks in
pump room
Retrofit 2.0 gpm faucets to
1.5 gpm faucets
Initial
Cost
(US$)
Annual
Cost
Savings
(US$)
Payback
(years)
Annual
Energy
Savings
(kWh)
Annual Carbon
Dioxide Savings
(Tons/year)
$32,256
$2,445
13.19
5,795
3.37
$108,712
$18,206
5.97
43,152
25.07
$6,600
$11,433
0.58
27,098
15.74
$37,888
$6,233
6.08
14,773
8.58
$1,500
$3,189
0.47
$3,520
$1,070
3.29
Annual
Water
Savings
3
(m )
746
250
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2013
The implementation of the recommended ESOs in the sequence listed in Table 2 will result in an
estimated energy saving of 90.817 MWh or 11% of the energy use at the facility. Water savings
of 996m3/year may also be achieved. An overall annual energy and water cost reduction of
$US42,576 can be achieved with the implementation of the recommended ESO.
Table 2 Priority list of Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures and Renewable Energy Measures
Priority
ESO 3
ESO 5
ESO 6
ESO 2
ESO 4
ESO 1
Energy/Water Saving
Opportunity
exhaust fan
pump room
Retrofit 2.0 gpm faucets
to 1.5 gpm faucets
split units
guestroom lights
Flat Screen LED TVs
TOTAL
Payback
(years)
Annual
Energy
Savings
(kWh)
Annual
Carbon
Dioxide
Savings
(Tons/year)
$11,433
0.58
27,098
15.74
$1,500
$3,189
0.47
$3,520
$1,070
3.29
0
0
$108,712
$18,206
5.97
43,152
25.07
$37,888
$6,233
6.08
14,773
8.58
$32,256
$2,445
13.19
5,795
3.37
$190,476
$42,576
4.47
90,817
53
Initial
Cost
(US$)
Annual
Cost
Savings
(US$)
$6,600
Annual
Water
Savings
3
(m )
746
250
996
The cost of executing the recommended projects is estimated to be $US190,476 with a
projected combined annual saving of $US42,576 which results in an effective simple payback
period of 4.47 years. Additional recommendations were made in the Low-Cost to No-Cost ESO
Section for behavioural changes for energy savings.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... ii
1
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1
2
Facility Description ................................................................................................................................ 2
3
2.1
Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2
Building Envelope.......................................................................................................................... 5
2.3
Building Services ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.4
Maintenance Effectiveness ........................................................................................................... 8
2.5
Organizational Analysis ................................................................................................................. 9
Utility Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1
Energy Metering and Data Logging ............................................................................................. 11
3.2
Energy Consumption and Cost .................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1
4
Energy Balance .................................................................................................................... 12
3.3
Electrical Bill Analysis .................................................................................................................. 13
3.4
Water Bill Analysis....................................................................................................................... 15
3.5
Overall Utility Analysis ................................................................................................................ 17
3.6
Carbon Dioxide Analysis .............................................................................................................. 19
Analyses of Energy Efficient Measures (EEM’s) and Renewable Energy Options (REO’s) .................. 20
4.1
Low-Cost to No-Cost ESO ............................................................................................................ 20
4.1.1
Improve Building Envelope ................................................................................................. 20
4.1.2
Efficiently operate the Air Conditioning System ................................................................. 21
4.1.3
Install Variable Frequency Drive to control pool pump ...................................................... 22
4.2
Investment type ESO................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.1
Retrofit Televisions ............................................................................................................. 23
4.2.2
Replace R22 conventional mini split units with R-410A inverter type mini split units ....... 23
4.2.3
Replace AC in kitchen with fresh air ventilation ................................................................. 24
4.2.4
Install a Grid connected Photovoltaic system for the guest room lights ............................ 25
4.2.5
Repair leaks in pump room ................................................................................................. 26
4.2.6
Retrofit 2.0 gpm faucets to 1.5 gpm faucets ...................................................................... 26
5
Discussion & Recommendation of EEM’s and REO’s .......................................................................... 27
6
Appendices .......................................................................................................................................... 29
6.1
Appendix 1: Energy Management Matrix ................................................................................... 29
6.2
Appendix 2: Energy Accounting Sheet ........................................................................................ 30
6.3
Appendix 3: CRC Tourism, 2000, A Research Report on Exemplary Environmental Practice in
Key Tourism Sectors, Green Globe Asia Pacific, Canberra, Australia ...................................................... 31
6.4
Appendix 4: ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Standard, 2010 ............................................................... 32
6.5
Appendix 5: Table Comparing the Montreal Protocol and Unites States Phase out Schedules . 33
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1 Introduction
The Energy Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean (OLADE), with financial assistance
from the Austrian Development Co-orperation has instituted the Latin America and the
Caribbean Energy Efficiency Program (PALCEE) for countries in this region. Grenada and
Jamaica have been selected from the Caribbean sub-region as the two countries where the
program will be piloted. The PALCEE program for Grenada, has the following objectives:

To strengthen the institutional, legal and regulatory frameworks for energy efficiency in
Grenada.

Implementation of a “Demonstration Project” to highlight the possible savings that can
be achieved in public and commercial buildings by conducting an energy audit.

Implementation of a pilot project in a small community to serve as the basic experience
for the development of National Programs.
As part of the institutional strengthening and capacity building component of the program, an
Energy Auditing training was conducted for Grenadian Nationals by Energy Dynamics from
Trinidad and Tobago. Out of this training a selected number of participants were required to
perform energy audits on two facilities and submit reports on the outcome of these audits. This
energy audit training was conducted over three phases, which included: a theoretical session
(from May 20 to May 24, 2013) and two practical sessions to collect data on equipment
inventory (June 17- 19) and connect data loggers (July 8 – 10) to monitor energy consumption
and trends respectively. This report focuses on a Level II energy audit done at the Coyaba
Beach Resort.
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2 Facility Description
2.1 Overview
The Coyaba Beach Resort is located at Morne Rouge, Grand Anse, St. George’s. It is a garden
resort entrenched deep within the hotel belt along the world’s famous Grand Anse Beach. This
Resort is an eighty (80) guest room facility covering 5.5 acres of land. Guest rooms are divided
into 8 blocks, each with rooms upstairs and downstairs.
The facility is designed to give the guest the choice of garden, pool and ocean views.
To the front of the property is the guardhouse, tennis court, administration building and lobby,
board room, gymnasium and other front house and public area facilities.
The buildings housing the restaurants, bars, and kitchen are within reasonable proximity to the
guest rooms. There is also a swimming pool and pool bar almost to the centre of the facility. On
the southern end of the property is a 347.5 KVA back up diesel generator, nearby to the laundry
room, the main electrical control panel and a pump room. There is also a pump room near to
Block 8.
The main source of energy at the hotel comes from electricity supplied from the local utility
company through a single entrance point to a pad mounted transformer which breaks down
the voltage from 11,000V 3-phase to 415V.
Water meters and sub meters are located in the front of the facility. Solar water heaters are
installed on the roof of every block.
Latitude: 12°01’24” N
Longitude: 61°45’40”W
Elevation: 15-30 feet above sea level
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Figure 1 shows a plan view of the Coyaba Beach Resort in the year 2011. Figure 2 shows a
sketch of the major sections of the facility.
Figure 1 Plan view of the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada (6/5/2011)
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2013
NORTH
NT
RO
HF
C
EA
B
BLOCK 1
BLOCK 2
RESTAURANT AND BAR
KITCHEN
BLOCK 3
BLOCK 5
Swim-up bar
BLOCK 4
BLOCK 6
CONFERENCE
ROOM
BLOCK 7
BLOCK 8
RECEPTION
MAIN OFFICE
LAUNDRYMain Panel
37.5KVA Transformer
Generator set
ROAD
WAY
Figure 2 Sketch of the Coyaba Beach Resort Plan View
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2.2 Building Envelope
2.2.1.1 Roofs
All guestroom blocks are two-storey buildings and shown in Figure 3, the roofs are constructed
with standing seam, light coloured, painted, galvanized sheets. Some are hip type, some are
gable type roofing styles. The ceiling material is ½” gypsum. Radiant barrier roof insulation is
also installed under the galvanized sheets.
Figure 3 Photograph of the entrance to the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
Figure 4 Photograph of guestroom blocks at the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
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2013
Figure 5 Photograph of swimming pool and guest room blocks at the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
Figure 6 Photograph of open air restaurant at the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
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2.2.1.2 Walls and Floors
The external walls of the eight (8) guestroom blocks of the Coyaba Beach Resort are
constructed with 6” concrete blocks, the walls are roughened and painted in a light color.
The floors are constructed with concrete (6”thick) and covered with 13x13 white ceramic tiles.
2.2.1.3 Windows & Doors
The rooms are secured with black 32”x80”, wooden panel doors to the corridor entrance to the
guestroom. There are two (2) sliding, single paned glass doors of each guest room, opening to a
shaded verandah and shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 A typical guestrooms at the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
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2.3 Building Services
Inside the guestrooms, a corridor leads to the bedroom with bath and toilet facility to the side.
Most of the rooms have 12,000 Btu/h mini split air-conditioning units installed above the
corridor. The condenser for the air conditioning units are situated up to approximately sixty
(60) feet outside the rooms and the copper tubing are insulated with Styrofoam insulation.
The bathroom has one 17”x48” Aluminium louver situated on the main entry side of the room.
All the rooms contain the following appliances; televisions, clothes iron, coffee maker or
electric kettle and hair dryer.
The administration building has multi-split air conditioning units with one condenser to three
evaporators.
The kitchen has one air conditioning unit installed and one extractor fan on the roof.
Compact fluorescent lamps are predominantly used at the facility, with high wattage vapour
lamps for the tennis court and a few incandescent bulb in some other areas.
2.4 Maintenance Effectiveness
The Coyaba Beach Resort is a relatively new building; approximately 8 years old.
The
maintenance of its equipment or upgrades is conducted as required by in house maintenance
personnel and Contractors. There is limited permanent maintenance department staff onsite.
Energy Management is in a rudimentary stage as there is no policy in place. However, there are
a small number of employees who are generally involved with issues relating to the building
maintenance and energy conservation. Daily readings for water and electricity usage are
presently monitored.
According to the information gathered on site and from other data provided by the Coyaba
Beach Resort concerning the air conditioning and refrigeration equipment on this premises, it
does not seem that a preventative maintenance program is in place.
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With respect to the electrical system, loose connections in electrical panels and equipment
should be tightened to reduce electrical hazards. Faulty or worn components like electrical
contactors and breakers should be replaced with new ones. Wires and cables with exposed
conductors or damaged insulation must quickly be repaired or replaced.
2.5 Organizational Analysis
An analysis of the current state of energy management at the School was done using the Energy
Management Matrix developed by the UK Oxfordshire based Carbon Trust’s Energy Efficiency –
Best Practise Programme (EEBPP) – Good Practise Guide 119: Organizing Energy ManagementA Corporate Approach.
An organization is rated on the matrix in each of the six different areas of management namely
policy, organization, motivation, information, marketing and investment. The company’s
current rating is portrayed in Table 3; Appendix 1: Energy Management Matrix describes the
criteria and scores for each component.
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Table 3 Energy Management Matrix Analysis
Area Of
Matrix
Management
Reading
Policy
1
Current Description
Next Step
An unwritten set of guidelines
Unadopted energy/ environmental policy set by
energy/ environmental manager or senior
departmental manager.
Organization
Communication
1
1
Energy/ environmental management the part
Energy/ environmental manager in post, reporting
time responsibility of someone with only
to ad-hoc committee but line management and
limited authority or influence
authority are unclear
Informal contacts between engineer and a
Contact with major users through ad-hoc
few users
committee chaired by senior departmental
Cost reporting based on invoice data.
Monitoring and targeting reports based on supply
Engineer compiles reports for internal use
meter data. Energy/ environmental unit has ad-hoc
within technical department
involvement in budget setting
Some ad-hoc staff awareness training
Programme of staff awareness and regular publicity
manager.
Information
Planning
1
2
campaigns
Audit
2
Investment using short term pay back criteria
Positive discrimination in favour of ‘green’ schemes
only
with detailed investment appraisal of a new-build
and refurbishment opportunities.
Average
1.33
As indicated in the matrix, there are six rating levels, from 0 which means that an organization
has no provisions at all for energy management to level 4 which represents industry best
practice. The Resort’s average rating is 1.33, which indicates that the Resort has much room for
improvement.
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3 Utility Analysis
3.1 Energy Metering and Data Logging
As part of the data collection, load measurements were taken at various locations over a
minimum of 24 hours at thirty (30) second intervals.
POWER SUPPLY
FROM UTILITY
30kVA
Transformer
30kVA
Transformer
KITCHEN
LAUNDRY REEFER ADMIN BLDG
BLOCK 1 BLOCK 3
BLOCK 2
BLOCK 5
BLOCK 4
BLOCK 7
BLOCK 6
BLOCK 8
Figure 8 The Coyaba Beach Resort’s Single Line Electrical Diagram
The single line electrical diagram of the Coyaba Beach Resort is shown in Figure 8.
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3.2 Energy Consumption and Cost
3.2.1
Energy Balance
An energy balance was done using measured data, rated power capacity for the various
equipment and usage patterns based on discussions with staff and maintenance personnel; the
calculations are shown in Appendix 2: Energy Accounting Sheet. The Energy Balance is shown in
Figure 9.
ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION AT
THE COYABA BEACH RESORT, GRENADA
LAUNDRY
8%
MISCELLANEOUS
3%
LIGHTS
10%
EQUIPMENT
21%
AIR
CONDITIONING
39%
REFRIGERATION
19%
Figure 9 Energy Balance Results
The main energy consuming equipment at the facility include air-conditioning (39%), Equipment
(21%), and Refrigeration (19%) while Lights and Laundry consume 10% and 8% respectively and
Miscellaneous consumes 3% (Miscellaneous will include external lights). Hence air-conditioning
and refrigeration represent areas of significant potential for energy savings. The monthly
energy consumption at the facility is projected to be 67,250 kWh at a cost of US$28,368, at an
energy cost of US$0.42/kWh.
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2013
3.3 Electrical Bill Analysis
Data on electricity consumption and related cost were provided for the period May 2011 to
April 2013. The occupancy data was also provided in terms of Room Nights (RN); it is assumed
that this is a Couples Only Resort and thus each room night (RN) can be translated to 2 guest
nights (GN).
The Coyaba Beach Resort’s electricity consumption for 24 months (May 2011 to April 2013) is
shown in Figure 10; “Year 1” is used to describe the period from May 2011 to April 2012, while
“Year 2” describes the period from May 2012 to April 2013. The electricity consumption peak
coincides with the peak seasons of occupancy for both years in May, August, and November.
The lower occupancy months of June, July, September and October coincides with a lower
electricity usage for both years also.
The opposite is true for the months of January-February of both years, the graph shows that
the occupancy was high, but the energy consumption was lower; the hotel’s Energy Usage
Index is lowest in these two months each year.
There was a spike in the electricity usage during the period July to September. This is the
hottest and most humid time of the year. Air conditioners are expected to be in operation for
longer periods. As this is the rainy season, water usage was lower than peak season.
The base load for electricity consumption is 55,015kWh that occurred in February 2012.
The average Energy Usage Index (EUI) for Year 1 was 20 kWh/GN at a cost of approximately
US$0.42/kWh. The average EUI for Year 2 was 21 kWh/GN also at US$0.42/kWh. The average
electricity consumed on a monthly basis was 63,531 kWh in Year 1 and 67,312 kWh in Year 2.
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80,000
4,500
70,000
4,000
3,500
60,000
3,000
50,000
2,500
40,000
2,000
30,000
1,500
20,000
Guest Nights
Electricity consumption
(kWh)
Electricity Consumption and Occupancy
1,000
10,000
500
0
0
Year 1
Year 2
Guest Nights (Year 1)
Figure 10 Electricity Consumption of the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada (May 2011 to April 2013)
Electricity Usage Index vs GuestNights
Electricity Usage Index
(kWh/GN)
35
30
30
25
y = -0.0062x + 40.982
20
15
10
2,000
14
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Guest Nights
Figure 11 The Coyaba Beach Resort EUI vs Guest Nights
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2013
The Coyaba Beach Resort’s Energy Usage Index (kWh/GN) is graphed against the occupancy
(GN) in Figure 11 for the period from May 2011 to April 2013. The graph shows that occupancy
ranged from guest nights of 2000 to just over 4000 per month. The EUI for all the months of the
year usually ranges from 14 to 30 kWh/GN. The trend of the graph suggests that when
occupancy is low, the kWh/GN increases, this is typical of a hotel that has a large base load of
electricity consumption. This is most likely due to the operation of a large number of
refrigeration equipment, electrical water heaters, and air conditioning units in the
administration offices which does not vary closely with the hotel occupancy.
3.4 Water Bill Analysis
Data on water consumption and related cost were provided for the period May 2011 to April
2013. The occupancy data was also provided in terms of Room Nights (RN); it is assumed that
this is a Couples Only Resort and thus each room night (RN) can be translated to 2 guest nights
(GN).
The Coyaba Beach Resort’s water consumption for 24 months (May 2011 to April 2013) is
shown in Figure 12; “Year 1” is used to describe the period from May 2011 to April 2012, while
“Year 2” describes the period from May 2012 to April 2013. The water consumption peak
coincides with the peak seasons of occupancy for both years in May, August, and November.
The lower occupancy months of June, July, September and October coincides with a lower
electricity usage for both years also.
During the period November 2012 to April 2013, there was significant increase in water
consumption. During this period the occupancy rate is normally high, as it the hotel’s peak
season for occupancy. Water consumption was higher than other periods of the year due to the
dry season. The lawns and gardens had to be irrigated as a result of the low rainfall.
During the period July to September is the rainy season, water usage was lower than peak
season.
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2,000
4,500
1,800
4,000
1,600
3,500
1,400
3,000
1,200
2,500
1,000
2,000
800
1,500
600
400
1,000
200
500
0
Guest Nights
Water consumption
(cubic meters)
Water Consumption and Occupancy
0
Year 1
Year 2
Figure 12 Water Consumption and Occupancy at the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
Water Usage Index vs Guest Nights
0.65
0.63
Water Usage Index
(cubic meters/GN)
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
y = -0.0001x + 0.7783
0.40
0.35
0.31
0.30
0.25
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Guest Nights
Figure 13 Water Usage Index vs Occupancy at the Coyaba Beach resort, Grenada
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2013
The average Water Usage Index for Year 1 was 0.42m3/GN at a cost of approximately
US$4.31/m3. The Water Usage Index for Year 2 was 0.45 m3/GN at US$4.28/m3. The average
water consumed on a monthly basis was 1,346m3 in Year 1 and 1,465m3 in Year 2.
The Coyaba Beach Resort’s Water Usage Index is graphed against the occupancy (GN) in Figure
13 for the period from May 2011 to April 2013. The graph shows that occupancy ranged from
guest nights of 2000 to just over 4000 per month. The Water Usage Index for all the months of
the year usually ranges from 0.31 to 0.63 m3/GN. The trend of the graph suggests that when
occupancy is low, the Water Usage Index increases. The highest Index of 0.63m3/GN was
calculated for the month of September 2012 which is the month with the lowest occupancy
during the period (44%). This suggests that the water consumption does not go down very
much when the occupancy reduces, this may be due to the need for water in the Laundry,
Kitchens, and swimming pools and for cleaning of guestrooms. Water use in these areas should
be monitored and reduced where possible.
3.5 Overall Utility Analysis
Year 2
Table 4 Utility comparisons for the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
Total Water
(m3)
Total Electricity
(kWh)
Annual
Consumption
Total cost
(US$)
Utility Rate
(US$/m3)
(US$/kWh)
17,577
$75,122
$4.27
18%
807,740
$340,736
$0.42
82%
% Cost
From Table 4 above it can be observed that electricity accounted for approximately 82% of the
total utility cost and water approximately 18%. (This does not take into account cost for LPG,
diesel).
Appendix 3: CRC Tourism, 2000, A Research Report on Exemplary Environmental Practice in Key
Tourism Sectors, Green Globe Asia Pacific, Canberra, Australia shows the baselines and best
practices for the Accommodation Sector (Vacation Hotels) applicable to the Caribbean; the
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water and energy figures are summarized in Table 5. The baseline for EUI for a vacation hotel in
this region is 133 kWh/GN and the best practice is 61 kWh/GN; this includes fuel and electricity.
The overall EUI of The Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada is 20kWh/GN (this excludes fuel
consumption); the performance of the Resort appears to be very good, however, only when
fuel energy consumption is considered, the true performance of the Resort will be known. The
use of circuit breakers to turn off all power to unoccupied guest rooms at the Resort is probably
a major contributor to this relatively low energy consumption. There is also radiant barrier
insulation to prevent excessive heat from entering the air conditioned guestrooms, this is
applauded.
The baseline for hotels in this region for water consumption is 0.9m3/GN while the best practice
is 0.65m3/GN. The Coyaba Beach Resort has a water Usage index of 0.4m 3/GN, this is very
impressive for a small hotel in the Caribbean that operates a Laundry.
Table 5 Performance of the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
Benchmarks
Energy Consumption
(kWh/GN)
Potable water consumption
(m3/GN)
Baseline
Best Practice
THE COYABA
BEACH RESORT
133
61
20
0.9
0.65
0.4
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3.6 Carbon Dioxide Analysis
Table 6 shows the electricity consumption and the related Carbon Dioxide emissions for Resort.
Over the period from May 2012 to April 2013, 807,704 kWh of electricity was consumed by the
Coyaba Beach Resort; this contributes 469 Tons of Carbon Dioxide every year into the earth’s
atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide in the earth's atmosphere acts as a greenhouse gas, playing a
major role in global warming and anthropogenic climate change.
LPG emits less Carbon Dioxide per kWh than electricity; if it is possible to change fuels from
electricity to LPG in any of the Resort’s processes, it is recommended. LPG also costs less per
kWh than electricity. The Laundry is a good place to switch from electricity to LPG, as electricity
is sometimes used for heating water as well as heating the dryers; commercial LPG water
heaters and gas dryers are an easy retrofit.
Table 6 The Coyaba Beach Resort’s Annual Electricity Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission
Electricity
Annual Energy Consumption
(kWh)
807,740
Tons CO2 per kWh
5.81.E-04
Annual CO2 (Tons/year)
CO2 Emission Index (Tons/GN)
469
0.012
Once implemented, the use of the suggested ESO’s will assist in the attempt to reduce the
Resort’s Carbon Foot Print and energy cost. The Energy Saving Opportunity Listing indicates
how much Carbon Dioxide emissions will be reduced with the implementation of each specific
ESO.
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4 Analyses of Energy Efficient Measures (EEM’s) and Renewable Energy
Options (REO’s)
4.1 Low-Cost to No-Cost ESO
Low Cost to No-Cost ESO are normally achieved through changes in equipment usage patterns
whether by changes in operation or behavioural changes by occupants of the facility.
1. Turn off all equipment when the office is not in use, including photocopiers, office lights,
and especially the air conditioning units. Cleaners or security can be used to make these
checks after work hours.
2. Energy awareness in the form of posters and news releases will tell everyone about
his/her commitment to energy savings. Screen savers that remind staff to turn off
computers after work can help. It should be noted that providing informative intensive
feedback is more effective in encouraging towards energy conservation than feedbacks
without motivating information. Emails can also be sent to staff with motivational
messages of energy saving achievements of the Resort.
3. Set energy saving goals and let the employees know how they can help as well as
benefit.
4. Make use of patio glass doors for daylighting – during the day the lights in the guest
rooms should be turned off by the house keeping, and the patio curtains should be
opened sufficiently to let natural light into the room.
4.1.1
Improve Building Envelope
Any improvement in the building envelope to reduce the amount of heat gained by the air
conditioned spaces will achieve a reduction in energy consumption and hence energy cost. The
guestrooms have single paned glass sliding doors on the entrance to the patio – these may be
tinted to reduce the solar heat gain. These doors are already shaded by the patio overhang,
thus this may not yield much energy savings.
Guest room entrance doors are open to the atmosphere which sometimes rises to
temperatures exceeding 90°F. The guest room doors are also wooden and do not provide
20
2013
sufficient sealing for the air conditioned room. This will cause warm air to infiltrate the rooms
and the air conditioning systems will consume for energy to overcome this additional load.
The guest rooms have louvers that provide fresh air ventilation to the bathroom, some of these
windows have louvers missing and should be repaired. The fresh warm air that enters the
bathrooms will also enter the air conditioned guestrooms when the bathroom doors are left
open. These doors should be automatically closed to keep the warm air from infiltrating the air
conditioned spaces as it will likewise be an additional load on the air conditioners.
4.1.2
Efficiently operate the Air Conditioning System
4.1.2.1 Insulate refrigerant lines
The refrigerant lines supply extremely hot and extremely cold fluids between the indoor and
outdoor units of the air conditioning systems. Broken insulation as shown in Figure 14 causes
energy to be wasted as the extremely hot and extremely cold fluids will either cool down or
heat up – this causes the cold fluid that is supplied from the outdoor unit to get warmer before
it reaches the indoor unit. The insulation is not costly and it is easy to install insulation. The
insulation selected should also be suited to the pipe size to ensure there is not much air space
between the copper pipe and the insulation.
Figure 14 Mini split outdoor units with broken insulation at the Coyaba Beach Resort, Grenada
21
2013
4.1.2.2 Cool to the highest temperature possible
Mini split units have individual remote controllers, these should be used to raise the
temperature to 23-24°C. Cooling to lower temperatures causes the compressor (which is the
most energy consuming part of the mini split unit) to operate for longer hours than is
necessary.
4.1.2.3 Turn off HVAC equipment when cooling is not required
The guest rooms have individual power supply switches which makes it easy for the equipment
for the room to be turned off when not in use. Similarly, the air conditioning units in the
kitchen, Laundry, Offices, etc. should be turned off when the room is going to be empty for a
long period such as overnight. To operate the guest room’s 1-Ton Mini split unit for one day
typically would cost about US$5 for electricity. For the kitchen’s two 4-Ton units, one day of
operation would typically cost US$34. For the Main Office’s 8-Ton air conditioning system to
operate for one day would typically cost US$37. For all the air conditioning units of the
guestrooms to operate for a typical day would cost $346. The greater the size of the HVAC
equipment, the greater the energy cost, the more critical it is to reduce the hours that it is
operating.
4.1.3
Install Variable Frequency Drive to control pool pump
The minimum recommended turnover for a pool is two complete turnovers in any 24 hour
period, i.e. the pump speed should be set to empty the pool in 720 minutes. This should be
calculated for each pool and the settings on the pumps should be adjusted accordingly.
22
2013
4.2 Investment type ESO
4.2.1
Retrofit Televisions
The guestrooms at the Coyaba Beach Resort are outfitted with outdated Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT) Television sets. Hotel and resort guests typically turn on TVs and neglect to turn them off.
Current TV designs include features such as an Energy Saver Mode in which the TV will operate
on standby until interrupted and at a lower power consumption; these features are typically
not available with CRT TVs. It is assumed that the current TVs demand an average of 62W each.
The proposed LED 32” Flat Screen replacement TV will demand 28W when on. This will result in
54% energy savings.
4.2.2
Initial Cost (US$)
$32,256
Annual Cost Savings (US$)
$2,445
Payback Period (years)
13.19
Annual Energy Savings (kWh)
5,795
Carbon Dioxide Saved (Tons/yr)
3
Replace R22 conventional mini split units with R-410A inverter type mini split units
The conventional mini split units use R22 which is an HCFC that is expected to no longer per
produced after 2020 due to its ozone depleting potential (Refer to Appendix 5: Table Comparing
the Montreal Protocol and Unites States Phase out Schedules). Acceptable substitutes for R-22
include R-410A and R407C, however, R-407C is not available in the US. The R-410A cannot be
simply be used to replace the R-22 in the same equipment due to the difference in working
pressures, however, R-407C is allowed for retrofits. So it is advised that these R-22 units are
replaced with R-410A units.
23
2013
In addition to the change of refrigerant, it is important to change to a more efficiently operating
unit. Currently, each guestroom has a 12,000 Btu/h (1-ton) mini split unit. However, it is
recommended that the units for the upstairs rooms are upsized due to the need for more
cooling with the roof heat added. Therefore, 40 of the 12,000 Btu/h units will be changed to
18,000 Btu/h (1.5-ton) units. The 12,000 Btu/h units currently have a performance of
1.28kW/ton (inclusive of the indoor unit). This should be replaced with a unit that has a
compressor that is controlled by an inverter. The inverter allows the compressor to operate at
part loads, unlike the conventional units which operates at full load only. Replacing forty (40)
units with 1-ton inverter controlled units that consume 1.07 kW/ton, and the other forty (40)
units with 1.5-ton inverter controlled units that consume 0.95 kW/ton will achieve the following
savings.
4.2.3
Initial Cost (US$)
$108,712
$18,206
5.97
43,152
25
Replace AC in kitchen with fresh air ventilation
Currently, the kitchen is air conditioned, and exhaust fans are used to extract the kitchen air to
the outside. It is a waste of energy to cool the air in the kitchen only to then throw it outside,
this is similar to opening your refrigerator door routinely every day for every hour, the room
will never be cooled adequately and the energy used to make the room cool will continuously
be wasted.
If the kitchen is adequately ventilated using supply and exhaust fans, there will not be a need
for an air conditioning in the kitchen. Currently, it is expected that the 48,000 Btu/h split air
conditioning units in the kitchen consumes 29,200 kWh/year (US$12,317/year).
Appendix 4: ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Standard, 2010 shows that for a kitchen, the ventilation
required per person is 7.5 CFM, and per square foot of space 0.12CFM is recommended. A
600sqft kitchen that is occupied by approximately 60 people will require inflow of 600CFM. This
24
2013
can be done by installing two wall mounted exhaust fans (XPM35/220V or of similar
specifications) and it will consume only 2,102kWh/year. These fans should cost approximately
US$6,600 to purchase and install. The annual cost savings will pay back for this investment in
about 7 months.
4.2.4
Initial Cost (US$)
$6,600
$11,433
0.58
27,098
16
Install a Grid connected Photovoltaic system for the guest room lights
To balance the estimated annual energy consumption of 14.773MWh for the guestroom
lighting, a 10kW PV system with an initial cost of $US37,888 will be required. A minimum of
708 ft2 of roof area will be required to accommodate a system of this size. There is sufficient
roof area at the Resort to accommodate a system of this magnitude, approximately eleven (11)
PV Panels can be installed on one roof; a total of 34 panels are required.
Initial Cost (US$)
$37,888
$6,233
6.08
14,773
9
25
4.2.5
2013
Repair leaks in pump room
For a pump that operates for 24 hours daily, to have a leak as small as 0.0236 litres per second,
it is equivalent to 746m3/year water leakage and will cost US$3,189 annually. It should cost
approximately half this amount to repair the leak, thus paying back for itself in half of a year.
Initial Cost (US$)
$1,500
$3,189
0.47
3
4.2.6
Annual Water Savings (m )
746
0
Retrofit 2.0 gpm faucets to 1.5 gpm faucets
Typical faucets without aerators have a flow rate of 2.0 - 2.2 gallons per minute (gpm), these
may be replaced with faucets that have a flow rate as low as 1.0 – 1.5 gpm. A reduction in each
flow rate for each guestroom faucet from 2.0 to 1.5 gpm is estimated to save 250m 3/year for
the Coyaba Beach Resort at 68% average occupancy. Each faucet should cost approximately
US$44 to purchase and install. Annual water cost savings of US$1,070 will yield a payback
period of just over 3 years.
Initial Cost (US$)
$3,520
$1,070
3.29
3
Annual Water Savings (m )
250
0
26
2013
5 Discussion & Recommendation of EEM’s and REO’s
The energy audit exercise has revealed approximately six (6) ESOs and Water Saving
Opportunities ranging from no cost / low cost types to large investment types. The
management of the Coyaba Beach Resort can implement the no cost / low cost ESO either on
its own or through the implementation of an Energy Management Program.
Table 7 Summary of Energy Efficiency Measures and Renewable Energy Measures
ESO #
ESO 1
ESO 2
ESO 3
ESO 4
ESO 5
ESO 6
Energy/Water Saving
Opportunity
Flat Screen LED TVs
split units
exhaust fan
guestroom lights
pump room
to 1.5 gpm faucets
Payback
(years)
Annual
Energy
Savings
(kWh)
Annual
Carbon
Dioxide
Savings
(Tons/year)
$2,445
13.19
5,795
3.37
$108,712
$18,206
5.97
43,152
25.07
$6,600
$11,433
0.58
27,098
15.74
$37,888
$6,233
6.08
14,773
8.58
$1,500
$3,189
0.47
$3,520
$1,070
3.29
Initial
Cost
(US$)
Annual
Cost
Savings
(US$)
$32,256
Annual
Water
Savings
3
(m )
746
250
In order to achieve larger energy cost savings, there must be implementation of some of the
projects recommended, which will require capital investment. We have reviewed the list of
ESO’s in Table 7 and recommend that the management at the Coyaba Beach Resort implement
the projects listed in Table 8 following the sequence outlined.
27
2013
Table 8 List of Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures and Renewable Energy Measures
Priority
ESO 3
ESO 5
ESO 6
ESO 2
ESO 4
ESO 1
Payback
(years)
Annual
Energy
Savings
(kWh)
Annual
Carbon
Dioxide
Savings
(Tons/year)
$11,433
0.58
27,098
15.74
$1,500
$3,189
0.47
$3,520
$1,070
3.29
0
0
$108,712
$18,206
5.97
43,152
25.07
$37,888
$6,233
6.08
14,773
8.58
$32,256
$2,445
13.19
5,795
3.37
$190,476
$42,576
4.47
90,817
53
Initial
Cost
(US$)
Annual
Cost
Savings
(US$)
$6,600
Energy/Water Saving
Opportunity
exhaust fan
pump room
to 1.5 gpm faucets
split units
guestroom lights
Flat Screen LED TVs
TOTAL
Annual
Water
Savings
3
(m )
746
250
996
The energy cost at the Resort can be reduced by 12% if the ESO described in are implemented
in the order shown. The investment of $US190,476 will achieve $US42,576 in cost savings
annually; the simple payback for this investment is 4.47 years.
The management at the Resort can secure the services of an Energy Service Company (ESCo) to
implement these ESOs and also to guarantee the energy savings, under a Performance type
Energy Contract.
Table 9 Summary of Annual Energy and Cost Savings
Total Annual Energy
807,740
Total Annual Energy savings
90,817
Annual Cost of energy
$340,736
Annual Savings
$42,576
11%
12%
28
2013
6 Appendices
6.1 Appendix 1: Energy Management Matrix
4
3
2
Policy
Organization
Communication
Information
Planning
Audit
Formal
energy/
environmental policy,
action plan and regular
review
have
commitment of top
management as part of
an
environmental
strategy.
Energy/ environmental
management
fully
integrated
into
management structure.
Clear delegation of
responsibility
for
energy consumption.
Formal and informal
channels
of
communication
regularly exploited by
energy/ environmental
manager and staff at
all levels.
Comprehensive system
sets targets, monitors
consumption, identifies
faults,
quantifies
savings and provides
budget tracking.
Marketing
the
value of energy
efficiency and the
performance
of
energy/
environmental
management both
within
the
organization and
outside it.
Positive
discrimination in
favour of ‘green’
schemes
with
detailed
investment
appraisal of a
new-build
and
refurbishment
opportunities.
Formal
energy/
environmental policy
but
no
active
commitment from top
management
manager accountable
to energy committee
representing all users,
chaired by a member of
the managing board.
committee used as
main channel together
with direct contact
with major users
M&T
reports
for
individual
premises
based on sub-metering.
But
savings
not
reported effectively to
users
Programme
of
staff
awareness
and
regular
publicity
campaigns
Same pay back
criteria employed
as
all
other
investment
Unadopted
energy/
environmental policy
set
by
energy/
environmental
manager or senior
departmental
manager.
manager
in
post,
reporting to ad-hoc
committee but line
management
and
authority are unclear
Contact with major
users through ad-hoc
committee chaired by
senior departmental
manager.
Monitoring
and
targeting reports based
on supply meter data.
unit
has
ad-hoc
involvement in budget
setting
Some ad-hoc staff
awareness
training
Investment using
short term pay
back criteria only
An unwritten set of
guidelines
management the part
time responsibility of
someone with only
limited authority or
influence
Informal
contacts
between engineer and
a few users
Cost reporting based on
invoice data. Engineer
compiles reports for
internal use within
technical department
Informal contacts
used to promote
energy/
environmental
efficiency
Only low cost
measures taken
No explicit policy
No
energy/
environmental
management or any
formal delegation of
responsibility
for
energy consumption
No contact with users
No information system.
No
accounting
for
energy/ environmental
consumption
No promotion of
energy/
environmental
efficiency
No investment in
increasing energy/
environmental
efficiency
in
premises
1
0
29
2013
6.2 Appendix 2: Energy Accounting Sheet
30
2013
6.3 Appendix 3: CRC Tourism, 2000, A Research Report on Exemplary
Environmental Practice in Key Tourism Sectors, Green Globe Asia Pacific,
Canberra, Australia
Accommodation (Vacation Hotels)
0.9
0.6
1
0.5(a)
(b)
1
Cleaning
chem. Used
(6)
0.5
Best practice
Biodegradab
le cleaning
chemicals
used pa /
total
cleaning
chemicals
used pa
Baseline
0.00
1
Best practice
0.0
04
Resource
conservation (5)
Ecolabel paper
purchased (kg)
pa / total paper
purchased (kg)
pa
&
Paper and
paperboard per
capita per day
(kg)
Baseline
Best practice
0.65
Employees with
primary
address within
20km of work
place / total
employees
Best practice
m3 per
guest night
Social
commitment (4)
Baseline
(3)
Best practice
220
Solid waste
production
Baseline
480
Potable water
consumption (2)
kL per
guest night
Best practice
Baseline
Best practice
Yes
Baseline
MJ per
guest night
In place
Yes
Energy
consumption (1)
Baseline
Sustainability
policy
1
(1) Applicable for latitudes 22N to 17N in the Caribbean. Policy based on consideration of climate and national reference data
of all Caribbean nations.
(2) Applicable for latitudes 22N to 17N in the Caribbean. Policy based on consideration of climate and national reference data
of all Caribbean nations.
(3) CRC Tourism, 2000, A Research Report on Exemplary Environmental Practice in Key Tourism Sectors,
Green Globe Asia Pacific, Canberra, Australia
(4) Policy: based on consideration of lifestyle, distance to travel to work data and local employment requirement
(5)(a) Policy: Baseline set by reference to national statistics with a minimum of 0.3 and a maximum of 0.5
(5)(b) Policy: Refer to individual nations national reference data for Paper and Paperboard consumption is used in cases where
no ecolabel paper is available.
(6) Policy: Baseline set by reference to national statistics and consideration of the availability of biodegradable substances with
a minimum of 0.3 and a maximum of 0.5
31
2013
6.4 Appendix 4: ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Standard, 2010
32
2013
6.5 Appendix 5: Table Comparing the Montreal Protocol and Unites States
Phase out Schedules
33

The Coyaba Beach Resort

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