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Survey of the Primates Classification of the order Primates
ANTH 311 Classification of the order Primates Survey of the Primates Classification of the order Primates Alternative classification Primates Order Suborder Superfamily: End -OIDEA Family: End -IDAE Prosimii Anthropoidea Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers CebOIDEA Monkeys, apes and humans CebIDAE Subfamily: End -INAE Genus and species: Both in italic or underline; First letter of genus= capital letter Primates Order ColobINAE Suborder Pongo pygmaeus Classification of the order Primates Strepsirhini Haplorhini Lemurs, lorises, galagos Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans Suborder Prosimii - Prosimians Prosimii Lemuriformes ¾ Early diverging ¾ “primitive” (retained more ancestral traits) Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes 1 ANTH 311 Prosimian Characteristics: ¾ Prosimian Characteristics: Found in Africa, Asia, Indonesia ¾ Nocturnal (mostly) ¾ Large eyes ¾ Tapetum (layer of cells that cause “eye shine”) ¾Independently ¾Immobile ¾Inexpressive Lorisiformes Lemuriformes ¾Rely Tarsiformes Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises) Characteristics: mobile ears upper lip face on scent marking Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises) Characteristics: ¾ Rhinarium – most hairless pad at end of nose; enhances sense of smell Main mode of locomotion: Lemuriformes: Vertical clinging and leaping Prosimii Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes Contains 5 families and a total of more than 20 species – great diversity in infraorder lemuriformes. 2 ANTH 311 Lemuriformes includes Adaptive Radiation • • (the mouse lemur, not the multiplication and diversification of an evolving lineage, producing many descendent species Occurs when new adaptive opportunities become available • • • the smallest primates new environments/habitats or new adaptive potential in the lineage Ex. Lemurs on Madagascar, Mammals in the early Cenozoic Lemuriformes ¾ the gorilla) Lemuriformes Only found on the island of Madagascar Smaller lemurs tend to be nocturnal, insectivorous, and solitary Aye-aye Classification of the order Primates Lemuriformes Lemurs Larger lemurs tend to be diurnal with diverse diets and social organizations Some arboreal Some terrestrial Indris & sifakas Ringtailed Lemurs 3 ANTH 311 Lorisiformes Characteristics: Prosimii Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Strictly Nocturnal (active at night) Tarsiiformes Contains 2 Families: Why did some lemurs become diurnal, but no lorises did? Competition on mainland Africa Diet – insects and fruit Lorisidae Lorisiformes Characteristics: Prosimii Lorisiformes Shared common ancestor with lemurs in the Eocene Lorisiformes are solitary Galagidae Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Lorisiformes Family Galagidae Tarsiiformes Contains 2 Families: •galagos and bushbabies •vertical clingers and leapers •geographic range: Mainland Africa Galagidae – VCL, Africa only Lorisidae – Slow climbers, Africa and SE Asia Lorisiformes Classification of the order Primates Lorisidae •lorises, slow lorises, angwantibos, and pottos •slow climbers •Geographic range: Mainland Africa and S.E. Asia 4 ANTH 311 Tarsiiformes Characteristics: Tarsiiformes Prosimii Lemuriformes ¾ Lorisiformes Genus Tarsius Tarsiiformes Only one living genus (Tarsius) and 5 species Alternative classification Tarsiiformes distribution ¾ Found only in Southeast Asia Primates Order Suborder Prosimii Anthropoidea Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers Primates Order Suborder Taxonomically intermediate between lemurs/lorises and monkeys/apes ¾ Don’t really fit – separate suborder? Living fossil? ¾ Haplorrhine designation reflects important differences Strepsirhini Haplorhini Lemurs, lorises, galagos Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans Unique Tarsiers characteristics Tarsiers ¾ Monkeys, apes and humans ¾ Elongated tarsal bones- great leapers ¾ Largest eyes relative to body size of any living creature (cannot be moved in their sockets) between tarsiers and lemurs/lorises (strepsirrhines) ¾ Dry nose (no rhinarium) ¾ No tapetum (despite being nocturnal) ¾ No dental comb ¾ Other features like post orbital closure, unfused mandibular ¾ Can swivel their necks 180º in either direction symphasis, bicornate uteris 5 ANTH 311 Classification of the order Primates Suborder Anthropoidea Suborder Anthropoidea ¾ Monkeys, Apes, and Humans ¾ All diurnal (except one - Owl monkey) ¾ Rely less on scent (olfaction) than prosimians ¾ Reduced sense of smell and hearing ¾ Flatter faces ¾ Dry noses ¾ Mobile upper lip – more expressive faces ¾ Small immobile ears Suborder Anthropoidea Suborder Anthropoidea Platyrrhini Infraorder Flat, side facing nostrils New World Monkeys Catarrhini Downward facing nostrils Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans Suborder Anthropoidea Platyrrhini Catarrhini Platyrrhini Catarrhini 6 ANTH 311 Classification of the order Primates Classification of New World Monkeys New World Monkeys Platyrrhini Ceboidea Callitrichidae New World Monkeys Distribution ¾ Cebidae Atelidae Traits of New World Monkeys Found in the “new world” Mexico ¾ All have tails ¾ Some have prehensile tails ¾ Smaller body size than OWM ¾ All arboreal Central+South America ¾ Also called neotropical monkeys, or neotropical primates Many Old World Monkeys are terrestrial. Why no New World? Classification of New World Monkeys Platyrrhini Greater predation pressure for a relatively small-bodied radiation? Ceboidea Availability of productive savannah-type habitats is lower in the neotropics? Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae 7 ANTH 311 Family Callitrichidae: Family Callitrichidae Marmosets and Tamarins ¾ Smallest monkeys ¾ Claws instead of nails (except big toe) ¾ Pair bonded ¾ Twins ¾ Male care of infants ¾ Sexually monomorphic ¾ Territorial Classification of New World Monkeys Family Cebidae – very diverse in appearance, diet, social organization Platyrrhini Ceboidea Callitrichidae Cebidae Owl/Night Monkey (Genus Aotus) Atelidae Owl Monkey Squirrel Monkey Capuchin Uakari Saki Titi monkeys Aotus Saimiri Cebus Cacajao Pithecia Callicebus Squirrel monkeys (Genus Saimiri) 8 ANTH 311 Uakari (Genus Cacajao) Capuchin monkeys Genus Cebus Saki (Genus Pithecia) Titi monkeys (Genus Callicebus) Classification of New World Monkeys Family Atelidae ¾ Platyrrhini ¾ ¾ ¾ Ceboidea Callitrichidae Cebidae Family with prehensile tails Female dispersal Large bodied Folivores & Frugivores Atelidae 9 ANTH 311 Atelidae - Includes 4 genera ¾ Spider monkeys Ateles ¾ Howler monkeys Alouatta ¾ Wooley monkey Lagothrix ¾ Muriquis* Brachyteles Spider monkey (Genus Ateles) (*aka wooley spider monkey) Howlers (Genus Alouatta) Wooley monkey (Genus Lagothrix) Infant Muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) Review Woolly spider monkey Karen Strier site in Brazil 10 ANTH 311 Classification of the order Primates Suborder Anthropoidea Suborder Infraorder Anthropoidea Platyrrhini Flat, side facing nostrils New World Monkeys Catarrhini Downward facing nostrils Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans Classification of the order Primates Infraorder Catarrhini Infraorder Superfamily Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea All Old world monkeys Apes and Humans Old world monkey distribution = the “old world” (Africa, Europe, Asia) Cercopithecoidea – Old World Monkeys ¾ Found in a wide variety of environments ¾ Some species are terrestrial – live mainly on the ground ¾ All diurnal ¾ All single births – twins as common as in humans ¾ Bigger than NWM ¾ Often sexually dimorphic 11 ANTH 311 Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecoidea Superfamily Family Subfamily Subfamily Cercopithecinae Family Cercopithecidae Cercopithecinae Colobinae Subfamily Cercopithecidae Cercopithecinae Colobinae Baboons, Colobus, Baboons, Colobus, Macaques, Langurs, Macaques, Langurs, Guenons, etc. Proboscis Guenons, etc. Proboscis Cercopithecinae ¾ Cercopithecoidea Superfamily Some have ischial callosities (thick callused skin pads for sitting) Cercopithecinae ¾ Many parts of Africa and Asia ¾ Sexually dimorphic ¾ Exhibit range of different habitats, diets, social organization ¾ Have cheek pouches (sacs inside cheeks to store food) Cercopithecinae ¾ Mostly terrestrial ¾ Mostly omnivorous ¾ Mostly female-bonded Baboons (Genus Papio) Very diverse – many genera Examples: Baboon Papio Macaques Macaca Guenon Cercopithecus Mandrill Mandrillus Patas Erythrocebus Mangabey Cercocebus 12 ANTH 311 Baboons are omnivores Studies of Baboons ¾ Probably best studied primate ¾ Used as a model for early human behavior ¾ Pioneer research of Irven DeVore ¾ Amboseli baboons – Jeanne Altmann ¾ Long-term studies of Pumphouse Gang – Shirley Strum Macaques (Genus Macaca) Genus Erythrocebus Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque) Genus Cercocebus - Mangabeys Patas monkeys 13 ANTH 311 Genus Theropithecus Genus Mandrillus Drill and Mandrill Gelada “baboon” Subfamily Colobinae Subfamily Colobinae Cercopithecoidea Superfamily Family Cercopithecidae Subfamily Cercopithecinae Colobinae Baboons, Colobus, Macaques, Langurs, Guenons, etc. Proboscis Subfamilies: Cercopithecinae and Colobinae Cercopithecinae ¾ Colobus monkeys – Africa ¾ Langurs and leaf monkeys – Asia ¾ More arboreal species ¾ Anatomically specialized leaf eaters ¾ Sacculated stomach to support bacteria for digestion of cellulose Africa : Three genera Colobinae Black and white colobus (Colobus) Red colobus (Piliocolobus) Olive colobus (Procolobus) 14 ANTH 311 Asia : Langurs and Leaf monkeys Douc Langur Chinese Golden Monkey Hanuman Langur Odd-nosed monkeys Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) Infraorder Catarrhini Infraorder Superfamily Classification of the order Primates Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea All Old world monkeys Apes and Humans Superfamily Hominoidea Superfamily Family Hominoidea Hylobatidae Gibbons and Siamangs Pongidae Gorillas, Chimps, Orangutans Hominidae Humans 15 ANTH 311 Superfamily Hominoidea: Apes and Humans ¾ No tails ¾ Larger size and weight ¾ Larger brain to body weight ratio ¾ More upright posture ¾ Longer gestation and maturation Apes distribution Gibbon Family Hylobatidae – Lesser Apes- Gibbons and Siamangs Siamang Hominoidea Hylobatidae Pongidae ¾ Gibbons and Siamangs ¾ Lesser apes ¾ Southeast Asia ¾ Pair living (monogamous) Hominidae Brachiation Family Pongidae – Great ApesHominoidea ¾ Anatomical requirements: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Long, strong arms Elongated hook-like fingers Shortened/reduced thumbs Short hind limbs Erect, infexible spine Hylobatidae ¾ Pongidae Hominidae Three genera of great apes: ¾ Genus Pongo: Orangutans ¾ Genus Gorilla: Gorillas ¾ Genus Pan: Chimpanzees and Bonobos 16 ANTH 311 Orangutan Knuckle-walking (Pongo pygmaeus) ¾ Asian great ape ¾ Solitary ¾ Arboreal ¾ Frugivore Orangutan distribution Orangutan- Quadrumanus locomotion ¾ Found only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra Distribution of orangutans shown in red Gorilla (Genus Gorilla) Gorilla distribution ¾ African ¾Ground dwelling ¾ Diet – leaves, shoots, stems, some fruit ¾ Social organization – variable – one or two males with females and young Currently 3 subspecies: ¾G. g. gorilla, western lowland gorilla, brown-grey ¾G. g. graueri, eastern lowland gorilla, black-coated ¾ G. g. beringei, mountain gorilla. Hair longer 17 ANTH 311 Gorilla (Genus Gorilla) ¾ Chimpanzee ( Genus Pan) Prominent saggital and nuchal crests ¾ African ¾ Terrestrial & Arboreal ¾ Omnivores ¾ Hunt (esp. red colobus) ¾ Make and use tools Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Bonobo ( Genus Pan) ¾ “Pygmy chimpanzee” Genus Pan distribution Family Hominidae-Humans¾ Defining characteristics? ¾ More bipedal behavior ¾ Strong bonds among females 18 ANTH 311 Review Lesser apes Great apes Humans 19
