investigation on the mechanical characteristics of sawdust and

investigation on the mechanical characteristics of sawdust and

Investigation on The Mechanical Characteristics of Sawdust and Chipwood Filled Epoxy
Investigation on The Mechanical
Characteristics Of Sawdust And Chipwood
Filled Epoxy
Puvanasvaran, A.P1., Hisham, S2., Kamil Sued, M1
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Locked Bag 1752,
76109, Melaka, Malaysia
1
Universiti Kuala Lumpur 1016,
Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In furniture and paper industries, huge amount of wood flakes and wood
flours in the form of chip wood and sawdust are always found as waste.
This is known as natural fiber, a renewable source that available at low cost.
This study was carried out for three different sizes of fiber which categories
into “soft”, “rough” and “coarse” particles that derived from chip wood
(CW) and sawdust (SW). The SW and CW fiber were blended with epoxy
by using hand tools machine respectively, which then open molding was
employed to form a fiber composite and specimens’ accordance to the
ASTM standards. It was found that the strength of tensile value for the
rough size particles of SW were higher than the CW. The works presented a
good quality of SW and CW fiber composite had been produced which can
be used for home furniture utilities.
KEYWORDS: Sawdust and chip wood, wood composites, tensile and
flexural properties.
1.0INTRODUCTION
Polymer composites have replaced conventional engineering materials
such as metals, plastics and ceramics in many engineering applications
in the recent years. Nowadays, composite materials are chosen as
materials in engineering products for a variety of reasons, including
lightweight, high stiffness, high strength, low thermal expansion,
corrosion resistance, and long fatigue life. In recent years, natural
fibre composites are used in many non-structural and semi-structural
applications due to their low cost, being renewable and abundance
and the examples include coconut, oil palm, pineapple leaf and wood
fibre reinforced polymer composites. In the past there were numerous
ISSN: 2180-1053
Vol. 3
No. 1
January-June 2011
71
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
work have been conducted in the area of natural fibre composites
using different types of fibres such as bamboo (Chen et.al., 1998, Ismail
et.al., 2002), oil palm empty fruit bunch (Rozman et.al., 2003) and wood
(Jayaraman and Bhattacharyya, 2004, Elinwa and Mahmood, 2002).
In furniture and paper industries, huge amount of wood flakes and
wood flours in the form of chip wood and sawdust are always found
as wastes. Because of high accessibility and low cost of the chip wood
and sawdust, they can easily be incorporated with polymers by
compounding process in order to improve the properties of reinforced
polymers such as high strength and ease of processing compared
to wood or neat polymer. Wood is a unique material that has many
characteristics such as aesthetics and light weight compared with
man-made materials such as concrete and brick. Wood can be used
in conjunction with polymers to forms glued laminated members
and can be used alone in the form of a sheet of paper or to make a
toy (Jozsef,1982). Wood continues to be the raw material for the large
number of products in the modern time, even thought other materials
such as metals, cement and plastics are highly used as raw materials to
produce consumer products (George, 1991).
Wood fibre reinforced polymer composites have been known for
many years. Historically, most of woods are used in the form of wood
flour to produce filled composites. The wood flour reduces the cost
of composite materials, but was not usually intended to substantially
improve the performance of composites. More recently, the use of wood
fibers to provide a reinforcing mechanism in thermoplastics has been of
substantial interest. In fact, several companies have manufactured wood
fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite materials for use as synthetic
lumber in applications such as decking and window frames (Susan
et.al., 2004). The demand from the end user for furniture especially in
modern furniture design, required the use of wood composites with
high strength (Eckelman ,1997). Moreover, the use of natural fibre in
furniture is not just limited to wood fibres but also in other plant based
fibres such as banana pseudo-stem faibres (Sapuan and Maleque, 2006).
In this paper, a study on mechanical properties of chip wood and
sawdust fibre reinforced epoxy composites is presented. Mechanical
properties studied include tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus
of elasticity and modulus of rapture.
72
ISSN: 2180-1053
Vol. 3
No. 1
January-June 2011
Investigation on The Mechanical Characteristics of Sawdust and Chipwood Filled Epoxy
2.0 Methodology
Materials and methods
The waste wood fibers used in this study were collected from a saw
mill in Sungai Buluh, Selangor, Malaysia. In all cases waste woods were
dried overnight to remove moisture at room temperature and were kept
in the polyethylene bags to prevent fungus growth. Both sawdust and
wood chip were sieved using three different sizes of sieves. The timber
species dominant in the sawdust and chip woods was not known to the
authors and perhaps they were simply a blend of various hardwoods.
Chip wood (CW) fibres collected from each sieve were separated into
three different sizes namely, “coarse” for 150 meshes, “rough” for
100 meshes and “soft” for 50 meshes. The sawdust (SW) were divided
“coarse” for 1.0 mesh, “rough” for 0.5 meshes and “soft” for 0.3 meshes
(See Figure 1). The sieving process was carried out manually and the
whole process was carried out in 30 minutes. The resins used in the
study were epoxy type ASASIN 142 A used as matrix and ASASIN
142 B used as hardener. The mixing ratio was for 100 parts of ASASIN
142A there was 40 parts of ASASIN 142B. The amount of SW/epoxy
and CW/epoxy composites was determined by their weight ratios.
Different amount of SW, CW and epoxy liquid were blended using
hand tool machine. The fibre of the size classified as ‘coarse’, ‘rough’
and ‘soft’ with 14 % ratio by weight each was loaded to epoxy with the
weight of 100 gm and together with hardener with the weight of 40gm
were prepared. The material used to prepare tensile test specimen was
plaster of Paris and for flexural test was glass. The parts to be molded
were coated with release agent to prevent them from sticking to the
mould.
The test specimens were prepared using ASTM D 638 (TAHUN) for
tensile testing and ASTM D 790-97 (TAHUN) for flexural testing. The
stress-strain plots and moduli of elasticity the composite were obtained
using an Instron Universal Testing Machine, model 6566 during the
tensile and flexural testing. The load applied was specified at 10kN
at 2.5 mm/min cross-head speed. The thickness of both tensile and
flexural testing specimens was 6 mm. The experiment was conducted
at room temperature. The specimens prepared took 24 hours to dry. Six
specimens were tested for both tensile and flexural testing.
ISSN: 2180-1053
Vol. 3
No. 1
January-June 2011
73
composite
obtained
Instron
Universal
Testing plots
Machine,
model
6566
during
the
D 790-97
(TAHUN)
for using
flexural
testing.
Thewas
stress-strain
andatmoduli
of elasticity
the
tensile
and were
flexural
testing.
Thean
load
applied
specified
at
10kN
2.5
mm/min
cross-head
composite
obtained
using
an Instron
Instron
Universal
Testing
Machine,
model
6566
during
the
tensile
and were
flexural
testing.using
The load
appliedUniversal
was specified
at Machine,
10kN
at 2.5
mm/min
cross-head
composite
were
obtained
an
Testing
model
6566
during
the
speed.
The
thickness
of both The
tensile
and
flexural
testing
specimens
was
62.5mm.
The experiment
tensile
and
flexural
testing.
load
applied
was
specified
at10kN
10kN
at62.5
mm/min
cross-head
speed.
The
thickness
of both The
tensile
and
flexural
testing
specimens
was
mm.
The experiment
tensile
and
flexural
testing.
load
applied
was
specified
at
at
mm/min
cross-head
was
conducted
at room
temperature.
The
specimens
prepared
took
24 mm.
hours
toexperiment
dry. Six
Journal
ofThe
Mechanical
Engineering
and Technology
speed.
thickness
of both
both
tensile
and
flexural
testingprepared
specimens
was
The
was
conducted
at room
temperature.
The
specimens
took
24
hours
toexperiment
dry. Six
speed.
Thewere
thickness
of
tensile
flexural
testing
was
6 6mm.
The
specimens
tested
for both
tensileand
andThe
flexural
testing.specimens
was
conducted
at
room
temperature.
specimens
prepared
took
24
hours
to
dry.SixSix
specimens
were tested
for both
tensile andThe
flexural
testing. prepared took 24 hours to dry.
was conducted
at room
temperature.
specimens
specimens
were
tested
for
both
tensile
and
flexural
testing.
were tested
for both tensile
flexural
testing.
Thespecimens
test specimens
were prepared
using and
ASTM
D 638
(TAHUN) for tensile testing and ASTM
D 790-97 (TAHUN) for flexural testing. The stress-strain plots and moduli of elasticity the
composite were obtained using an Instron Universal Testing Machine, model 6566 during the
tensile and flexural testing. The load applied was specified at 10kN at 2.5 mm/min cross-head
speed. The thickness of both tensile and flexural testing specimens was 6 mm. The experiment
was conducted at room temperature. The specimens prepared took 24 hours to dry. Six
specimens were tested for both tensile and flexural testing.
(a)
(a) CW
CW Coarse
Coarse fibre
fibre
(a) CW
CW Coarse
Coarse fibre
(a)
(b)CW
CWRough
Roughfibre
fibre
(b)
(b)
(b)CW
CWRough
Roughfibre
fibre
CWSoft
Soft
fibre
(c)(c)CW
fibre
(c)(c)CW
Soft
fibre
CW
Soft
fibre
(a) CW Coarse fibre
(a) SW
SW course
course fibre
(a)
(a) SW
SW course
course fibre
fibre
(a)
(b) CW Rough fibre
(c) CW Soft fibre
(b)
(c)(c)SW
fibre
(b)SW
SWRough
Roughfibre
fibre
SWSoft
Soft
fibre
(b)
(c)(c)SW
fibre
(b)SW
SWRough
Roughfibre
fibre
SWSoft
Soft
fibre
Figure
Figure1:
1:Fibre
Fibreused
usedininthe
thestudy
study
FigureFigure
1: FibreFibre
used ininthe
study
Figure1:
1: Fibreused
used inthe
thestudy
study
3.0 Results
Results and
and Discussions
Discussions
3.0
3.0 Results
Results and
and Discussions
Discussions
3.0
The results
results of
of measurement
measurement of
forfor
The
of the
the tensile
tensileproperties
propertiesand
andflexural
flexuralproperties
propertiesofofthethecomposites
composites
3.0
Results
and
Discussions
different
particle
sizes in
the
of
sawdust
and
chip
wood
are
shown
Tables
1 1and
2 2
The
results
of measurement
of case
the tensile
properties
and
flexural
properties
ofinthe
composites
for
different
particle
sizes
in
the
case
of
sawdust
and
chip
wood
are
shown
in
Tables
and
The results of measurement of the tensile properties and flexural properties of the composites for
respectively.
The
comparison
of
the
mean
of
each
property
of
three
categories
of
fibres
is
(a)respectively.
SW
courseparticle
fibre
(b)
SW
Rough
fibre
(c)
SW
Soft
fibre
different
sizes
in
the
case
of
sawdust
and
chip
wood
are
shown
in
Tables
1
and
2
The comparison
theofmean
of each
property
of are
three
categories
of fibres
different
particle
in analysis
the of
case
sawdust
and
chip
shown
in
Tables
1 andis2
The
results
of sizes
measurement
of
the
tensile
properties
and
flexural
analyzed
using
T-test.
The
of
variance
iswood
used
compare
thethe
mean
scores
respectively.
The
comparison
of the
mean
of (ANOVA)
each
property
of to
three
categories
of
fibres
is
analyzed
using
T-test.
The
analysis
of
variance
(ANOVA)
is
used
to
compare
mean
scores
respectively.
Theof comparison
of the
mean
of tests
eachfor
property
of three
categories of fibres is
for
all properties
properties
during
tensile
and
flexural
each
category
ofoffibres.
analyzed
using
T-test.
Thethe
analysis
variance
is used
to compare
the mean
properties
of
the
composites
for
different
particle
sizes
in
the
casescores
of
Figure
1:
Fibre
used(ANOVA)
in thefor
study
for
all
of
during
the
tensileof
and
flexural
tests
each
category
fibres.
analyzed
using
T-test.
The
analysis
of
variance
(ANOVA)
is
used
to
compare
the mean scores
for all properties
of during
the tensile
and flexural
tests
for each
category
of fibres.
sawdust
and
chip
wood
are
shown
in
Tables
1
and
2
respectively.
The
for all properties
duringproperties
the tensileofand
flexural
each category
of fibres.
Table
1:ofTensile
waste
woodtests
fibrefor
reinforced
epoxy composites
3.0 Results and
Discussions
Table
1: Tensile
properties
of waste
wood fibreofreinforced
epoxy composites
comparison
mean
of
each
property
three
categories
of fibres
PropertyTableof1: the
Sawdust
(SW)
Chip
wood
(CW)
properties ofSawdust
waste wood
reinforced epoxy
PropertyTable 1: Tensile
(SW)fibre
Chipcomposites
wood
(CW)
Tensile
properties
of
waste wood
fibre
reinforced
epoxy
composites
Soft
Rough
Coarse
Soft
Rough
Coarse
Property
is analyzed
using
T-test.
The
analysis
of
variance
(ANOVA)
is
used to
Sawdust
(SW)
Chip
wood
(CW)
The
results
of measurement
of the
tensile
properties
and
flexural
properties
of
the
composites
for
Soft
Rough (SW)
Coarse
Soft Chip
Rough
Coarse
Property
Sawdust
wood Coarse
(CW)
Displacement
at Peak mm 8.626
12.968
1.906
11.447
11.086
Softof sawdust
Roughand 12.037
Coarse
Soft
Rough
different
particle
sizes
in mm
the
case
chip
wood
are
shown
in
Tables
1
and
2
compare
the
mean
scores
for
all
properties
of
during
the
tensile
and
Displacement
at
Peak
8.626
12.968
12.037
1.906
11.447
11.086
Soft
Rough 24.407
Coarse
Soft
Rough 22.256
Coarse
Strain
at Peak (at%)Peak mm 17.030
26.103
3.846
22.893
Displacement
8.626
12.968
12.037
1.906
11.447
11.086
respectively.
The
comparison
of
the
mean
of
each
property
of
three
categories
of
fibres
is
Strain
at
Peak
(
%)
17.030
26.103
24.407
3.846
22.893
22.256
Displacement
at
Peak
mmcategory
8.626
12.968
12.037 14.224
1.906
11.447 17.922
11.086
flexural
tests
each
of
fibres.
Stress
(MPa)
10.921
28.917
24.767
19.867
Strainat
atPeak
Peakfor
( %)
17.030
26.103
24.407
3.846
22.893
22.256
analyzed
using
T-test.
The analysis
of variance
(ANOVA)
to compare
the mean
scores
Stress
at Peak
(MPa)
10.921
28.917
24.767
14.224
19.867
17.922
Strain
Peak
%)(MPa)
17.030
26.103
24.407is used
3.846
22.893
22.256
Young’s
386.873
889.988
860.116
594.453
902.331
737.815
Stress at
atModulus
Peak ((MPa)
10.921
28.917
24.767
14.224
19.867
17.922
Modulus
(MPa)
386.873
889.988
860.116
594.453
902.331
737.815
for allYoung’s
properties
of
during
the
tensile
and
flexural
tests
for
each
category
of
fibres.
Stress
Peak
(MPa)
10.921
28.917 1.932
24.767 1.117
14.224 1.550
19.867 1.398
17.922
Load
atatPeak
(kN)
2.297
Young’s
Modulus
(MPa) 0.852
386.873
889.988
860.116
594.453
902.331
737.815
Table
1: Tensile
properties
of waste
wood
fibre1.117
reinforced
epoxy 1.398
Load
at Peak
(kN) (MPa)
0.852
1.932
1.550
Young’s
Modulus
386.873 2.297
889.988 1.932
860.116 1.117
594.453 1.550
902.331 1.398
737.815
Load at Peak
(kN)
0.852
2.297
composites
Table
1: Tensile
wood fibre
reinforced
epoxy composites
Load
at Peak
(kN) properties
0.852of waste
2.297
1.932
1.117
1.550
1.398
Property
Sawdust (SW)
Chip wood (CW)
Soft
Rough
Coarse
Soft
Rough Coarse
61
Displacement at Peak mm 8.626
12.968
12.037
1.906
11.447
11.086
6161
Strain at Peak ( %)
17.030
26.103
24.407
3.846
22.893
22.256
61
Stress at Peak (MPa)
10.921
28.917
24.767
14.224
19.867
17.922
Young’s Modulus (MPa)
386.873
889.988 860.116
594.453
902.331
737.815
Load at Peak (kN)
0.852
2.297
1.932
1.117
1.550
1.398
From Table 1, it is shown that the tensile strength of rough SW is higher
than the chip wood CW with a maximum reading of 29.917 Mpa. The61
mechanical properties for both composites (SW and CW) revealed an
optimum values at rough particle size. Moreover, by comparing SW
and CW, it is found that the tensile strength for rough and coarse SW
is higher than the rough and coarse of CW. On the other hand, for soft
chip wood the tensile strength is higher than the soft sawdust. It is
believed that the material properties differences might originate from
74
ISSN: 2180-1053
Vol. 3
No. 1
January-June 2011
From Table 1, it is shown that the tensile strength of rough SW is higher than the chip wood CW
on The Mechanical
of Sawdustfor
andboth
Chipwood
Filled Epoxy
with a maximumInvestigation
reading of 29.917
Mpa. The Characteristics
mechanical properties
composites
(SW
and CW) revealed an optimum values at rough particle size. Moreover, by comparing SW and
CW, it is found that the tensile strength for rough and coarse SW is higher than the rough and
coarse
of CW. On the other
hand,
for softsurface
chip wood
the tensile
strength
is higher and
than the
soft
the compositions
and
active
areas
for the
sawdust
chip
sawdust. It is believed that the material properties differences might originate from the
wood.
compositions and active surface areas for the sawdust and chip wood.
Table
2: Flexural
test
forSW
SWand
and
Table
2: Flexural
testresults
results for
CWCW
Property
Soft
102.550
4.408
Sawdust (SW)
Rough
Coarse
121.145
62.395
6.215
14.552
Soft
78.827
4.225
Chip wood (CW)
Rough
Coarse
102.740
145.755
4.083
8.548
Maximum Load (N)
Extension at
compression Load (mm)
Energy
at 1, it is shown that
0.247
0.395
0.180
0.757
From
Table
the tensile
strength 0.625
of rough SW
is higher0.218
than the chip
wood CW
Compression
Load
(J)
with
a maximum
reading
of 29.917 Mpa. The mechanical properties for both composites (SW
Strain
Compression
0.102values 0.167
0.145 size.0.043
0.192 SW and
and
CW) at
revealed
an optimum
at rough particle
Moreover,0.040
by comparing
Load (mm)
CW, it is found that the tensile strength for rough and coarse SW is higher than the rough and
Stress at Compression 21.910
25.891
13.333
16.843
21.952
31.141
coarse of CW. On the other hand, for soft chip wood the tensile strength is higher than the soft
Load (MPa)
sawdust. It is believed that the material properties differences might originate from the
compositions and active surface areas for the sawdust and chip wood.
In term of flexural properties, the highest and lowest properties between sawdust and chip wood
Inbe
term
ofinflexural
the highest
and
lowest
properties
can
found
Table 2. properties,
Stress compression
load (MPa)
is found
decreased
with thebetween
increments
Table 2: Flexural test results for SW and CW
ofsawdust
the particlesand
sizeschip
for SW
but
a
vise
versa
behavior
is
shown
by
the
chip
wood
composite.
The
wood canSawdust
be found
compression
Property
(SW) in Table 2. Stress
Chip wood
(CW)
results in flexural test for both composites
can
be
ascribed
because
of
the
differences
in
particles
Soft
Rough
Coarse
Soft of the
Rough
Coarse
load
(MPa) is found decreased
with the
increments
particles
sizes
sizes Maximum
and fiber surfaces.
Load (N)
102.550
121.145
62.395
78.827
102.740
145.755
for SW but a vise versa behavior is shown by the chip wood composite.
Extension at
4.408
6.215
14.552
4.225
4.083
8.548
Strain at Compression 0.102
0.167
0.145
0.043
0.040
0.192
AThe
three-point
configuration
for the determination
of modulusbecause
of rupture
resultsbend
in
flexural
testwas
foremployed
both composites
can be ascribed
compression
Load
(mm)
(MOR)
and
modulus
of
elasticity
(MOE).
Equations
for
MOR
and
MOE
are
as
shown in
Energy
at
0.247
0.395
0.625
0.180
0.218
0.757
of the differences in particles sizes and fiber surfaces.
equation
1 (Eq. 1)Load
and equation
2 (Eq. 2).
Compression
(J)
A three-point
Load (mm)2
MOR=3Pl/2bd
bend configuration was employed for the determination
(1)
Stress
at
Compression
21.910(MOR)
25.891and 13.333
16.843
21.952
31.141
of modulus
of
rupture
modulus
of
elasticity
(MOE).
3
Load3/4bd
(MPa)
MOE=ml
(2)
Equations
for MOR and MOE are as shown in equation 1 (1) and
equation
2 (2).
In
term
properties,
highest
properties
betweenspan,
sawdust
and dchip
where
P of
is flexural
the
maximum
loadthe
carried
by and
the lowest
specimen,
l the support
b and
are wood
the
can be found
in Table
2. Stress
compression
load (MPa)
found decreased
withlocation
the increments
specimen
breadth
and depth,
respectively,
measured
at theis nearest
undisturbed
to the
of
the
particles
sizes
for
SW
but
a
vise
versa
behavior
is
shown
by
the
chip
wood
composite.
region
of
failure,
and
m
is
the
slope
of
the
load–deflection
curve
during
elastic
deformation
where P is the maximum load carried by the specimen, l the supportThe
results in etflexural
test for both composites can be ascribed because of the differences in particles
Savastano
al. (2000).
span,
b and
are
the3:specimen
depth,
measured
sizes
and
fiber d
surfaces.
Table
The Means breadth
of MOR forand
Sawdust
and respectively,
Chip wood
at the nearest undisturbed location to the region of failure, and m is the
Fiber
Mean
SD was
Particle
Sizefor elastic
Mean
A
three-point
configuration
employed
the determination
ofSD
modulus
of rupture
slope
of thebend
load–deflection
curve
during
deformation
Savastano
COURSE
3.364
(MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE).
Equations for19.998
MOR and MOE
are as shown in
et.al.DUST
(2000). 30.565
SAW
8.669
ROUGH
38.829
1.534
equation
1 (Eq. 1) and equation
2 (Eq. 2).
2
MOR=3Pl/2bd 34.970
CHIPWOOD
10.403
MOE=ml3/4bd3
SOFT
COURSE
ROUGH
SOFT
32.869
46.716
32.930
25.265
4.421
3.543
5.309
6.607
(1)
(2)
62
where P is the maximum load carried by the specimen, l the support span, b and d are the
specimen
depth, respectively,
measuredby
at the
the nearest
undisturbed
to the
where Pbreadth
is theand
maximum
load carried
specimen,
l thelocation
support
region
of
failure,
and
m
is
the
slope
of
the
load–deflection
curve
during
elastic
deformation
span, b and d are the specimen breadth and depth, respectively, measured
Savastano et al. (2000).
at the nearest undisturbed
location
tofor
the
region
failure,
Table 3: The Means
of MOR
Sawdust
andof
Chip
wood and m is the
slope of the load–deflection curve during elastic deformation Savastano
Fiber
SD
Particle Size
Mean
SD
et.al.
(2000). Mean
SAW DUST
30.565
8.669
CHIPWOOD
34.970
10.403
ISSN: 2180-1053
COURSE
ROUGH
SOFT
COURSE
ROUGH
SOFT
Vol. 3
No. 1
19.998
38.829
32.869
46.716
32.930
25.265
January-June 2011
3.364
1.534
4.421
3.543
5.309
6.607
62
75
where P is the maximum load carried by the specimen, l the support span, b and d are the
specimen breadth and depth, respectively, measured at the nearest undisturbed location to the
Journal
of Mechanical
Technology
region
of failure, Engineering
and m is theand
slope
of the load–deflection curve during elastic deformation
Savastano et al. (2000).
Table 3: The Means of MOR for Sawdust and Chip wood
Table 3: The Means of MOR for Sawdust and Chip wood
Fiber
Mean
SD
SAW DUST
30.565
8.669
CHIPWOOD
34.970
10.403
Particle Size
COURSE
ROUGH
SOFT
COURSE
ROUGH
SOFT
Mean
19.998
38.829
32.869
46.716
32.930
25.265
SD
3.364
1.534
4.421
3.543
5.309
6.607
62
Table 3 shows the means of mechanical properties for the particle sizes
in modulus of rupture (MOR) according to the fiber types. It can be
indicate that the mean of CW is higher than SW, at 34.970 kgf/mm2 and
Table 3 shows the means
of mechanical properties for the particle sizes in modulus of rupture
30.565 kgf/mm2 respectively.
(MOR) according to the fiber types. It can be indicate that the mean of CW is higher than SW, at
34.970 kgf/mm2 and 30.565 kgf/mm2 respectively.
Table
3 shows
the was
meansdone
of mechanical
the particle significant
sizes in modulus
of rupture
Further
test
using properties
Turkey’sforHonestly
difference
(MOR)
according
to
the
fiber
types.
It
can
be
indicate
that
the
mean
of
CW
is
higher
than
SW,
at of
Further
was done using
Turkey’s
Honestly
significant difference
significant
level
withtest
a significant
level
of2 0.05
in identifying
the lies.with
Thea p
value and
34.970
kgf/mm2 andthe
30.565
respectively.
0.05
in identifying
lies. kgf/mm
The p value
and the significant level of physical properties of the
the significant level of physical properties of the composite are listed in
composite are listed in Tables 4 and 5.
Further
test4was
done
Tables
and
5. using Turkey’s Honestly significant difference with a significant level of
0.05 in identifying the lies. The p value and the significant level of physical properties of the
Tablein4:Tables
Independent
composite are listed
4 and 5.T-test for Mean MOR between types of fiber
Table 4: Independent T-test for Mean MOR between types of fiber
Table 4: Independent
Mean MOR between
types of fiber
VariableT-test for t-value
p-value
Fiber
Variable
-1.380
t-value
Significant
level, α = 0.05
Significant level, α = 0.05
Fiber
-1.380
0.177
p-value
0.177
From
the independent
p-values
than
α = 0.05
From
the independent
T-test
the T-test
p-values
greater thanare
α =greater
0.05 (refer
to Table
4). This
Significant
level, αthe
=are
0.05
indicates
is 4).
no significant
difference
in the
mean
between SW
and CW. in
(referthat
to there
Table
This indicates
that
there
is of
noMOR
significant
difference
From the independent T-test the p-values are greater than α = 0.05 (refer to Table 4). This
the mean of MOR between
SW and
CW.
indicates that there is no significant
difference
mean
MOR
Table 5: The
Meansinofthe
MOE
forofSW
andbetween
CW SW and CW.
Fibre
Fibre
SAW
DUST
Mean
SD
Particle Size
Mean
Table
5: The
Means
forSW
SW
and
CW
Table
5: The
Meansof
of MOE
MOE
for
and
CW324.3288
COURSE
Mean
4254.195
SAW DUST
CHIP WOOD
4254.195
1993.023
CHIP WOOD
1993.023
SD
Particle
Size
874.771
ROUGH
COURSE
SOFT
874.771 ROUGH
COURSE
421.217 SOFT
ROUGH
COURSE
SOFT
421.217 ROUGH
SOFT
Mean
10185.66
324.3288
2252.595
10185.66
1373.762
2252.595
2682.045
1373.762
1923.25
2682.045
1923.25
SD
44.0466
SD
14675.49
44.0466
450.6688
14675.49
337.5417
450.6688
354.8565
337.5417
1075.615
354.8565
1075.615
Table 5 shows the means of mechanical properties in modulus of elasticity (MOE) according to
fiber
respectively
the particle
sizes. The
means and
the test direction
used
multiple
comparison
Table
5 shows thetomeans
of mechanical
properties
in modulus
of elasticity
(MOE)
according
to
offiber
Tukey’s
Studentized
Range
Test.
From
Table
5
indicates
that
the
mean
of
SW
(4254.195
Table
5 shows
means
of means
mechanical
properties in modulus
of
respectively
to the the
particle
sizes. The
2
2 and the test direction used multiple comparison
kgf/mm
) is higher
than CW (1993.023
kgf/mm
of elasticity
Tukey’s
Studentized
Test. From
Table). respectively
5 indicates that the
of SW (4254.195
(MOE) Range
according
to fiber
to mean
the particle
sizes.
2
kgf/mm ) is higher than CW (1993.023 kgf/mm2).
The means
and
the
test
direction
used
multiple
comparison
of
Tukey’s
Table 6: Independent T-test for mean MOE between types of fiber
Studentized
Range
Test. From
Table
indicates
the
mean of SW
Table
6: Independent
T-test for
mean5MOE
between that
types of
fiber
(4254.195 kgf/mm2) is higher than CW (1993.023 kgf/mm2).
Variable
Variable
Fiber
Fiber
t-value
t-value
1.05
1.05
p-value
p-value
0.301
0.301
Significant level, α=0.05
Significant level, α=0.05
The comparison of MOE between SW and CW were used an independent T-test, shows that all
The
comparison
of ISSN:
MOEthan
between
SW (refer
andVol.
CW
used
independent
T-test,
that all
76p-values
2180-1053
No.
1 an
January-June
2011
the
are greater
α = 0.05
to3 were
Table
6).This
indicate that
there shows
is no significant
the
p-values
are
greater
than
α
=
0.05
(refer
to
Table
6).This
indicate
that
there
is
no
significant
difference in the mean of MOE between chips wood and saw dust.
difference in the mean of MOE between chips wood and saw dust.
Table 5 shows the means of mechanical properties in modulus of elasticity (MOE) according to
fiber respectively to the particle sizes. The means and the test direction used multiple comparison
of Tukey’s Studentized
RangeonTest.
From Table
5 indicatesofthat
the mean
of SW Filled
(4254.195
Investigation
The Mechanical
Characteristics
Sawdust
and Chipwood
Epoxy
kgf/mm2) is higher than CW (1993.023 kgf/mm2).
Table 6: Independent T-test for mean MOE between types of fiber
Table 6: Independent T-test for mean MOE between types of fiber
Variable
t-value
p-value
Fiber
1.05
0.301
Significant
level,
α=0.05
Significant level,
α=0.05
The
comparison
ofbetween
MOE between
SW
and
CW
used T-test,
an independent
The
comparison
of MOE
SW and CW
were
used
anwere
independent
shows that all
theT-test,
p-valuesshows
are greater
thanall
α =the
0.05p-values
(refer to Table
indicate
is no(refer
significant
that
are6).This
greater
thanthatαthere
= 0.05
to
difference
in the mean
of MOE that
between
chipsiswood
and saw dust. difference in the mean
Table 6).This
indicate
there
no significant
of MOE between chips wood and saw dust.
63
4.0 Conclusion
Based six epoxy composite that reinforced by chip wood and sawdust,
the rough sawdust composite exhibit greater mechanical properties
compared to chip wood. Mechanical properties data were subjected
to two-way analysis of variance using Tukey’s multiple comparison
method to determine the significance of differences in sample means
at the 95% confidence level (P=0.05). From the tests results, evidence
shows that the factors influenced the natural composite are depending
on the fiber source, size, shape, processes, separation in matrix, bonding
in matrixes. The other potential factor is defects that have in the fiber.
5.0 References
Chen, X., Gue, Q. and. Mi, Y. Bamboo
fiber reinforced polypropylene
composites: A study of the mechanical properties, J. Appl. Polym.
Sci., 1998.69: 1891-1899.
Eckelman, C.A., A look at the Strength Design of Furniture. Forest Product
Journal. 1966. 16. 3: pp. 21-24.
Elinwa, A.U. and Mahmood, Y.A. Ash from timber waste as cement
replacement
material, Cement and Concrete Composite 2002. 24
(2),pp. 219-222.
George Tsoumis, (1991) Science And Technology Of Wood. Structure,
Properties, Utilization. Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold pp ix. New York:
Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data.
Ismail,H., Edyham, M.R. and Wirjosentono, B. Bamboo
fibre filled
natural rubber composites the effects of filler loading and
bonding agent, Polymer Testing, 2002; 21, (2), pp 139-144.
Jozsef Bodig, Benjamin A. Jayne, ( 1982). Mechanics Of Wood And Wood
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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
Composites, Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company pp 1 Library of
Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
Khrisnan Jayaraman, Debes Bhattacharyya,(2004) Mechanical performance of
woodfiber-waste plastic composite materials. Resources, conservation
& recucling 41,307-319
Rozman, H.D., Saad, M.J. and Ishak, Z.A.M., Flexural and
impact
properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)-polypropylene
composites the effect of maleic anhydride chemical modification
of EFB, Polym. Test. 2003. 22: pp 335-341.
Sapuan, S.M. and Maleque, M.A. Design
and Fabrication of natural
woven fabric reinforced epoxy composite for household telephone
stand, Material and Design 2005. 26: 65-71.
Savastano, H, Warden, P.G. and Coutts, R.S.P., .Brazilian waste fibres as
reinforcement for cement-based composites Cement and Concrete
Composites, 2000. 22, 5, pp 379- 384.
Susan
78
E. Selke,Indrek Wichman. (2004) wood fiber/polyolefin
Compisite,Composite part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing.
35, 321-326
ISSN: 2180-1053
Vol. 3
No. 1
January-June 2011