CSE 40537 / 60537: Biometrics

CSE 40537 / 60537: Biometrics
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Fingerprint Recognition 1
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CSE Seminar
Matthew Turk, UCSB
Friday, October 9th @ 3pm
117 DeBartolo
Being There:
Augmented Reality for
Remote Collaboration
More info: https://cse.nd.edu/seminars/cse-seminar-series-matthew-turk-being-thereaugmented-reality-for-remote-collaboration
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Course Roadmap
Basics
Multi-Biometric
Fusion
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3 Core Modalities
Material adapted from CSE 40537/60537 Fall 2014 (A. Czajka)
Privacy & Security
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The history of fingerprint
recognition
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1684: Nehemiah Grew
• First scientific work on
fingerprint structure.
• Description of ridges,
valleys, and sweat pores
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1686: Marcello Malpighi
• First classification of fingerprints
- Definition of similar patterns that
could be grouped
• Similar work done centuries later
- John Purkinji (1823, Poland)
- Sir Edward R. Henry (1899, UK)
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1850s: Sir William Herschel
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Noted the role of fingerprints
for identification
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Understood the uniqueness
and permanence of
fingerprints
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Recognized the legal value
of fingerprints
- Used fingerprints for
contracts during his time as
an officer in the Indian Civil
Service
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1880: Henry Faulds
“Fingerprints from corpse no 125”
• First experiments showing the uniqueness of fingerprints
• First forensic use of a latent fingerprint left on a bottle
- Exoneration of a burglary suspect in Tokyo
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1888: Sir Francis Galton
Galton, “Finger Prints.” New York: MacMillan and Co., 1892, 113.
• Definition and classification of fingerprint “singular points”
• Definition of minutiae (a.k.a. Galton’s Details)
• Experiments demonstrating the high temporal stability and
uniqueness of fingerprints
- Estimated identification error probability of 1 in 64 billion
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Mr. Galton also published a book…
NY Times Book Review, Jan. 1st, 1893
“What Mr. Galton wants to show is that through the
prints made by the finger tips we have an absolute
method of identification. As to that stupid thing,
palmistry, our authority says it has no more
significance than the creases on old clothes.”
“When one comes to the real practical use of the
finger-mark method it seems to have none. If there
be any reliance to be put in it as a means of
identification it would require an expert having
uncommon powers of observation.”
Published: January 1, 1893
Copyright © The New York Times
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Bertillonage System
Suspect identification in the
late 19th century
• Lengths of bone
• Attributes
- height
- weight
- eye color
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1903: Oops!
• William West and Will West institutionalized at the same time
at the Leavenworth penitentiary
• Will West’s Bertillon record precisely matched that of William
West (no relation)
• Case undermined the entire Bertillonage System
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1892: Juan Vucetich
Rojas Case
•Mother murders children; bloody
fingerprint recovered at the scene
•First criminal case where fingerprints
were used to convict the suspect
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1910: Edmond Locard
• Experiments to derive the
number of matching features
required in court: 12
‣ A defendant is pronounced
guilty if at least 12 features
match in the sample and
reference material
Image source: http://janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_locard.htm
Exchange Principle: when committing a crime we always
leave something at the scene, and take something with us
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1903-1924: Common Acceptance of
Fingerprints
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1903: Scotland Yard begins to use
fingerprints
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1915: Founding of the International
Association for Identification
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1924: Fingerprint Identification Division
established at the FBI
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What did we know at the beginning of
the 20th century?
1. Individual features of the fingerprints are
unique in different fingers and stable over time
(foundation of fingerprint recognition)
2. Fingerprint ridges and valleys can be grouped
by similar shapes observed across the human
population
(foundation of fingerprint classification)
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What do we observe from
the finger?
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Zooming in on the
fingerprint surface
1. Base elements: ridges and valleys
2. Level 1 features: core and singular points
3. Level 2 features: minutiae (Galton’s details)
4. Level 3 features: sweat pores, incipient ridges,
warts, scars, creases
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