Solar Energy

Government of India
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Solar Energy Centre
9
Dr Manmohan Singh
Smt. Sonia Gandhi
Prime Minister of India
Chairperson, National Advisory Council
‘Energy is an important input for
‘Today India is one of the few
economic development. Since
exhaustible energy sources in the
country are limited, there is an
urgent need to focus attention on
development of renewable
energy sources and use of energy
efficient technologies. The
exploitation and development of
various forms of energy and
making energy available at
affordable rates is one of our major
thrust areas.’
leading countries in the
development and utilization of
renewable energy. The country is
blessed with various sources of
non-conventional energy and I
hope the efforts of Ministry of
Non-Conventional
Energy
Sources will promote viable
technologies that can reach the
benefits of such sources to the
poorest people in the far-flung
regions of the country.’
Renewable Energy in India
E
nergy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every
sector of Indian economy – agriculture, industry, t r a n s p o r t ,
commercial, and domestic – needs inputs of energy. The
economic development plans implemented since independence have
necessarily required increasing amounts of energy. As a result,
consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the
country.
This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the country
becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal and oil
and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and potential shortages in future
lead to concerns about the security of energy supply needed to sustain
our economic growth. Increased use of fossil fuels also causes
environmental problems both locally and globally.
Against this background, the country urgently needs to develop a
sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy
conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the
twin planks of a sustainable energy
supply.
Fortunately, India is blessed with
a variety of renewable energy
sources, the main ones being
biomass, biogas, the sun, wind, and
small hydro power. (Large hydro
power is also renewable in nature,
but has been utilized all over the
world for many decades, and is
generally not included in the term
‘new and renewable sources of
energy’.) Municipal and industrial
wastes can also be useful sources of
energy, but are basically different
forms of biomass.
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R ENEWABLE E NERGY
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Advantages of renewable energy are that it is
Š perennial
Š available locally and does not need elaborate arrangements for
transport
Š usually modular in nature, i.e. small-scale units and systems can be
almost as economical as large-scale ones
Š environment-friendly
Š well suited for decentralized applications and use in remote areas.
The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources has been
implementing comprehensive programmes for the development and
utilization of various renewable energy sources in the country. As a
result of efforts made during the past quarter century, a number of
technologies and devices have been developed and have become
commercially available. These include biogas plants, improved wood
stoves, solar water heaters, solar cookers, solar lanterns, street lights,
pumps, wind electric generators, water-pumping wind mills, biomass
gasifiers, and small hydro-electric generators. Energy technologies for
the future such as hydrogen, fuel cells, and bio-fuels are being actively
developed.
India is implementing one of the world’s largest programmes in
renewable energy. The country ranks second in the world in biogas
utilization and fifth in wind power and photovoltaic production.
Renewable sources already contribute to about 5% of the total power
generating capacity in the
countr y.
The
major
renewable energy sources and
devices in use in India are
listed in Table 1 along with
their potential and present
status in terms of the number
of installations or total
capacity.
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R ENEWABLE E NERG Y
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Table 1
Renewable energy in India at a glance
Source/System
Estimated
potential
Cumulative
installed capacity /
number*
Wind power
45 000 MW
3595 MW
Biomass power
16 000 MW
302.53 MW
Bagasse cogeneration
3500 MW
447.00 MW
Small hydro (up to 25 MW)
15 000 MW
1705.63 MW
Waste to energy
P Municipal solid waste
P Industrial waste
1700 MW
1000 MW
17 MW
29.50 MW
Family-size biogas plants
12 million
3.71 million
Improved chulhas
120 million
35.20 million
Solar street lighting systems
—
54 795
Home lighting systems
—
342 607
Solar lanterns
—
560 295
Solar photovoltaic power plants
—
Solar water heating systems
140 million m
of collector area
1566 kWp
2
1 million m 2 of
collector area
Box-type solar cookers
—
575 000
Solar photovoltaic pumps
—
6818
Wind pumps
—
1087
Biomass gasifiers
—
66.35 MW
* as on 31 March 2005
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N ATION AL E LECTRICIT Y P OLICY 2005
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National Electricity Policy 2005
The National Electricity Policy aims at achieving the following
objectives.
1 Access to Electricity – available for all households in the next five
years.
2 Availability of Power – demand to be fully met by 2012. Energy
and peaking shortages to be overcome and spinning reserve to be
available.
3 Supply of reliable and quality power of specified standards in an
efficient manner and at reasonable rates.
4 Per capita availability of electricity to be increased to over 1000
units by 2012.
5 Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit/household/day as a merit
good by 2012.
6 Financial turnaround and commercial viability of electricity sector.
7 Protection of consumers’ interests.
The Electricity Act 2003
The Electricity Act contains the following provisions pertaining to nonconventional energy sources.
Sections 3(1) and 3(2)
Under Sections 3(1) and 3(2), it has been stated that the Central
Government shall, from time to time, prepare and publish the National
Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy, in consultation with the state
governments and authority for development of the power system based
on optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear
substances or material, hydro and renewable sources of energy.
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T HE E LECTRICIT Y A C T 2003
Section 4
Section 4 states that the Central Government shall, after consultation
with the state governments, prepare and notify a national policy,
permitting stand-alone systems (including those based on renewable
sources of energy and other non-conventional sources of energy) for
rural areas.
Section 61
Section 61, 61(h) and 61(i) state that the appropriate commission shall,
subject to the provision of this Act, specify the terms and conditions
for the determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by the
following, namely, the promotion of cogeneration and generation of
electricity from renewable sources of energy; and the National Electricity
Policy and Tariff Policy.
Section 86(1)
Section 86(1) and 86(1)(e) state that the state commissions shall
discharge the following functions, namely, promote cogeneration and
generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy by providing,
suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of electricity
to any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from such
sources, a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area
of a distribution license.
6
Solar Energy Centre
Introduction
S
olar radiation represents the
earth’s most abundant energy
source. Apart from its direct form, solar
energy is responsible for creation of
other renewable energy sources such as wind, flowing streams and rivers,
photosynthetic production of biomass, and thermal gradients in the
ocean. Solar energy is being used by humankind from time immemorial
for various purposes. More recent applications of solar energy, like its
direct conversion to electricity and transformation to thermal energy
at various temperatures, have expanded its potential use enormously.
This energy resource has a number of characteristics that make it a
very desirable option for utilization. The perennial source of solar energy
provides unlimited supply, has no negative impact on the environment,
is distributed everywhere, and is available freely. In India, the annual
global solar radiation is about 5 kWh/m2 per day with about 2300–
3200 sunshine hours per year.
Solar energy can be exploited for meeting the ever-increasing
requirement of energy in our country. Its suitability for decentralized
applications and its environment-friendly nature make it an attractive
option to supplement the energy supply from other sources.
Development efforts to use solar energy started in the country quite
early. Over the years, the country has developed a broad research and
technology base, a growing manufacturing capability, and a widespread
infrastructure for distribution and after-sales service of solar energy
products. Since its inception, the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy
Sources (MNES) has been implementing a solar energy programme
with the objective of providing electricity to the rural and remote areas,
making energy available for pumping of water for irrigation and
drinking water supply, generating thermal energy for water heating,
cooking, distillation of water, and for drying of farm products.
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Solar Energy Centre
The Solar Energy Centre (SEC) was established in 1982 as a dedicated
unit of the MNES for the development and promotion of solar energy
technologies. The Centre, along with the programme divisions of the
Ministry, has contributed significantly towards the implementation of
the national programme on solar energy.
The campus of the Centre, which is about 30 km south of the main
office of the Ministry, is located at the 19th Milestone on the Gurgaon–
Faridabad road just outside the boundary of Delhi. Covering an area
of about 81 hectares, the campus with abundant sunshine provides an
ideal location for experimenting with the energy from the sun. The
buildings of the Centre have been constructed using solar passive
techniques to achieve energy efficiency and environmental friendliness.
The Centre has the requisite equipment, laboratories, and other
associated facilities for design, development, testing, and evaluation.
Facilities for conducting training programmes and seminars are available
in the form of an auditorium, a seminar room, and a meeting room
equipped with audio-visual equipment.
8
A site plan showing the layout of the administrative, technical,
and workshop building
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Functions
The SEC serves as an effective interface between the Government and
institutions, industry and user organizations for development,
promotion, and widespread utilization of solar energy in the country.
The functions of the Centre are as follows.
Š Research and development
• Cooperation with institutions and industry
Š Testing and standardization
• National test facility
• Coordination with regional test centres (RTCs) and standards
organizations
Š Technology demonstration and assessment
• Evaluation of technical, environmental, and economic
performance
Š Human resource development
• Training and Visitors’ Programme
• Dissemination and diffusion of solar energy technologies
Š Advisory and consultancy services
Š International cooperation
Solar Thermal Test Facility
The SEC houses the national test facility for solar thermal devices in
the country. The facility is equipped for
1 testing of solar thermal collectors,
2 testing of domestic (thermosyphon) solar water heating systems,
and
3 testing of solar cookers, both box type and concentrating type.
The facility is accredited by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
for testing of solar flat-plate collectors and solar cookers as per the
Indian National Standards. The facility is also available to manufacturers
and other organizations for development testing.
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Solar cookers under testing
Outdoor testing of solar collectors
Besides the SEC, the Regional Test Centres (RTCs) established by the
MNES in different parts of the country also provide facilities for testing
solar thermal collectors and solar cookers. These regional centres are
recognized test centres accredited by the BIS. The SEC provides
technical coordination for these RTCs.
The Centre and the programme division of the MNES have been
working closely with the BIS for standardization of solar thermal
products. The BIS brought out the Indian standards on solar flat-plate
collectors in 1990 (revised in 1992) as IS 12933 (parts 1–5) and those
on solar cookers in 1992 as IS 13429 (parts 1–3). All these standards
have further been revised taking into account the technological
developments that have taken place over the years and to make them
at par with the international standards. The revised Indian standards
are as follows.
Solar flat-plate collectors
:
IS 12933 parts 1–5 (2003)
Solar cookers
:
IS 13429 parts 1–3 (2000)
The Centre has contributed significantly in formulating and
upgrading these standards. Currently, the SEC, in consultation with
the BIS, is working towards strengthening the regional centres through
upgrading test facilities and through training. Programmes are also
planned to facilitate the industry in attaining these standards to become
internationally competitive.
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Solar Photovoltaic Test Facility
A comprehensive photovoltaic test facility (PVTF) is available at the
SEC to provide a variety of services.
Solar cell testing
Š Performance characterization of solar cells (up to 150 mm diameter)
through current–voltage (I–V) measurements as per the national
and international standards.
Š Spectral response measurements for calculation of quantum
efficiency, collection efficiency, and spectral mismatch factor.
Photovoltaic module testing
Š Performance evaluation of various
ratings of solar photovoltaic (SPV)
modules under standard/different
conditions as per the national and
international standards.
Š Qualification testing of photovoltaic
(PV) modules as per the Standards:
IEC 61215 and BIS14286: 1995.
This facility is under the process of
the International Electrotechnical
Commission Quality (IECQ) system
accreditation.
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Testing of lighting systems
Š Testing of PV lighting systems used for street lighting, home
lighting, and portable lanterns for electronic efficiency of high
frequency ballast, charge–discharge efficiency of charge controller,
and reliability of protections and temperature compensation for
battery.
SPV pump testing
Š Test rig is available for
testing PV water pumps,
both submersible and
surface type, with variable
suction head 1–7 metres
(m) and total head up to
10 m. The performance of
PV water pumps is evaluated in terms of throughput, PV array
power, and wire to water efficiency.
Battery testing for PV applications
Š Fully computer-controlled battery life-cycle tester for estimation
of capacity, cycle life, charge efficiency, and shelf life.
Š A high-rate discharger for
assessing the state of
charge of batteries and a
battery charger capable of
charging batteries up to
2000 Amp-hours.
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Technology Demonstration and Assessment
Demonstration is an important tool to promote newer technologies,
assess their performance under actual field conditions, and gain
expertise in replication and advancing the technology.
The Centre, over the years, has implemented a number of
demonstration projects on its own campus or at other places in the
country to promote new and renewable energy technologies. It has
participated in many other demonstration projects through field-testing
and evaluation. A few such projects are mentioned below.
Solar thermal power plant
A 50-kW p prototype solar
thermal power plant based on
parabolic trough collectors and
steam turbine was set up at the
SEC in 1988. The plant was
operated for a number of years
to monitor and evaluate its
performance. As a result,
valuable information and
experience could be gained.
Expertise is now available for
assessing the feasibility of solar
50 kWp solar thermal plant
thermal power generation at
any specific location, including
its conceptual design. The power plant is now being maintained as an
education, R&D, and training facility.
Long-term per formance evaluation of PV modules
In order to evaluate the long-term performance of a variety of PV
modules under actual field conditions, two outdoor test beds have been
established at the Centre.
Š 25-kWp crystalline silicon module test bed The test bed includes
PV modules supplied by 11 Indian crystalline silicon PV module
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manufacturers. The generated power output from the individual
array is monitored, recorded, and analysed. Generated power from
the PV arrays is used to power various loads at the Centre.
Š 21-kW p thin-film solar module test bed Under the SEC–NREL
(National Renewable Energy Laboratory) project, a test bed has
been established, which consists of modules of amorphous silicon
double tandem, amorphous silicon triple tandem, cadmium
telluride/cadmium sulphide, and copper indium di-sellenide—all
from PV module manufacturers from USA. In order to evaluate
the performance of these modules under the Indian conditions, the
module arrays are connected to separate battery banks with separate
inverters. The generated power output from the individual array is
monitored, recorded, and analysed. The generated power from PV
arrays is used to power various loads at the Centre.
SPV power plant
A number of SPV power plants, both stand-alone and grid-interactive,
have been set up by the MNES in different locations of the country. A
few of these plants have been studied and evaluated by the Centre. As
a result, in-house capabilities are now available at the SEC for advising
on good engineering practices during design, installation, and operation
of these power plants. The Centre can offer services for preparation of
feasibility reports,
design, performance
monitoring, and
evaluation of the
SPV power plants.
21 kWp SPV module
testing facility
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Solar buildings
The buildings of SEC were designed and constructed using solar passive
concepts. To counter the composite climate of the region, features that
have been incorporated in the buildings for comfort and energy
efficiency include the following.
Š A spread-out structure arranged around court yards
Š Hollow concrete block walls to reduce the outside heat input
Š Earth berming for better indoor temperature
Š Insulation and reflective finish on the roof surface to minimize heat
gain
Š Energy-efficient window designs for view, thermal comfort, and
daylighting
Š Rooftop evaporating cooling during dry summer
Š Terrace garden
This is one of the earliest initiatives taken by the Ministry to promote
solar buildings in the country. The thermal performance of these
buildings, specially the guest-house building, has been monitored and
evaluated. The lessons learned have provided valuable inputs in
improving strategies for designing future solar buildings in the country.
A view of the Solar Energy Centre guest house, which is partially earth-bermed
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Energy plantation
Plant species that produce oilseeds are now getting special attention
because of the ever-increasing demand for fuel. Jatropha curcas is one
such species that falls into this category. Besides its oil-yielding capacity,
it is also recognized for its soil protection properties, and as a provider
of green manure and medicine. A joint project has been taken up with
the National Botanical
Research
Institute,
Lucknow, for plantation of
Jatropha curcas and
Pongemia pinnata for largescale plantation at the
Centre to study the
feasibility of production of
bio-diesel and its further
applications.
The
technology
assessment
studies
undertaken
by
the
Centre
Daylighting concept in workshop building
on
solar
water
heating
of Solar Energy Centre
systems, solar refrigeration
and air-conditioning, solar energy materials, GHG (greenhouse gas)
emission reduction from renewable energy systems, etc. have
contributed to further development of these technologies.
Research and Development
Improved efficiency, cost-competitive; and reliable performance of solar
technologies are critical for their large-scale market penetration. The
R&D projects are initiated based on the need identified during various
scientific activities carried out by the Centre at different spheres. The
interactive R&D programme of the Centre facilitates addressing the
critical areas of development in cooperation with other institutions
and industry.
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The ongoing and the recently concluded R&D projects include the
following.
Š Preparation of a handbook on solar passive architecture jointly with
the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Š Monitoring and performance evaluation of solar buildings
constructed in different climatic zones jointly with Devi Ahilya
University, Indore; and Science, Technology, and Environment
Council, Himachal Pradesh
Š Development of standardized test procedure for domestic
thermosyphon solar hot water systems jointly with the Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay
Š Development of course material on solar passive architecture for
inclusion in the curricula of B. Arch jointly with the Indian Institute
of Technology, Delhi and Council of Architects.
Resource assessment
Solar radiation resource assessment is an important step for arriving at
the optimized design of a solar system, which, in turn, dictates its
performance reliability and economics. The amount of solar radiation
incident over India has been recorded continuously by the Indian
Meteorological Department for a number of years. Through an initiative
taken by the Department of Science and Technology, the Handbook of
Solar Radiation Data for India was published in 1981, which contained
data on solar and terrestrial radiation and associated meteorological
parameters for 18 stations of the country where reliable measurements
were made for a number of years. Immediately after this, an analytical
technique was devised to derive radiation data for another 127 stations
where radiation measurements were not available. Two methods were
used to compute solar radiation, one using regression techniques to
derive radiation from sunshine and cloudiness, the other from
extraterrestrial radiation, taking into account depletion of radiation
by absorption and scattering when it passes through the atmosphere.
The results were published in 1982 as the second volume of the earlier
publication and titled as Solar Radiation Over India. The volumes were
prepared by the Bangalore field unit of the Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology, Pune. An initiative has recently been taken by the Centre
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along with the IMD to prepare a revised handbook of solar radiation
data for the country. The output will be available both in hard and soft
copies for wider distribution.
Human Resource Development and Information
Services
The SEC has a small library, which stocks essential publications relating
to solar energy and regularly subscribes to a few important international
journals. It is linked to the library of the Ministry, which has a rich
collection of latest publications. It maintains a database related to solar
energy applications in the country.
For effective dissemination of
information and as a platform for
exchange of ideas, debate, and
discussions, the SEC organizes seminars,
workshops, conferences, and training
programmes either directly or through
collaborating institutes. The training and
conference facility of the Centre is being
upgraded with a view to offer it to a large
number of researchers and academicians
through a visitors’ programme. Graduatelevel engineering students are encouraged to take up their summer
training in the Centre to enhance their capabilities in this area. The
Centre would also respond positively to visits of students from colleges
and universities to the SEC campus as part of their curriculum
requirement.
International Cooperation
The SEC, right from the beginning, has implemented a number of
international projects for establishing its own facilities, providing
technical and training assistance to other nations and offering its test
facility to technical organizations of various countries. In the process,
it has interacted with major international and bilateral organizations
and institutions of repute world over. Now, as an established institution,
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the international cooperation programme of the SEC envisages
providing technical and training assistance to other countries,
developing new and improved technologies through collaborative
projects, facilitating export promotion by way of offering test
certification of international standards, and developing human
resources.
Advisory and Consultancy Services
The SEC provides advisory and consultancy services in a range of
activities related to solar energy applications. These include testing,
certification, field performance monitoring, evaluation, system
designing, resource assessment, feasibility studies, and training.
Customer Service Cell
A Customer Service Cell (CSC) has been established in September
2003. The CSC provides the necessary information regarding testing
and certification of solar energy products and services available at the
Centre. The contact details of the Cell are given below.
Tel.
Fax
E-mail
Website
91-124 257 9251
91-24 257 9207
[email protected]
www.mnes.nic.in
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Annual mean daily global
solar radiation in India
(in kWh/m2/day)
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Rajiv Gandhi Akshay Urja Diwas
On 20 August 2004 – the 60th Birth Anniversary of our Late Prime
Minister Mr Rajiv Gandhi – the Ministry organized the Rajiv Gandhi
Akshay Urja Diwas. Initiated by the Hon’ble Minister of State (NonConventional
Energy
Sources), Mr V Muttemwar,
the occasion saw the release
of a commemorative stamp
by the Hon’ble Prime
Minister, Dr Manmohan
Singh, at a function attended
by Smt. Sonia Gandhi,
Chairperson,
United
Progressive Alliance (UPA),
Members of the Union
Cabinet, Members of
Parliament, Chief Ministers,
Foreign Dignitaries, Administrators, Scientists, and students among
others.
The day was also appropriate to advocate renewable energy, since
Mr Rajiv Gandhi was a keen enthusiast of scientific advances that would
enable India to leap into the 21st century. Thus, a human chain of
nearly 12 000 school children was formed in the National Capital to
promote a renewable future. In the rest of the country too, functions
such as rallies and human chains were organized. In addition,
competitions such as essay writing, painting, quizzes, and debates were
held, all of which covered different aspects of renewable energy – from
biogas to biomass to solar, hydro, and wind power. The essence of
these public activities was to generate mass awareness and disseminate
information about the advances made in renewable energy technologies,
and with the ultimate objective of achieving ‘Akshay urja se desh vikas
– Gaon gaon bijlee, ghar ghar prakash’. The success of the Rajiv Gandhi
Akshay Urja Diwas has encouraged the Ministry to make it an annual
affair, to be celebrated on 20 August every year.
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For more information, please contact
Solar Energy Centre
Ministry of Non-Conventional
Energy Sources
Block No. 14, CGO Complex
Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003
Campus:
Solar Energy Centre
Gurgaon–Faridabad Road
(19th Milestone)
Gwal Pahari, Dist. Gurgaon
Tel. +91 11 2436 0707
+91 11 2436 0404
Fax +91 11 2436 1298
Tel. +91 124 2579208
+91 124 2579207
E-mail [email protected]
Website mnes.nic.in
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to provide correct information in this booklet. However, the Ministry of
Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) does not assume any responsibility for the accuracy
of the facts and figures mentioned here, nor for any consequences arising out of use of any
information contained in this publication.
22
Shri Vilas Muttemwar
Minister of State (Independent Charge)
Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India
New Delhi – 110 003
‘The promotion of renewable energy sources in the
country requires widespread publicity and greater
awareness of the potential of these energy sources
and the products available. The Ministry of NonConventional Energy Sources is expanding several
of its programmes so that these sources can
contribute to sustainable development of the nation.
The Ministry will work towards reducing the costs
of renewable energy products and making them
easily available to the people. The motto of the
Ministry is “Akshay urja se desh vikas” and the
ultimate goal is “Gaon gaon bijli, ghar ghar prakash”.’
9
Solar Energy Centre
Booklets in this Series
1 Biogas
2 Biomass
3 Solar Heat
4 Solar Electricity
5 Energy Recover y from Wastes
6 Wind Energy
7 Small Hydro Power
8 Hydrogen Energy
9 Solar Energy Centre
10 Centre for Wind Energy Technology
11 Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency Ltd
12 Information and Public Awareness
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India
Block No. 14, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003
Web site: www.mnes.nic.in