Proceedings Book on International Conference on Multiple

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P
roceedings of
1st International
M
C
onference
on
ultiple-governance in Islam,
Environmental
and
C
D
evelopment
onservation
-OrganizerUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia
Universitas Islam Negeri Malang, Indonesia
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
20 – 21 November 2012
UTM
1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON MULTI-GOVERNANCE IN ISLAM,
ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
AND CONSERVATION
Theme: Nikmat Air dan Nikmat Alam dari-NYA
- From Theory to Practice What is Strategic Participatory and
Integrated Approach for Coastal and
Watershed Management and Conservation suitable in Islamic Countries?
Introduction
The 1st International Conference for
Multiple-governance in Islam and Environmental Development & Conservation was held in UTM Johor Bahru
campus. It aims to provide with great
opportunities to go into the detail for
the discussion for “Nikmat Air dan
Nikmat Alam Dari-NYA (grace of water and grace of nature from God)”,
and it aims making potential action
plan from the theory to practice.
Holy Qur’an says: 'And one of His
Signs is this, that He (Allah) shows you
(Muhammad) the lightning as a source
of fear and hope, and He sends down
water from the sky, and quickens
therewith the earth after its death. In
that surely are Signs for a people who
understand'. (Surah Ar-Rum, 30:24)
Nikmat of the nature. Air and Alam are
Nikmat and mandate from God to us and
we, as caliph or manager of nature, have
a responsibility to keep and manage
them. So, our activities today are addressed to keep Air and Alam.
In our life: Let’s consider Islamic foundation called as Tasawwuf or Sufism.
Sufism is a way that Muslims look for
their God. The aim of Sufism is to approach as closely as possible with God
so that Muslim can see Him (God) with
the eyes of the heart and even Muslim
spirit could be united with the Spirit of
God.
God is spiritual, and then the part that
can get closer to God is spirit, not his
body. God is Glorified, then it is acceptable to approach God as a holy spirit.
Sufism is the Islamic science that discuss
about the problem of human approaching to God through the cleansing of his
soul. In the teachings of Sufism there is
a saying which states that basically the
earth is a mosque for Muslims. For the
Muslims, the mosque is a sacred place
where we should not pollute the mosque
and make noise in the mosque.
When we use natural water like water
from well and spring along river, we can
consider this as a “Nikmat Air dan Nikmat Alam dari-NYA”. This is a principle
to conserve and restore water from environmental point of view and meaning to
use clean and safe natural water with
peace of mind for our healthy life.
This Conference Considers:
and this is another word of God in the
Holy Quran: 'Do not the disbelievers
see that the heavens and the earth
were a closed-upmass, then We
opened them out? And We made from
water every living thing. Will they not
then believe?'
(Surah Al-Anbiya',21:30)
Air (water) and Alam (nature/earth/
universe) are Nikmat (grace) from our
God (Allah). Because God is the creator of the universe. According to the
holy Qur’an, the last, this nature was
arid, and there is no life there. But
after our God give rain from sky, the
earth becomes alive. After there are so
much water in the earth, life began.
Then until now, we enjoy the result of
God's creation. This is the meaning of
Water is essential environmental property, for which governmental top down
regulation is primary important for water
and water environmental management.
However, the limitation of the approach
is also being recognized. Now, public
participation is expected to mitigate the
problem. The water governance is one of
the hot issues in water environmental
science and politics. We are thinking
that water environmental awareness
from Islamic thought is having the key
in Islamic countries. Besides, integrated
watershed management is a strategy to
bridge scientific approach of water environmental management and regional
governance. So thereby we are going to
make a tentative conclusion for Malay-
sian - Indonesian approach for participatory and integrated water and water environmental management. In this context,
we are discussing about “Subsidiarity
among Environmental Education, Scientific Researches, and Islamic Thought in
Ecosystem Services Management for Water and Water Environment from Malaysian - Indonesian
perspective”.
The organizers encourage and welcome
enthusiastic participation and look forward to receive contributions with indepth multidisciplinary discussion for
environmental Islamism, Modern Science
and Technology Applications in Environmental Managements and Educations.
Copyright Information
The manuscript issued in this proceedings
book implies that the work described has
not been published before (except in the
form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review or a thesis) that is
not under consideration for publication
elsewhere; that is publication has been
approved by all co-authors, if any as well
as tacitly or explicitly by the responsible
authorities at the institution where the
work was carried out. The author warrants
this his/her contribution is original and
that he/she has full power to make this
grant. The permission is given for any
reasonable request from author to publish
any part of this paper in connection with
any other work by author if the usual acknowledgements are given regarding
copyright notice and reference to the original publication. Once author’s publication
is improved and published as original paper from an academic journal, which is
announced by conference website.
Copyright ©2012 by The Water Research
Alliance. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
ISBN:
Printed in Malaysia on acid-free paper.
First edition.
PUBLISHED BY:
WATER RESEARCH ALLIANCE
LEVEL 2, BLOCK C07,
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA,
81310 JOHOR BAHRU,
JOHOR
THESE PROCEEDINGS BOOK IS AVAILABLE ONLINE > http://ienv.web.fc2.com/
env.islam/hp2012.html
List of Participating Institutions/Centers/Departments
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA (UTM)
 Institute of Environmental and Water Resources
Management (IPASA)
 Water Research Alliance (WRA)
 Center for Research in Fiqh Science and Technology
(CFiRST - UTM)
 K - Economy Research Alliance (RAKE - UTM)
 International Office
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA, INDONESIA (UB)
 Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and
Natural Sciences (Biology - UB)
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK
IBRAHIM MALANG, INDONESIA (UIN)
 Biology Department, Faculty of Science & Technology
(Biology - UB)
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG,
INDONESIA (UMM)
 Faculty of Education (UMM)
Organizing Members UTM
(*Working Team Members)
Prof. Dr. Maketab bin Mohamed, Professor, IPASA/WRA,
UTM, President of Malaysian Nature Society
Prof. Dr. Zulifli Yusop*, Research Dean WRA - UTM
Prpf. M. Dr. Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff*, UTM, Director of
IPASA, IPASA/WRA, UTM
Prof. Dr. Noor Sharipah Sultan Sidi, IPASA/WRA, UTM
Dr. Akira Kikuchi*, IPASA/WRA, UTM
Prof. Dr. Fadil Othman IPASA/WRA, UTM
Dr. Arien Heryanshah*, IPASA/WRA, UTM
Prof. Dr. Selamat bin Hasim,* CFiRST/ RAKE-UTM
Dr. Farahwahida bt Mohd Yusof, CFiRST/ RAKE-UTM
Dr. Arieff Salleh bin Rosman, CFiRST/ RAKE-UTM
UB
Dr. Widodo*, Head of department, M.Si, Biology-UB
Dr. Amin Setyo Leksono*, M.Si, Biology-UB
Dr. Luchman Hakim, M.Si, Biology-UB
UIN
Dr. Sutiman Sumitoro*, Dean, Faculty of Science and
Technology, UIN
Dr. Eko Budi Minarno, Head of Biology-UIN
Mr. Dwi Suheriyanto, S.Si., M.P, Biology-UIN
Dr. Ulfah Utami, M.Si, Biology-UIN
Ms. Evika Sandi, Savitri, M.P, Biology-UIN
Mr. Romaidi*, M.Si, Biology-UIN
Dr. Retno Susilowati, M.Si, Biology-UIN
Ms. Ir. Lilik Harianie, MP, Biology-UIN
Ms. Kholifah Holil, M.Si, Biology-UIN
Ms. Kiptiyah, M.Si, Biology-UIN
Ms. Suyono, M.P, Biology-UIN
Ms. Retno Novittasari, S.Si, Biology-UIN
Mr. Tri Kustono Adim M.Sc, Biology-UIN
Ms. Akyunul Jannah, S.Si., M. P., Biology-UIN
UMM
Mrs. Sri Wahyuni*, Head of Department, Education-UMM
Mr. Nurwidodo*, Education-UMM
Mr. Sukarsono*, Education-UMM
Conference Secreteriat and Editorial Team
Dr. Akira Kikuchi (Chief editor)
Associate Professor, Water Research Alliance,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
E-mail. [email protected] / [email protected]
Tel. 012-208-9233
Ms. Nor Eman Ismail, (M.Sc.), UTM
Ms. Narges Janalizadeh, (M.Sc.), UTM
Mr. Musa Mutah, UTM
Mr. Song Xudong, UTM
Ms. Nurul Humaimah, (M.Eng), UTM
Dr. Shazwin Mat Taib, IPASA/WRA, UTM
232 01, Level 2, block C09,
Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Johor Bahru, Johor
1st International Conference on Multiple-governance in Islam, Environmental Development,
and Conservation. Johor, Malaysia, Nov. 20-21, 2012, IPASA/ Water Research Alliance, UTM
PREFACE
Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb.,
The role of Higher Education Institutions in the regional development is highly important.
The cooperation between the universities in South East Asian counties is highly expected to
strengthen their capabilities and en
able them to share their resources in order to develop academic activities contributing to the
problem solving of the region. I very much appreciate to Dr. Akira Kikuchi for the ideas and
efforts to initiate the conference of the three university that are Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM), Universitas Brawijaya (UB), Universitas Muhamadiyah Malang (UMM), and Islamic
State University Maulana Malik Ibrahim (UIN MALIKI). This conference is believe to be a
starting point for further cooperation between
these university in the future.
Water quality problems are considered to be urgent to solve. In South East Asian Region, the
increasing number of human population, human awareness on their life quality, and improper
resources management are in general related with environmental problem. Thus, the problem
should be approached in more comprehensive manner. Everybody understand the important
of good quality of water resources, but the implementation activities in their daily life and the
implementation in managing resources is not merely dealing with cognition. Efforts to
persuade the people to strengthen their respect and awareness about the important legacy for
their next generation to have good environment quality to live can be achieved throughout
education. The education might retrieve the values and revitalize its implementation. Since
Islam is the major religion believe in Malaysia and Indonesia, the ideas should suitably based
on Al-Qur'an and Al Hadith, the two major source of Muslim's thoughts, along with some
regional wisdom.
I hope the cooperation between these universities will effective and sustainable, and enable to
initiate larger activities and attract more participants.
Waalaikummussalam Wr.Wb.
Prof. Dr. Sutiman Sumitoro, University of Muhammadiyah Malang
i
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful
First of all I would like to congratulate the organizers of the First International Conference on
Multiple-governance in Islam, Environmental Development and Conservation on the
successful completion of the conference and publication of this proceedings. This conference
was jointly organised by Water Research Alliance of UTM, Universitas Brawijaya (Malang),
Universitas Islam Negeri (Malang) and Universitas Muhammadiyah (Malang).
This topic is extremely crucial since Muslims now made up about 20% of the world
population and is expected to reach 25% in year 2030. Muslims countries are also rich in
natural resources and still have huge potential to develop. Merely depending on technological
and economical approaches or tools in solving the current environmental issues is deemed to
fail without strong emphasis on human aspects. On the other hand, development strategy that
recognizes local culture and values is more likely to gain better acceptance by the
community.
This conference is an attempt to integrate science and the Islamic principles into a workable
concept to complement the existing management tools.
As rightly spell out in the
conference’s theme “Nikmat Air dan Nikmat Alam dariNya-from Theory to Practice”, in
Islam the purpose of managing nature and the environment is beyond the worldly goal but to
glorify God and achieve al-Falah (true success) in the hereafter. Muslims believed that every
human being is responsible to his deed and will be judged by the Almighty in the day of
judgement. Thus they must be kind to other created beings and wise enough in using the
resources. If this fundamental concept is understood and put into practice, Islam could offer a
much stronger alternative in dealing with various environmental issues.
With strong commitment and determination, I’m confident that UTM and Indonesian teams
will be able to develop a concrete framework for translating theory into practice.
Thanks
Profesor Zulkifli Yusop, Dean Water Research Alliance, UTM
ii
Conference Concept Paper:
Perspective of Islamic Thought Application on Integrated Ecosystem Service
Management Symbolized on Water as Indonesia-Malaysian Approach via
Subsidiarity with Environmental Education and Scientific Research
*1)Akira, K., 2)Romaidi, 3)Sukarsono, 3)Nurwidodo, 2)Dwi S., 2)Retno, N.H.D., 4)Selamat ,4)Arieff,S.R.1) Fadil. O.
4)
Farahwahida, M.Y., 1)Arien, H. 2) 3)Sutiman Sumitoro
1)
Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management, Water Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia.
2)
Biology department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim
Malang, Indonesia.
3)
Faculty of Education, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia.
4)
Centre of Research in Fiqh Science and Technology (CFiRST), K-Economy Research Alliance, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
Abstract: Islamic thought and concept of ecosystem biology are combined in order to develop a perspective of
Indonesian-Malaysian approach for integrated water and water environmental management. The objective of this
review research is focused to state the significant potential of subsidiarity in environmental education with scientific
research, integrated environmental management program for sustainable water and water environment. According to
review, the responsibility of ecosystem service management (ESM) of river and costal zone is historically trusted to the
government by regional people, which academically states public trust doctrine, and the government also is not often
aware that they are historically trusted the right of ESM from regional people. On the other hand, water environmental
matter is formally isolated from environmental right and human’s fundamental right in jurisprudence and its
applications. By this situation, the government has a problem in environmental policy making and its implementation,
and environmental decision making for regional development. Thereby, public participation is expected from
governmental viewpoint. In order to resolve the gap by this situation, it needs to be stated here that environmental
education has significant potential. Thus, multilevel individualism is considered for environmental education. On the
other hand, water and water management issue is considered from Sufism in Islamic thought. The concept of multilayer
individualism has been realized in the relationship between GOD and an individual in the thought, and there was no
contradiction with each other. Thus, it is considered that potential environmental educational programs based on these
concepts of multilevel individualism and Sufism have ability to improve integrated ESM, and strategic environmental
assessment via development of citizen scientists, who are well-informed persons and simultaneously have potential to
participate in environmental service management. The subsidiarity from environmental education with scientific
research and Islamic thought in integrated ESM has the potential to promote the current practice of sustainable
development for water and water environment. This paper was consisted via open collaboration, so the interest was
stated in bibliographical introduction.
Keywords: Ecosystem biology, Integrated coastal and watershed management, Multilayer individualism, Open
collaboration, Public participatory approach

has clearly stated the perspective, moreover he stated
ecosystem is civilization heritage for mankind, and he
guessed that circumstance of cooperation and increase of the
spirits to leave civilization heritage will leave the world in
future (Margaleff 1972). In the period of four decades, the
concept ecosystem biology is differently has developed as
system biology (Kitano and Oda 2005; Kitano 2007),
however it is still in developing process before that
application can maintain and keep healthy state of
ecosystems.
The approach for ecosystem management has been becoming
systematic through many case works, and useful guidelines
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope
A person’s life is a part of the world, and the properties of the
world are shared amongst all informed persons’ life. This
notion of multilayer individualism is not only for mankind, as
any living organism enjoys life’s interactions within
themselves or loosely organized with environment. Systems
at this level are named ecosystem, for this reason ecology is
ecosystem level biology (Margaleff 1968). Ramon Margaleff
*: Corresponding author: [email protected] /
[email protected] 81310-Johor, Malaysia.
1
are also rapidly becoming available. Currently, precautionary
principle (Cameron and Abouchar 1991; Kriebel et al. 2001)
is the most considerable higher technical principle for the
operative environmental management planning. In this
context, ecosystem approach (Kaya et al. 1999; CSB 2000) is
the credible strategy to implement integrated approach in
regional environmental management policy making (e.g.
RCOW. 1999). On the other hand, environmental impact
assessment (Glasson et al.1994) has been a potent social tool
in environmental development. However, it is being realized
that the system of Environmental assessment itself has
limitations, and strategic environmental assessment (Gauthier
et al. 2011) is expected to take a subsidiary role with
environmental impact assessment.
education to develop citizen scientists, who are well-informed
persons and have potential to participate environmental
management (Miller 1993; Cronin 2010), is the key issue.
1.2. Objective
Hence, the objective of this review research was focused on to
examine the significant potential of subsidiarity on
environmental education with environmental assessment,
integrated environmental management program for
sustainable water resource and water environment. By this
context, we are proposing Islamic thought in order to develop
“Perspective of Indonesian-Malaysian approach of
participatory environmental management” that is spatially
applicable from coastal off shore to head water basin.
Thereby the theme is essentially very complex, and scale
issue is also either from local to global and from person to
society, so a keyword was assumed, “regional ecosystem
brand management” in order to make concept level
framework focused and make the concept feasible for actual
action plan.
Environmental
monitoring
Conventional
environmental
management
Ecosystem
approach
2. Perspective of Environmental Management
2.1. Sustainable Development in Eco-regionalism
In the perspective of ecosystem biology, an ecosystem is
defined as a complex of regional land systems that each
sub-property of land attributes respectively consist particular
ecological units with unique biological communities in total.
Mankind has lived in favor of ecosystem services from
regionally unique ecosystems and cultural life of mankind
have also been retained by interdependability with different
types of unique regional ecosystems (Naveh and Lieberman
1993). Though, modern economy has been developing in
dissociation from such ecological regionalism. The isolation
has been resolved spatial economical restriction from
ecological regionalism, and it has been realizing its unlimited
growth. As a result, increased performance of global
economics is requiring more material and energy with less
importance of ecological regionalism. On the other hand,
regional environmental problems exist, since peoples still live
with favor of regional services from domestic ecosystems,
and also need to dispose excess energy, materials, and wastes
to the ecosystems making impact.
The services from regional ecosystem are defined from
four aspects (Sarukhan and Alcamo 2003): i) Provision
service is a potential product from regional ecosystem, such
as, food, fresh clean water, and biological resources, ii)
Regulation service is potential in stabilizing local climate,
disease, hydrology, water quality, pollination, iii) Cultural
service is non-physical benefit from local property of spirit,
religion, recreation, aestheticism, inspiration, education,
presence, and cultural heritage, and iv) Supporting service is
fundamental to generate former three categories of services
by soil formation, nutrient cycle, and primary production. The
ecosystem services are provided ether from complete natural
environment and also from regional secondary environment
that mankind has changed for their own better circumstances.
Therewith, the definitive point is the fact that only balanced
(which may be defined as healthy in common sense)
ecological system can provide certain environmental services
Participatory
approach
Integrated
environmental
management
Islamic
thought
Environmental
impact
assessment
Strategic
environmental
assessment
Regional
brand
management
Integrated
ecosystem
brand
management
?
Fig. 1. A schematic depiction of environmental
management perspective. Currently, public participation is
understood as promised approach to mature integrated
environmental management and strategic environmental
assessment. In this research, regional brand management,
in addition as Indonesian-Malaysian approach, additional
element of Islamic thought is considered.
In a holistic approach (Naveh and Lieberman 1993)
against the reflexive environmental problem of mankind,
sustainable development has been significant theory since
1992 (UNCED 1992). In current environmental management,
the integrated approach for regional environmental policy
making and environmental impact assessment are separately
working for sustainable development. However, both of these
approach eager informed public participation (Gauthier et al.
2011). Hence, it can be consequent that environmental
2
(Kaya et al. 1999; CSB 2000). The core issue of sustainable
development is to sustain ecosystem services, that can be
realized by an inter-dependent sound arrangement between
development and performances of ecosystem service. In this
sense, environmental resource management is achieved via
provision and regulation services, where as cultural services
are required to achieve environmental commitment.
processes with the varying temporal scales and lag-effects.
According to these properties, the ecosystem approach
requires adaptive management. Whilst, even when some
cause-and-effect relationships are scientifically not yet fully
established, environmental measurements need to be taken in
research
feedback.
Containing
elements
of
"learning-by-doing" in management practice, the potential
gain from management is recognized in an economic context
through the appropriate balance and integration between
conservation and development, which is continuously
managed. The basic principle of the ecosystem approach is
the matter of social choice in ecosystem service management
in such continuous adaptive processes. The definition can be
summarized with the following key issues, to prepare
comprehensive knowledge within ecosystems for social wise
choice, and to use adaptive management practices in order to
array out management actions with economic context at
appropriate scale for the issue being addressed with
decentralization to lowest level, and to enhance
benefit-sharing. In the process, it needs to ensure intersectoral
cooperation.
2.2. Precautionary Principle
Regional ecosystems are highly complex properties, for that
reason. It is mostly impossible to collect complete
information, while at the same time facing conflicting
pressures from those who seek to balanced economic growth
and environmental protection. In the circumstance,
precautionary principle has a role to create positive
redundancy and flexibility in decision making process that
secures opportunities to think differently among stake holders
(Cameron and Abouchar 1991; Kriebel et al. 2001). The
precautionary principle takes significant role to bridge
between science and social policy in environmental decision
making process, as if environmental decision making
processes are highly systemized and rigid, wise decisions will
not be possible. The problem of impossibility to prepare
complete alternative knowledge framework is subsidized by
precautionary principle in environmental decision making
process. Kriebel et al. (2001) has stated four central
components of the functions of precautionary principle: i)
taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty, ii) shifting
the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity, iii)
exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful
actions, iv) and increasing public participation in decision
making.
2.4. Environmental Assessment
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been the social
tool to obtain environmental information to establish mutual
consequence between regional development and natural
conservation (Glasson et al. 1994). Though, after more than
30 years of EIA and related experiences in the world, it has
been cleared that science on its own, without a process of
consideration and dialogue amongst a wide range of
stakeholders, cannot provide guidance on the ‘best’ options
for a future action (Cash et al. 2003; Gauthier et al. 2011;
McNie 2007; Timmerman et al. 2010; Tippett et al. 2007).
This is still shocking outcome to a lot of scientists and
specialists, as their traditional role have been technical
experts as the main players and advisors to consider priority
of options in environmental consultancy works. The
improvement of this communication gap (CG) would be
critical issue, as if EIA is enhanced without the improvement
of CG, this activity will result in miserable outcomes, that is
so called data-rich-but-information poor syndrome (McNie
2007ab; Timmerman et al. 2000; 2010; Ward et al. 1986) and
the environmental policy implementation gap will occur
repetitively. Thus, conventional EIA is being extended
towards a new paradigm. According to several authors,
environmental assessment is entering a postclassical rational
planning phase (Fisher 2002; Lawrence 2000), i.e. it is time to
link technical approaches to socio-political debates,
increasingly prominent via multiple negotiations that are at
the core of decision-making process (Gauthier et al. 2011).
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is a challenge to
overcome CG (Gauthier et al. 2011). For instance, public
participation in SEA is in a process of implementation and
has ability to influence public environmental awareness level
(Gauthier et al. 2011).
From a viewpoint of decision making processes,
environmental decision-making hierarchy is generally
composed of four levels, such as Policy, Plan, Program and
Project (Fischer et al. 1999; Gauthier et al. 2011; OEDC
2.3. Ecosystem Approach
Integrated management of ecosystem service demands
strategy to apply appropriate scientific methodologies that
promotes to reach a balance among conservation, sustainable
use, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits (Kaya et
al. 1999; CSB 2000). Currently, a notable comprehensive
guideline for ecosystem approach could be CSB (2000) in
which the definition of ecosystem approach is: the priority
target is on maintaining ecosystem services by conservation
of ecosystem structure and functioning. Thereby all relevant
sectors of society and scientific disciplines should be
involved for the perspective, and the operational processes
should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level. In the
acts, relevant information is very important, which include
effective scientific and indigenous application and local
knowledge, innovations, and effective practices. However,
ecosystems are complex and have dynamic nature, and it need
to accept the absence of complete knowledge or
understanding of their functioning. Moreover, in order to
manage ecosystem services, the limits of their functioning
should be considered (e.g. productivity, capacity of natural
water purification rate, and etc.), the effects of their activities
on adjacent and other ecosystems, and the appropriate spatial
and temporal scales. The natural inevitable change of
ecosystem should also be recognized, and long term set of
management objectives are applied to characterize ecosystem
3
2006). As one moves down the hierarchy from policies to
project, the nature of decision-making changes where the
process at higher policy, plan, and program (PPP) level tends
to deal with more flexible proposals with wider range of
scenarios toward the broader goals (OECD 2006; Fischer et
al. 1999; 2002). In nature, as improvement of CG demand to
concern the criticism on social level problem, environmental
assessment with decision-making processes at early PPP level
has been focused (Cash et al. 2003; Fischer et al. 1999;
Guthier et al. 2011; McNie 2007; Timmerman et al. 2010) as
there is the very state that familiar with precautionary
principle (Cameron and Abouchar 1991; Kriebel et al. 2001).
In fact, after decades of experience and related activities
mainly through strategic EIA, the required solution is already
recognized that is multiple dialogues amongst different level
of socio-environmental actors (Gauthier et al. 2011;
Graveline et al. 2010;
DeStefano 2010; Letcher and
Timmerman et al. 2010). Accordingly new challenging
environmental assessment requires suitable actual tools and
systems (Graveline et al. 2010; Kikuchi et al. 2010; Roig et
al. 2007). Today the demand to aid early decision making
process is a promised work to enhance social
inter-institutional consultations in regional planning and
development processes (Cash et al. 2003; McNie 2007;
Timmerman et al. 2010).
of Agenda 21. Participatory environmental management
process is obviously of the kernel for sustainable
development.
Integrated management via participatory working
principle is currently considered as the most promising
approach for environmental management, for example, the
substance has been summarized into 8 points from
experiences in Ramsar Convention (RCOW 1999): i) to help
to decide upon the objectives of site management, ii) to
identify and describe the management actions required to
achieve the objectives, iii) to determine the factors that affect,
or may affect, the various site features, iv) to define
monitoring requirements for detecting changes in ecological
character and for measuring the effectiveness of management,
v) to demonstrate that management is effective and efficient;
maintain continuity of effective management, vi) to resolve
any conflicts of interest, vii) to obtain resources for
management implementation; enable communication within
and between sites, organizations and stakeholders, iix) to
ensure compliance with local, national and international
policies.
3. Regional Brand Management
3.1. IWM and Its Requirement from ICZM
The concept of sustainable development by participatory
working principle has been realized in the natural resource
management among river, lake, and coastal region, via
movement of Integrated Watershed Management (IWM), and
Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) since 1980s,
IWM and ICAM has been new approach for integrated
environmental concern regional development, natural
resource management, and nature conservation. Moreover,
these were getting integrated as Integrated Watershed and
Coastal Area Management (IWCAM) since 2000s.
The pith of ICZM is a desire to improve sectoral and
fragmented management approach that potentially moderates
inefficient or exploitive use of natural resources, conflicting
claims in coastal zone. In order to promote sustainable
management of coastal ecosystem service, a dynamic,
multidisciplinary and iterative process is considered. ICZM
seeks over the long-term, balanced environmental, economic,
social, cultural, and recreational objectives. Hereby, as sea is
downward element of contacting terrestrial landscape of
watershed, the combination of the ICAM and IWM is
targeted in IWCAM. The integration is being rather important
if a big river or highly human impacted river connected to
enclosed or semi-enclosed sea. In the definition, for example,
IWCAM could be important for Johor strait and rivers in and
around Johor urban area i.e. Iskandal area, as well as Madura
strait and Brantas river watershed i.e. Sura-Madura-Bromo
Tengger Semeru area.
In general, spatially input regional precipitations
gradually converge during flow through the watershed toward
lower landscape. In the process, during water flow, the
moving water interacts with physical, chemical, biological,
and anthropogenic landscape properties along the flow paths
at each upper landscape. Changes not only occur in the water
flax regime, but also in water quality. Obviously, in order to
manage a particular water body as water resource, the origin
2.5. Participatory Approach in Environmental
Management
In a modern society, active, free and meaningful participation
is already assumed as system property in ecosystem approach
for integrated environmental management program and
environmental assessment. Public participation is a process
that individuals, groups and organizations decide to take an
active role in making decisions that affected them and
allowing people to influence the outcome of plans and
working processes (De Stefano 2010). Mouratiadou & Moran
(2007) have stated that if stakeholders are not involved in the
evaluation of environmental management policy measures,
the decisions taken can be controversial and generate public
opposition, thus making those decisions unfeasible. Such
implementation gap is expected to be dissolved via public
participation (Gauthier et al. 2011). The participatory
management (collaborative management, co-management,
joint management) is already a central device in diverse
international administrative systems, such as, Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD), Ramsar Convention, The
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture, United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious
Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
(UNCCD, International Tropical Timber Agreemen (ITTA),
Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable
Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests, The
Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World
Heritage Convention, Convention on Access to Information,
Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to
Justice in Environmental Matters (The Aarhus Convention),
C169 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, Chapter 32
4
of the water must be considered, i.e. management of the
upstream landscape is compulsory by holistic approach. By
the definition, “Watershed management” is one of the
ultimate management goals in terrestrial water resource
conservation. Moreover, it contributes to an all balanced
ecosystem service management in the watershed and it
potentially contributes to downstream of coastal area
management too.
implementation. What is clearly addressed is application of
on demand scientific information, and long term and shallow
but wide monitoring activities. Scientist must know research
that support ESM are to be prepared to solve reverse
problems after actual problems are stated by problem
profiling.
Research topics that are to solve reverse problem stated
from actual water and watershed situation may contain
diverse topics. For example, water quantities, nutrient
transformation, sediment flux, habitat composition for
aquatic biota are basic property of stream. Multi layer
structure of river, function of wetland and flood plain,
ecological and social impact of dam construction, and those
of management perspective are ecosystem level river
property. Hydrology of paddy field, hydrogeomorphology of
slope
cultivation,
cultural
landscape,
traditional
environmental concerns, forest and grassland management
practices are ecosystem level land use property of a
watershed. Simulation models for water balance, flood,
nutrient cycle and sediment budget are also effective if
appropriate database is available. For the estuary, there
occurs complicated nutrient adsorptions and desorptions
process,
and
organic
material
segregation,
biochemical-physical process occurs in an around mangrove
ecosystem.
As origin of food web in regional biota, biological
productivity must be concerned. In natural condition,
generally, productivity of forest and lake are restricted by
nitrogen and phosphorous, respectively. Then the linkage
between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem is also
important, the nutrient that leak out from terrestrial ecosystem
to river and sea, during the process it is used by aquatic plants.
On the other hand, once leaves are provided to river and sea, it
becomes food of aqua culture, so that litter transportation
from forest to river and sea is also an important factor. As for
micro algae productivity in a sea, it is known that it is related
with fulvic acid iron provision from forest soil in watershed.
In order to analyze such nutrient and energy flux, application
of stable isotope would be effective. Regarding such
processes, to detect dominant primary producers and food
web following the primary production is an important
information in every particular ecosystem element. In
addition, information of species ecology for particular species
is useful to conserve endangered species and to manage
biological resources production.
However, in reality, actual watershed environment is
affected by regional anthropogenic activities. It affects flux of
nutrient, organic material, water, etc., respectively. The
physical property of aquatic ecosystem greatly affects the
abundance and fitness of aquatic organisms in their habitat.
On the contrary, the species composition, life form spectrum
and especially the presence of particular species indicates the
physical and chemical conditions of the aquatic ecosystem.
Regime shift of land use and farmer’s practices may degrade
water quality, which in turn would disrupt the lives of aquatic
biota. It also allows application of bioindicator monitor of
water quality changes of a river and related terrestrial aquatic
environment. It is scientifically difficult to show evidence of
the good or bad effect of the anthropogenic activities in the
3.2. Regional Ecosystem Brand Management
Informed public participation is understood as very effective
approach for integrated environmental management, however
the volunteer participation for the aspect is still quite
challenging theme even the activity is a purposeful for social
wealth. In many cases, different goals are in conflict, and the
notion “Integrated” clearly indicates that resources
management should be approached from a broad perspective
taking all potential trade-offs and different scales in space and
time into account (Pahl-Wostl 2008). The actual framework
for IWM, ICAM, IWCAM are different for particular
regional, social, economical, and ecosystem setting. Thereby,
it is sometimes difficult to understand the pith of framework
because of the complexity. However if a viewpoint of
“regional ecosystem brand management” is focused, the pith
of the movement may simply be understood. Based on the
assumption, there is no restriction to whether an integrated
management is for coastal, watershed, and these combination,
so from herewith, a synonym, ecosystem service management
(ESM) is used for all IWM, ICAM, and IWCAM. By this
context, a simple explanation will be a framework of adaptive
improvement of sustainability for human and social capacity
development in environmental context: i) it conserves fragile
natural resource, ii) it improves low rate of economic growth,
iii) it increase weakness of institutional capacity, iv) it
encourage public expectations for environmental
sustainability, v) it internalizes regional value to local people,
vi) it makes the regional values, regional identity and brand
externalized.
In the sense, the goal of ESM will be autonomous
externalization of values from regional properties and its
identity from individual-level-value-internalization, which
offers social choices in public expectation of balanced
economic growth and conservation of fragile natural resource
that consequently sustain regional environmental wealth and
quality of life. It expresses a fact that the goal of ESM is the
regional ecosystem brand management by multilevel
governance, as it is possible when all people have extended
individualism to the regional ecosystem brand and
government has commitment to support it.
3.3. Scientific Research for ESM
ESM need to be scientific information base wise
communication. Scientific research and scientific based
environmental impact assessment are to be fundamental part
of the activity for integrated environmental management
program. However, in order to promote sustainable
management of river and coastal zone, it does not need to
cover the full cycle of information collection for planning,
decision making, and management and monitoring of
5
vicinity of aquatic ecosystem, however aquatic biological
diversity sensitively respond and record the impact in their
character.
The human impacts on watershed environment should
comprehensively be assessed. On the other hand, sewage
system development and its optimal management, and
environment conservation type agriculture, to prevent over
harvesting of aquacultures are also to be concerned, as well as
R&D of environmental technologies for environmental
conservation and rehabilitation.
what both of these approaches proffer is the same as informed
participation in fact.
Herewith, environmental education has property that
settled on human’s fundamental right and environmental right
as a property of the human’s right to live as ethics and
objective back ground. One of the goals of environmental
education is to develop citizen-scientists who are
well-informed for one’s environment. Environmental
education has credible potential via developing actual social
devices to encourage participatory environmental
management. The informed participation is expected to take
the role from environmental education to environmental
assessment, and ESM. From this perspective, the balanced
interdependability between environmental education and
governmental environmental management program may
achieve an integrated approach as feasible ESM scheme.
3.4. Informed Participation in ESM
On this basis, it is going to be considered a more
transformative theme. Once a significant problem is focused
and that is researched for water and watershed management
perspective, the next step will be making plan for ESM that is
satisfactory among local people, government and nature,
which sustains local economies too. It will be realized as
balanced interdependable act between regional people and
governmental system. Thereby, it needs to remember the
problem in environmental assessment that even if
government makes an environmental management policy
with researchers and consultant companies, the policy is
difficult to implement in many cases, i.e. even data is
collected, it does not generate feasible information (McNie
2007ab; Timmerman et al. 2000; 2010; Ward et al. 1986), and
a polity is beautiful but not feasible (Fisher 2002; Lawrence
2000). To overcome this problem is one of a significant
application-driven social level research that potentially cat
edge of current practice of sustainable development.
Based on the definition, once we start to consider this
problem, it is recognized some critical points, in general, i)
the responsibility of ESM is historically trusted from regional
people to government, which academically is called public
trust doctrine (Sas 1970), and people do not know the
historical-logical background of it and government also often
does not know that they are trusted the right of ESM from
regional people. ii) water-environmental matter is
basically-officially isolated from “environmental right” and
“human’s fundamental right” in law science (jurisprudence)
and its applications. It is sometimes surprising for naturalist
moreover and for common people. Although the legal system
of one country varies from another, this situation is a
worldwide phenomenon.
For feasibility of regional water and water management
programs, the government is expected to instate an informed
public participation in the environmental management
scheme (Cash et al. 2003; McNie 2007; Timmerman et al.
2010). However, there is a contradiction as though if
government accepts environmental right and human’s
fundamental right in legal system, it will be difficult to have
dialogue with an opposition. It may seriously disturb public
utility for regional development and management. Plus, even
if government transfers the right to public, it may not enhance
people’s commitment to volunteer in activities for
environmental management programs and projects. Thus,
subsidiarity is focused on from bottom-up approach by
human fundamental rights and environmental rights and
top-down approach of governmental regulation. Thereby
4. Indonesian-Malaysian Approach
4.1. Dogmatic and Informed individual approach
Once human’s fundamental right and environmental right are
considered in an Islamic country, a sense of significance for
Islamic thought comes out, as well as a culture that is as
fundamental part of people’s property with their historical
environment. The approach has matching with legal system
and more so match with peoples’ model. Thereby Islamic
perspective is obliged to formal from the Qur'an and Sunnah
(the practices of the Prophet). Next in the
Indonesian-Malaysian approach, it is compared between the
dogmatic approach and informed individual approach in
which the fundamental is same, so what is more is just
difference of aspect in the same system. The nature of
agreement among these differences is talked from taking
analogy with the multi-individualism in ecosystem biology in
this paper.
4.2. Dogmatic Approach of Islam
According to dogmatic approach of Islam, it should be an
Islamic way to develop human capital based on the basic
Islamic teaching, categorized as Tauheed, Fiqh, and
Tasawwuf (Sufism). The development should be globalize
and balanced, as such shown in the following Figure: Within
the body of man, there are four elements that are very
important namely the physique, the mind, the Lust and the
soul. We should be aware of these elements, which should be
cultivated, developed and promoted in such a way that one
could have an integrated personality. We should take care of
them and administer them the best way possible, so that
mankind can be aware of his humanity and can appropriately
act as the servant of Allah and as vicegerent on earth.
Otherwise, mankind will only appear to be human but his and
behaviour will be that of animals and satan. Then such a
person will ruin themselves and other people and in fact will
destroy all life and civilization on the surface of this earth. As
such, Islam strongly advocates that the four elements in the
body of man be taken care of, nurtured, administered and put
in the proper place in accordance to its roles. This is such that,
the four elements can contribute to the good of the
individual’s self, to the universe as a whole congruent and to
the demands of Allah upon humankind as His servant and
6
vicegerent on earth. To do so, one should be encouraged to be
God fearing besides the knowledge of God’s Greatness. It
will be the vital force that makes one to be dynamic,
intellectually and wisdom to God's vicegerent on this earth,
manage the life with harmony, and love and care. It needs
teachers or masters who have five basic personalities;
knowledgeable master (teacher), leadership, fatherhood,
motherhood and friendship (Fadil, 2004). An approach based
on Malay traditional values which is in line with our
philosophy of national education simplified as JERI (Physical
(Jasmani), Emotional (Emosi), Spiritual (Rohani) and
Intellectual (intel/aqal) toward answering or responding to
those issues mentioned above. It is an integration of
traditional and modern values that could become the
foundation strength for human capital development.
Hopefully it will be beneficial for enhancement of human
capital development and strength in training and educational
system of modern science and technology.
'And one of His signs is this, that He (Allah) shows you
(Muhammad) the lightning as a source of fear and hope,
and He sends down water from the sky, and quickens
therewith the earth after its death. In that surely are Signs
for a people who understand'. (Surah Ar-Rum, 30:24)
and this is another word of God in the Holy Qur’an:
'Do not the disbelievers see that the heavens and the
earth were a closed-upmass, then We opened them out?
And We made from water every living thing. Will they
not then believe?' (Surah Al-Anbiya',21:30)
Water and nature are grace from our GOD (Allah), because
our God is the creator of the universe. According to the holy
Qur’an, in previous times this nature was arid, and there was
no life there. But after our God give rain from sky, the earth
becomes alive. It was after the provision of an abundance of
water that life began. Then until now, we enjoy the result of
God's creation. This is the meaning of the grace of nature.
Water and nature are grace and mandate from GOD to us and
we as manager (Caliph) of nature, and have a responsibility to
keep and manage them. So, our activities today are addressed
to keep water and nature. (Pak Romaidi wrote)
Islam always teaches believers to pay attention to
cleanliness. Water is used for various purposes, so that the
cleanliness of environmental water is also insisted on with
high priority for hygiene. For example, the prophet’s Hadith
narrated by Bukhari-Muslim: “Do not one of you urinate in
the stagnant water, which does not flow, then bath in it”,
which is prohibition of piddle in the water that does not flow
is one way of protecting the environment and the
conservation of aquatic ecosystems. Another example for
water conservation is cited from Hadith that is command by
Muhammad. In the Hadith, water is an essential component
for the Muslims in performing obedience to God. Muslims
need water for purification of unclean, small and large hadath
when going to worship.
In this regard, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) set an
example to his people to conserve water, in the Hadith which
reads: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) used ablution each
time he want to pray. This is the prophet’s general condition.
Sometimes he proceed ablution for prayers with a single
ablution. This is commonly narrated by Muslims. In another
Hadith, the Prophet had also mentioned that residual bath
water left after a bath for Maemunah (Prophet's wife),
Narratives of Ibn Abbas (the Messenger of Allah), and
Maimunah (Saheeh Muslim, # 487). The thought for residual
water in this case is water that was not used by Maemunah for
bathing was still in a state of purity and clean in a tub. An
Arabic word “Membazil” (wasting something) explains
wasting some ordered material away without utilization,
which tells inefficient selfish use of resources. In
Maemunah’s story, she did consider water as a resource to be
wasted but judiciously utilized. This indicated multilevel
individualism and social responsibility towards others. This
attitude gives consideration against membazil and may firmly
4.3. Informed individual approach
From multi level individualism in the concept of ecosystem
biology, each life has independence as separated portion from
ecosystem in nature. Simultaneously, they have crucial
connection with ecosystem through exchanging water,
energy, and other materials, where same property of
ecosystem emanates to each individual. By the definition,
difference among lives and ecosystem is only a difference
between the views of individual or ecosystem. For example, a
living individual is uneven distribution of life in an
ecosystem, and all are interrelated, i.e. chain of lives in an
ecosystem are universally distributed in each life, where all
lives fundamentally constitute one life on behalf of their
ecosystem. The multilayer individualism in ecosystem
biology has potential to fuse the difference between
individual and environmental issue. If this thought of
biological multilevel individualism is taught in environmental
education, and then students are informed, they understand
the nature of participation to the ecosystem service
management.
Sukarsono (unpublished 2012) showed that, Islamic
leaders who respect and have responsibility for nature
conservation have basic principles for relationship among
ecosystem components, even if they usually need more
detailed information about biological diversity, life-form
spectrum of regional biota, natural balance and sustainability.
They use a standard of value by an Islamic foundation that
God says ”Maha suci Alloh, tiadalah sesuatu diciptakan
secara sia-sia” (Most Holy Allah, there are nothing created
useless). However the situation usually is that there is a gap
between scientists’ and religious leaders’ knowledge.
Sukarsono (2012) has tried to arrange several information for
ecological behavior of forest animals in their ecosystem in
order to bridge the gap between scientists and common
people. Such effort will bridge scientists and Islamic religious
leaders, which is just beginning but will be significant in
Islamic countries Sukarsono (2012). This is a good analogy
for water and water environmental issue.
In fact, in Holy Qur’an, the word “Water” has been
mentioned many times and repeatedly. Holy Qur’an says,
7
be related to the concept to sustain water and water
environment in good condition.
but also in places when we die - the afterlife. As it is taught by
the Prophet Muhammad in the Qur'an: "O our Lord, grant us
happiness in this world and happiness in the Hereafter ".
5. Perspective of Islamic Thought in ESM
5.1. Toward Environmental Education
Considering these two approaches, Islamic thought is
matching with theory of ecosystem biology and ESM
respecting water and water environment. However,
environmental education in current situation is not really
interactive with real processes of environmental regulations.
Moreover, it is not really matured in Malaysia and Indonesia,
even though it is inevitable for the next generation. On the
other hand, Islam also has thought for environmental matters,
though the actual interaction in environmental management
field is less in reality. Interaction between scientists is also not
really frequent.
Once we consider goals of environmental education, it
is summarized into six points: awareness, knowledge,
attitude, skills, and participation (UN 1972; UNESCO 1977).
This definition is widely accepted and environmental
education concept is developing as a worldwide current
consensus. In the context, it does not augur well to use
one-sided knowledge transfer from teacher to student, and ask
informed students to follow the taught attitudes. What is
expected here is to develop attitude and skill for
self-motivated education which can yield knowledge and
participation to the development of an environmentally
sustainable society. Accordingly, to teach environmental
knowledge to students is important, but more important point
is participatory for experience based educational activity
from student. In many cases in Indonesia, teaching method is
based on interactive models. In a subject of environmental
education, improved teaching methods is needed for learning
models, but it is more important to develop teachers’ capacity
for the interactive model especially experience based
perspective.
Hereby what is required is more advanced matter to
combine different sectors among environmental education
(school, local community), research (University), and
authorities. Theoretically, the expected scheme is that
students get their own knowledge through one’s direct
experience and interact with friends, teachers, and advisors,
then gradually develop one’s body of knowledge for
environment that also generate one’s attitude for participation
in environmental concern life style and further in social
environmental governance. In order to proceed such
environmental educational program, useful program, and also
tool are required to be developed. Pilot case project for such a
capacity development is starting among UTM, UMM, UB,
and UIN for different perspective, respectively.
If another drawback is considered that is the
circumstance of current development paradigm which is very
secular, capitalistic and hedonistic oriented. We saw that
models and approaches in education also using the same
approach. It is commonly known that the social circumstance
degrade our environment and it is quite an impossible trend.
Islamic paradigm is expected to be a new approach to
environmental education as a platform of part-oriented
environmental management to gain happiness of the world
5.2. A Solution via being Close with God
The interrelationship between Islam thought and ESM can be
considered from one of Islamic foundations called Tasawuf or
Sufism. Sufism is a way that muslims look for their God. The
aim of Sufism is to approach as closely as possible with God
so that muslim can see Him (God) with the eyes of the heart
and even the muslim’s spirit could be united with the Spirit of
God. God is spiritual, and then the part that can get closer to
God is spirit, not his body, and God is Glorified, then it is
acceptable to approach God as a holy spirit. Sufism is the
Islamic science that discuss about the problem of human
approaching to God through the cleansing of his soul. In the
teachings of Sufism there is a saying which states that
basically the earth is a mosque for muslims. For the muslims,
the mosque is a sacred place where we should not pollute the
mosque and should not make noise in the mosque. This
Islam's view of the environment is also from in Islamic
sciences of Akhlaq (ethics). Hence, we recognize when we
use natural water like water from well and spring along river,
we can consider this as a Grace of Water and Grace of Nature
are from GOD’s will (Nikmat Air dan Nikmat Alam
dari-NYA). This could be a principle to conserve and manage
restore water from environmental point of view, and meaning
to use clean and safe natural water with peace of mind for our
healthy life.
Islamic view on environmental protection can also be
studied from the perspective of Islamic Theology Science,
which is an Islamic religion foundations, about the position
and the presence of humans and the environment, including
these roles in the world. Environmental protection is also in
the perspective of Islamic Fiqh Science, which is science that
governs human relations with God, themselves, their
families, communities and the natural surroundings, whose
application is for the protection and preservation of those
things of the which are dangerous and destructive. For
example, Sukarsono (2012 unpublished) stated that Islamic
people will have a high commitment to water conservation
when they have a good value system, in that as a muslim
believer they have to pray to God 5 times in a day and before
that we have to clean our body as ablution with water that is a
preliminary to the occasion of standing to God’s presence.
Muslims also have obligation to purify uncleanness after
intercourse or bowel. Without purification, all worship of
God is to be invalid. Hence, how can muslims proceed
purification if there is no water? How can muslims get the
water without conservation and wise management of our land
or forest? Water is only one that is always being found in each
scripture of the Fiqh (book teaching us the ways of worship to
God). We can recognize that description of water has always
been in the first chapter that discusses about Thaharah
(purity). So the water is an absolute requirement to use before
all the Islamic Ummah (community) can get close to God.
The thought for environmental protection in Islam can also be
taken up from the perspective Usul Fiqh (principles of
jurisprudence) primarily in Maqashid Shariah (purpose in
8
Islam) objectives that are used to enforce the benefit of the
world as well as hereafter. This Shariah are then called
"al-dharurah al-Khamsa", which are five basic benefit that
became the foundation of the establishment of human life i.e.
religion, life, lineage, wealth, and intellect. Maintaining and
preserving the environment means keeping the five
foundations of human basic needs. Sukarsono (2012
unpublished) stated a model for how to implement this
doctrine into environmental education. Hereby, it is solemn
that sources of all the Islamic perspectives must be derived
from the Qur'an and Sunnah (the practices of the Prophet).
approach will include several or many behavioral principle
for each of unique traction due to different religious,
economical, local cultural contexts. It is requirement of
boundary condition to furnish meta-introductory system for
ESM scheme. However, what we are considering is robust
and uniform framework for ESM, and out put is to be
harmonized with each of the diverse socio-ecological
conditions.
5.3. Toward real approach development
Following above all discussion, it is considered the potential
perspective is to develop actual new ESM framework for
environmental education bridging with conventional
scientific approach, Islamic thought, and regional cultural
background. Then, the proper is to be examined through
actual pilot case ESM program with public and authorities as
Indonesian-Malaysian approach of water and watershed
management. Hereby what is required is institutional level
matter to combing different sectors among environmental
educations (school, local community), researches
(University), and authorities. Theoretically, the expected
scheme is that students get their own knowledge through
one’s direct experience and interact with friends, teachers,
and advisors, then gradually develop own body of knowledge
for environment that also generate own attitude for
participation in environmental concern life style and further
in social environmental governance. In order to proceed such
environmental educational program, useful programs, and
also tools are required to be developed. Pilot case projects for
such a capacity development are starting among UTM,
UMM, UB, and UIN for different perspective, respectively.
According to the review for precautionary principle,
ecosystem approach for integrated environmental
management approach and environmental assessment in this
paper, the potential Indonesian-Malaysian approach with
Islamic thought has a sense of the significance.
Different
religious,
economical,
Local-national,
cultural contexts
Robust
-uniform
ESM
framework
Fig. 2. The statement of the robust-uniform ESM
framework and diversity of socio-economical context.
Combination of Islamic thought and ecosystem brand
management via ecosystem approach will produce firm
scheme of universal ESM framework, which can be shared
with others.
Hence, our potential scheme for ESM will furnish three
parts, that are consisted with meta-introductory unit, firm
body of ESM framework unit, and meta-characterized out put
unit. Hereby, it is different matter that Islamic thought can
provide the total system of ESM or not, where the most
significant is the potential of Islamic thought that can provide
the firm body of ESM framework unit and it has tolerance to
coexist with other diverse socio-ecological and
meta-religious conditions. The advantage of our approach is
the potential to develop good example of holistic ESM system
as a firm analogical texture to others. It is more than
difference of countries. We have been considering the
credibility of potential ESM scheme will indicate the truth of
Fiqh Science and Islamic thought in ESM for water and water
environmental.
5.4. Rationalism to Universal design of ESM
ESM is a continuous effort of mankind to control ecosystem
where the mankind live, in the process, it is accepted the
needs of adaptation as some part of the environment is
impossible to be controlled. We are assuming Islamic thought
is effective to encourage environmental education in
Indonesia and Malaysia as it will effectively enhance public
participation in environmental multiple governance.
Consequently, it is being concluded that the integration of
Islamic thought and environmental education has significant
feasible potential to ESM in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Thereby, it obvious the work is to be developed toward more
comprehensive, involving some other countries in the regions
in regard to the fact that the ecosystems of the region can not
be separated by nation. The country like Brunei, Timor Leste,
Singapore and Thailand, as well as, other south eastern Asian
countries are in fact interconnected.
Once such socio-ecological inter-related diversity is
considered, it will be consequenced that the potential holistic
6. Conclusions
1. Islamic thought and concept of ecosystem biology are
matching each other for the participatory and integrated
water and water environmental management.
2. The system of knowledge body is different, however, there
are analogous figure between ecology and Fiqh science.
3. As an Indonesian-Malaysian approach, the integration of
Islamic thought and environmental education has
significant feasible potential.
4. The potential of the approach are:
i) to develop citizen scientists, who are well-informed
parsons and have potential to participate ecosystem
service management,
ii) to improve the limitation of environmental impact
assessment via strategic environmental assessment,
iii) to enhance integrated regional, watershed, coastal
area, and these of integrated management program,
9
iii) to enhance the Subsidiarity among environmental
education, governmental environmental regulation,
and regional ecosystem service management for
water and water environment
development. Proceedings of the National Academy
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7. Bibliographical introduction
This paper was written by positive participatory open
collaboration. This paper is written via interactive way
between bon a non Muslim person of Dr. Akira and other
Muslim persons. Mr. Musa also non Muslim person and he
contributed to consist this paper. The paper drafting has
started from a phrase that Dr. Akira has pointed with Ms
Eman, N.I., and Narges, J. that is “Nikmat Air dan Nilmat
Alam dari-NYA” (Grace of Water and Grace of Nature are
from God will). Then the sense in Islamic thought was
answered by Mr. Romaidi that was first paragraph and middle
part of 5.3 and first paragraph of 6.3 respectively. This part is
still standard of this paper. Then Mr. Sukarsono has
participated, last paragraph of 6.2, second paragraph of 6.3.
The draft of this paper were distributed to many related
researchers, then Prof. Sumitoro concerned for globalization
of the discussion that is first paragraph of 6.5, then Dr. Akira
wrote 6.5. Ms. Retno also contributed to write for common
condition of Musrin and introduced a story of Maemunah
(Prophet's wife) at last paragraph of section 5.3 that indicates
judiciously utilization of resources. Mr. Dwi contributed on
writing bioindicator that is latter part of section 3.3 and
introduced Islamic story that makes theoretical discussion’s
sense more actual (middle of secton 5.3. Haj Fadil add
information for dogmatic approach as 5.2. Other part of this
paper from introduction to conclusion were written by Dr.
Akira through out web conference. The aspect was
complementation between proposed Islamc thought and
conventional scientific approach towards Integrated coastal
and watershed management via convination of experience
based environmental education and scientific researches.
Then finally, a theoretical model of universal design of
Islamic thought application on integrated ecosystem service
management for water and water environment is considered
as Indonesia-Malaysian approach.
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The use of field studies to establish the performance
11

Foundation:
Exploring Local Society Perspectives on Water Conservation Based on Islam
Concept –Case Study in Some Sub District of Malang, Indonesia
*1) Romaidi and 2)Akira, K
1)
Biology department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim
Malang, Indonesia.
2)
Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Abstract: Islam has prestigious concept in protecting or conserving environment for air, water and land. The concept comes
from the holy Qur’an and Hadith that are rich in proverbs and precepts that speak of the Almighty’s design for creation and
humanity’s responsibility for preserving environment. However, in general, a lot of Muslims on the other hand lack of
knowledge about the thought and the others who already know the concept are also not all apply their understanding in their
daily activities. Hence, this study tried to explore local society’s perspective on water and water environmental conservation
based on Islamic approach. 9 villages were selected for field work in three sub districts of Malang dominated by Muslim
society (90 – 100 %) and have Islamic boarding school. Respondents were classified into three groups. The groups were 1)
general society (GS = 136 respondents), 2) Ustadz/Ustadzah (Islamic teachers: UST = 83 respondents), and (3) Kyai/Ulama’
(Islamic leader: IL = 36 respondents). A questionnaire was designed with questions regarding the respondents’
understanding, attitudes, and their behavior towards water conservation. The result showed that majority of the respondents
(GS, UST and IL) knew about the importance of river water for all aspects of life. UST and IL aware the consequence of
pollution of water is detrimental to the environment, and that is prohibited by Islamic principles. On the other hand, GS had
low awareness about the consequences of polluting river water and its consequence and also Islamic thought. Thereby even
GS knew about the consequence of the polluting attitude of river environment, they did not perform daily practice, and also
they did not know to conserve water and water environment is requested from Islamic instruction. The reason of consequence
insensitive thought was considered that they thought that religious services only involve the five principle of Islam
(Syahadah, Prayer, fasting (Shaum), Giving (Zakat) and Haji (pilgrimage to Mecca). Therefore, it was consequence that
education on the importance of environmental protection from perspective on Islamic principles should be enhanced for
public benefit. In this case study, the significant potential of Islamic leaders (Ustadz or Kyai) to mandate to teach their
followers was stated.
Keywords: Environmental awareness, Environmental education, Weakness of consequence sensitive thought
Islamic doctrine as follow (1) Tawhid (unity), (2)
Khilafa (trusteeship), and (3) akhirah (accountability, or
literally, the hereafter), three central concepts of Islam, are
also the pillars of Islam’s ethic (Hope and Young, 1994).
The protection of water is encouraged, as it is one of the
most precious commodities in the Qur’anic lands and also
Hadiths. It is forbidden to discharge sewage into streams and
rivers. All water wells must be protected by excluding all
potentially contaminating activities around them and no
animals should be kept in close proximity to them (Kula,
2000).
Indonesia is majorly an Islamic nation with world
recognized biodiversity and conservation priorities
(Supriatna et al., 2009). However it is inevitable that in cases
that contradiction occur between Islam religion and diverse
environmental problems. Hence taking example for local
perception on water conservation was measured in this study
on a base of Islamic concept. The study was focused on
Malang, East Java, Indonesia since the consideration that in
1. Introduction
Islam, water is seen as an objective gift of God with no mystic
value attached to it, yet, it is an endeared part of the
environment since it is a God given source of life (Dien,
2009). The word maa’ (water) is used in the Qur’an about 60
times. God said in Holy Qur’an about the importance of
water: 'Do not the disbelievers see that the heavens and the
earth were a closed-upmass, then We opened them out? And
We made from water every living thing. Will they not then
believe?' (Surah Al-Anbiya',21:31).
Islam is a universal religion and has the solution for
every problem of human kind and especially environmental
problem. For many Muslims, citing Qur’an and Hadith is
enough to prove that Islam has always embraced complete
environmental ethics, while others are more critical. Muslim
readily acknowledge that the guidelines are all there in
*: Corresponding author: [email protected],
Gajayana 50 Malang, East Java, Indonesia
12
Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to locations
and personalities.
Sub
District
Village
UST
KY
15
8
4
27
Wonomulyo
15
7
4
26
Wonorejo
15
8
5
28
15
6
3
24
Tulus Besar
15
8
3
26
Bokor
15
11
3
29
Sumberpasir
15
15
5
35
Bunut
15
10
4
29
Pakisjajar
15
10
5
30
135
83
36
254
Poncoku- Poncokusumo
sumo
b) Tumpang
c) Poncokusumo
Tumpang Duwet
c) Poncokusumo
b) Tumpang
a) Pakis
Pakis
500m
500m
500m
Fig. 1. Location mp of field survey (modified from Google map 2012).
Malang region there are a lot of natural water bodies, which
has been used for local peoples’ daily life, where Islamic
followers are the dominant (90 – 100 %). This preliminary
study is intended in order to look for problem statement and
approach to enhance Islamic community’s awareness about
water and all problems related with it.
2. Methods
This study was conducted in nine villages of three
sub-districts of Malang District, East Java, Indonesia. Field
works were performed from September to October 2012.
There were four considerations to select areas for study sites:
1) the locations of the study sites are near from river, 2)
people in the study sites use river or spring water for their
daily activities, 3) dominant people of study sites are
Muslims, and 4) each of study sites has Islamic boarding
school to explore Islamic perception from Islamic leader.
Study sites are along Raya Belung road, where a) Pakis is
semi-urban area of Malang city, c) Poncokusumo is country
side of Malancity, and Tumpang is between these areas
(Figure 1). From each of study sites, three as explained in
Table 1.
It was assumed that respondent’s understanding on
Islamic concept in water protection contributes to attitude of
Islam followers, for example, it was considered the attitude to
dispose out waste to the water e.g. flowing water (river). Then,
the distributions of questionnaires were applied in field
survey. In addition to support the approach, semi-structured
interviews, field observations, and In-depth interview were
proceeded. It was considered the interviews from Islamic
leaders were as key informants in this study via their
perspective on water conservation based on Islamic concepts.
13
Total
GS
a) Pakis
Malang City
Total Respondent
Total
GS = General Society, UST= Ustadz/ Ustadzah (Islamic
teacher); KY= Kyai (Islamic Leader)
The contents of questionnaire include respondents’
understanding, attitudes, and their behavior towards water
conservation.
The questioner was designed by these nine hypothesizes.
Water and water resources have enormous benefits for
humans. Thereby, water was comprehensibly used in
people’s daily life as essential resource, for example, cooking
or all alive or ecosystem benefit of a person. Once responder
recognizethe benefitial properties for the water, the parson do
not dispose some rabish or waste material to river (e.g.
household waste, plastic, etc). If a parson has ever polluted
the water, the experience has particular reason. In this context,
responders anyhow know the consequence of polluted state of
water and river environment. Then if a responder know
Islamic’s rule about water and the consequences of polluting
water, the parson does not degrade water and water
environment. Thereby the rate of awareness of Islam and
water environment is related to educational attainment and
regional characters.
Respondents were classified into three group based on
their understanding on Islamic concept on water
conservation. The three groups are as follow: 1) general
society (GS = 135 respondents). They were farmer, trader,
labour, mother of house, and students, the age were 16 to 62,
58 males and 77 females. 2) ustadz/ustadzah (Islamic teacher)
in Islamic bording school (UST = 83 respondents), and 3)
Kyai/Islamic Leader (KY = 36 respondents). The total
number of respondents were 254. Data were analyzed using
descriptive statistic with Microsoft excel for windows.
most of responder of GS, UST and KY knew about the
consequences of dropping waste on the river, such as
pollution, flooding, and scarcity of water, but were not
concerned enough about the consequences of their daily
attitude.
67 % respondents of GS did not know that Islam teaches
its followers not to drop out all of kinds of waste to the water
even flowing water (river), as this activity was a sin that has
negative effect on others. The concept and 14% were already
enlightened about it. While majority of respondent from UST
and KY knew about the concept, 79% and 100% respectively
(Figure 4). The high level of understanding and attitudes
indicated the majority of respondents for UST and KY
positively correlated with the low level of their abuse to the
environment.
3. Results
3.1. Educational Background of Respondents
All respondents were Muslim. Educational background of
respondents varied for each group (Figure 2). The highest
percentage of educational attainment for GS was elementary
school which was followed by those who had no form of
formal education. Attainment degree of education had
regional trend from urban to countryside that was higher and
lower, respectively. Majority of GS who did not continue
their studies from elementary to higher attainment degree
were located in rural to county side of sub district Tumpang
and Poncokusumo.
Percentages (%)
60
NS
ES
YHS
SHC
B
M
40
20
Ever
Never
27%
79%
100%
73%
0
21%
General society
Ustadz/
ustadzah
Kyai/
Islamc leader
General society
Figure 2. Educational background of respondents (NS: Not
study, ES: Elementary School; YHS = Junior High School;
SHC = Senior High School; B = Bachelor Degree; M =
Master Degree, D = Doctoral Degree).
4. Discussion
4.1. People’s perception
The data from questioner and the information from
semi-structured interviews, field observations, and in-depth
interview with Islamic leaders were used to focus Muslim’s
perspective on water conservation based on Islamic concepts.
The highest percentage of educational attainment of the
USTand KY was senior high school or in higher level
education (Figure 2). Majority of respondent in this study
spent their study in Islamic boarding school who generally
have a perception that Islamic education can improve their
personality in the world and the hereafter. Hereby, it is able to
postulate that the level of their education indicated their
higher awareness on environmental matters among
respondents, and then the educational background reflect
understanding differences on water and ecosystem awareness
among respondents.
On the other hand, students did not continue their study
to high level of education in country side. The significant
factor was considered as economic reason or destitution.
According to the field survey, regional water bodies were
comprehensibly used in people’s daily life. The enormous
benefits of water, and its environment were highly recognized
as 82% for GS (Figure 2). However even most of responders
of GS knew about the consequences of dropping waste on the
river, such as pollution, flooding, and scarcity of water, they
have disposed ravish or waste material to river and spring in
Never
18%
76%
92%
82%
24%
8%
General society
Ustadz/
ustadzah
Kyai/
Islamc leader
Figure 4. Respondent understanding about Islamic concept on
water conservation. The question was “Did you ever know
Islam prohibit their followers to pollute water or use it more
than necessary?”.
3.2. Perspective on Water Conservation
The river and spring provides water used by respondents in all
three villages for drinking, bathing, sanitation needs,
irrigation, additional socio-cultural and religious usages, and
role as comprehensive economic functions.
Ever
Ustadz/
ustadzah
Kyai/
Islamc leader
Figure 3. Percentage of respondent habit on the river. The
question was “Did you ever drop out material to the river or
make something potentially affected river condition?”.
82% of GS respondents were fond of drooping out waste
as the waste disposal habits in dropping out materials
(degradable or un-degradable waste) to the river or spring
water. In contrast, it was 24% for UST, and then only 8 % for
KY were involved in such practices (Figure 3). There was
difference of attributed to their level of education. Besides
14
reality. This is the real situation even responders knows the
consequence and polluted state of water and river
environmental degradation, and also responder knows the
type and meaning of pollution of river, the awareness is
different from real attitude. Due to the nature, there were
actual habits that respondents dropped out their waste directly
to the river or spring water. On the other hand according to
interview, the reasons of the habits were as follows: 1) habit
owing to non-availability of ravish collection system, 2)
insufficient disposal sites around their homes, and 3)
non-consideration on the consequential effect of dropping
waste to the river. Considering the reason of course due to
social problem, however, it is obviously rooting personal
habits.
According to interview, most of GS knew the role of
water that played in sustaining human life. Thus, when better
co-existence between their life and environment (river) is
considered from Islamic thought, it is required to notice that
water is not only beneficiary for their personal daily
consumption, but also essential for other aspects in
environment. When people have a good understanding of
their environment, it need to be sensitive to give another
priority to environment and required to be sensitive with it.
Islamic thought is logical and comprehensive. However
according to the interview, not small number of Muslims
were thinking that religious services in Islam only involves
the five foundational principles of Islam which are Syahadah,
Pray five time every day, fasting (Shaum) in Ramadhan
month, Giving (Zakat) and Haji (pilgrimage to Mecca), and
then their sensewas not consequence sensitive for problems in
their daily life. Considering the context, an optional survey
was tried to do during the field survey with several GS
responders. That were showing some God’s word in holy
Qur’an and Prophet’s word in hadith about Islamic rule in
water protection to the respondents, their response and future
attitude towards water, where majority of respondents
showed commitments to save and not pollute water.
It is indicating the, further enlightenment through
Islamic teachers and leaders was required to teach the ummah
(Islamic followers) about the Islamic rule in water
conservation.
In fact, the purpose of water creation by God is to
facilitate the life of living creatures, especially human beings
on earth (Kula, 2000). In this case, God does not demand
anything from man but an expression of gratitude for the
existence of favors in the form of water. The form of gratitude
that God expected from human is obedience to God as His
creation and willingness to maintain and utilize the favor of
God wisely (Al-Baghawi, 1993).
The Holy Prophet also emphasized every one of us is a
guardian, and will be asked about his subjects. The meaning
of this Hadith that we are not here to conquer nature. We can
use the resources that Allah has created, but we have to be
responsible. We are to treat Allah’s creation with mercy and
gentleness when using them.
To facilitate Muslim in managing nature, Islam has a law
called Sharia. the Shari’a divides human action into
categories: 1.) obligatory actions – Wajib, 2) devotional and
ethical virtues - manditb - those actions a Muslim is
encouraged to perform, 3). Permissible actions - mubah complete freedom of choice, 4). Abominable actions makruh - morally but not legally wrong 5). Prohibited actions
- haram - forbidden by Islam. Every human action will be
rewarded according to its actions, and every act will be held
accountable in hereafter.
One of the prohibited actions (Haram) in this context is
polluting the environment. Human beings are not allowed to
consume and pollute nature carelessly. The prophet (SAW)
warned people when he said: “Be on your guard against three
things which provoke cursing; easing in the watering places,
and on the thoroughfares, and in the shade (of the tree)”.
(Dawud, 1990). The meaning of this Hadith that Prophet
prohibits humans from defecating at places frequented by
others and teaches them that human waste has its specific
place. If it is dropped at unguarded areas, it can cause a health
hazard and can lead to many illnesses (Gallant, 2009).
Based on Hadith above, it is announced that Islam
teaches us to respect the rights of others. If we correlate this
Hadith in this study, considering the number of people that
dropped out their waste to the river and spring. Of course, the
attitudes are contradiction with Islamic teaching, in which the
action is to be removed or to be negated in order to keep the
right of another human’s to access to clean water and healthy
river. In Islam, we call this action as dholim, and this action is
a big sin. Though in absolute Prophet always emphasizes to
his followers (umat) that all people, especially Muslims, are
brothers. In this case, the definition of brothers is the request
for every Muslim to look after each other’s honor and then
protect the rights of other Muslims from acts that would
prevent the negative impact from ofher not informed
Muslims. Therefore, Islam prohibits disposal of waste
directly into the river, especially if the waste disposal is
defined as negative effect, and moreover dangerous for the
safety of other humans.
Another lesson from Hadith explained above is that
Islam has a good concept on hygiene. Hygiene, the usage of
water and sanitation facilities all work together in Islam and
are interdependent (Gallant, 2009). Cleanliness starts with the
individual. The Prophet (SAW) has linked cleanliness with
our beliefs, and as we know, to believe is one the basic
4-2. Islamic approach
Islam has prestigious concept in protecting or conserving
environment for air, water and land. The concept comes from
the holy Qur’an and Hadith that are rich in proverbs and
precepts that speak of the Almighty’s design for creation and
humanity’s responsibility for preserving environment.
According to Islam, the presence of water on the earth is a
manifestation of God's love for all living creatures, especially
for humans. God has glorified human with the presence of
water on Earth. God gives human right to take benefits from
the existence of water as His word:
“And it is He who made the sea to serve you, which you
may eat from it, tender meat, and extract from it
ornaments that you wear. And you see the ships
plowing through it, as you seek His bounties, so that
you may give thanks” (Q.S. An-Nahl, 16: 14).
15
principle in Islam. As it is reported from Ibn Malik Al-‘Ashari
that Prophet (SAW) said: Cleanliness is half of faith (Muslim,
2004).
Islam is also against the extravagant usage of water. This
applies to private use as well as public, and whether the water
is scarce or abundant. This action could be categorized as
Haram action. The Hadith that refer to this instruction was
narrated from Abdullah bin 'Umar (May Allah be well
pleased with both of them), that the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu
alaihi wa sallam) passed by Sa'ad (May Allah be well pleased
with him) when he was performing wudhu. He (Sallallahu
alaihi wa sallam) said: What wastage is this? Sa'ad said: Is
there wastage in wudhu also? The Holy Prophet (Sallallahu
alaihi wa sallam) said: Yes, even if you are at a flowing river
(Ahmad, 2000). In the another Hadith, the Holy
Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said: wasting water and
using it more than necessary has been declared Makruh
(Undesirable) (Majah, 1975).
Even makruh in this context is lighter than prohibition
(haram) context, but there are Quranic verses that explain the
prohibition to use water more than necessary or we called this
action as Mubazir. God said in Holy Quran: The Qur'an states
(17:27): Verily, the extravagant are brothers of devils, and
devil is ungrateful to his Lord. Based on this surah, using
water than necessary is a sign of ungratefulness towards God.
All Muslim must obey this direction.
Another note according to Islamic scholars, the reason
why this type of behavior has been discouraged in Islam is
that it would lead to the development of a wasteful outlook
towards the gifts of nature. In the light of Hadith from Ahmad
(2000), excessive use of world non-renewable resources such
as fossil fuels, even by those who can well afford it, is totally
out of line with Islamic teaching (Kula, 2000; Hussain, 2007).
All of God’s words and Prophet’s words showed that
Islam has complicated rule in water conservation. We argued
that lack of social understanding of the Islamic teaching to
protect water is the negative effect, which is anyhow caused
by community leaders (or Islamic leader).
In this study, people in the three sub districts in Malang
East Java, Indonesia were one petticular area that retains the
traditional social system. Mangunjaya and Abbas (2007)
stated that Indonesian Muslim hold tradition and even
Javanese society system, Ustadz and Kyai are the central
figure of the most followed orders and fatwa in a local
society. Thereby the Islamic leader (Kyai and Ustadz) has
been a more respected figure within the religious scholars,
even when compared with the figure of the head of a village.
The World Bank Faith and Environment Initiative
(2005) stated that religious leaders (Islamic leader) can play a
role in influencing peoples’ perspectives on water
conservation in three ways: 1) They can teach about the
environment and natural systems upon which life depends; 2)
They can provide active leadership in initiating practical
conservation projects; and 3) They can seek to persuade their
members that each individual has a moral obligation to
contribute in some way to conservation, and can provide
guidance on how to pursue conservation objectives. Based on
these reason, optimizing the role of Islamic leaders in
changing the mindset of the people in the conservation of
water absolutely has significant role that must be done in
order to improve water quality and quantity today and in the
future. By this case study, the importance of consequence
sensitive Islamic thought has stated for water and water
environmental matter by the potential role of Islamic leaders.
5. Conclusion
Majority of the respondents already knew about the
importance of water for all aspects of life. UST and IL were
aware that pollute water detrimental to the environment and
prohibited by Islamic principles. However, the GS still have a
low level of awareness about the consequences of polluting
river water, as well as, the problem definition in Islam.
Although some respondent of GS knew about the
consequence of polluting river, they do not practice Islamic
instruction because they think that religious services only
involve the five principles of Islam (Syahadah, Pray, fasting
(Shaum), Giving (Zakat) and Haji (pilgrimage to Mecca).
Optimizing Islamic leader to enhance general society to is
considered as key to establish better environment awareness
among GS in the future.
6. Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to K.H. Mustari (Gubug Klakah), K.H.
Abdullah Hasan (Al-Ittihad), K.H. Ahmad Jazuli, K.H. A.
Turmudzi, M.Ag (Chief of Islamic Boarding School
association of Malang District), K.H. Imam Ahmad, K.H.
Mat Badri, K.H. Ardi (Sumber Pasir) and for all Kyai and
Ustadz/Ustadzah in sampling village for their sharing in
Islamic concept on water conservation. We are also grateful
to member of Remaja Masjid Baitul Muttaqin and Masjid
Jami’ Tumpang, Jamaah Majlis Maulid Wat Ta’lim Riyadlul
Jannah Kordes Wonorejo, Korwil Poncokusumo and Pakis
for their help in distributing questionnaire and also all
respondents in this research.
7. References
Ahmad. 2000. Musnad Imam Ahmad bin Hambal. Daar El
Fikr. Beirut. Libanon.
Al-Baghawi. 1993. Al-Tafsir al-Baghawi al-Musamma
al-Ma’allim al-Tanzil. Daar al-Kutub al-Ilmiah.
Beirut-Libanon.
Bukhari. 1987. Shahih Al-Bukhari. Daar Ibn Kathir. Beirut.
Libanon
Dawud, A.S, 1990. Sunan Abi Dawud, al-Maktabah
al-'Ashriyah, Beirut.
Dien, M.I. 2009. Cleanliness and Islam. In: Conference on
Faith Water, Alliance of Religion and Conservation.
Sarum College, UK. July 5th- 7th 2009. Pp 59-61.
Gallant, M.R. 2009. Water Conservation, Sanitation and
Hygiene in Islam. In: Conference on Faith Water,
Alliance of Religion and Conservation. Sarum College,
UK. July 5th- 7th 2009. pp 51-55.
Hope, M. and Young, J. Islam and ecology. Cross Currents;
Summer 1994; 44, 2. ProQuest Religion pg. 180-192.
Hussain, M. 2007. Islam and Climate Change: Perspectives
& Engagement. http://www.wisdominnature.org.
uk/Resources/reading.htm.
Kula, E. 2000. Islam and environmental conservation.
Environmental Conservation 28 (1): 1–9.
16
Majah, I. 1975. Sunan Ibn Majah. Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Arabi.
Mangunjaya, F.M. and Abbas, A.S. 2007. Khasanah Alam:
Menggali Tradisi Islam untuk Konservasi. Yayasan
Obor Indonesia. Jakarta.
Muslim. 2004. Shahih Al-Muslim. Daar El Fikr. Beirut.
Libanon.
Supriatna, J., Mangunnjaya, F., Arisona J., and
Perbatakusuma, E. 2009. Water and Spritual Life in
Batang Gadis National Park. In: Conference on Faith
Water, Alliance of Religion and Conservation. Sarum
College, UK. July 5th- 7th 2009. pp 56-58.
The World Bank Faith and Environment Initiative.
2005. Islamic Boarding Schools and Conservation. The
World Bank.
17
Foundation:
Local People’s Perceptions Towards Arthropod Diversity Conservation In
East Java
Amin Setyo Leksono1, 2, Bagyo Yanuwiadi1, 2,
Fujianor Maulana2, Budi Purwantiningsih2 dan Frank Leonardo Apituley2
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang, Indonesia 65145.
2
Graduate School, University of Brawijaya, Jl. MT Haryono 169 Malang, Indonesia 65145.
email [email protected]
Abstract: Social surveys on local people have been conducted to observe the local people’s perception towards
Arthropod diversity conservation in several farming areas in East Java. Surveys were conducted in 2010 and 2011 in
Madiun, Jember, and two locations in Malang. The first two study sites are locations of konjac farms, while the second
are location of two apple farms. In each study site, 20 respondents were selected by snow ball method. Data were
collected by using a questionnaire survey and group discussion. In Madiun and Jember, local farmers were asked about
perception on the role of soil Arthropods and its conservation. Furthermore, in two locations in Malang local farmers
were asked about their perception on the role of canopy Arthropods and its conservation. Validity and reliability of
questionnaire was tested prior to surveys. Data were analyzed descriptively using Likert scale. Result showed that in
most local people knowledge and perception were low. In Madiun, the level of local people’s knowledge was 20%
(low), 65% (neutral) and 15% (high). Those in Jember was 2.5% (very low), 15% (low), 67.5% (neutral), 7.5% (high)
and 7.5% (very high). In two study sites in Malang, local people’s perception on the role of canopy Arthropods and its
conservation was in the low category. In Malang 1, the level of local people’s knowledge was 5% (very low), 75%
(low), 10% (high) and 10% (very high). That in Malang 2 was 5% (very low), 70% (low), 15% (high) and 10% (very
high). Although most respondents had limited knowledge about Arthropods, they had a positive attitude towards the
role of Arthropod. This survey revealed that low level of local people’s behaviour to conserve Arthropod was associated
with level of education and practice of intensive farming systems.
Keywords: Apple farm, Canopy Arthropod, Konjac Farms, Local People’s Perception, and Soil Arthropod.

konjac cultivation. There is evidence that cultivation of
konjac helps prevent illegal logging and the occurrence of
forest fire (Santoso et al., 2003).
The other factor that affected Arthropod
communities was intensive agricultural practices. Several
situations associated with modern agriculture make farms
poor habitat for a number of pollinators, and many
agricultural practices impact directly or indirectly pollinator
populations (Kremen et al. 2002). Honey bees are among
groups that are susceptible to intensification of apple farming
such as application of pesticides.
Several studies have shown that many agricultural
crops and natural plant populations are dependent on the
services provided by wild, unmanaged pollinator
communities (Kluser and Peduzzi, 2007). However, study of
1. Introduction
Habitat destruction and fragmentation, introduced species
and afforestation are major problems in tropical region. These
problems seem to have serious impact on Arthropod
communities and diversity (Chey et al., 1998; Floren and
Linsenmair, 2003). East Java is located in equatorial tropics
where examples of rapid destruction of forest occurred even
in mountainous areas (Abdulhadi et al., 1998, Leksono et al.,
2005, Leksono et al., 2008). This situation is frequently
associated with intensive agricultural practices (Leksono et
al., 2005).
A new strategy to solve forest and habitat
destruction problems is to develop community conservation
(Infield and Namara, 2001). This approach seeks to
accommodate local peoples' needs and aspirations by
empowering them, promoting their active participation in
local resource management, and improving their economic
welfare (Infield and Namara, 2001; Mehta and Heinen, 2001).
In Indonesia, there are several government programs
particularly in association with development of local people
(Dephutbun, 2010). Based on this scheme, local people are
involved in the management of agroforestry system based on
local people’s perception on pollinators in cultivation of trees
especially in apple crop is few (e.g. Hong, et al, 1989; Raj, et al.,
2012).
Many factors influence the perceptions of the local
people towards conservation program. These include the
degree of awareness of protected areas existence, the level of
education and geographical origin (McClanahan, et al., 2005,
Vodouhê, et al., 2010), the reference to future generation
(Bauer, 2003) and the gender and ethnicity (Mehta and
Heinen, 2001). The understanding of all these factors is
important to improve the relationship between local residents
*: Corresponding author: [email protected]
Jl. MT Haryono 169 Malang, Indonesia 65145.
18
and protected areas and will improve people awareness about
biodiversity conservation within these areas.
Konjac’s powder is important agricultural product to
supply East Asia market demand, while apple is the major
fruit of the Malang accounting for more than 50% of total
fruit production in this area. However, during the last four
years, the production of apple per trees has decreased in spite
of increased effort in apple cultivation. Recently, efforts for
changed strategies to look for other possible practices in
agricultural systems for increasing crop production in East
Java have become concerted, and data of local people’s
perceptions are substantial for management plan. This survey
was conducted to observe the local people’s perception
toward Arthropod diversity conservation in several farming
areas in East Java.
Fig. 1. Level of local people’s knowledge on the role and
diversity of soil Arthropods in Madiun and Jember.
2. Methods
Surveys were conducted in 2010 and 2011 in Madiun and
Jember, while in two locations in Malang. First site located in
Madiun, a hilly land in East Java (743'S, 11137'E, 350 m in
altitude). The area is an agroforestry system based on
Enterolobium sp. plant as canopy tree and konjac cultivation
(Amorphophalus muelleri) in forest floor. Second site located
in Jember (806'S; 11390'E, 400 m in altitude). The area is
cultivated standing trees of Paraserientes falcataria combine
with konjac cultivation in understory. The third and fourth
sites are located in Malang 1 and Malang 2. These two
locations in Malang were situated in adjacent villages. The
areas are apple crop as canopy trees.
In each study site, 20 respondents were selected by
snow ball method. In Madiun and Jember, local farmers were
asked about their perception on the role of soil Arthropods
and its conservation. In two locations in Malang local farmers
were asked about their perception on the role of canopy
Arthropods and its conservation. Validity and reliability of
questionnaire was tested prior to surveys. Data were analyzed
descriptively.
The local people in both locations were aware about
the role of soil Arthropod in agroecosystem. In Madiun, the
level of local people’s attitude toward soil Arthropods
conservation was 65% (high) and 35% (very high). That in
Jember was 25% (low), 50% (neutral), 10% (high) and 15%
(very high) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Level of local people’s attitude on the role and
diversity of soil Arthropods in Madiun and Jember.
3. Results And Discussion
Knowledge of people in Madiun and Jember was considered
neutral. In Madiun, the level of local people’s knowledge was
20% (low), 65% (neutral) and 15% (high). Those in Jember
were 2.5% (very low), 15% (low), 67.5% (neutral), 7.5%
(high) and 7.5% (very high) (Fig. 1).
Results showed that level of behaviour of local
people’s to conserve soil Arthropods was low or neutral. In
Madiun, the level of local people’s behaviour was 85% (low)
and 15% (neutral). That in Jember was 25% (low), 50%
(neutral), 10% (high) and 15% (very high) (Fig. 3).
19
Fig. 3. Level of local people’s behaviour on the conservation
of soil Arthropods in Madiun and Jember.
Fig. 5. Level of local people’s attitude on the role and
diversity of soil Arthropods in Malang 1 and Malang 2.
In two study sites in Malang, local people’s
perception on the role of canopy Arthropods and its
conservation was in the low category. In Malang 1, the level
of local people knowledge was 5% (very low), 75% (low),
10% (high) and 10% (very high). That in Malang 2 was 5%
(very low), 70% (low), 15% (high) and 10% (very high) (Fig.
4).
The level of behaviour of local people to conserve
soil Arthropods in both study sites in Malang was low or
neutral. In Malang 1, the level of local people’s behaviour
was 80% (low) and 20% (neutral). That in Malang 2 was
75% (low), 15% (neutral), 5% (high) and 5% (very high) (Fig.
6).
Fig. 6. Level of local people’s behaviour on the conservation
of soil Arthropods in Malang 1 and Malang 2.
Several situations were associated with the local
people’s perception towards environmental conservation
education, gender, residence location, household size and
acreage of land owned (Xu et al., 2006). In our study the
substantial factor was the education. It is very important in
shaping the local people’s knowledge and perception. Our
study showed that the level of education of the local people
affected their knowledge on the role and diversity of
Arthropods. Most farmers had low formal education level.
Forty percent (40%) of those in Madiun had graduated from
elementary school, while those of Jember were 45%. Similar
situation was found in Malang. In Malang 1, 55% local
people had graduated from elementary school, while in
Malang 2, 60% had passed through elementary school. The
level of education has increased participation of local
community to conserve environment (McClanahan, et al.,
2005, Vodouhê, et al., 2010).
Awareness of local people on the role and diversity
of Arthropods in Jember was better than those in Madiun.
Fig. 4. Level of local people’s knowledge on the role and
diversity of soil Arthropods in Malang 1 and Malang 2.
The local people in both locations were aware about the role
of soil Arthropod in agroecosystem. In Malang 1, the level of
local people’s attitude was 20% (low), 20% (neutral) and
60% (high). That in Malang 2 was 55% (low), 25% (neutral)
and 20% (high) (Fig. 5).
20
Local people in Malang were aware about the role of several
canopy Arthropods such as bees and flies as pollinators.
Similar to the knowledge, awareness also associated with
perception and knowledge.
In all study sites, our interview and observations
showed that local people did not act to conserve the
Arthropods. In contrast to their attitude on the role and
diversity of Arthropods, local people practiced more intensive
agricultural practices that frequently harm the canopy
Arthropods, by such practices as the use of several herbicides
and insecticides.
Based on this situation, our study suggested several
recommendations to local people in Madiun and Jember.
First, effort to raise local people’s knowledge and
understanding should be initiated by government and scholars
through intensive community service and field school on
integrated pest management. Secondly, local people have to
manage their land with the use of more environmentally
friendly herbicides or insecticides such as using botanical
substance. Third, local people should be concerned about the
effect of intensive agricultural system on the non target
organisms.
Floren, A. & Linsenmair, K.E. How do beetle assemblages
respond to anthropogenic disturbance? In Basset, Y.,
Novotny, V., Miller, S.E., & Kitching, R.L. (eds.)
Arthropods of Tropical Forests, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge. 2003. pp. 190-197.
Hong, K.J., Lee, S.H., and Choi, K.M., Flower visiting
insects on the flowers of pear, peach and apple trees in
Suwon. Korean. J. Apic., 4. 1989, 16-24.
Infield, M., Namara, A., Community attitudes and behaviour
towards conservation: an assessment of a community
conservation programme around LakeMburo National
Park, Uganda. Oryx 35 (1), 2001. 48–60.
Kluser S. and Peduzzi, P., Global Pollinator Decline: A
Literature Review”, UNEP/GRID Europe, UNEP.
2007.
Leksono, A.S., Nakagoshi, N., and Isagi, Y. The effect of
forest disturbance on flying insect assemblages in
Trawas, East Java. Tropics, 14, 2005, 335-343.
Leksono, A. S., Penatagama Z. dan Rahardi, b. Pemetaan
vegetasi pepohonan dan serangga kanopi di kawasan
konservasi sekitar desa Ranupani, Kab. Lumajang.
Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati 2008.
McClanahan, T., Davies, J., Maina, J., Factors influencing
resource users and managers' perceptions towards
marine protected area management in Kenya.
Environmental Conservation 32, 2005, 42–49.
Mehta, J.N., Heinen, J.T., Does community-based
conservation shape favorable attitudes among locals?
An empirical study fromNepal. Environmental
Management 28, 2001, 165–177.
Raj, H., Mattu V.K., and Thakur M.L. Pollinator diversity
and relative abundance of insect visitors on apple crop
in Shimla Hills of Western Himalaya, India I.J.S.N., 3,
3, 2012, 507-513
Santoso E, Sugiyama N, Hikosaka S, Kawabata S.
Cultivation of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume in
Timber Forests of East Java, Indonesia. Japanese
Journal of Tropical Agriculture 2003 47: 190-197.
Vodouhe, F.G., Coulibaly, O., Adegbidi, A., Sinsin, B.
Community perception of biodiversity conservation
within the protected areas of Benin. Forest Policy and
Economics 12, 7, 2010, 505-512.
Xu, J., L. Chen, Y. Lu, and B. Fu. Local people's perceptions
as decision support for protected area management in
Wolong Biosphere Reserve, China. Journal of
Environmental Management: 78, 4, March 2006, Pp.
362–372.
4. Conclusion
Local people’s knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards
Arthropod diversity conservation in several farming areas in
East Java were low. In all study sites, this study observed that
practice of intensive agricultural system was high. The level
of education affected the knowledge, attitude and behaviour
of local people, therefore it is crucial to raise the local
people’s knowledge by intensive community service and field
school on integrated pest management.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to Head of Research and
Public Service Institute, University of Brawijaya. We are
indebted to the Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences, Head of Department of Biology, Head of Perum
Perhutani II, East Java and local farmers in Malang. This
project was supported by the I-MHERE and Fundamental
Research Grants, Directorate of Research and Public Service,
Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of
National Education
6. References
Abdulhadi R., Srijanto A. & Kartawinata K. Forest
Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modelling:
Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies.
1998. UNESCO, Paris and the Parthenon Publ. New
York.
Bauer, H., Local perceptions of Waza National Park,
northern Cameroon. Environmental Conservation 30
(2), 2003. 175–181.
Chey, VK., Holloway, JD., Hambler, C., & Speight, MR.
1998. Canopy knockdown of arthropods in exotic
plantation and natural forest in Sabah, north-east
Borneo, using A., and K. E. insecticidal mist-blowing.
Bulletin of Entomological Research 88: 15-24.
21
Foundation:
Booklet with Easy-to-use water quality test kit as a significant water
environmental educational device
*1)Akira, K., 1)Song, X,D., 1)Nor Eman, I., 1) Musa, M., and 1)Narges, J.,
2)
1)
Sri, W.M.K., 1)Supiah, S., 1)Aznah, 1) Maketab M, and 1)Zulkifli, Y.
Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management, Water Research Alliance,
Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2)
Faculty of Education, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
Abstract: Easy-to-use water quality test kits are interesting, and have ever considered as effective tool for
water-environmental educations. The cause is summarized, as the tool let students participates water quality
experiments onsite providing water quality data within short time frame. It enables real time discussion and own
knowledge body developed at individual and group level, respectively. A Japanese product Pack Test is one of the most
professional easy-to-use water quality test kit, indicated by low cost, everyone can use, onsite immediate methods, non
toxic and disposable. Hence, a packaged device was designed for environmental education by Pack Test. The objective
of this paper is to examine the novel educational devise taking example of water environmental awareness program at
Putrajaya lake side on 20 October 2012. Participatory observation and questionnaire survey was performed. 68
secondary school students and facilitator of 44 University students were attended. In the program, COD, nitrate
nitrogen, ammonical nitrogen were measured by Pack Test. Because the Pack Test is new tool in Malaysia, 100% of
facilitators have never used it before. Facilitators agreed the educational devise, namely flyer with easy-to-use water
quality test kit: i) showed good for performance on water quality detection (92.7%), water quality level classification
(87.8 %), fun to use (90.2 %), easy-to-use (61%), encourage self motivated experiment (75.6%), and establishment
effective water quality information (75.6 %), ii) is easy to get skill (95.1 %), and practically for education for secondary
school students, iii) possibility to produce student-self motivated experiment (73%), iv) can combine site observation,
water quality analysis, and result consideration as one activity (83 %). The problem need to be solved was needs to give
enough instruction to the facilitator, teacher training is the very important point and critical in such a ‘citizen scientist’
scheduling. In fact, Pack Test is not really accurate as the sensitive laboratory instruments, but Pack Test can create the
other pathway toward the encouragement of ‘citizen scientist’ who are well-informed persons and have potential to
participate environmental management.
Keywords: Awareness, Citizen Scientist, Experience, Pack Test, Water Quality

students participates water quality experiments onsite and
provide water quality data within short time frame (Kikuchi et
al. 2010). It enables student’s real time discussion with team
member, and possible to consequence own knowledge
generation (Faiz 2011), and the application has potential
simultaneous
regional
participative
environmental
monitoring as its unique function (Kikuchi et al. 2010).
Therefore, we take notice one of the most significant
simplify water quality test kit, namely, Pack Test (Kikuchi et
al. 2010). The significance of Pack Test were stated that
particular designing for on-site water quality monitoring, that
is suitable for participative environmental education, and
other grass-rooted environmental activities (Kikuchi 2010).
Pack Test is originally has been developed as professional
self-management tool for process management engineers of
factory effluent and environmental monitoring. As for
Japanese case, The Pack Test took an initial roll to overcome
the hardship of environmental monitoring after the water
pollution control law firstly enforced in 1971. Then the usage
of Pack Test has gradually been expanded through
1. Introduction
Once we consider goals of environmental education, world
wide general consensus is summarized into six points as
awareness, knowledge, attitude, skills, and self motivated
participation (UN 1972; UNESCO 1977). In the sense, the
pith of environmental education is self learning ability. From
learner-centered practices in educational contexts, it can
provide insights into experience base learning from
learner-centered principles (Mc Combs, 2003). This, so
called, e-learning has been defined as “the use of information
and communications technology to support learning (Usoro
& Abid, 2008). In a water-environmental education,
applications of simplified water quality test kits are
interesting and ever considered to be effective (Kikuchi et al.
2010; Faiz 2011). The cause is summarized, as the tool let
[email protected], 81310-Johor, Malaysia.
22
participatory water quality monitoring in public and
educational sectors since 1980s. Regarding the context,
Kikuchi et al (2010) suggested to introduce this tool to
Malaysia, Indonesia and other South-eastern Asian countries.
By this means, a function of Pack Test was supposed due to
the capacity for anybody participates in water environmental
monitoring in which all field observation, data generation,
problem awareness, potential solution consideration can be
united onsite, in this paper.
Because of the background, we assumed application of
Pack Test for networked water environmental education that
individually has meaning as water environmental awareness
program, moreover it has another meaning in total as what is
simultaneous large scale regional water quality monitoring.
Hence, a packaged environmental educational device was
designed by Pack Test application, and then taking example
in an environmental water awareness program, it was
examined in this paper.
protecting water resources by engaging citizens to conduct
basic monitoring of their local water bodies. In this water
awareness program Pack Test was chosen as a water quality
checking kit. I n the workshop, Putrajaya maritime centre
jetty was chosen for sampling location. One of an author Mr.
Song has attended as a staff of a water awareness program
2012 and proceeded with the participant observation.
2.3. Questionnaire
A questionnaire (Appendix 1) was applied to examine
facilitator’s observation for the effectiveness of Pack Test in
this workshop. The questionnaire was consisted by following
assumption and hypothesis. It was assumed sufficient teacher
training for water environmental awareness program. Then, it
was hypothesized A easy-to-use water quality check kit,
namely Pack Test can be use by only short time practice
before program for facilitators (UTM students). A self
motivated field survey for students is possible to be produced,
and it is enjoyable activity for both of teachers and students.
The function of Pack Test in the workshop is to unite site
observation, water quality analysis, and result consideration
as a whole. Water quality level was possible to categorize by
pre-set criteria. It will be concluded that, students centralized
experience based environmental awareness program is
effectively provided to students by Pack Test.
2. Methods
2.1. Pack Test
Pack Test (Kyoritsu Chemical-Check Lab. Corporation) is
characterized as easy-to-use, small, quick results, low cost,
and onsite, has been helping the engineers for water quality
monitoring (Kikuchi et al. 2010). It is a professional-use tool,
which can be used at anywhere anybody without any
laboratory facilities. On the other hand, because of the
particular character, this tool has been used from elementary
school students. There are more than 60 parameters in total,
such as, phosphate, pH, heavy metals, and etc. (Kikuchi et al.
2010). There were 68 secondary school students and 43
students of faculty of civil engineering, UTM, were worked
as facilitators. Ten groups were arranged. Pack Test for COD,
Total Hardness, NO3- and NH4+ were selected for PutraJaya
water awareness program.
2.4 Booklet and flyer
Applying same onsite water quality analysis, Faiz (2011)
compared two workshops with the difference of rate of
guidance to students, and then the importance of sufficient
guidance was concluded. Accordingly, as packaged
educational device “Booklet/flyer with easy-to-use water
quality test kit” was designed. A booklet was prepared to
facilitators of each group, and then a flyer of summery of the
booklet is prepared for all the students (appendix 2). The
front page of the flyer was introduction of the site, instruction
for easy-to-use water quality test kit, and simple water level
criteria for the focused water quality parameter. Back page
was explanation of meaning of the activity from two aspects.
One was from ordinary simple scientific explanation. The
other was explanation from Sufism (a category of Islamic
study) that realized informed participatory approach from
Islamic thought.
2.2. Experimental
A water awareness programme 2012 in conjunction with
Varsity Boat Race 2012, was organized by Ministry of Higher
Education cooperated with Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM). Water research alliance of UTM was given the
responsibility of fully conducting this program in
collaboration with Perbadanan Putrajaya (Environment, Lake
and Wetland Section) and Coastal Zone and River Basin
Management Division of Department of Irrigation and
Drainage.
The workshop was held at Putrajaya lake side on 20
October 2012. 68 secondary school students and facilitator of
43 University students were attended. As an experimenter,
Mr. Song had proceeded the participatory observation in the
workshop. It was an environmental education program that
targeted to build public awareness and involvement in
2.5. Water quality level criteria
25mg/L of COD was chosen as tentative criterion. According
to river classification and interim national water quality
standard Malaysia, COD value that less that less than 25 mg/L
is sufficient for recreational use with body contact, and
sensitive aquatic species can life survive. Following same
reason, 0.3 mg/L of ammoniacal nitrogen and 1.0 mg/L
nitrate nitrogen was chosen for tentative criterion,
Table 1. Result of water quality analysis by Pack Test.
Parameter
Unit
G1
G2
G3
G4
Ammonical ntrogen
mg/l
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
Nitrate nitrogen
mg/l
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
COD
mg/l
22
NA
20
NA
NA: not analized, G: group, COD: chemical oxgen demand.
23
G5
0.2
0.5
NA
G6
0.3
0.1
25
G7
1
0.2
NA
G8
1
0.2
NA
G9
0.6
0.1
25
G10
1
0.1
NA
respectively. According to recommended raw water quality
limits Malaysia, less than 1.0 mg/L is sufficient quality for
raw water quality. Then considering the toxicity, 20 mg/L
was chosen for criterion (which parameter?). Then in order to
make data interpretation simple, water quality level were
classified into good (ammonical nitrogen: < 0.3, nitrate
nitrogen: < 1.0, COD: < 25), bad (ammoniacal nitrogen: ＞
0.3 <, nitrate nitrogen: ＞1.0 <, COD: ＞25 <), and toxic
(nitrate nitrogen: ＞20 <).
before (Q4). After the program, 92.7 % facilitators agreed,
students in their group could detect water quality by Pack
Test (Q6). 87.8 % of facilitator observed, students could
classify water quality level by pre-set criteria (Fig. 1) in the
group activity (Q10). 90.2 % of facilitator observed students
enjoyed water quality analysis by Pack Test in the field
activity (Q8). According to comment with the questionnaire
(Q8), students were interested in test the water quality by
Pack Test very well, and they excited to know such an easy
Fig. 1. Result of Questionnaire
method to determine the water quality. Other facilitators
reported students did enjoy, but the perid of doing the test was
short, everything was in rush. There was some confusion, as
reported some students shake Pack Test during all the
reaction time and the felt quite boring that is
misunderstanding of usage for both facilitator and students. In
addition, some students seemed confused because different
indicator had different result obtained. As for the difficulty,
61% of facilitator observed students did not faced difficulties
during they using the Pack Test (Q7), so that there were 39%
of facilitator found that some of the students have difficulties
while they were using pack-test. According to the comments
from instructors (Q7), students confused when to squeeze the
test tube and when to release the pressure to suck up water
inside the Pack Test, and when chemical inside the tube ran
out, it was hard to suck water into the tube.
For the attitude of students, 75.6% of facilitator
observed, students in their group have motivated themselves
to do field experiment by Pack Test (Q12), especially when
the color of pack-test start to change due to the effect of water.
It was fact, a facilitator commented that it was not everyone,
someone are interested enough to learn. 75.6 % of facilitator
agreed Pack Test provided effective water quality
information to students (Q13). About this point, a facilitator
thought that it depends on the teacher or the group members,
and other instructor thought that Pack Test was enough for
3. Results
3.1. Water Quality
Result of COD were 20 to 25mg/L, because of time limitation
six groups did not measure COD. Result of ammoniacal
nitrogen was 0.2 to 1mg/L in which trend, dominant were
higher than 0.3 mg/L. For the Nitrate nitrogen, the result were
0.1 to 0.5 mg/L, comparing to water quality level criteria, the
water was never toxic and categorized as good in nitrate
nitrogen. For the organic molecule contamination that is
indicated by COD, and ammoniacal nitrogen, the water
quality level were nearly bad, were being bad, respectively.
These result has indicated the water quality of Putrajaya Lake
was not really good, and mostly bad condition for recreational
use with body contact, though still sufficient habitat for
sensitive aquatic species.
3.2. Questionnaire
41 facilitators answered to the questioner. They were students
from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, who are 16 females and
25 males answered the questionnaire (Q1, Q2). The ages of
students were between 21 and 23 (Q3). According to the
questionnaire, facilitators thought Ptrajaya lake water was
clean enough to drinking (10.2%), body touch with water
(46%), enjoy lake side activity/boat (44%), none of them
agree with enjoy only scenery (Q5). According to the
questionnaire, 100% of facilitators have never used Pack Test
24
such a experiment. Then, 95.1 % of facilitator agreed that it
was easy to get skill on how to use Pack Test by short time
experience, and it is practical to apply in experience-based
environmental education for secondary school students (Q11).
A facilitator commented that students applied basic
knowledge in biology and science subject. 73% of facilitator
agreed easy-to-use water quality test kit (e.g. Pack Test) can
produce student-self motivated experiment, instead of only
teacher operate the analytical instrument which is common in
the school lab (Q14). Instructors answered about the function
of Pack Test that 83 % of facilitator agreed the pack test can
combine site observation, water quality analysis, and result
consideration as a whole in this water awareness program
(Q15).
Summarizing free comment from facilitators the
characters of pack test and perspective to improve application
programs are illustrated. Comments were: everything is ok,
convenient, and nice were simple definition for Pack Test.
More than such simple definition, Pack Test was defined as
simple, quite convenient for in-situ test, easy to determine the
quality of water and portable, faster to conduct water quality
experiment. Regarding user, Pack Test was defined as easy
for onsite water quality test kit that can be used by secondary
students. A facilitator thought, the potential application for
this program is good and especially not cost a lot of money. In
other comment, it was thought, Pack Test is interesting, we
should widen the usage to public and industry, in order to
educate people. For the usage of water quality survey, Pack
Test is defined as suitable to use in different types of water, so
we can easily determine the categories of the water need to
make it more accurate by using the small scale and it can be
used widely since it's very simple for initial prediction of
water quality. As a potential benefit, it was commented that
Pack Test could make an early prediction as the chemical
testing for the sewage. For the notion of introduction, it was
defined that Pack Test is suitable to be use during awareness
program, because the student can easily learn how to use it.
The potential applicability to environmental education in
school was also commented that the Pack Test can be applied
starting from student in school because they can aware about
cleanness of water around them. For the further application, it
was commented that Pack Test is an effective chemical test,
however sometimes water cannot be determined by
physically only. It needs this test and biological test to
confirm the usage. As a suggestion, it was commented that
there are a lot of type of ion selective Pack Test are provided
so every single student in environmental awareness program
can have experience in it. The result of Pack Test was defined
as understandable for the secondary students. It was
commented that Pack Test is more than enough to make this
awareness program, such program will more and more effect
of water to our daily life.
There were also some considerable comments. From the
consideration of accuracy, it was commented that Pack Test
actually is quite user-friendly and suitable for public uses in
determine the quality of water before detail analysis is use for
advance tests. Besides, it was commented that Pack Test
analysis should be applied for several times on same samples.
As for application of Pack Test in water awareness program,
25
the importance of introduction and ability of facilitator are
thought. It was commented that facilitator only know the
function of the pack test but they don't know how those three
parameters related to water quality or water pollution. not
really accurate, don't know the exact value of concentration. It
need some further explanation about getting results from pack
test. According to one of the author’s observation, the
instructors’ guidance and support were not fully sufficient in
this workshop. Due to the circumstance, there were some
negative comments. As for a physical structure, it was
commented chemical inside the pack test can easily come out
since it is too small in size. The result might be influenced by
some factor such as the water takes inside Pack Test is too
much or the inside chemical leaked out, and the result might
be influence because of parallax error. Pack Test itself is
good, but it is not provide effective result to get the
information for the quality of the water.
4. Discussion
4.1 Significant Function of Pack Test
According to the questionnaire 83% of the participants agreed
that pack test was a tool which could combine site
observation, water quality analysis, and result consideration
as one activity in this water awareness program. In the
procedure, application of Pack Test could produce students
enjoyed water quality analysis, which had been observed by
90.2 % of facilitators during field activity. According to
facilitators profess students activity was enjoyable and full of
fun. Students were interested in their field activity and willing
to try out experiment. 90.2 % of facilitator observed students
rejoiced in water quality analysis by Pack Test throughout
field survey. For example, when the color of Pack Test start to
change due to the ion selective coloring reaction process,
students were motivated themselves to do field experiment
that was 75.6% of facilitator observed.
We have chosen Pack Test as one of the most
easy-to-use water quality test kit (Kikuchi et al. 2012),
indicated by particular characters, such as: being convenient,
everyone can use, onsite immediate methods, non toxic and
disposable. In this workshop, we had provided booklets to
facilitators and a flyers which is the summary of booklet
(Appendix 2) to students. It explains the importance of water
quality measurements, simple manual to use Pack Test,
simple water level criteria for water quality data
categorization, and massages to aid student’s understanding
for the result. According to the questionnaire, 100% of
facilitators have never used Pack Test before. Even though,
92.7 %facilitators agreed that water quality could be detected
by Pack Test via secondary student’s field experiment. Then,
due to the questionnaire, 87.8% of the facilitators agreed that
students in their group could classify water quality level by
Pack Test using the flyers in their group activity. Besides,
61% of facilitators observed that students did not faced
difficulties during using the Pack Test, However it is also a
fact, 39% of facilitator found that some of the students have
difficulties while they are using pack-test. The problem was
considered because of insufficient guidance and support from
instructors.
According to author’s observation, Pack Test has
particular easy-to-use character. Even though, it was
necessary to give step-by-step instructions to facilitators and
then students during introducing process of Pack Test. It is
indicating that although the pack test is very easy to operate
but we need to admit that few number of student still have
problem to adept the service by Pack Test. For instance, when
students suck up water inside approximately half of the test
tube in right way, some students suck up some more water
inside. Sometimes, they accidentally push the test tube during
they take water sample, then some of inside coloring reagents
pushed out from the tube. This issue will cause the inaccurate
result, and considerable matter for safety. The main reason of
this issue was because of the instructions and the precaution
procedures have not been delivered in the correct way. So as
we mentioned above, it is indicating that instruction to the
facilitator, teacher training is the very important point and
critical in such a ‘citizen scientist’ scheduling.
From the general point of view, one of the most
important perspectives of teaching methodology in
environmental education is well known as to develop attitude
and skill of students for self-motivated learning (UN 1972;
UNESCO 1977). In order to proceed experience-based
environmental education, the character of Pack Test that easy
to get skill to use is critical. In fact, 95.1 % of facilitator
agreed Pack Test has the technical property for the
perspective. According to the conventional student learning
model in experiment, teachers operate and show scientific
experiment to students in a knowledge transfer procedure.
Instead of such rigid educational approach, in this research,
73% of facilitator agreed easy-to-use water quality test kit
(e.g. Pack Test) could produce student-centered experiment.
Of course, there were still awaiting solution for 27%,
however it was considered, within sufficient step by step
instruction, Pack Test will be very significant tool as
environmental educational tool for water and water
environmental issues.
The aim of our activity in this research was to evaluate a
experimental educational devise which was consisting of
booklet and its summary of flyer with easy-to-use water
quality test kit. In this workshop, the majority of the
secondary school students and all the facilitators were able to
use the Pack Test to determine the water quality, and also
interpretation of water quality level by booklet (flyer). In the
process, the Pack Test, which is defined as an ease-to-use
water quality monitoring tool, was significant suitability’s to
make user close with water quality information by onsite
experiment and site observation. The unique function was
possible because Pack Test has ability to provide particular
water analytical approach that is anybody can use it, onsite,
without expertise, any of special equipment, and preparation
of result in a short time frame.
The Kyoritsu Chemical-check Lab has stated their
product Pack Test as a professional environmental
monitoring tool (Kikuchi et al 2010). For instance, the Pack
Test can help to check the quality of tap water, e.g.
concentration of Freon ion, residual chlorine, and etc.; to
check residual chlorine indicates the degree of chlorinate of
water. It provides the general information of tap water
quality, and the information is good to use to keep water
safety by oneself. According to the example, the significant is
that easy-to-use water quality check kit can be useful
providing hygiene. By this concept, Pack Test is developed
for more than 60 parameters of a water quality, so that it is
possible to check the condition of various types of water
bodies, such as tap water, lake, river, sewage system, water
treatment plant, and etc. From the technical perspective, it is
the significant difference that ordinary way of water quality
analysis is off-site analytical process. The samples from the
site are transported to the laboratory. After that the experts
can use sensitive lab instruments to measure the water quality.
This process required specialist who are highly educated in
environmental water quality analysis. Plus, to transport the
sample may cause the water quality change that affects
inaccuracy of the raw data. But using a series of Pack Test it
can minimize the risk, need less expert people and expensive
and professional instruments. The character is, in fact,
significantly fit to environmental educational purpose too. It
indicate different function of simplify onsite water quality
check kit like Pack Test and the difference from conventional
laboratory water quality analysis. Admittedly, Pack Test may
not be as accurate as the sensitive laboratory instruments, but
the defects cannot obscure the virtues, Pack Test can create
the other pathway toward the encouragement of ‘citizen
scientist’ who are well-informed persons and have potential
to participate environmental management (Miller 1993;
Cronin 2010).
4.2. Booklet/ flyer and easy-to-water quality test kit
Dissemination of well designed Pack Test with sufficient
reference information, such as booklet or flayer, can be a
solution to mitigate social problem from general trend in
public policy away from the hierarchical model by
command-and-control, in which authorities exert sovereign
control over the people and groups making up civil society
(Mayntz 1998). Instead, a basically nonhierarchical mode of
governance is promoted in which different stakeholders, e.g.,
government bodies, companies, interest groups, and
individuals, collaborate in the formulation and
implementation of public policy (Rhodes 1997). For the
general present problem, the knowledge gap between
professional specialists, authorities, and common citizens is
required to be resolved. Thereby, the function of Pack Test
with sufficient reference information is considered to be
significant. It will especially be vital in the developing
countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and China since in
these countries the water quality is serious and general
environmental problem. In a the future, once participatory
approach of environmental monitoring and environmental
education are to be generalized to all people who concern
about the environment, it would make influence to societies
and help people to create a sustainable life style with healthy
ecosystem. It can be said, a model case was proposed by this
study for this perspective in this research.
5. Conclusions
1. The objective of this paper is to examine the novel
educational devise taking example of water environmental
26
awareness program.
2. In the program, COD, nitrate nitrogen, ammoniacal
nitrogen were measured by Pack Test.
3. As Pack Test is new tool in Malaysia, 100% of facilitators
have never used it before.
4. Facilitators agreed the educational devise, namely flyer
with easy-to-use water quality test kit:
i) indicated good performance on water quality detection
(92.7%), water quality level classification (87.8 %), fun
to use (90.2 %), easy-to-use (61%), encourage self
motivated experiment (75.6%), and establish effective
water quality information (75.6 %).
ii) is easy to acquire the skills (95.1 %), and practically for
education for secondary school students.
iii) possibility to produce student-self motivated
experiment (73%).
iv) can combine site observation, water quality analysis,
and result consideration as one activity (83 %).
v) can create new pathway to educate ‘citizen scientist’
who are well-informed persons and have potential to
participate environmental management.
5. The problem to be solved was needs of facilitator and
teacher training.
Usoro, A. & Abid, A. 2008. Conceptualizing Quality
E-learning Higher Education, E-learning, 5: 75-88.
UN (1972) The Belgrade Charter, UN Conference on the
Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden.
UNESCO (1977) The Tbilisi Declaration, Intergovernmental
Conference on Environmental Education: October 14-26,
Tbilisi, USSR.
6. Acknowledgement
Authors deliver gratitude to Kyoritsu Chemical-check Lab.
Corporation for their support.
7. References
Akira (Kikuchi), K., Romaidi, Sukarsono, Nurwidodo, Dwi
S., Retno, N.H.D., Musa, M., Eman, N.I., Narges, J., and
Sumitoro, S.
Cronin, K. 2010. The “Citizen Scientist”: Reflections on the
Public Role of Scientists in Response to Emerging
Biotechnologies in New Zealand East Asian Science,
Technology and Society, 4(4): 503-519.
Faiz, M.A.R. (2011)
Introduction of Pack Test for
Participative
Environmental
Monitoring
and
Environmental Education for Sustainability in Malaysia,
Journal of Tropical Life Science, 1(2): 60-68.
Kikuchi, A., Hakim, L., Heryanshah, A., & Rosmaidi (2010)
Significance of the Easy-to-use Water Quality Checker for
Participative Environmental Monitoring and Experience
Based Learning. Journal of Tropical Life Science, 1:
17-21.
Mayntz, R. (1998). New challenges to governance theory.
Jean Monet Chair Paper No. 50. European University
Institute, Florence, Italy.
Mc Combs, B.L. 2003. A framework for the Redesign of
K-12 Education in the Context of Current Educational
Reform, Theory into Practice, 42: 93-101
Miller, A. 1993. The Role of Citizen Scientist in Nature
Resource Decision-Makn: Lessons from the Spruce
Budworm Problem in Canada, The Environmentalist, 13:
47-59. pp111.
Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding governance; policy
networks, governance, reflexivity
and accountability. Open University Press, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA.
27
Appendix 1. Questionnaire that was applied in this research.
Questionnaire for Pack Test
Q1. You are 1) Lecturer, 2) student, 3) other (
)
Please put circle on number.
Q2 Are you 1) Male or 2) Female
Q3. What is your age? (
)
Q4. Have you ever use Pack Test before?
1. Yes,
Other(
2.No,
)
Q5. In your opinion, do you think Putrajaya lake is
clean enough for recreation use through
particular contacts?
1. Drinking
2. Body touch with water
3. Enjoy lake side activity/boat
4. Enjoy only scenery
Q6. According to your observation, could students 1.Yes, 2.No,
in your group able detect water quality by Pack 3.Other(
)
Test?
Q7. Have you observed students in your group faced 1.Yes, 2.No,
any difficulties during they use the Pack Test?
3.Other(
)
Please give detail about the difficulties?
Q8. According to your observation, did students in 1.Yes, 2.No,
your group enjoy water quality analysis by Pack 3.Other(
Test in the field activity?
Comment if any:
)
Q9. According to your observation, do you agree the 1.Yes, 2.No,
Pack Test can combine site observation, water
3.Other(
quality analysis, and result consideration as one
activity in this water awareness program?
(This question is only for water quality, not for
bioindicator)
28
)
Appendix 1 (continued)
.
Q10. According to your observation, did students in 1.Yes, 2.No,
your group able to classify water quality level 3.Other(
by ready-prepared criteria in the group activity?
)
Q11. According to your experience, do you agree you 1.Yes, 2.No,
can easily got a skill to use Pack Test by short 3.Other(
time experience, and is practical to apply in
experience-based environmental education for
secondary school students?
)
Q12. Did students in your group motivate themselves 1.Yes, 2.No,
for doing field survey?
3.Other(
Q13. From your observation, could Pack Test provide 1.Yes, 2.No,
effective water quality information to students 3.Other(
in your group?
)
)
Please put circle on number
Q14. Do you agree that easy-to-use water quality test 1.Yes, 2.No,
kit (e.g. Pack Test) can produce student-self 3.Other(
motivated experiment, instead of only teacher
can operate the analytical instrument (common
in the school lab.)?
)
Please put circle on number
Q15. You must be having a prediction whether the
water is clean or dirty(visual judgement) before
you analyze it by using pack test, have you
found any difference between your prediction
and the real result after you analyze the water
quality?
1.Yes, 2.No,
3.Other(
)
What is your comment and suggestion on pack-test and environmental awareness program?
29
Appendix 2. one support for one water
SATU SOKONGAN UNTUK SATU AIR
20 Nov. 2012
Putrajaya lake
The 400 hectares Putrajaya lake was created which originates
from Chuau River valley and the Bisa River. The design of this lake
is essentially to highlight the aesthetic charm of Putrajaya. It is
also intended for use in sport and recreational activities to attract
tourists. However, study on Putrajaya reservoir shows that it
contains high levels of contaminants that comes from upstream
and outside Putrajaya’s development area. Plus, further
development on the Chuau River reservoir is expected to
increase the overflow while the levels of contaminants were
either to remain or increase.
The nature of the lake seems good
enough for recreation use. In order to
consider conservation of the lake
environment, construction of the lake
side wetland as a natural treatment
system is a option to improve the
water entering the lake.
Let us check water quality by yourself!
Pack Test is one of the
most simple water
quality check kit.
easy-to-use, immediate onsite analysis, that is effective to analyze water
quality in an environmental water awareness program (Faiz 2011).
Ready to do?
Let us listen
guidance of field
experiment from
instructors.
What is the result?
GOOD
Ammonical Nitrogen (NH4+ )1) Less than
0.3 mg/L
BAD
Toxic
More than
0.3 mg/L
Nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3-) 2)
Less than
0.1 mg/L
More than More than
0.1 mg/L
20 mg/L
Chemical oxgen demand
(COD) 1)
Less than
25 mg/L
More than
25 mg/L
Caution
Pack Test is different from laboratory based method, where the result of COD
Pack Test need to be carried out twice and be compared with the above table.
30
You have got the
data
Appendix 2. (continued)
31
Foundation:
Environmental Grace & Problems in Brantas River Watershed
and Its Coastal Area
Sukarsono, Nurwidodo, Sri Wahyuni
Biology Education Department, Faculty of Education
Muhammadiyah University of Malang
Abstract: Brantas River originates from Community Forrest Park, Arjuno Mountain and flows until Eastern Java sea
for 320 km, The inhabitants in the watershed are more than 45% of the population in East Java. Brantas River is a source
of people's lives in East Java and also Bali. An important contribution is in particular, to supply of electricity with
installed capacity of 239MW to hydroelectric power stations that generates annual production of 1 billion kW-hours
supported by 14 dams. Brantas river also serves; as flood control equivalent to 60,000 ha in major rivers, irrigation
source for agricultural area of 340,000 ha (83,000 ha directly from the main river), plays a role in the provision of raw
water for the people for 240 million m3 per year and 135 million m3 for industrial and provide open water for fisheries
around 15,000ha. The extensive Brantas wateharshed (1,118,559 ha) is classified into upper zone (238,148 ha with 3
sub-watersheds), the middle zone (606 290 ha with 4 sub-watersheds), and a lower zone 344 121 ha with 3
sub-watersheds). Brantas River is inter-administrative body river that flows through 14 districts, viz Malang, Blitar,
Tulungagung, Trenggalek, Kediri, Pasuruan, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Jombang, Nganjuk, Gresik, Madison, Pasuruan, and
Ponorogo, and 4 cities viz Malang, Mojokerto, Kediri, and Surabaya. Population, industrial activities, residential area,
commercial and social activities in the watershed are rapidly being increased. This situation has led to increase in
demand for water availability year by year. A water demand calculation by BBWS Brantas has indicated required
amount of water 4,963,813, 5,528,316 and 5,853,317 million m3/year in 2005, 2020, and 2030, respectively. The
demand is not only quantities, but also the needs are recognized for conservation of water quality and watershed level
environmental rehabilitation to mitigate threats of available amount of water too. The situation is further exacerbated by
global climate change. The degradation of Brantas watersheds and river does not only occurr by the effect of the
bio-physical and chemical environmental processes, but it is also significantly affected by regional socio-economic
development. Under these circumstances, the government of the Republic of Indonesia has designated Brantas river
basin as a critical watershed and highest priority for restoration since 2008. Brantas River flowing into the east coast of
Surabaya is causing coastal and marine environmental degradation. According to several studies about the impacts,
actual information is still lacking, particularly that for sustainability of marine and coastal life. It is indicated that costal
area management is also necessary to enter in to the integrated watershed planning. The importance of conservation and
rehabilitation of Brantas river watershed is rapidly gaining significance. Hence, a comprehensive research, technical
and social engineering capacity development is needed, which is also including the environmental education for the
future Brantas watershed inhabitants. Simultaneously, an increase in public awareness for the grace of the watershed
should be improved. Various agencies have been ever committed to act quickly and precisely, and the integrated
institution is also already associated among various stake holders.

networksmanagement,
from spring until
their estuary
with restriction
Keywords: Ecosystem biology, Integrated coastal and watershed
Multilayer
individualism,
Open on
1. Introduction
collaboration,
Public
participatory
approach
Indonesian
Law No.
7/2004
Article 1 defines
what is meant either side by a line of river border. Brantas watershed is
geographically located between longitude 111o35'58"–
112o56'03" East longitude and South latitude 7o15'03"–
8o15'07". Judging from the physical topographic boundary of
Brantas basin in the north it is bounded by limestone
mountains Kendeng, in the east by clusters of Mount Bromo
and Mount Semeru, the south is limited by the cluster of
limestone mountains and west bounded by Mount Wilis. In
the middle of the watershed are several mountains that are
still active, Mounts: Arjuno, Welirang, Anjasmara, Butak,
Kawi, and Indemnity. Many mountains that are still active
indicates that the Brantas River Basin is a region with fertile
alluvial soil derived from volcanic rock that is very good for
farming (BPDAS Brantas, 2011a). Brantas watershed’s fame
by Watershed in an area of land which is a unit of ecosystem
in the river and its tributaries which serves to accomodate,
store and drain water from rainfall to the lake or the ocean
naturally, which is the separation boundary on land
topography and sea boundary until the drainage area that is
affected by land activities (Bambang Priyono, 2012). DAS is
different from river basin (Mohammad Bisri, 2009), the river
has a sense of one of the sources of water that is above the
ground surface of water bodies that have components in the
region. Understanding other states, places and drainage
Jl. Raya Tlogomas 246. Malang, East Java, Indonesia 65151
32
can be traced to various historical sites, kingdoms and towns
in East Java that puts the Brantas River as the primary means
of supporting the activities and social life at the time (Suparto,
2012).
Given its vital role in society, problems occurring lately
in Brantas River Basin Province of East Java and the various
environments in the watershed demand that the government
and the public participate actively in mitigating the damages
for sustainable and progressive utilization.
2.4 Geology and Soil Types
Based on the study Streening Brantas Watershed (BPDAS
Brantas, 1988), Brantas watershed geology shape is
composed of four (4) major geological formations, the
Marine and alluvial deposits, volcanic rocks, marine
sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks and sedimentary
limestone. Of the three largest formations forming
geomorphology is the largest cluster of volcanic formations
Selas 591,911.52 ha (49.80%), both formations Alluvial area
of 530,672.91 ha (44.65%) and the formation of clusters of
lime / karstic area of 65,974.57 (5. 55%). The extent of
cluster formation types indicates the role of the volcanic
mountains in the middle and the surrounding set up a
formation in the Brantas river basin geomorphology and soil
fertility indicated in the Brantas watershed. While cluster
Alluvial river indicate the important role in the formation of
soils in the watershed. Soil type also has fertile soil properties
and is suitable for farming because it contains minerals that
come along the river before it is deposited. Many volcanoes in
the Brantas watershed have formed Alluvial soil, a fertile soil
because it comes from volcanic rock. While the topography
and high rainfall in some places will be a threat to the fertility
of this land.
The depth of the soil in the Brantas basin mostly > 90 cm
(deep) with an area of 893,666.19 ha (75.19%). Soil depth <
30 cm (very shallow) and depth between 30 - 60cm (shallow)
indicates the critical area of 140,257.44 ha (11.80%). The
remaining soil depth 60-90 cm (medium) with an area of
154,635.37 ha (13:01). Good soil depth indicated that Brantas
watershed is an area that is very conducive to farming
activities and enable the growth of a variety of plant roots
well.
2. Brantas watershed characteristics
2.1 Bio-physics
Brantas River begins in the village of Batu Brantas with its
source at the foot of Mount Anjasmoro and Arjuno, State
Forestry. The river flows along the 320km passing through
the area of Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Nganjuk,
Jombang, Mojokerto and end in Sidoarjo and Surabaya. An
area of 1,118,559 ha of Brantas watershed is divided into
Upper Brantas watershed (upper zone) area of 238,148 ha,
DAS Brantas Middle (middle zone) 606,290 Ha and Brantas
watershed downstream (lower zone) 344,121 ha. Shape
(morphology) DAS approach round. Slope gradient and slope
topography is dominated by the class I (0-8%) with flat
topography covering 762,472.12 ha or 64.15%. Shaped
dendritic drainage pattern of smooth and medium. Flux
density (Drainage Density) between 0.21km/km2 0.46km/km2. Based on Lynsley (1949 in Sriyana 2011), if the
density of ≤ 0.62 km/km2 drainage basin will experience
flooding and if ≥ 3.10 km/km2 DAS will often experience
drought. The results of the analysis of BPDAS Brantas 2010,
drainage density: Upper Brantas by 0.46 km/km2, at 0:33
km/km2 middle and lower reaches of 0.32 km/km2.
2.2 Hydrology
The rainfall monthly average over the last 10 years ranging
from 26-329mm, with comparison in dry and wet months of
0.01 to 1.00. According to Schmidt and Ferguson, climate
type is majorly type D, then types C, E while the types A and
B constitute only a small part. Based on the type of climate
Schmidt & Ferguson most DAS area Brantas has type D and
C where the wet months and dry months are 6 months 3-4
months respectively. As for the rest types A, B and E with a
wet month ranged from 4-10 months dry month range 1-6
months. The average rainfall per year 1.060 mm/yr 3.043
mm.
Greatest streamflow for rivers Ngrowo was 1771 m3, while
the smallest in the River streamflow Lahor was 0.43 m3. The
discharge of Brantas River captured at Perning Station, the
maximum and minimum discharge were 486 m3 and 112 m3
with an average of 254 m3. Discharge in the upstream
(Station Gondang) maximum 1.582 m3.
3. Problems in the Brantas watershed
3.1 Bio-Physical Problems
3.1.1 Bio-physical Brantas Watershed
Brantas watershed’s biophysical problems in this paper were
obtained from Bogor Agricultural Institute and Brantas
Watershed Management in 2010 (BPDAS Brantas 2010).
They are as follows:
In general, Brantas watershed had some problems due to
the decreased function of protection and production of land
resources and water resources due to poor management of
carrying capacity of the land capability, and land suitability.
Based on the government law No. 41 of 1999, forest area in
the watershed must be at least 30%, then the Brantas
Watershed should develop the forest area up to 27.128ha
(2.28%).
Land cover of upstream of Brantas watershed has not
been suitable with the expectations. The function of the
protected area must gradually protect the area underneath.
The abolishment of middle watershed land cover is
inadequate, while in the downstream watershed land cover is
very inadequate. Some protected areas including the Bromo
Tengger Semeru National Park should be rehabilitated and
reforested.
Critical land occurred in the upstream of Brantas
watershed mainly caused by land erosion due to the easily
erodability of the soils. The results of the calculation in 2011,
2.3 Erosion and sedimentation
Erosion class in the Brantas watershed is the largest class II
(15-60 tons / ha / year) of 11.93%, followed by class II
(60-180 ha / ton / year) of 7.06%, grade IV (180 -480 tons / ha
/ year) of 5.21%, and class V (> 480 tonnes / ha / year) of
2.20%. The Brantas watershed sedimentation occurs by an
average of 0.439 mm / year.
33
show the average amount of erosion in the Brantas watershed
is about 1944/ton/ha/year (above the tolerance threshold).
Erosion Index (EI) of Brantas watershed is 4 (bad) with a
large area at high danger level of erosion and very heavy at
about 33.1%. Erosion hazard rate spread most widely in the
upper and middle, mostly occurred in forest areas with slope
class >40% of the thickness of the land <90 cm, and in the
cultivation of the grade slopes >25%. Average for each
watershed sediment ranged from 0.6 to 4.9 mm / year with the
highest value in the center of the watershed. The condition of
the land cover in some areas of Brantas watershed stimulate
the high rate of run-off, implying the low water infiltration
into the land, and reduced water yield. Erosion and
sedimentation in the Brantas watershed has disrupted the
functions of building water / reservoir. Simultaneously, it will
affect to the reservoir function and shorten its existence (life
time).
The water in the Brantas watershed is used for various
needs such as: for irrigation, urban households (domestic and
municipal), industrial, power generation and fisheries. The
results of the analysis of the Brantas Watershed Center for the
year 2010 shows the changing needs of water occurs
exponentially. If the present needs of water is still around 5-6
billion m3, it can be estimated that in 2030 it will increase up
to 7.38 billion m3. Presumably in 2091 the number will
exceed the needs of its surface water potential that is about
11,883 million m3. The calculation has included reduction in
water demand for irrigation, rising domestic needs, industry
and others.
Human resources is still becoming a problem in the
Brantas watershed conservation. Knowledge and awareness
is still low (including legal consciousness) resulting in
various forms of violation and destruction of the land. Some
effort is being put in place to build awareness and
empowerment, including legislative and regulatory
instruments of socialization by government.
and sea. Coastal areas included in the Brantas mangrove
ecosystem is that spread in the Surabaya city and Sidoarjo.
This ecosystem has been degraded by land conversion for
housing and urban infrastructure and pollution by industrial
waste. Rivers and coastal pollution causes fluctuations of
aquaculture production with very high effects, causing most
of the farms to be abandoned.
Management of watershed and coastal region is still self run.
This problem occurs because the ecosystem within the remit
of stakeholders and different policies. Besides, studies on the
importance of integration between regional watershed
planning with coastal and marine areas is not supported by the
results of the study.
3.2 Socio-Economic Issues
3.2.1 Socio-Economic Issues
Issues associated with over population are the cause of many
problems in the Brantas watershed; land degradation,
deforestation, land grabbing, illegal logging, landslides,
erosion, flooding and drought. In urban areas, the economic
pressures have been so pressing on the environment and
affects the health of the watershed. Limited education,
knowledge and skills also seems to be a factor, showing the
low quality of human resources to be able to maintain and
even improve watershed conditions. The observation results
of the Bogor Agricultural Institute together with Brantas
Watershed Management (BPDAS Brantas 2012.b) indicates
that human resources capacity is the main cause of many
problems in the Brantas watershed.
3.2.2 Addressing Educational Problems as a Key for
Long-Term Management of Watershed Conservation
It was agreed by all education experts that the preparation and
management of the human future must be done through
education. Environmental protection activity is an activity
that aims at sustainability. Based on these considerations,
educational activities become a very vital role in the water
and watershed management.
Until now, planning and watershed management still
relies on physical activities and social short-term. This is due
to the recommendations given by the experts that the
technical recommendations based on the results of field
studies in accordance with the frame work thinking that they
have. This condition is exacerbated by the absence of the
educators who are directly involved in the planning
environment, including watershed. This situation is caused by
the paradigm of thinking that these are not the domain of
educators but the technicians in charge of the realm of direct
in technical things to do in the short term. This Paradigm is
often reinforced by policy makers in the field of education or
appraisers who assess the progress of educators in the field of
environmental conservation planning is supporting activities
that are not important or even negligible. This condition
causes the alienated educators (marginalized or excluded)
from the discourses that it is contextually needed to raise the
soul, thoughts and behavior of students in the present and the
future.
Negative impact of this conditions is shown by the
researchers of Brantas Watershed Management of Bogor
3.1.2 Bio-physical-chemical Brantas River Water
The Bio-physical problems affecting the Brantas watershed
are that of quality. Some of the critical issues faced in the
management of the Brantas River (Widyo Parwanto, 2009)
are: 1) the fluctuation of the high river water between rainy
and dry seasons. 2) The high sedimentation which is resulting
in buildup of sediment in the reservoir and the high cost for
dredging, 3) domestic solid waste dumped into rivers and
collects in the reservoir resulting in a reduction in capacity of
reservoir patch, 4) pollution by chemicals from agricultural
lands upstream and middle resulted in a seasonal algae boom.
Bacterial contamination caused by elision waste of livestock
and possibility done by human population. In the Brantas
watershed downstream, besides pollution by domestic waste,
it is also done by the factories. Cases of mass mortality of fish
in the Brantas River in Surabaya caused by the high of BOD
(Biological Oxygen Demand) due to discarding of waste by
the sugar mills.
3.1.3 Problems in Coastal Areas
The coastal area is a transition zone between land and sea,
ecosystems are affected by various conditions change on land
34
Agricultural Institute together with Brantas watershed
management (BP DAS Brantas, 2011) which reported that the
biggest problem facing the Brantas watershed management
today is mainly the human resource capacity. Their research
findings shows: people or groups of people who have the
knowledge, values and attitude towards the environment will
do well in responding towards environmental conservation,
and linearly related to the welfare that they feel. Instead,
people or society without knowledge and awareness will be a
cause of damage having no responsibility for the future of
life. This bad behavior is not only harming the environment,
but also related with low levels of social welfare.
to the public and stakeholders that education is able to
participate in watershed management and give a new
expectation for watershed sustainable development.
5. References
Anonim (2004) Pengembangan DPS Kali Brantas. Lokakarya
WREFR-CIP. Perum Jasa Tirta-I Jawa Timur.
Bambang Priyono (2011) Penyusunan Rencana Pengelolaan
DAS Brantas Terpadu 2012. Kertas Kerja Rapat
Penyusunan DAS Brantas Terpadu. Balai Pengeloa DAS
Brantas Jawa Timur. Departemen Kehutanan Republik
Indonesia
BP DAS Brantas (1998) Streening Brantas Watershed:
Project Report 1999. Balai Pengelola DAS Brantas
Surabaya.
BPDAS Brantas (2010) Executive Summary Rencana
Pengelolaan DAS Brantas Terpadu. BPDAS Brantas.
Surabaya-Jawa Timur.
BPDAS Brantas (2011a) Buku Ringkasan Eksekutif:
Rencana Tindak Pengelolaan DAS Brantas Terpadu.
Balai Pengelola DAS Brantas-Jawa Timur.
BP DAS Brantas (2011b) Rencana Tindak Pengelolaan DAS
Brantas Terpadu. Balai Pengelola DAS Brantas, Jawa
Timur.
Hart,R.A. (1997) Children’s participation: The theory and
practice of involving young citizens in community
development and environmental care. London: Earthscan
Jensen, B. B. & Schnack, K. (1997) The action competence
approach in environmental education. Environmental
Education Research, 3: 163–178.
Mangunjaya, F. (2007) Membangun Kesadaran Lingkungan
dan Konservasi melalui Pendidikan melalui Ajaran
Islam. dalam Buku Menanam Sebelum Kiamat; Islam,
Ekologi, dan Gerakan Lingkungan Hidup. Yayasan
Obor Indonesia. Jakarta.
McClaren, M. & Hammond, B. (2005) Integrating education
and action in environmental education. In E. A. Johnson
& M. J. Mappin (Eds.), Environmental education and
advocacy: Changing perspectives of ecology and
education (pp. 267–291). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Mohammad Bisri (2009) Pengelolaan daerah ALiran Sungai.
Penerbit CV. Asrori, Malang. Jawa Timur.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor: 37 tahun
2012 tentang Pengelolaan Daerah ALiran Sungai.
Schusler, Tania M. and Marianne E. Krasny (2010)
Environmental Action as Context for Youth
Development.
The Journal Of Environmental
Education, 41(4): 208–223,
Sriyani. (2011) Kajian Karakteristik DAS Tuntang dan
Model Pengelolaan Das Terpadu. TEKNIK – Vol. 32
No.3 Tahun 2011, ISSN 0852-1697.
Stapp, W. B., Wals, A., & Stankorb, S. L. (1996)
Environmental education for empowerment: Action
research and community problem solving. Dubuque, IA:
Kendall Hunt
Suparto (2012) Pengelolaan DAS Brantas Jawa Timur.
Makalah Sosialisasi SK Gubernur Jawa Timur tentang
3.2.3 Education in Watershed Management in Indonesia
Integrated watershed management is regulated by the
Indonesian Government Regulation No. 37 of 2012.
Government regulation is one that is higher than the
regulations at the ministerial level, that is considered less
effective. Education in integrated watershed management has
a very important role as mentioned in Part Two; Article 61, 62
and 63. Education in watershed management works to
empower people with the aim to increase the capacity,
capability, and the role of public concern in the watershed.
Mandate of community empowerment in minimal
government regulation is done through: education, training,
counseling, mentoring, giving loan or capital assistance,
socialization and dissemination and or the provision of
facilities and infrastructure.
Social management domain in watershed management is
often a big problem since the results cannot be seen on a short
term so it is often considered a problem for decision-makers
to provide appropriate financial support. Observers of
watershed still have to work hard to find a way out to make
sure and guarantee that education can give a significant
contribution in the management processes even further
thinking and preparing for the future.
4. Conclusions
Based on the explanation and research findings about Brantas
watershed, it can be concluded that:
1. Brantas watershed has a very vital and strategic role in all
aspects of development activities, especially in East Java.
The existence of the Brantas river is a blessing that must
be conserved for the next generations.
2. Watershed as a whole ecosystem has relevance between
one ecosystem component with other components of the
ecosystem. Ecosystem problems in the region are also
interlinked with other.
3. Problems in the Brantas watershed is very complex both in
bio-physical and social problems. The results of the
analysis to the problems shows that human resources
factor becomes the main cause for the emergence of a
variety of other problems in the Brantas watershed issues,
both bio-physical and social problems.
4. As stated in latest government regulations regarding
watershed management, educational activities play an
important role in determining the success of the Brantas
watershed management. However, educational activities
must be designed in such a way that can give confidence
35
Forum Koordinasi DAS Jawa Timur, tanggal 6
November 2012. Hotel Oval - Surabaya.
Tsabit Khazin (2005) Kegiatan Pendidikan Lingkungan
Hidup Tahun 2004 Laporan Kegiatan Pondok Pesantren
An-Nuqayah, Jawa Timur.
Widyo Parwanto (2009) Permasalahan dalam Pengelolaan
Sungai Brantas. Makalah Seminar Forum DAS Brantas.
5-7 Juli 2009. Batu, Jawa Timur.
36
Foundation:
An Introduction to Quranic Principles on Water Environmental Management
*Arieff, S.R., Selamat, H., Farahwahida, M.Y.
Centre of Research in Fiqh Science and Technology,
K-Economy Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 81310-Johor, Malaysia.
Abstract: Quran as the primer resource for Islam gives a significant focus on water. As Muslim who believe in Allah,
has to submit his idea based on the teaching of Allah's word in Quran. Therefore, this study analyzed Quranic principles
on water environmental management. Thematic methodology used as the word water in Quran has been analyzed.
Keywords: water management, water governance, God's servant, God's vicegerent, purification, cleanliness

the world do not have this kind of freedom. They do not have
any choice whatever that they may not worship and serve
Allah, or may serve any other. Therefore, only about the jinn
and men it has been said here that by turning away from the
obedience and servitude of their Creator within the bounds of
their option and choice and by serving others than the Creator,
they are fighting their own nature. They should know that
they have not been created for the service of any other but the
Creator, and for them the right way is that they should not
abuse the freedom granted them, but within the bounds of this
freedom also they should serve God voluntarily just as every
particle of their body is serving Him involuntarily in the
sphere where they have not been granted any freedom.
The word `ibadat (service, worship) in this verse has not
been used in the sense of only prayer, fasting and other kinds
of such worship so that one may understand that the jinn and
men have been created only for performing the Prayer,
observing the Fast and for praising and glorifying Allah.
Although this sense also is included in it, this is not its
complete sense. Its complete sense is that the jinn and men
have not been created for the worship, obedience and carrying
out of the orders of any other but Allah. They are not there to
bow to any other, to carry out the orders of any other, to live
in fear of any other, to follow the religion enjoined by any
other, to look upon any other as the maker and destroyer of
ones destiny, and to supplicate any other than Allah for help
(ibid).
Managing the usage of water in daily life also under the
meaning of 'ibadah in Islam. And so as men to manage the
environment, they have to obey Allah's orders based on the
holy Qur'an and the hadith of prophet Muhammad pbuh.
1. Introduction
The Arabic word for water (ma') occurs sixty-three times in
the Quran ('Abd al-Baqi, 1992). This mean that Quran gives a
significant focus on water. As Quran and hadith are two
primary sources for Islam, this article discussed on both
principles regarding water and its management. This intro
discussion try to explore towards 'the ultimate goal of
promoting equity, efficiency, and sustainability for holistic
and integrated water enviromental management' (Faruqui,
2001), based on the Quran and hadith.
2. Quranic Principles on Water Management
Based on the Quranic verses, there are principles regarding
water management:
2.1. Man as a servant of Allah
Allah says, "I have only created Jinns and men, that they may
serve Me. No Sustenance do I require of them, nor do I
require that they should feed Me. For Allah is He Who gives
(all) Sustenance,- Lord of Power,- Steadfast (for ever)."
(Quran: al-Dhariyat 51:56-58)
Maududi (w.y.: 161-162) said the meaning of the verses,
that is Allah said, "I have not created them for the service of
others but for My own service. They should serve Me, for I
am their Creator. When no one else has created them, no one
else has the right that they should serve him; and how can it
be admissible for them that they should serve others instead
of Me, their Creator?" Here, the question arises that Allah
Almighty is not the Creator only of the jinn and men but of
the entire Universe and of everything in it. Then, why has it
been said only about the jinn and men that He has not created
them for the service of others but of Himself ? whereas every
single creature is there to serve Allah. The answer is: On the
earth only the jinn and men have been granted the freedom
that they may serve Allah within their sphere of choice if they
so like; otherwise they can turn away from Allah's service as
well as serve others beside Him. The rest of the creatures in
2.2. Man as a vicegerent of Allah
Allah says, "Behold, thy Lord said to the angels, 'I will create
a vicegerent on earth.' They said, 'Wilt Thou place therein one
who will make mischief therein and shed blood?- whilst we
do celebrate Thy praises and glorify Thy holy (name)?' He
said, 'I know what ye know not.'" (Quran: al-Baqarah 2:30)
Vicegerent as so called 'Caliph' means one who
exercises the delegated powers on behalf of another as his
*: Corresponding author: [email protected], 81310-Johor,
Malaysia.
37
vicegerent. Caliph thus is not the master, but deputy of the
Master; his powers are not his own but delegated to him by
the real Master. He has, therefore. no right to have his own
will but he is there to fulfil the will of the delegating
Authority. It would be dishonesty and treason, if he assumed
sovereign powers, or used them according to his own whim,
or if he acknowledged another as his sovereign and submitted
to his will. (Maududi w.y.:65)
Man as the vicegerent of Allah has to manage his life
based on the order of Allah include managing usage of water
in daily life. Khalid (1996) states that, "We are more than
friends of the Earth - we are its guardians. Although we are
equal partners with everything else in the natural world we
have added responsibilities. We are decidedly not its lords
and masters." These responsibilities lies under the meaning of
human as Allah's vicegerent on the earth. As Faruqui (2001)
says, "Although humans are the most favoured of God's
creation, we also are responsible for ensuring that God's gifts
are available to all living things."
The leader of the community has to govern the usage of
water as to make sure the people live in harmony and obey
Allah: "When Talut set forth with the armies, he said, 'Allah
will test you at the stream: if any drinks of its water, He goes
not with my army: Only those who taste not of it go with me:
A mere sip out of the hand is excused.' But they all drank of it,
except a few. When they crossed the river,- he and the faithful
ones with him,- they said, 'This day we cannot cope with
Goliath and his forces.' But those who were convinced that
they must meet Allah, said, 'How oft, by Allah's will, hath a
small force vanquished a big one? Allah is with those who
steadfastly persevere.'" (Quran: al-Baqarah, 2:249)
The leader should govern the water wisely that once the
people is facing the natural disaster such shortage of water
supply, the still can live in harmony. Quran stated how
Prophet Yusuf proposed the idea based on the dream of King:
""O Joseph!" (he said) "O man of truth! Expound to us (the
dream) of seven fat kine whom seven lean ones devour, and
of seven green ears of corn and (seven) others withered: that I
may return to the people, and that they may understand."
(Joseph) said: "For seven years shall ye diligently sow as is
your wont: and the harvests that ye reap, ye shall leave them
in the ear,- except a little, of which ye shall eat. Then will
come after that (period) seven dreadful (years), which will
devour what ye shall have laid by in advance for them,- (all)
except a little which ye shall have (specially) guarded. Then
will come after that (period) a year in which the people will
have abundant water, and in which they will press (wine and
oil)." (Quran: Yusuf, 12:46-49)
2.3. Water is the symbol of life
Water is, by the will of God, the sole basis for the emergence
of life (Bouguerra, 2005). As Allah says, " Do not the
Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined
together (as one unit of creation), before we clove them
asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they
not then believe?" (Quran: al-Anbiya', 21:30) "It is He who
has created man from water: then has He established
relationships of lineage and marriage: for thy Lord has power
(over all things)." (Quran: al-Furqan, 25:54)
Every life on earth owes its existence to the element of
water (Bouguerra, 2005). Based on Allah's saying: "And
among His Signs, He shows you the lightning, by way both of
fear and of hope, and He sends down rain from the sky and
with it gives life to the earth after it is dead: verily in that are
Signs for those who are wise." (Quran: al-Rum 30:24)
Water is therefore blessed, endowed with purifying
powers by its role in the flourishing of all forms of life, and
made sacred (Bouguerra, 2005). Allah says, " Remember He
covered you with a sort of drowsiness, to give you calm as
from Himself, and he caused rain to descend on you from
heaven, to clean you therewith, to remove from you the stain
of Satan, to strengthen your hearts, and to plant your feet
firmly therewith." (Quran: al-Anfal, 8:11) " And We send
down from the sky rain charted with blessing, and We
produce therewith gardens and Grain for harvests; And tall
(and stately) palm-trees, with shoots of fruit-stalks, piled one
over another;- As sustenance for (Allah's) Servants;- and We
give (new) life therewith to land that is dead: Thus will be the
Resurrection." (Quran: Qaf, 50:9-11)
2.5. The supply of water is fixed and it should not be
wasted
The Quran makes two clear statements regarding water that
support water demand management. First, the supply of water
is fixed, and second, it should not be wasted. The statement
that water supply is fixed, and that therefore, at some point,
demand must be managed because supplies cannot be
infinitely increased (Faruqui, 2001). Allah says, "He sends
down water from the skies, and the channels flow, each
according to its measure..." (Quran: al-Ra'd, 13:17) "And We
send down water from the sky according to (due) measure,
and We cause it to soak in the soil; and We certainly are able
to drain it off (with ease)." (Quran: al-Mu'minun, 23:18)
The Quran then tells humans that they may use God's gifts
for their sustenance in moderation, provided that they commit
no excess therein (Faruqui, 2001), as Allah says, "O Children
of Adam! Wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place
of prayer: eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah
loveth not the wasters." (Quran: al-A'raf, 7:31)
Safinah narrated that the Prophet Muhammad performed
ablution with a mudd of water and the purifying bath with a
sa’ of water. Recorded by al-Tirmidhi (2000). One mudd of
water, equal to 1 litre. So Prophet Muhammad only used 1
litre of water for ablution. One sa' up to five mudds, equal to
2-3 litres. So Prophet Muhammad only used 2-3 litres of
water to take bath (Faruqui, 2001).
And Prophet Muhammad also forbid the Muslim from
wasting water while taking ablution. Abdullah bin 'Amr
narrated: The Messenger of Allah passed by Sa'ad when he
2.4. Proper governance of water
Quran called for the proper governance of water, that all
entire universe may make use of it: "And remember Moses
prayed for water for his people; We said, 'Strike the rock with
thy staff.' Then gushed forth there from twelve springs. Each
group knew its own place for water. So eat and drink of the
sustenance provided by Allah, and do no evil nor mischief on
the (face of the) earth." (Quran: al-Baqarah, 2:60)
38
was performing ablution and he said, "What is this
extravagance?" He said, "Can there be any extravagance in
ablution?" He said, "Yes, even if you are on the bank of a
flowing river." Recorded by Ibnu Majah (2007).
bought or sold. However, if infrastructure and knowledge
have been invested to withdraw it - for instance, if a public
utility constructs a supply, treatment, and distribution system
to convey it to people's homes - then the water becomes
private property, and the utility has the right to recover its
costs.
A Muslim cannot hoard excess water - rather he is
obliged to allow others to benefit by it (Faruqui, 2001).
Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "There are three
persons whom Allah will not look at on the Day of
Resurrection, nor will he purify them and theirs shall be a
severe punishment. They are: (1) A man possessed
superfluous water, on a way and he withheld it from
travelers..." Recorded by al-Bukhari (2002).
Once Prophet Muhammad being a Leader of Islamic
State of Madinah, he encouraged Uthman to buy well of
Ruma from the owner and then ask Uthman establish it as
waqf, which means for collective enjoyment or ownership for
religious use and for the public benefit (al-Bukhari, 2002;
Faruqui, 2001).
Sharing good things among pupil was one of the
teaching of Prophet Muhammad, as he says, "None of you
will have faith till he wishes for his (Muslim) brother what he
likes for himself." Recorded by al-Bukhari (2002).
Obviously, this applies to the desire for an adequate amount
of clean, fresh water, as well as anything else (Faruqui, 2001).
The equitable of sharing fresh water only applicable in
this world, but in the hereafter the concept was changed. In
the hereafter, fresh water was given only for the believer; the
people of heaven. Allah says, "The Companions of the Fire
will call to the Companions of the Garden, 'Pour down to
us water or anything that Allah doth provide for your
sustenance.' They will say, 'Both these things hath Allah
forbidden to those who rejected Him.'" (Quran: al-A'raf, 7:50)
One not only be rewarded by Allah by sharing water
with human, even he share with the animal. Narrated Abu
Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "While a man was walking he
felt thirsty and went down a well and drank water from it. On
coming out of it, he saw a dog panting and eating mud
because of excessive thirst. The man said, 'This (dog) is
suffering from the same problem as that of mine. So he (went
down the well), filled his shoe with water, caught hold of it
with his teeth and climbed up and watered the dog. Allah
thanked him for his (good) deed and forgave him.' The people
asked, 'O Allah's Apostle! Is there a reward for us in serving
(the) animals?' He replied, 'Yes, there is a reward for serving
any animate.'" Recorded by al-Bukhari (2002). Even though
someone who has committed a big crime such prostitute,
Allah still reward her with her sharing water with the dog:
Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "While a dog was
going round a well and was about to die of thirst, an Israeli
prostitute saw it and took off her shoe and watered it. So
Allah forgave her because of that good deed." Recorded by
al-Bukhari (2002).
God informs human beings of the rights of animals by
comparing them (animals) to humans: " There is not an
animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its
wings, but (forms part of) communities like you. Nothing
have we omitted from the Book, and they (all) shall be
2.6. Equitable sharing of water
Allah gives pure and fresh water to His entire creation;
human, flora, and fauna, so that they can share it jointly: "
And He it is Who sends the winds as heralds of glad tidings,
going before His mercy, and We send down pure water from
the sky. That with it We may give life to a dead land, and
slake the thirst of things We have created,- cattle and men in
great numbers. And We have distributed the (water) amongst
them, in order that they may celebrate (our) praises, but most
men are averse (to aught) but (rank) ingratitude." (Quran:
al-Furqan, 25:48-50) "And in the earth are tracts (diverse
though) neighbouring, and gardens of vines and fields sown
with corn, and palm trees - growing out of single roots or
otherwise: watered with the same water, yet some of them
We make more excellent than others to eat. Behold, verily in
these things there are signs for those who understand!"
(Quran: al-Ra'd, 13:4) "And We send the fecundating winds,
then cause the rain to descend from the sky, therewith
providing you with water (in abundance), though ye are not
the guardians of its stores." (Quran: al-Hijr, 15:22)
So men as the servant of Allah and His vicegerent in this
world also have to make sure that entire creation can share the
water; human, flora, and fauna. This concept drawn from the
saying of Prophet Salih: "And tell them that the water is to be
divided between them: Each one's right to drink being
brought forward (by suitable turns)."(Quran: al-Qamar,
54:28), and "He said, 'Here is a she-camel: she has a right
of watering, and ye have a right of watering, (severally) on a
day appointed.'" (Quran: al-Shu'ara', 26:155). And the story
about Prophet Musa and two daughters of Prophet Syu'aib:
"And when he arrived at the watering (place) in Madyan, he
found there a group of men watering (their flocks), and
besides them he found two women who were keeping back
(their flocks). He said, 'What is the matter with you?' They
said, 'We cannot water (our flocks) until the shepherds take
back (their flocks): And our father is a very old man.'"
(Quran: al-Qasas, 28:23)
The recognition of water as a vital resource, of which
everyone has the right to a fair share (Faruqui, 2001) also
based on the hadith, as Prophet Muhammad pbuh says,
"Muslims have common share in three (things): grass, water
and fire." Recorded by Abu Daud (1997). Water is
categorized in Islam as follows (Faruqui, 2001): (1) Private
property (water in private containers, treatment plants,
distribution systems, and reservoirs). This is water in which
work, infrastructure, and knowledge have been invested to
obtain it. The "owner" of the "container" has the right to use
it, trade it, or sell it. (2) Restricted private property (lakes,
streams, and springs located in private lands). The owner of
the land has special rights over others, but also has certain
obligations to them. Within these limits, the owner can trade
water like any other good. (3) Public property (water in rivers,
lakes, glaciers, aquifers, and seas, and from snow and
rainfall). Obviously, water in its natural state cannot be
39
gathered to their Lord in the end."(Quran: al-An'am, 6:38)
Animals cannot be allowed to die of thirst, and the water that
remains after humans have quenched their thirst must be
given to them (Faruqui, 2001).
As Amery (2001) notes, nonhuman species have rights
to sufficient water that is of "good" quality because the water
has to be suitable for "nourishing vegetation" and for drinking
by animals.
well-being for Muslims (al-Sheikh, 1996:18; Bouguerra,
2005) Allah
Abu Huraira reported: Allah's Messenger (may peace be
upon him) said: "When a bondsman-a Muslim or a
believer-washes his face (in course of ablution), every sin he
contemplated with his eyes, will be washed away from his
face along with water, or with the last drop of water; when he
washes his hands, every sin they wrought will be
effaced from his hands with the water, or with the last drop of
water; and when he washes his feet, every sin towards which
his feet have walked will be washed away with the water or
with the last drop of water with the result that he comes out
pure from all sins." Recorded by Muslim (1998).
The moral function of ritual ablution is clearly expressed
in the sacramental words spoken to God that complete the
ritual of purification: Umar ibn al‐Khattab (RA) narrated
that Allah's Messenger (SAW) said, “Anyone performs
ablution and makes it a perfect ablution and says (I bear
witness that there is no God besides Allah who is the One,
Who has no partner and I bear witness that Muhammad is His
slave and Messenger. 0 Allah! Cause me to be among those
who repent and cause me to be among who purify
themselves), then all eight doors of Paradise are opened for
him that he may enter whichever door he chooses." Recorded
by al-Tirmidhi (2000).
Islam requires the water that used to make a purification
must colourless, odourless, and of agreeable taste.
2.7. Water as a purification instrument spiritually and
physically
Water plays an essential role in religious observance. One
could go so far as to say that without water, the daily practice
of Islam would be virtually impossible (Bouguerra, 2005).
Water created by Allah as a purification instrument for both
spiritual and physical aspect of men: "Remember He covered
you with a sort of drowsiness, to give you calm as from
Himself, and he caused rain to descend on you from heaven,
to clean you therewith, to remove from you the stain of Satan,
to strengthen your hearts, and to plant your feet firmly
therewith."(Quran: al-Anfal, 8:11) For physical purification,
water used to human body, cloth and place. For human body,
Islam call for bathing and ablution. Taking a bath is
considered obligatory in Islam on a number of occasions,
including the end of menstruation and postnatal discharge,
after sexual intercourse and wet dreams: "...If ye are in a state
of ceremonial impurity, bathe your whole body..." (Quran:
al-Ma'idah, 5:6), "O ye who believe! Approach not prayers
with a mind befogged, until ye can understand all that ye say,nor in a state of ceremonial impurity (Except when travelling
on the road), until after washing your whole body. If ye are ill,
or on a journey, or one of you cometh from offices of nature,
or ye have been in contact with women, and ye find no water,
then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub therewith
your faces and hands. For Allah doth blot out sins and forgive
again and again." (Quran, al-Nisa', 4:43)
Allah has made ablution an essential preliminary of
prayers: "O ye who believe! when ye prepare for prayer, wash
your faces, and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; Rub
your heads (with water); and (wash) your feet to the ankles. If
ye are in a state of ceremonial impurity, bathe your whole
body. But if ye are ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh
from offices of nature, or ye have been in contact with
women, and ye find no water, then take for yourselves clean
sand or earth, and rub therewith your faces and hands, Allah
doth not wish to place you in a difficulty, but to make you
clean, and to complete his favour to you, that ye may be
grateful." (Quran: al-Ma'idah, 5:6) Prophet Muhammad said,
"God does not accept any prayers which have not been
preceded by ablution." Recorded by Ibnu Majah (2007).
Besides prayer, there are other form of ibadah that need to the
performer to take ablution such: tawaf, holding Quran.
From the ablution, it shows that Islam places strong
emphasis on the achievement of perfect harmony and total
complementarily between spiritual and physical purification.
ablution, which represents physical purification, is an
opening to prayers, which ensures spiritual purification.
Together, they promote a complete state of psychological
2.8. Allah made universe include water as a subservient
to people so to show thanks to Him and so live in peace
and harmony at ecological level
Allah says, "See ye the water which ye drink?" (Quran:
al-Waqi'ah, 56:68) "It is He Who has made the sea subject,
that ye may eat thereof flesh that is fresh and tender, and that
ye may extract therefrom ornaments to wear; and thou seest
the ships therein that plough the waves, that ye may seek
(thus) of the bounty of Allah and that ye may be grateful."
(Quran: al-Nahl, 16:14) " Or, Who has made the earth firm to
live in; made rivers in its midst; set thereon mountains
immovable; and made a separating bar between the two
bodies of flowing water? (can there be another) god besides
Allah? Nay, most of them know not." (Quran: al-Naml,
27:61)
As a sign of gratitude to Allah, we have to protect our
environment, includes water and does not cause damage to it:
" To the Madyan people We sent Shu'aib, one of their own
brethren: he said: "O my people! worship Allah; Ye have no
other god but Him. Now hath come unto you a clear (Sign)
from your Lord! Give just measure and weight, nor withhold
from the people the things that are their due; and do no
mischief on the earth after it has been set in order: that will be
best for you, if ye have Faith."(Quran: al-A'raf, 7:85) " When
he turns his back, His aim everywhere is to spread mischief
through the earth and destroy crops and cattle. But Allah
loveth not mischief."(Quran: al-Baqarah, 2:205)
The meaning of mischief 'fasad' can be interpreted as
spoiling the natural functioning of the world or spoiling or
degrading of natural resources (Amery, 2001). The
environment is protected from humans by specific injunctions
40
against upsetting its natural order through pollution or other
activities. Given that the Arabic root of Islam 'salam' means
peace and harmony, so Islamic way of life entails living in
peace and harmony at ecological, as well as individual and
social levels (Faruqui, 2001).
Islam's concern for maintaining the purity of water
(al-Sheikh, 1996) as Prophet Muhammad said, "Anyone who
wakes up from sleep must not put his hand in any utensil until
he has washed it three times; for he does not know where his
hand was during his sleep." Recorded by Muslim (2000)
Jabir reported, "The Messenger of Allah (may peace be
upon him) forbade to urinate in stagnant water." Recorded by
Muslim (1998). Abdullah bin Mughaffal said, the Messenger
of Allah said, "None of you should urinate in his wash area
for most of the insinuating thoughts come from that."
Recorded by Ibnu Majah (2007). Abu Huraira reported, the
Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said, "None
amongst you should urinate in standing water, and then wash
in it." Recorded by Muslim (1998). Narrated Mu'adh ibn
Jabal: The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) said, "Be
on your guard against three things which provoke cursing:
easing in the watering places and on the thoroughfares, and in
the shade (of the tree). Recorded by Abu Daud (1997).
The Prophet forbid urination in water meant to arouse
people's disgust at the unhealthy practice of urinating in
water. It reminds us that we may use the same water at a later
time for taking a bath or washing. Also, it is a preventive
measure, which aims to protect other people against
infectious diseases. Urination in stagnant water, including
ponds and swimming pools, causes the spread of diseases
(al-Sheikh, 1996:14).
Prophet Muhammad said, "Do not commit any harm or
injury to yourself, and do not cause harm or injury to others."
Recorded by Ibnu Majah (2007). The hadith and those
outlined in the preceding section on rights of the
environment, collectively instruct Muslims not to conduct
acts that will harm themselves, other creatures, or the
environment (Faruqui, 2001).
Thus doth Allah (by parables) show forth Truth and Vanity.
For the scum disappears like forth cast out; while that which
is for the good of mankind remains on the earth. Thus doth
Allah set forth parables."(Quran: al-Ra'd, 13:17)
Underground water is water which has seeped down
through porous soil (al-Sheikh, 1996). "And We send down
water from the sky according to (due) measure, and We cause
it to soak in the soil; and We certainly are able to drain it off
(with ease)." (Quran: al-Mu'minun, 23:18) It also may either
flow freely out of the ground in the form of a fountain-head,
or may be extracted by man through a well (al-Sheikh, 1996).
"Seest thou not that Allah sends down rain from the sky, and
leads it through springs in the earth?"(Quran: al-Zumar,
39:21). "Thenceforth were your hearts hardened: They
became like a rock and even worse in hardness. For among
rocks there are some from which rivers gush forth; others
there are which when split asunder send forth water; and
others which sink for fear of Allah. And Allah is not
unmindful of what ye do." (Quran: al-Baqarah, 2:74) One of
the underground water is spring: "And remember Moses
prayed for water for his people; We said: "Strike the rock with
thy staff." Then gushed forth there from twelve springs. Each
group knew its own place for water. So eat and drink of the
sustenance provided by Allah, and do no evil nor mischief on
the (face of the) earth." (Quran: al-Baqarah, 2:60)
Quran also divides water into two category, first:
palatable and sweet and second: salt and bitter: "It is He Who
has let free the two bodies of flowing water: One palatable
and sweet, and the other salt and bitter; yet has He made a
barrier between them, a partition that is forbidden to be
passed." (Quran: al-Furqan, 25:53)
2.10. Healing and treatment with water
Quran shows that, water also used as healing and treatment
instrument, as Allah said about Prophet Ayub:
"Commemorate Our Servant Job. Behold he cried to his Lord:
"The Evil One has afflicted me with distress and suffering!"
(The command was given:) "Strike with thy foot: here is
(water) wherein to wash, cool and refreshing, and (water) to
drink." (Quran: Sad, 38:41-42)
2.9. Allah creates water with its own nature from
different sources to be used by the creation
Water by its nature created by Allah clean and fresh. There
are three types of fresh water: atmospheric, surface and deep
or underground water (al-Sheikh, 1996). Atmospheric water
covers all that falls on earth in the form of rain, hail, and the
like. having been distilled, it enjoys a high standard of purity
(Ibid.) Allah says, "And He it is Who sends the winds as
heralds of glad tidings, going before His mercy, and We send
down pure water from the sky." (Quran: al-Furqan, 25:48)
However, it may, while falling, become mildly of extensively
polluted by dust, gases and dirt carried in the air (al-Sheikh,
1996).
Surface water refers to water found on the surface of the
earth which may be flowing, as in streams and rivers, or still,
as in lakes (Ibid). "He sends down water from the skies, and
the channels flow, each according to its measure: But the
torrent bears away to foam that mounts up to the surface.
Even so, from that (ore) which they heat in the fire, to make
ornaments or utensils therewith, there is a scum likewise.
2.11. Water is God's supreme reward to the believers in
the heaven in the life hereafter
For the Qur'an there is, of course, life on earth, but there is
also the life beyond. Here, too, water is God's supreme reward
to the believers and to those who have done good works
during the brief passage on this earth that is life for any
follower of the Prophet (Bouguerra, 2005). Allah says, "The
righteous (will be) amid gardens and fountains (of
clear-flowing water)." (Quran: al-Hijr, 15:45) "So We opened
the gates of heaven, with water pouring forth." (Quran:
al-Qamar, 54:11)
People of Heaven will be given different kind of drinks:
"(Here is) a Parable of the Garden which the righteous are
promised: in it are rivers of water incorruptible; rivers of milk
of which the taste never changes; rivers of wine, a joy to those
who drink; and rivers of honey pure and clear. In it there are
for them all kinds of fruits; and Grace from their Lord..."
(Quran: Muhammad, 47:15). As Quran said one of the drinks
41
water from springs called salsabil: "And they will be given to
drink there of a Cup (of Wine) mixed with Zanjabil. A
fountain there, called Salsabil." (Quran: al-Insan, 76:17-18);
tasnim: " With it will be (given) a mixture of Tasnim: A
spring, from (the waters) whereof drink those Nearest to
Allah."(Quran: al-Mutaffifin, 83:27-28)
word went forth: 'Away with those who do wrong!'" (Quran:
Hud, 11:44) "We, when the water (of Noah's flood)
overflowed beyond its limits, carried you (mankind), in the
floating (ark)." (Quran: al-Haaqqah, 69:11)
The Pharaoh also been destroyed with water: "Then
Pharaoh pursued them with his forces, but the waters
completely overwhelmed them and covered them up."
(Quran: Taha, 20:78) "(Remember also) Qarun, Pharaoh, and
Haman: there came to them Moses with clear signs, but they
behaved with insolence on the earth; yet they could not
overreach (Us). Each one of them We seized for his crime: of
them, against some We sent a violent tornado (with showers
of stones); some were caught by a (mighty) Blast; some We
caused the earth to swallow up; and some We drowned (in
the waters). It was not Allah Who injured (or oppressed)
them, they injured (and oppressed) their own souls." (Quran:
al-Ankabut, 29:40)
Quran also describes that those who confronts Allah and
His messenger in this world, will be punished in the hereafter
in hell with 'hell water': "And We shall drive the sinners to
Hell, like thirsty cattle driven down to water." (Quran:
Maryam, 19:86) "In front of such a one is Hell, and he is
given, for drink, boiling fetid water." (Quran: Ibrahim, 14:16)
"Say, 'The truth is from your Lord.' Let him who will believe,
and let him who will, reject (it): for the wrong-doers We have
prepared a Fire whose (smoke and flames), like the walls and
roof of a tent, will hem them in: if they implore relief they will
be granted water like melted brass, that will scald their faces,
how dreadful the drink! How uncomfortable a couch to
recline on!" (Quran: al-Kahf, 18:29) "These two antagonists
dispute with each other about their Lord: But those who deny
(their Lord),- for them will be cut out a garment of Fire: over
their heads will be poured out boiling water." (Quran: al-Haj,
22:19) See also: Quran: al-An'am, 6:70; al-Saaffat, 37:67;
al-Dukhan, 44:46, 48; al-Rahman, 55:44; al-Waqi'ah, 56:42,
54, 93.
2.12. Allah gives water because of good action and
withholds water because of wrongdoing
Quran said that good action such love to seek forgiveness
from Allah, He will give water: "Saying, 'Ask forgiveness
from your Lord; for He is Oft-Forgiving. He will send rain to
you in abundance. Give you increase in wealth and sons. And
bestow on you gardens and bestow on you rivers (of flowing
water)." (Quran: Nuh, 71:10-12)
On the other hand, wrongdoing and sin will bring anger
of Allah and He will withholds water. Allah says about the
owner of the garden that disbelieve in Allah: " Or the water of
the garden will run off underground so that thou wilt never be
able to find it. So his fruits (and enjoyment) were
encompassed (with ruin), and he remained twisting and
turning his hands over what he had spent on his property,
which had (now) tumbled to pieces to its very foundations,
and he could only say, "Woe is me! Would I had never
ascribed partners to my Lord and Cherisher!" (Quran:
al-Kahf, 18:41-42) 'Abdullah bin 'Umar said: "The Messenger
of Allah turned to us and said: '0 Muhajirin, there are five
things with which you will be tested, and I seek refuge with
Allah lest you live to see them: ...They do not withhold the
Zakat of their wealth, but rain will be withheld from the sky,
and were it not for the animals, no rain would fall on them..."
Recorded by Ibnu Majah (2007).
2.13 Misfortune due to misused of water
Between life and death, water may not only bring prosperity,
wealth and opulence, but may also bring misfortune should it
be misused or mismanaged or should we fail to give thanks to
God for his bounty (Bouguerra, 2005). As Quran records
dialog between the owners of the garden, as the believer said,
"It may be that my Lord will give me something better than
thy garden, and that He will send on thy garden thunderbolts
(by way of reckoning) from heaven, making it (but) slippery
sand! Or the water of the garden will run off underground so
that thou wilt never be able to find it."(Quran, al-Kahf,
18:40-41) More explicitly, Allah says, "Say: "See ye?- If your
stream be some morning lost (in the underground earth), who
then can supply you with clear-flowing water?"" (Quran:
al-Mulk, 67:30)
3. Conclusions
From the review study to Quranic verses related to water, the
Quranic principles of water environmental management are:
1) Men as a servant of Allah, as to manage the
environment, they have to obey Allah's orders based on
the holy Qur'an and the hadith of prophet Muhammad
pbuh.
2) Man as the vicegerent of Allah has to manage his life
based on the order of Allah include managing usage of
water in daily life.
3) Water is the symbol of life as by the will of God, the sole
basis for the emergence of life and every life on earth
owes its existence to the element of water.
4) Quran called for the proper governance of water, that all
entire universe may make use of it and the leader of the
community has to govern the usage of water as to make
sure the people live in harmony and obey Allah.
5) The supply of water is fixed and it should not be wasted
6) Men as the servant of Allah and His vicegerent in this
world have to make sure that entire creation can share
the water; human, flora, and fauna.
2.14 Water as an instrument of punishment in the world
and hereafter
The Qur'an also emphasises the ambivalence of water, which
can also destroy -by means of torrential rains, hail or floods,
for example- and thus serve to punish the wicked (Bouguerra,
2005). The people of Prophet Nuh has been destroyed by
flood because they confront with Allah and Prophet Nuh:
"Then the word went forth: "O earth! swallow up thy water,
and o sky! Withhold (thy rain)!" And the water abated, and
the matter was ended. The Ark rested on Mount Judi, and the
42
7) Water as a purification instrument spiritually and
physically.
8) Allah made universe include water as a subservient to
people so to show thanks to Him and so live in peace and
harmony at ecological level.
9) Allah creates water with its own nature from different
sources to be used by the creation
10)Healing and treatment with water.
11)Water is God's supreme reward to the believers in the
heaven in the life hereafter.
12)Allah gives water because of good action and withholds
water because of wrongdoing .
13)Misfortune due to misused of water .
14)Water as an instrument of punishment in the world and
hereafter.
4. References
The Holy Quran. Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
'Abd al-Baqi, Muhammad Fu'ad (1992). al-Mu'jam
al-mufahras li alfaz al-Qur'an al-karim. Beirut: Dar
al-Fikr.
Abu Daud, Sulayman bin al-Ash'ath al-Sijistani al-Azdi
(1997). Sunan Abi Daud. Edt. 'Izzat 'Ubayd al-Da'as &
'Adil al-Sayyid. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm.
Amery, H.A. (2001) Islam and the environment. In Water
management in Islam. Edt. Faruqui, N.I., Biswas, A.K.
and Bino M.J. Japan: United Nations University Press.
p39-48.
Bouguerra, M.L. (2005) Water: symbolism and culture. Paris:
Institut Veolia Environnement.
Al-Bukhari, Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma‘il. (2002)
Sahih al-Bukhari. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah.
Faruqui, N.I. (2001) Islam and water management: Overview
and principles. In Water management in Islam. Edt.
Faruqui, N.I., Biswas, A.K. and Bino M.J. Japan: United
Nations University Press. p1-32.
Ibnu Majah, Muhammad bin Yazid (2007). Sunan Ibnu
Majah. Trns. Nasiruddin al-Khattab. Riyadh:
Darussalam.
Khalid, F. (1996) "Guardians of the Natural Order". Our
Planet 8 (2), pp. 8-12.
Maududi, S.A.A (w.y.) The meaning of the Quran. Vol. 2.
Trans. Muhammad Akbar. Edt. A.A. Kamal. Lahore:
Islamic Publications(Pvt.) Limited.
Muslim bin Hajjaj (1998). Sahih Muslim. Edt. Ahmad Shams
al-Din. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.
al-Sheikh, Abdul Fattah (1996) Water and sanitation in
Islam. Egypt: World Health Organzation.
al-Tirmidhi, Abu 'Isa Muhammad bin 'Isa (2000). Sunan
al-Tirmidhi. Edt. Mahmud Muhammad Mahmud.
Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.
43
Foundation:
Toward Wise Interaction between Environmental Scientists and Islam
ZulkifliYusop
Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management,
Water Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Teknologi Malaysia
Abstract: Environmental issues are getting increasingly more complex now. As such providing technological
solution alone in addressing environmental problems deems to fail without strong consideration on the human
dimension. It’s necessary to understand and accommodate local culture or value in getting the public involvement
in environmental and development agenda. Islam as a way of life is indeed unique and has huge potential as
alternative to the conventional approach of handling environmental problems especially in the countries with
Muslim majority. In performing their religious duties which include managing the environment, Muslims are
guided by three principles, namely Tauheed, Khaleefa and Amanaa. It is vital for Muslim scientists to comprehend
that the purpose of carrying out their duty is beyond the worldly rewards but to glorify Allah and achieve the true
success (Al Falah). The concept of Khaleefa requires man to deliver his duty in conserving the environment at their
best as he will be judged in the hereafter. Man is only as trustee of Allah on this earth and he owns nothing. Though
human beings have the right to use other created beings, they must manage the nature and resources wisely.
Keywords: Tauheed, Khaleefa, Amanaa, Al falah, A way of life

events in the Muslim world can have far reaching impact on
the local and global environments. In the development
process, Muslim countries must not repeat mistakes during
the industrialization era in Europe, Japan and northAmerica
to avoid unnecessary environmental disasters. This requires
formulation of a more sustainable system or development
model.
Solving various environmental problems requires both
technological solution and human dimension.Environmental
crisis will not stop until the environment is given back its
sacredness in the eyes of the abuser. Such a deed is only
possible through humanity’s making peace with its
surroundings, inner peace and most importantly God (Murad,
2011). In this regard Islamic principles may offer a unique
development model. Islam offers more than a belief system; it
is a way of life that comes with well-defined set of values and
specific guidance in various aspects of life.Indeed the glory of
Islamic civilization in the past was driven by full adherent to
Islamic principleswhich are deeply rooted in the Muslim
culture, administration and management of nature and the
environment.
1. Introduction
Today, Muslims constitute about 20% of the world
population. As Islam is the fastest growing religion, Muslims
are projected to exceed a quarter of the world population by
year 2030. Many Muslim countries are yet to be developed.
However, it is sad to see the environmental conditions in
many Muslim countriesare deteriorating at an alarming rate.
Major environmental issues in Muslim worlds include water
pollution, poor solid waste management, inadequate
sanitation, deforestation, air pollution, toxic and radioactive
waste, soil erosion, desertification, extinction of flora and
fauna species, global warming, and exorbitant use of energy.
If this destructive is not controlled effectively, the next
generations will have no livable earth to inherit. More often
than not, destruction of environment is link to
socio-economic and political injustice which will affect the
lager communities. In any case, the poor and marginalized
will have to suffer the most.
On the brighter side, the potential for Muslim countries
to grow is tremendous. Indeed many Muslim countries are
rich with natural resources and have huge population to boost
and support economic activities, locally and regionally.
Islamic nations must strive for economic expansion in order
to survive and meeting the needs of their increasing
population.It is crucial to see this potential in the future as
2. The Islamic Perspective on Environment:
In Islam, everything in the universe is created by God, the
Almighty. However, Allah has chosen man as His best
creation. Man has been endowed with a free choice, an
intellect and a conscience. Islam provides man with spiritual
and moral values to distinguish him from other created
beings:
*: Corresponding author: [email protected] /
[email protected] 81310-Johor, Malaysia.
*: Corresponding author: [email protected], 81310-Johor,
Malaysia.
44
Verily, We created man in the best of form (Qur'ān
95:4).
The main purpose that Allah created human beings on this
world is to worship Him alone and to be grateful to Him.
Muslim must strive to achieve the true success in the present
world and in the hereafter. In doing so, the highest aim is to
glorify Allah and to get His blessing and not for worldly
rewards (Fig 1).
Although Allah creations are meant to serve human
being, man must learn to share this universe with other
created beings and must appreciate andrespect their
existence. All living and non living creations are interrelated,
inter dependent and part and parcel of the whole life of the
universe. Perturbing one species will affect the other
creations and disturbs the ecosystem balance. It implies that
every creature should be protected. It is important to
comprehend that even non-human creation is continuously
praisingAllah. As signs of Allah greatness, they manifest
Allah the Creator and Sustainerand as being in the state of
‘muslim’, they perfectly obey and submit to Allah ordain. By
assisting human beings in their spiritual journey, they become
part of a sacred activity. Also by regarding non-human beings
as ummah, Allah is equally concerned about their providence
and life as of human community. Thus non-human creation is
having its own value that need to be respected. As such, in
Islam ananthropocentric or human-centred view of creationis
not acceptable. Indeed, each creation whether living being or
non living has its own role to play in the overall plan of
Allah’s creation.
responsibilities to care for the natural world and keep the
harmony and balance placed within it. In the Qur’an there are
ample instructions as well as warnings to the faithful not to
abuse their power in dealing with the environment.
The concept of Tawhid or Divine unity is vital and
fundamental in Islam. Divine unity is apparent in the unity of
humanity and of nature. For Muslims to perform their
religious duties, which include managing the environmental,
they are guided by three basic principles:
Tawhid (unity)
Khaleefa (stewardship)
Amanah (trust)
2.1. Tawhid
The doctrine of Tawhid, the belief in the oneness of God, is a
fundamental principal in the Qur’an. Tawhid affirms and
acknowledges that God is one and the only Reality. Then
creation is part of the Essence of God and it manifests Him.
This affirms the wholeness and holiness of the creation and
thus it brings value to creation. It is vital for Muslim scientists
to comprehend that the purpose of carrying out their duty is
beyond the worldly rewards or mere satisfaction or
recognition by peers but to glorify Allah.
The natural environment which includes the heavens
with its spaciousness, billions of stars, galaxies and planets,
the earth with its mountains, seas, plants, trees, deserts, fruits,
animals and metals has been created by Allah to be observed
so that man can learn the greatness of Allah by reflecting on
nature. Muslims understand that Allah has not created all this
for nothing. This is mentioned many times in the holly
Qur’an;
“Verily, in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the
alternation of the night and the day, there are surely signs for
men of understanding” (al Imran,190).
“Have you not seen that God is glorified by all in the heavens
and on the earth – such as the birds with wings outspread?
Each know its worship its worship and glorification, and God
is aware of what they do” (an Nur, 41).
“Behold! In the creation of the heavens and the earth; in the
alternation of the night and the day; in the sailing of the ships
through the ocean for the profit of mankind; in the rain which
God sends down from the skies, and the life which He gives
therewith to an earth that is dead; in the beasts of all kinds that
He scatters through the earth; in the change of the winds, and
the clouds subjugated between the sky and earth — [here]
indeed are signs for a people who thinks” (al Baqarah, 164).
Figure 1:Purpose of work or life
The holistic approach in dealing with environmental issues
was long promoted by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It
emphasizes on the fundamental interdependency amongst all
created beings and the environment. In other words, If one
were to abuse the environment, the consequence will be felt
by others.
The Holy Qur’an, is full of exhalation of nature, its
beauty and the need to protect it. Nature is portrayed as God’s
glory, a gift of sustenance and humanity is divinely ordained
The large number of Quranic verses that ask Man to
contemplate the greatness of Allah creationscompel Muslim
scholars to regard nature and the universe as a “book” or
“book of the universe” (Ozdemir, 2012). Just like the Qur’an,
the book of the universe shows us clear signs of Allah’s
supremacy, our Sustainer and Creator. Unlike the secular
approach in understanding the universe which is purely based
on physical entity and devoid of any spiritual value or Ruh,
45
Islam places sacred and spiritual dimension to understand and
explore nature and the environment.
The fragility of water as the most important resource for life is
mentioned by Allah, and He reminded that human action
through over exploitation of land for example can cause
depletion or disappearance of water.
2.2. Khaleefa
Muslims are always reminded on their role as vicegerent or
trustee of Allah on this earth. We are only as Allah's stewards
and agents and do not own anything on this Earth. Everything
belongs to Allah and He has entrusted us with its safekeeping.
Our function as vicegerents of Allah, is only to oversee the
trust. Man is answerable for his actions, for the way in which
he uses or abuses the trust of Allah.
It is a religious duty to carefully preserve or manage the
environment by not over using or wasting resources. Man
must also understand the delicate balance of the nature and
environment and must not transgress this balance. The Qur’an
draws our attention to the balance of nature, then indicates
that we should be careful to observe the balances and rights in
the life of society. That is to say, rights and balances are
universal rules that we have to observe.Allah had created the
world with a particular order, balance, and harmony.
“And we send down water from the sky according to (due)
measure, and we cause it to soak in the soil; and We certainly
able to drain it off (with ease)” (Al Mu’minuun, 18)
It is amazing that for a given area on this earth, the annual
rainfall has been the same for so long. Similar amount of
water is evaporated, a due proportion falls on earth and the
rest on oceans, but the distribution is almost similar every
year. The hydrological cycle providesclean water to the earth
and amazingly, the proportion of fresh water of 0.08% of the
total water budget on earth is maintained. However, this
balance is delicate and might change due to global warming
that modifies the global wind circulation. It’s vital to note
that a slight change in the global water balance could
significantly modify the freshwater availability and greatly
affect the environment.
"And the earth We have spread out; set thereon mountains
firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things
in due balance." [Al Hijr, 19]
2.3. Amaana
In Islam, man is responsible to his action and will be
accountable to God on what is trusted to him. The ultimate
responsibility to protect and conserve the environment lies
with the individual who will be judged on the Day of
Judgement for what he has done regardless of any constraint
or limitation in delivering his task. It is not the question of
whether he succeeded in delivering the task or not but what he
has done. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said,
‘And the Firmament has He raised high, and He has set up the
Balance (of justice), in order that you may not transgress
(due) balance. So establish weight with justice and fall not
short in the balance” (AlRahman,7-9).
In the present context, the above verse can be related to global
warming, caused by accelerated release of green house gases
(GHG) to the atmosphere and trapping heat from the earth
surface. At its natural level, GHG is vital to keep the earth
temperature just right, not too hot and not too cold. This
balance needs to be understood and Man must seek
knowledge to deal with this challenging issue. Therefore in
performing thisamanah as vicegerent, not only a Man needs
to perform his duty religiously but he must also know how to
deliver the trust. As such seeking knowledge or science and
technology in the related field toprudently perform the trust
becomesobligatoryor Fardhu Kifayah for the Muslim ummah
or scholars.
Allah has created the world with a particular order,
balance, and harmony. Man must not destroy this balance
through over exploitation of resources, wasteful and greedy.
In fact it is crucial for Man to know the threshold or limit that
should not be exceeded when using the resources so that the
ecosystem can recover naturally. Again this needs science
and probably modelling. This is consistent with the concept
of sustainability. Allah reminded human beings not to inflict
damage or corrupt the earth.
“Everyone of you is a guardian and is responsible for his
charges. The ruler who has authority over people is a guardian
and is responsible for them” (SahihBukhari 3.46.730).
In the same manner man is also responsible and to be kind to
nature and not to abuse the trust that has been placed on the
shoulders of man. In fact, to be kind to animals is an integral
part of Islam for Muslims. All human beings, flora and fauna
enjoy the right to share in the resources of the earth and man’s
abuses of any resource are forbidden. Indeed animal is also
part of ummah as mentioned in the Qur’an
‘‘There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being
that flies on its wings, but (form part of) communities like
you. Nothing have we omitted from the Book, and they (all)
shall be gathered to their Lord in the end.” (Al An-Aam, ayah
38)
3. Conclusion
Managing the environment from Islamic perpective could
provide a strong boost for Muslim to champion various
environmental issues. There are numerous verses in the
Qur’an and Hadith that ask human being to protect and
conserve the nature and the environment. Many of the
modern concepts of environmental management had been
pioneered by Muslims during the era of Islamic civilization
since 1400 yers ago. Muslims nowadays need to relook at this
“Corruption appears on land and sea because of (the evil) that
men’s hands have done, so that He may make them taste a
part of what they have done, in order that they may return.”
(Al Rum, 41)
46
very precious knowledge as basis for stronger sustainable
management agenda.
4. References
Murad M. (2011) Islamic Environmental Stewardship:
Nature and Science in the Light of Islamic Philosophy
in Union Seminary Quarterly Review, Vol. 63:
pg147-8.
Ozdemir, I (2012) An Islamic Approach to the Environment.
http://www.islamawareness.net/Nature/environment_a
pproach.html
47
Foundation:
Understanding the watershed: Case study at Cidanau Watershed
*Arien Heryansyah and Akira Kikuchi
Water Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Abstract: Proper watershed monitoring is the most essential parts of watershed management. However this step should
be continued with other important process, such as developing environmental information data bases. The data bases
were required to understand the watershed response, and to identify the influential factors of environmental problems.
The approach for establishing this data bases are process identification, statistical analysis, and simulation using
appropriate watershed model. This paper conveys important massage to every stockholder to continue watershed
monitoring with reasonable cost to maintain our environment in healthy condition.
Keywords: Information Databases, Model Simulation, Watershed monitoring

2. Understanding a watershed
2.1. Environmental monitoring
Many different attributes are needed to maintain a high
quality, biotically rich, functioning watershed. Healthy
watersheds provide stable habitats for both biological
diversity and human recreational uses. These stable systems
are capable of adaptation towards environmental changes
over time and are good indicators of the quality in the
surrounding habitat. Good watersheds usually function best
with low turbidity, minimal suspended sediment in the water,
and infrequent shifts in water levels. Frequency and intensity
of fluctuating water levels are also very important
considerations. Adequate shade, river meanders, and
biological diversity also consider as good indicators since
they involve on control the environmental temperature,
pollutant load, and system stability.
Watershed monitoring is considered as cost centre for
most of developing country’s governments. Therefore
scientists try to reduce budget by considering the purpose of
monitoring, and the sub system within the watershed such as
nature and anthropogenic sub system. This consideration
would reduce the number of observation points and the
interest indicators, but at the same time still maintain the
requirement for learning processes.
1. Introduction
Watersheds are characterized by the location of the
pour-point, or mouth, of the waterbody main flow to which all
the other flow points join and eventually drain from the
watershed. Since it follows the processes of hydrologic cycle,
the condition is depending on rainfall conditions. Some time
it is wet or dry, with many differences in quality and flow
depending upon the individual storm, the season, and the
year.
Nutrients and chemicals are circulated throughout the
watershed's system as result of interaction between activities
within a watershed and hydrologic cycle. Aquatic species
(fish, or aquatic insects), terrestrial species (birds, or small
mammals), and also anthropogenic activities are the
important players. However, these human activities are
considered as major impacts on the movement of water, water
quality, and the quality of the natural habitat. People use
these environments to grow food, build their homes and
businesses, and travel from one place to another.
Watersheds act as a reservoir and oxidation pond. It
stores water from precipitation and the release the water
during dry periods. It also filters and purifies the runoff,
providing clean water for drinking, irrigation, and industry. A
variety of plant and wildlife communities are the indicator for
watershed function. Watershed also provides recreation and
leisure for many people, taking advantage of boating, fishing,
and swimming in a lake. Therefore, scientists recognize the
best way to protect our water resources is to understand and
manage them on a watershed basis. Human activities as well
as natural events that occur in a watershed can impact
throughout the entire system.
2.2. Environmental Information Database
Knowledge database of environmental behavior at watershed
level is crucially important for good, scientifically and
economically accepted strategic planning design. It can be
used to evaluate the status of the watershed: to learn the
watershed response towards several changes: and to estimate
the countermeasures for specific problems. This will involve
a long period of data observation.
*: Corresponding author: [email protected], 81310 Skudai,
Johor, Malaysia
48
There are at least three approaches for developing the
information databases, such as process identification,
statistical analysis, and modeling. Process identification
involve expertise that may not be exist in all locations to deal
with local wisdom. Statistical analysis requires special skill
that able to explain the available data and estimate the trend or
future condition with constant assumptions. While modeling
approach involves limited data but also may predict future
condition with different set of scenario. Most of scientists
believe this approach is the most suitable method.
water pollution.
The Cidanau watershed is changing rapidly in term of
agricultural aspects, and the river is the water source for
industrial estate. However the suitable data to describe to
understand and to solve the related water problems is not
sufficiency available. Therefore seasonal field surveys were
conducted to obtain the best sufficiency data in order to
explain the phenomena of the water problems.
As the result paddy field and swamp areas were considered
as an important factor for the Nitrogen pollutant discharge. It
was suggested that land use types are maintained, especially
at upper catchment area.
2.3. Environmental Simulation
Hydrological model have been developed from a need to
analyze and solve specific hydrological problems. Though
the problems maybe be different, variation of state-variables
over space and time need to considered and internal flow
processes have to be computed, in order to obtain useful
outcome of the modeling exercise. According to suitable
solution for those problems, hydrological model was
differentiated into distributed and lumped model.
Distributed hydrological model are necessary if
variation of state-variables over space and time are more
important rather than direct relationship between rainfall and
discharge. Usually, distributed hydrological model employed
many physical based parameters. Therefore, it well known as
‘white box approach’ or physically based hydrological
models. Physically based distributed models of the
hydrological cycle can in principle be applied to almost any
kind of hydrological problem. These models are based on our
understanding of the physics of the hydrological processes
that control catchments response and use physically based
equations to describe these processes.
However, this approach highly depends on modeling
performance and sensitivity. It means all the simulation result
should be interpreted based on the model consideration. For
instance, some models only considering certain aspect of
watershed system while, another only consider a lump
hydrological aspect. Simulation also depends on future and
extreme condition selections. The study to identify the future
condition considering wide aspect are required, while
extreme condition may be obtain from statistical analysis.
3. Conclusion
The necessity for watershed monitoring was explained, and
the suitable approach for understands the watershed was
presented. The important message is to continue watershed
monitoring with all cost: involvingvarious stake holder to
understand our environment: and to keep it in healthy
condition.
4. References
Arien, H., Goto. A., Mizutani, M., and Yanuar, M.J.P. (2005)
Appropriate Watershed Runoff Modeling in a
Developing Watershed in Indonesia, Transactions of
JSIDRE, 73 (6): 117-124.
Bouraoui, F. and Dillaha, T.A.. (1996) ANSWERS-2000:
Runoff and sediment transport model, Journal of
Environmental Engineering, ASCE 122(6): 493-502.
Holmes, R.M., Jones, J.B., Fisher, S.G. and Grimm, N.B.
(1996) Denitrification in Sonoran Desert stream
ecosystems, Biogeochemistry 33: 125-146.
Nakasone, H, and Nakamura, R (1984) Fluctuation of water
quality and runoff of pollutant load in karasu-river at rain
(abstract in English), Transactions of JSIDRE, 111:
35–42
Somura, H., Goto, A., and Mizutani, M. (2003) Modeling
Analysis of nitrate nitrogen pollution processes of
groundwater in Nasunogahara Basin, Transactions of
JSIDRE, 71 (4): 455-464.
Sudhir, U., Meshram, and Shende, S.T. (1982) Total nitrogen
uptake by maize with Azotobacter inoculation, Plant and
Soil, 69: 275-280.
2.4. Cidanau Watershed Case
A watershed water quality model for T-N Phenomena was
developed for the Cidanau watershed, Indonesia. The
performance was evaluated in view of the model’s
applicability to water pollution issues. The watershed water
quality model consists of a sub-catchments-based application
of the tank model and water quality components.
This type of modeling is considered as the most appropriate
by taking consideration on data availability and spatial
variability. The LQ and the dissolution-type for the water
quality components were employed, and parameter setting
method was based on sub-catchments grouping in order to
verify and obtain the best model structure. The established
watershed water quality model was expected to perform as a
simulation tool for identification of the influential factors in
49
Foundation:
Increase Sensitivity of Environmental Problems on Students and Its
Implementations to Build a Research Proposal through Group Investigation
Nurwidodo
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Abstract: Professional competence is characterized by mastering teaching materials, conduct educational
learning and ability to do research. Environmental science courses equip students with the ability to increase their
sensitivity to environmental issues and use them to formulate a research plan based environment. Problems were
found in the lectures within this extremely sensitive environmental issues and the ability to use research to
develop environment is still low. Though sensitivity to environmental issues is the entrypoint to piled plan-based
research environment, the purpose of writing this paper is to describe the implementation of Group Investigation
(GI) results in increased sensitivity to environmental issues and apply them to plan research on the student of
biology education departement in semester V. Group Investigation has been applied to the knowledge of the
environment in a semester course in 2011/2012. The activities included the determination of the issues and groups,
formulation of how to solve problems, conduct field investigations, organize and analyze the data, present the
results and evaluation. This activity took place within 4 (four) cycles. In the determination of Plan, the teacher
makes the lesson plan (RPP) personaly, then discussed together with other lecturers. In this activity students carry
out the learning process DO, followed by several lecturers. Observing the activities and reflecting on the learning
that has been carried out led by a moderator. Data on students' learning activity findings after analysis showed that
there is an increased sensitivity to the problems of the environment and students’ ability to pile-plan research for
lectures from cycle to cycle. With GI they were conditioned to learn sincerely and responsibly. It can be
concluded that the GI can increase student sensitivity to environmental concerns and GI can improve the ability to
plan-based research environment.
Keywords: Environmental problem, Group investigation, Research plan, Sensitivity

need (basic) to desire (tertiary), the human exploration of the
environment become rapacious and greedy. Environment has
been drained as much as possible in order to fulfill the
growing number of people. Starting this moment, then there is
imbalance (disequilibrium)of the relationship between
humans and their environment. Changing patterns of human
relations and the environment is the beginning of the
emergence of environmental problems and led to the
disastrous (dangers) environment.
Human life cannot be separated in the running of the role
and consequence on environmental issues. Sensitivity is the
speed of response (rapid response) of one individual for
everything in the environment. Sensitivity to environmental
issues is the awareness of the environmental issues that arise
as a result of the imbalance ecological relationship between
biotic and abiotic factors. This problem is very diverse and
attract attention for assessment and potential as an input in
preparing the study. Sensitivity is the degree of awareness
and response to environmental change. While sensitivity to
environmental issues is the degree of susceptible to the
changes that may lead to damage or harm to the environment.
Sensitivity to environmental issues can be identified through
its ability to detect potential problems or the one that appear
in the environment. The number of potential problems or
1. Introduction
Prospective teachers require professional pedagogical
competence, professional competence, personal competence
and social competence. Professional Competence states that
teachers must master the science and can carry out research in
science and learning. Meet the candidate's professional
competence of teachers prepared to master the field of
biological sciences one of which is environmental science.
Environmental science is the science that addresses the
environment as a major component of the ecosystem, where
human life lasts. Anthropocentric environmental science,
which means the interest in reviewing the needs of human
life. The environment is everything that is beyond human
beings as subjects of study. It is a place where human life take
resources to meet their needs, but also as a place for dumpster,
where people throw away any remaining residue that no
longer uses. Environment is a resource for human life.
Throughout human exploration to take place in natural
environment, then the environment will provide a good
carrying capacity, and the relationship between it will happen
naturally. But due to humans who have changed the level of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
50
have arisen are able to be realized or responded will indicate
the degree of individual's alertness to environmental
problems. In this lesson study, there are two aspects of the
sensitivity of students that have been observed which is the
awareness and response in the scale of quantity and quality.
Based on the preliminary observations indicate that
students sensitivity towards environmental issues have not
been optimal. Most students do not have awareness of the
potential problems of environmental problems. They only
have awareness of the problems that have arisen as a
consequence of the various changes that have preceded it.
Whereas, to be a researcher we must have a sensitivity to the
phenomenon that may occur or has the potential to occur.
Increased sensitivity to environmental problems is possible
with the instillation of lesson study about environmental
knowledge lectures implemented by the group of
investigation method.
Environmental knowledge course is one of the courses
that support the achievement of biology education
departement in UMM. The subjects in this course have the
competency standards and 8 basic competence as the
reference target. Standard of competency is by applying the
principles of learning strategies in biology education and
research-based learning strategies. Essentially, the first
competency is by mastering environmental knowledge and
sensitive towards environmental issues and applying
environmental problems in organized knowledge-based
research proposal environment, with the following indicators
1.Describing the basic concepts of environmental science, 2.
Analyzing the environmental problems in Indonesia, 3.
Describing Environmental Law, 4. Energy Conservation, 5,
Analyzing about population, 6. Analyzing the succession and
land degradation, 7. Analyzing the characteristics of natural
resources, the availability, utilization and its problem to
humans, 8. Evaluation of pest control, 9. Analyzing the
pollution and its impact, 10. Analyzing global warming.
Expanded indicators on the basis of each competency can be
seen in table 1.
Learning outcomes will be more meaningful if at the time
of study followed by attitude and strong motivation, learning
seriously and responsibly. In order for the attitude,
motivation, learning seriousness and responsibility can be
maintained then the learning climate that leads need to be
created. Lesson Study (Jugogenkyu) is a model of coaching
(training) professional educators through collaborative
learning and assessment ongoing collegiality based on the
principles of mutual aid and mutual learning to build a
learning community. Lesson study implementation phase
includes planning (plan), implementation (do) and reflection
(see). Activity of lesson study is conducted by a group of
lecturers. Lesson of study may also be learned by the students
as prospective teachers, because basically the lesson of study
is conducted regularly and sustainably in order to enhance the
competence and professionalism of teachers gradually.
Lesson study (LS) in learning activities, as well as efforts
to activate students, faculty can also conduct a review of its
performance. Through lesson study with the Plan, Do, See,
enabling the development of student's academic abilities
earnest attitude and foster more careful and responsible in
learning because of the lesson of study that will be observed
and reflected by both students and faculty observer. Based on
the insight we need to know the student sensitivity to
environmental concerns and capitalize on the preparation of
research proposal. Thus, the goal of writing this paper is to
describe the results of implementation of lesson of study in
sensitizing students to the problems of the environment via
semesters of biology education study programs and apply
those problems into the preparation of research proposals.
2. Methods
To achieve the expected goals of increasing student
sensitivity to environmental issues and implementation issues
as an input in preparing a research proposal to the study were
carried out in three stages of Lesson of Study which is plan,
do and see. The three stages were implemented in 4 LS
lecture cycles. Sensitivity of students in environmental issues
in the preparation and implementation of this research
proposal is the focus in the implementation of a managed
learning environmental knowledge through Lesson of Study
with learning methods Investigation group (GI).
To obtain empirical evidence on the focus subject of the
study were examined as a source of data is the involvement of
faculty and students in LS for Environmental Science course.
Lecturers involved are Drs. Nurwidodo, M.Kes., Dra. Lise
Chamisijatin, MPd., Dra. Roimil Latifah, MSi., DR. Eko
Susetyorini, MSi,. Dra. Elly Purwanti, MP., and DR.
Poncojari Wahyono, M.Kes. Lesson of study in
Environmental Science course is designed in 4 cycles or
rounds. Each round was implemented in three stages: (1)
planning (plan) in preparing teaching plans and teaching
materials, (2) conducted lectures have been compiled based
on SAP (do) and observed by the Lesson Study team
members and other observers, and (3 ) a discussion of
reflection based on the observation (see).
At the stage of plan, it was done with the same
assessment of the teaching plan and teaching materials that
have been planned which includes course syllabus, the
material to be taught, teacher models that will be an
instrumental, student activity sheets and evaluation
instruments that are needed. The results of the assessment are
used for necessary repairs to the design of structured learning.
At the stage of implementation (do) implement a model
teacher learning in accordance with lesson plans that have
achieved together with assessment and repair (revision) in
accordance with the advice and input. Meanwhile, a team of
course act as observers (other than faculty model). In
conducting the observation lesson, lecturers from the outside
group were also invited for Environmental Science course to
share the observation lesson. Observations were based on a
standardized observation sheet that had been prepared.
Observations were directed toward student learning activities
during lectures with both positive and negative. Recordings
and documenting through photographs and video
(audio-visual) was also done to strengthen the observation.
This documentation is done on behavior and general or
special events during the learning process, and valuable as
evidence authentic events during reflection activities to
reinforce learning.
51
Stages of Reflection (see). Reflection activities were
carried out immediately after learning process is completed.
This activity was followed by all observers and lecturers
models and led by a moderator and assisted by a secretary.
Discussion in this activity was done on the events that arise in
learning both general and specific, positive or negative, but
not to convict faculty model. Student learning activities are a
major concern. Steps taken in this activity is by the moderator
introducing each audience to follow the reflection with each
role, and then asked to submit a model faculty perceptions of
learning first one has happened. Next all observers are
required to submit observations sequentially. After all
observers give their comments, the next step is a model
lecturer was asked to respond to comment the observer. The
spirit that was built is to improve learning performance as the
focus of the planned issue, not on finding weaknesses of
model faculty. The results are then used to reflect the input for
the preparation of the next lesson planning.
The collected data which includes data on (1) the
sensitivity of students on environmental issues and
(utilization issues to plan proposal). For data on the
sensitivity of the issue, mainly there are two aspects: the
number of known environmental issues and student responses
to the problem. While data utilization issues to develop
proposals based research environment, the collected data
which included 1. The ability to formulate research titles, 2.
Ability to describe the background, 3. The ability to describe
the formulation of the problem, and 4. The ability to
summarize the research purposes.
In describing the lecture, a data analysis technique was
done by using content analysis observations on activities
undertaken do and see. The content analysis was then carried
out for the collection of information, reduction, verification
results and conclusions. Research plan descriptive data
analysis was used to describe the increased sensitivity and the
ability to utilize this remedy.
Nurwidodo, M.Kes. Nurwidodo, Kes. In preparing and doing
it in an open discussion, attention is also focused on student
sensitivity to environmental issues and the application of
these issues to develop research proposals.
3-2. Implementation
Cycles (rounds) I carry a model teacher learning (do) with the
competency standards of ecological succession and
Adaptation analyze and apply for a research plan. Learning
step is done by following syntax Investigation Group, which
asks students to form groups, and each group was asked to
determine the issue of ecological succession and adaptation,
followed by field investigation activities. The results of field
investigations discussed in groups, and performed for
organizing their raw data then presented and discussed in
class with the other groups. Before the meeting ended, the
professor asked the students to implement a variety of issues
related to succession planning and adaptation based research
into the theme. The main points discussed at the title of the
proposal, the background, the formulation of the problem,
and the purpose of fieldwork.
In the second cycle models lecturer played by Drs.
Nurwidodo, M.Kes. Lecturer implement learning models (do)
with the GI method again Basic competencies studied were
eradication of pests. Steps to be taken in accordance with
procedures contained in Investigation group as in the first
cycle which was to determine the problems associated with
the eradication of pests, conduct field investigations related to
the eradication of pests, to discuss the results of the
investigation and then at the end of the meeting when the
group was asked to present the results of their discussion.
After the presentation, each group was asked to make a
response to the problem of pest prevention. They are also
given the opportunity to respond to pest prevention by raising
agreed slogans from each group. After that proceed to the
next task, namely the use of assessment eradication of pest
problems to develop research proposals, especially for the
title, background, problem formulation and research
purposes. Each member is to develop their own research
proposal is a plan, and then conducted a discussion group to
which the proposal verification of any member who most
deserves to be a group proposal. Proposals were selected to
represent the group then studied further to gain legitimacy
associated with originality, sense of urgency and the
preparation of the proposal perfection.
In the third cycle models lecturer is Drs. Nurwidodo,
MKes. Lecturer implement learning models with GI models.
The competencies developed is environmental pollution. The
lecture from the beginning to the end of the follow syntax
Group Investigation that asks students to form groups, and
each group was asked to determine the environmental
pollution problem, followed by field investigation activities.
The results of field investigations was discussed in groups,
then presented and discussed in class with the other groups.
Utilization of environmental pollution problems to develop
3. Results and Discussion
Description of the implementation of the plan, do and see for
all materials used in the open lesson
3-1. Planning
Models namely Drs. Nurwidodo M.Kes, formulate learning
device that includes syllabus, lesson plans (RPP), the outline
of lecture materials, methods and media are necessary for the
implementation of the (do) the first cycle (material
Succession and Adaptation). This lesson plan was openly one
day prior to the open class for feedback, criticism and
suggestions from all the professors in the Environmental
Science course. In the discussion of this lesson plan, teachers
get feedback models and some notes for improvement. Such a
move made for the preparation and discussion is open to the
lesson plan for the second cycle (Pest Control), played by
Drs. Nurwidodo, M.Kes., Cycle III (Environmental
Pollution) played back by Drs. Nurwidodo M.Kes, and the
cycle IV (Global Warming) are also performed by Drs.
52
Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Cycle of Problem Sensitivity Against I
Sensitivity Indicator
FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
The number of identified problems
9
25
Relevance Problems
7
22
Types of problem response
10
27
Relevance response
15
30
Table 2. Frequency and Percentage Cycle of Problem Sensitivity Against I
Proposal Indicators of Developing
FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
Capability
Prepare proposal title
13
65
Prepare background
11
62
To formulate the problem
25
70
Compiling research purposes
15
30
Table 3. Frequency and Percentage Sensitivity of Cycle II Problems
FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
The number of problems identified
13
25
Relevance Problems
11
22
Types of response to the problem
10
15
Relevance response
5
10
Table 4. Frequency and Percentage Capabilities of Cycle II Proposal Preparation
Capability Indicators of Developing
FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
Proposal
15
68
Prepare background
15
65
27
74
19
33
Table 5. Frequency and Percentage Sensitivity of Cycle III
FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
20
20
Relevance Problems
15
15
15
15
Relevance response
10
20
research proposals, especially for the title, background,
problem formulation and research purposes. Each member is
to develop their own research proposal is a plan, and then
conducted a discussion group to which the proposal
verification of any member who most deserves to be a group
proposal. Proposals were selected to represent the group then
studied further to gain legitimacy associated with originality,
sense of urgency and the preparation of the proposal
perfection. At the end of the meeting, teachers will ask the
students to prepare a learning model in the future.
While on cycle IV models professors in charge are Drs.
Nurwidodo, M.Kes. In this fourth cycle of basic
competencies studied were students understand global
warming and exploit the problem of global warming in the
53
Table 6. Frequency and Percentage of Cycle III Proposal Preparation Capabilities
Capability Indicators of Developing FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
Proposal
20
69
Prepare background
19
66
29
74
21
35
Table 7. Frequency and Percentage Sensitivity of Cycle IV
FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
23
65
Relevance Problems
21
62
20
65
Relevance response
15
30
Table 8. Frequency and percentage Capability Proposal of Cycle IV
Capability Indicators of Developing
FREQUENCY
Percentage (%)
Proposal
25
68
Prepare background
25
65
31
74
26
69
preparation of research proposals.The method used is
Investigation group. Steps taken are as follows. By asking
students to form groups, and each group was asked to
determine the environmental pollution problem, followed by
field investigation activities. The results of field
investigations were discussed in groups, then presented and
discussed in class with the other groups. Utilization of global
warming issues to develop research proposals, especially for
the title, background, problem formulation and research
purposes. Each member is to develop their own research
proposal is a plan, and then conducted a discussion group to
which the proposal verification of any member who most
deserves to be a group proposal. Proposals were selected to
represent the group then studied further to gain legitimacy
associated with originality, sense of urgency and the
preparation of the proposal perfection.
secretary trial. A lecture of first models were given the
opportunity to express his perception during the learning
process, then the observer was asked to submit observations
and models lecturer was asked to respond back to the
comments made by the observer. In this reflection, the
discussed and reviewed on the learning target is the focus in
the implementation of lesson of study in the Science subject.
In a reflection of the first cycle, the level of student sensitivity
to environmental issues and the ability to exploit these issues
to develop research proposals have not shown the results as
expected. Then the ability to develop a plan based on research
that examined the issue of succession and adaptation are still
not meet the expected standard. This characteristic has
become an inputs for the next cycle.
In a reflection of the second cycle, the level of student
sensitivity to environmental issues and the ability to exploit
the issue for further research proposal showing the results as
expected. Then the ability to develop a plan based on research
that examined issues are also increasingly expected to meet
standards. This characteristic has become inputs for the next
cycle (III and IV).
3-3. Reflection
Reflection on cycle I, II, III and IV held to discuss the
learning process that has been going and work on improving
quality for the next cycle in accordance with the focus of the
issues raised in the lesson study course for Environmental
Science. The implementation process of reflection following
the standard guidelines provided by the Directorate General
of Higher Education. Led by a moderator and assisted by a
3-4. Students Sensitivity Data and Discussion.
Sensitivity lectures data obtained from the students in the first
cycle when the lecture took place on November 13, 2011
(syntax 1 s / d 4) and dated 17 November 2011 (syntax 5 s / d
6). Basic competencies covered are analyzed succession and
54
adaptation. The results of the sensitivity student identification
shows that there are 14 students who are high in sensitivity,
15 students with low sensitivity and 10 students with regular
sensitivity (medium). The results of the identification of the
student responses to the problem of showing show that 14
people are very responsive, 15 people were unresponsive and
10 with medium sensitivity.
While on cycle IV was held on December 28, 2011 (for
syntax 1 s / d 4) and January 4, 2012 (for syntax 5 s / d 7) to
discuss the issue of global warming. The results of the data
collection student sensitivity to the problems associated with
global warming and the ability of students to take advantage
of these problems to develop research proposals are as
follows: Table ......
From the tabulation of the results of the data collection
and analysis suggests that sensitivity to environmental
problems are indicated by the number of identified
environmental issues and the relevance of the issue with the
theme being studied as well as the ability to use this to plan
the knowledge-based research in environmental science
lectures from cycle I to cycle II, III and IV are increased.
Komisi Dunia Untuk Lingkungan dan Pembangunan
1988.Hari Depan KitaBersama. Gramedia Jakarta.
2/17/2010/2
Ibrohim, 2011, Lesson Study untuk Meningkatkan
Kompetensi Pendidik, Kualitas Pembelajaran dan
Perkembangannya Di Indonesia, Makalah disajikan
dalam Seminar Nasional Lesson Study di UNTAD Palu,
28 Oktober 2011.
Kurikulum
Akademik
2010-2011,
Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang
Mahmudin. 2008. Kompetensi Profesional Guru Indonesia.
Http://mahmudin.wordpress.com. Di akses tanggal 17
April 2009.
Silver, C. Simon. 1992. Satu Bumi Satu Masa Depan. Remaja
Rosdakarya.Bandung.
Soemarwotto, Otto. 1991. Ekologi, Lingkungan Hidup dan
Pembangunan. Djambatan. Jakarta.
Soerjani, M. et al 1987. Lingkungan: Sumberdaya Alam dan
Kependudukan
dalam
Pembangunan.
UIPress.UIJakarta.
Suriasumantri,J.S, 2001, Filsafat Ilmu Sebuah Pengantar
Populer, Pustaka Sinar Harapan Jakarta.
4. Conclusions
Of course the implementation of the Investigation group on
Environmental Knowledge in Biology Education Program
JPMIPA FKIP UMM can be summarized as follows:
1..Investigation group can increase sensitize students to
environmental issues as a major input to develop a
research plan based on knowledge of the environment in
order to prepare candidates for professional teachers.
2..Investigation group can enhance students' ability in using
environmental issues to develop research plans, as the
demands of graduate education is a biology graduate
who is ready to become a professional teacher.
5. Recommendation
1. With respect to the benefits that can be derived from the
implementation of the Investigation Group course of
environmental knowledge then needs to be developed for
the implementation of other scientific subjects.
2. Subjects beyond Environmental Science are strongly
advised to apply the lesson study to occur
simultaneously coaching profession and improving the
quality of processes and outcomes lecture can quickly be
spread the benefits can be more felt.
6. Biobliography
Anderson, H. A et al 2003. Environmental Science.
Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.
Brown, R Lester, 2002. Tantangan Masalah Lingkungan
Hidup. YayasanObor Indonesia. Jakarta.
Chiras, D. Daniel 2005. Environmental Science. Benjamin
PublishingCompany, California.
Direktorat Pembelajaran dan Kemahasiswaan, 2011,
Pedoman Penulisan Makalah Lesson Study Untuk
Seminar Exchange Experience, Dirjen Dikti,
Kementrian Pendidikan Nasional, Jakarta.
55
Communications:
Tourism as an Islamic media for water conservation:
Challenges and opportunities
*Luchman Hakim
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University
Abstract: The aim of the paper is to provide conceptual framework on tourism, Islam and water conservation in
modern world. Prior to the modern concept of tourism and environmental conservation, Islamic scholars in the past
have discussed such themes in Islamic perspectives. Principally, traveling in the perspectives of Islamic scholars has
several benefits, including worship, improving knowledge, learning lessons and receiving reminders. Islam also argues
that nature conservation is one of the human obligations on the earth. The important point for linking tourism and water
conservation in muslim community therefore requires contemporary Islamic guidelines which is able to link and
manage such issues in a sustainable manner. In the context of global conservation strategies, such approach will
provide alternative model to maximize economic benefits from tourism in conservation and enhance human awareness
to conservation through their spirituality.
Keywords: Tourism, Islam, Water conservation

2004 confirms that laboratory assessment based on the
several parameters such as DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli and
total coliform indicate that many Indonesian water sources
are highly polluted. It is often a result of uncontrolled
development activities, pollution, over exploitation, and little
regards for the overall integrity of the environment which are
fundamental in water quality. In other words, Indonesia is
facing water crisis. Such situation leads government to accept
the concept of sustainable development to become a new
paradigm for development in Indonesia. The sustainable
development is a kind of development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. It has been promoted
intensively with the aims of promoting harmonious
relationship between humanity and nature (Ministry of
Environment, 2005).
Indonesia is home of the biggest Muslim community in
the world (Table 1). According to Islamic concept, water is
crucial factor in living systems. Allah (Subhana wa Taala)
has made water as basis and origin of life; as stated in Holly
Quran (21:30): “We made from water every living thing…”.
The obligation to appreciate water as an essential resources
for life and Islam was stated in several surah and ayah, i.e.
“Have you seen the water which you drink? Was it you who
sent it down from the rain cloud, or did We send it? Were it
Our will, We could have made it bitter; why then do you not
give thanks?” (Quran 56:68-70). Many
surah and ayah discuss and provide guideline for human to
conserve nature, indicates the potential Islamic spiritual
aspect to support global nature conservation, including water.
Promoting tourism as an agent of economic growth as
well as conservation strategy is a significant potential market
for Muslim society. According to statistical data, the
contribution of Islamic countries’ tourist to Indonesia was
1. Introduction
Tourism nowadays is considered as a crucial sector for
development. As many authors argue, tourism is an important
factor to support developmental growth. The benefits of
tourism have been widely studied, and in many countries
tourism has become one of the prime sectors that supports
development due to its economic benefits. The works to link
and meet development and conservation argues that tourism
in specific ways can contribute to the harmonious relationship
between development needs and biodiversity conservation,
including water (Gunn and Var, 2002; Swarbrooke, 2002;
Fyall, et al., 2005).
Recently, traveling to natural destinations has become
the new phenomenon among world travelers. The travelers
not only enjoy new experiences with nature, but also
contribute to the conservation of nature. There are some terms
to refer such travel, including ecotourism, wildlife tourism,
adventure tourism and others words to express a new more
responsible travels. Nature based tourism is a tourism which
its activities depend on the uses of natural resources which
remain in a relatively undeveloped state or developing
countries, including scenery, topography, waterways,
vegetation, wildlife and cultural heritage. This is emerging
after many western society travels to tropical countries to
enjoy nature and its luxurious landscape (Mawforth and
Munt, 2003; Hakim, et al., 2012).
Water is a fundamental resource for human beings.
Nevertheless, recent status of water in many part of the world
seriously threatened due to several factors. For instance, a
survey to assess the quality of Indonesian water quality in
*: Corresponding author: [email protected];
[email protected], 65145, Malang, East Java Indonesia
56
considered significant. Tourist growth from Middle East
countries (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Egypt, United
before them? They were greater than them in power, and they
plowed the earth and built it up more than they have built it
up, and their messengers came to them with clear evidences.
And Allah would not ever have wronged them, but they were
wronging themselves”; Qur’an (3): 137: “Similar situations
[as yours] have passed on before you, so proceed throughout
the earth and observe how was the end of those who denied”;
34 (18): And We placed between them and the cities which We
had blessed [many] visible cities. And We determined
between them the [distances of] journey, [saying], "Travel
between them by night or day in safety". According to Holly
Qur’an, Muslims are encouraged to travel to observe the signs
of Allah (Subhana wa Taala) creation (Qur’an 3(190-191).
In the past, there were also famous muslim travelers
such as Ibn Wahb Al-Qorashi, Osama Bin Mongid, Abdellatif
El Bagdadi, El Harawi As-Sa’ih, Naser Khasrou, Ibn Fadlan,
Ibn Battuta and Ibnu Jubir; indicating tourism as part of the
long tradition of Muslims in the world. In the recent decades,
several phenomena of tourism development occur in Islamic
countries. For instance, many airlines of Islamic countries
(i.e. Al-Ittihad, United Arab Emirates; Garuda Indonesia;
Malaysian Airlines) grows significantly to facilitate tourist
access tourism destination in Islamic countries. Moreover, the
rapid development of Islamic city as international tourist
attraction in the past decades can be phenomena of tourism
development in Islamic countries.
Table 1. Top five countries with large number of
Muslim populations (2009):
Country
Indonesia
Pakistan
India
Bangladesh
Egypt
Number of Muslims
203 million
174 million
161 million
145 million
79 million
Arab Emirates,
Yemen
and Qatar) increased
significantly from 2006 – 2010. In 2006, there were about
8,358 tourists from such areas and that increased significantly
to become 113,935 in 2009. In 2010, there were about
143,002 tourists from the Middle East. In South East Asian
countries, Malaysian tourists have the highest number in term
of international tourist arrivals. Malaysian tourists arrival has
increased significantly from 699,124 tourists in 2006 to
1,171,737 tourists in 2010. There are also increased tourists
number from Brunei, Singapore and tourists of other Islamic
countries from South Asia Regions (Pakistan, Bangladesh,
India). Domestic tourism has grown from 5,158,441 at 2006
to 6,750,416 at (2011) (Ministry of Tourism and Economic
Creative, 2012). This figures show that Islamic tourism is
growing and in the near future it is considered as a potential
market for Indonesian tourism.
This paper aims to conceptualize relationship of tourism,
Islam and water conservation. In the context of global
conservation strategies, such approach will provide
alternative model to maximize economic benefits from
tourism in conservation and enhance human awareness to
conservation through their spirituality.
3. Tourism as Conservation Media
In many countries, tourism nowadays has been considered as
an important media for nature conservation (Gunn and Var.
2002; Hakim, et al., 2012). In the aspect of biodiversity
conservation, tourism is able to reintroduce many trees in a
destination, and increase forest cover. In their perspectives of
environmental education for conservation, tourism has ability
to introduce natural phenomena, including natural
degradation (Hakim and Nakagoshi. 2010).
The significant role of tourism includes:
2. Tourism in Islam
Prior to the modern concept of tourism being introduced,
Islamic scholars in the past have discussed travel and/or
tourism in Islamic perspectives. Tourism and/or travel
(Siyaahah) as a part of human activity is one of the debatable
subjects among scholars due to its negative potential impact
to the Moslem community. Islam has come to improve human
beings in the world and tries to mitigate any potential
activities which lead to moral and environmental degradation.
Throughout the world, tourism has been reported able to
change human behavior, contribute towards prostitution and
sex tourism. The growth of tourism is often accompanied by
increased crime and sexual harassment. These points become
the focus of Islamic rejection on tourism. Scholars argue that
the negative impacts from tourism occur when tourism is not
managed in sustainable manner.
Principally, there are also many benefits derived from
tourism. Ibn Rajab in his famous book Fath al-Baari (1/56)
argues that traveling in Islam has several benefits, including
worship, improve knowledge, learn lessons and receive
reminders (see Qur’an 30 (9): “Have they not traveled
through the earth and observed how was the end of those
• Educate tourists about nature. The objective is to
provide educational experience so that tourist knows the
component of nature and how they develop biological
interaction to produce integrative life system. The
educational benefits of tourism are substantial for
conserving biodiversity (Cousins, et al., 2009).
• Educate and enhance local community awareness on
biodiversity as a component of natural attraction. By
promoting local people involvement in tourism industry
through community based tourism scenarios, benefits
generated from the tourism can be used for the poverty
alleviation programs as well as community-based
conservation program (Neba, 2010).
• Address changes to human (tourist) behavior. Tourism
programs encourages tourist to adopt eco-friendly
behavior that are needed to enhance nature conservation
success. Knowledge and experience is basis for human
behavior, and tourism provides opportunities for such
fundamental factor fur human behavior.
57
three pillars of sustainability, namely economic,
environmental, and social aspects. The conceptual models for
water as tourism in Islamic perspective therefore could be
drawn in Fig. 1. Management of water is crucial as an aspect
of environmental protection, while at the same time the
tourism industry provides economic opportunities for water
conservation. The social aspect allows visitors to learn about
water and interact with the local residents in destination sites.
The social aspect also promotes the participation of local
resident in tourism destination in many parts of tourism
business. In every component, however, Islamic code of
conduct can be an important issue to control and manage such
triangle.
4. Tourism and Water
Water is the crucial resources for tourism. The use of water in
tourism can be categorized as follows (Gunn and Var. 2002):
• Water as natural tourism attraction. Traditionally,
marine, river, waterfall, spring is used as a tourism
attraction. The significance of water in tourism leads to
numerous water-based tourism themes, such as visit
waterfall, sea resort, aquaria, Sea world, etc
• Water as component of tourism accommodation. Water
use in accommodation for consumption and
non-consumption. For consumption purposes, water is
used to support restaurants and for drinking.
Non-consumption includes water for swimming pool,
watering garden and hotel yards, etc.In many
nature-based
tourism,
particularly
water-based
destination, there are emerging issues related water
quality.
Water-based
ecosystem as
attraction
It encompasses:
ISLAMIC
CODE OF
CONDUCT
• Eutrophication: This phenomenon has become the
problem of many lakes in Indonesia, particularly lakes
in areas used as tourist attractions. In Bromo Tengger
Semeru, the Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo Lakes
ecosystem represent the good example how intensive
agriculture and tourism affect eutrophication. In Both
lakes, our record shows that, the Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen in Ranu Pani was found 0.26-0.85 mg/L, while
in Ranu Regulo was 0.24-0.36 mg/L. The total
phosphate (TP) in Ranu Pani ranges from 0.02 to 0.03
mg/L and in Ranu Regulo was range from 0.02 to 0.58
mg/L. According to several water quality classification
(see Carlson and Simpson classification, 1996 and
Marganof classification 2007), it is concluded that Ranu
Pani and Ranu Regulo could be classified as eutrophic
(Hakim et al, 2010).
Tourism
industry
Tourist
Fig.1. The triangle relationship of tourism and the
role of Islamic code of conduct
Moreover, there are foundations for successful Islamic-water
conservation in the perspectives of tourism, including:
 Visitor education
 Host community education
 Tourism industry enhancement
Enhancing tourism as an Islamic media for water
conservation has the following potential impacts:
 Support water conservation, particularly in the
perspectives of Islamic philosophy and spirituality
 Increase human awareness to water
There are challenges for tourism development in
Indonesia as representative of Islamic countries this study.
Among the nature-based attraction, water is crucial attraction
as well as water as consumptive resources. Nevertheless,
there are less Islamic guidelines in such case. Therefore,
contemporary Islamic guidelines related to tourism and
traveling are needed urgently. For instance establishing
Islamic role and code of conduct in tourism such
contemporary Islamic jurisprudence in traveling (i.e Fiqh
Siyaahah) is crucial. Among the content of guidelines could
be discuss the basic principles of tourism and attraction
management, such as water.
• Invasion of exotic species: In many lakes in Indonesia
which areas are tourism destinations, problems related
to invasive of exotic species widely reported. In Ranu
Pany, the invassion of Salvinia molesta has decreased
lakes ecosystems and quality of lakes as nature-based
tourism. In Tondano lakes (North Sulawesi), the
invassion of Eichhornia crassipes has been recognized
as a factor affecting lakes quality by degradation, which
threatens lakes’ biodiversity (Hakim, et al., 2012).
• Water scarcity: Besides human population growth,
deforestation plays an important role in water scarcity.
In Indonesia, many lakes facing serious problems of
water depletion due to deforestation.
5. Towards Sustainable Water Management for Tourism
Attraction
As mentioned above that water is crucial in the tourism
sector, it is very important to design the sustainable use of
water in the context of tourism industry. Basically, there are
6. Conclusions
Enhancing tourism as an Islamic media for water
conservation has the following potential impacts:
58
 Support water conservation, particularly in the
perspectives of Islamic philosophy and spirituality
 Increase human awareness to water
There are challenges for tourism development in Indonesia as
representative of Islamic countries in this study. Among the
nature-based attraction, water is a crucial attraction as well as
a consumptive resource. Nevertheless, there are less Islamic
guidelines in such cases. Therefore, contemporary Islamic
guidelines related to tourism and traveling are needed
urgently. For instance establishing Islamic role and code of
conduct in tourism such as contemporary Islamic
jurisprudence in traveling (i.e Fiqh Siyaahah) is crucial.
Among the content of guidelines to be discussed are the basic
principles of tourism and attraction management, such as
water.
7. References
Fyall, A.F., B. Garrod, A. Leask. 2005. Managing Visitor
Attractions; New Directions. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Gunn, C.A. and T. Var. 2002. Tourism Planning, Basic,
Concept and Cases. Fourth edition. Roudledge, New
York.
Hakim. L. and N. Nakagoshi. 2010. Ecotourism in Asian
tropical countries: Planning a destination’s site-plan to
meets education objectives. Journal of International
Development and Cooperation. Special edition March:
Vol 16 (1) : 13-21
Hakim, L., B. Yanuwiadi, C. Retnaningdyah, Sunaryo. 2010.
Project for Restoration of Ecosystem in Conservation
Area in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Phase I.
Oktober 2010-Maret 2011, Japan international
Cooperation Agency (2010)
Hakim, L., Soemarno, Hong, S.K. 2012. Challenges for
conserving biodiversity and developing sustainable
island tourism in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.
Journal of Ecology and Field Biology. 35 (2): 61-71
Mawforth, M and I. Munt. 2003. Tourism and Sustainability;
Development and the New Tourism in the Third World.
Roudledge, New York
Ministry of Environment, 2005. State of the Environment in
Indonesia 2004. Minsitry of Environment, Jakarta
Ministry of Tourism and Economic Creative, 2012.
International Tourism Arrival in Indonesia 2006-2010.
Tourism Statistics, Ministry of Tourism and Economic
Creative, Jakarta
Swarbrooke, J. 2002. The Development and Manegement of
Visitor Attraction. Elsevier.
59
Communications:
Diversity of Aquatic Biota as Bioindicator for
Water Quality of Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo
*Dwi Suheriyanto, Liliek Harianie AR and Suyono
Biology Department State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Abstract: Changes in water conditions greatly affect the presence and ability of aquatic biota to survive in their habitat.
The presence of these biota are largely determined by the physical and chemical conditions of the waters, so that the
community structure of aquatic biota will vary according to the conditions of physical and chemical parameters of
waters. It allows aquatic biota to serve as bioindicator of water quality changes. The study aims to determine the
abundance and diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos in Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo, knowing the
physical and chemical properties of water Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo and obtain bioindicator of the phytoplankton,
zooplankton and benthos to assess water quality Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo. Research using quantitative descriptive
method to describe about the diversity index and abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos related to water
quality Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo. Samples were taken at 07.00 until 10.00 am on 5 station observations. Physical and
chemical factors measured were temperature, pH, brightness, DO, BOD, OD, TDS, TSS, Phosphate and Nitrate. The
results showed that phytoplankton found in Ranu Pani there are 17 genera, while Ranu Regulo there are 16 genera with
the highest abundance of the genus Dictyosphaerium. Zooplankton found in Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo row there are
13 genera and 10 genera, with the highest abundance of genus Arcella. Benthos are found in Ranu Pani consisting of 7
families with the highest abundance of the family Bulimidae and Ranu Regulo there are 3 families, highest abundance
of family Coenagrionidae. Diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Ranu Pani lower than Ranu Regulo, while
benthos biodiversity in Ranu Pani higher than Ranu Regulo. Water quality in Ranu Pani lower than Ranu Regulo and
based on Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001, generally water of Ranu Pani categorized water quality class
II and Ranu Regulo categorized water quality class I. Genus Dictyosphaerium (phytoplankton), genus Arcella
(zooplankton) and family Bulimidae (benthos) can be used as bioindicator water quality class II. Family
Coenagrionidae can be used as bioindicator water quality class I.
Keywords: Aquatic biota, diversity, Bioindicator, Water quality, Ranu

aquatic biota to serve as bioindicator of water quality changes
(Wijaya, 2009).
Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo are lake located in the Bromo
Tengger Semeru National Park is a conservation area and
tourist destination. Ranu Pani is located close to population
centers, so it is often used as a venue for various community
activities, such as bathing, washing, bathing livestock,
irrigate the fields and estuaries channel household waste.
While Ranu Regulo located in a very remote from residential
areas, so it is natural and beautiful. The behavior of the
visitors, especially those camping at Ranu Regulo plays an
important role in keeping it clean (Department of Forestry,
2009).
Lakes generally have high biodiversity, which include
phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, fish and plants.
Various human activities around the lake directly or
indirectly will lead to changes in the quality of the aquatic
environment. Damage and changes in the aquatic
environment caused by human activity can be determined by
looking at the existing aquatic biota. Good quality waters
usually have many kind of aquatic biota and waters polluted
with little aquatic biota (Fachrul, 2007). Odum (1993)
1. Introduction
Water is a chemical compound that essential for human life
and other living creatures. The function of water for life can
not be replaced by other compounds and almost all activities
humans need water, ranging from self-cleaning (shower),
clean shelter, preparing food and beverages and other
activities. The source of water mostly comes from
groundwater, ranu (lakes) and rivers. Therefore, the quantity
and quality of water resources must be maintained (Achmad,
2004).
Good or bad the waters affected by the activities in the
vicinity. Often times there are activities that can degrade
water quality, which in turn would disrupt the lives of aquatic
biota. Changes in water conditions greatly affect the presence
and ability of aquatic biota to survive in their habitat. The
presence of the biota is largely determined by the physical
and chemical conditions of the waters, so that the community
structure of aquatic biota will vary according to the conditions
of physical and chemical parameters of waters. It allows
*:
Corresponding author: [email protected],
60
explains that the biotic components can provide a overview
the physical, chemical and biological waters.
The study aims to determine the abundance and diversity
of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos in Ranu Pani and
Ranu Regulo, knowing the physical and chemical properties
of water Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo and obtain bioindicator
of the phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos to assess
water quality Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo.
Chemycal Oxygen Demand (COD), TDS, TSS, Phosphate
and Nitrate performed in the Laboratory.
N
2. Methods
2.1. Materials
The materials used in this study were 4% Formalin, alcohol
70%, CuSO4, substrate soil, water samples Ranu Pani and
Ranu Regulo, samples of phytoplankton, zooplankton and
benthos.
Ranu Pani
Ranu Regulo
Fig. 1. Study site and detalils of sampling location
(Modified from Google Maps, 2011)
2.2. Methods
Preliminary study was conducted in June 2011. This activity
aims to determine the location of which will be used to
observe the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton,
zooplankton and benthos and physical and chemical
properties of water Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo.
2.5. Identification of Aquatic Biota
Water and substrate samples obtained from the field were
brought to the laboratory to identify the type of
phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos. Phytoplankton
specimens identified using books Edmonson (1959),
Mizumoto (2001), Davis (1955), Silva (1999), Loch (2003),
Bold and Wyne (1985) and John et al. (2005). Zooplankton
specimens were identified using the book Edmonson (1959),
Davis (1955), James and Alan (2001), Work (2005) and
Shiroza (2006). Benthos specimens were identified using the
book Edmonson (1959) and Zwart et al. (1995).
Table 1. Description of observation stations
Stations
Ranu Pani
Ranu Regulo
I
The dock area and
The dock area and
close to the Inns and
campground
office
II
Siltation and trash
The fishing
piles
III
The dock area and
Near the forest
close to the forest
IV
Near the farm and
Near the forest
temple
V
Siltation and
Near the shelter
household sewerage
2.6. Data Analysis
Determination of the abundance of plankton (phytoplankton
and zooplankton) done by segwick rafter. Plankton
abundance was calculated using the following formula:
N = nx (Vr / Vo) x (1/Vs)
[1]
N : Number of individuals per liter
n : Number of individuals observed
Vr : Volume of water filtered
Vo : Volume of water was observed (at segwick rafter 1 ml)
Vs : Volume of filtered water
Diversity of aquatic biota analyzed with Shannon-Weaver
diversity index (H').
H’ = - ∑ pi lnpi
[2]
H' : Shannon-Weaver diversity index
pi : the proportion of the i species in the total sample
2.3 Sampling
Samples were taken at 07.00 until 10.00 am on 5 station
observations. Phytoplankton and zooplankton taken with
plankton net pore size 40 μm. Withdrawals made horizontally
under the surface of the water as far as 2 meters at a constant
speed of 10 cm/sec. Samples were obtained, poured 25 ml
into sample bottle and preserved with 4 drops formalin 4%
and 5 drops CuSO4 then labeled and taken to the laboratory
for identification.
Benthos samples taken with Ekman Dredge. The samples
contained in each substrate was poured into a bucket of water,
then filtered with a filter that has a hole 0.5 mm wide.
Material that remains sorted by hand and contain it in a bottle.
Samples were preserved in a bottle with formalin 4% or
alcohol 70%, labeled and transported to the laboratory for
identification.
3. Results and Discussion
According to Table 1 it can be known that in Ranu Pani found
17 genera of phytoplankton, while Ranu Regulo found 16
genera of phytoplankton, with the highest abundance was
occupied
by
genus
Dictyosphaerium.
Genus
Dictyosphaerium abundance in Ranu Pani higher (11.002
individuals/l) than in Ranu Regulo (454 individuals/l).
Zooplankton were found in Ranu Pani there are 13
genera while Ranu Regulo was found 10 genera. Highest
zooplankton abundance in both Ranu were occupied by genus
Arcella. Abundance genus Arcella in Ranu Pani is 384
individuals/l higher than in Ranu Regulo is 31 individuals/l.
Benthos werw caught in Ranu Pani consisting of 7 families,
2.4. Measurement of Physical and Chemical Water
Measurements of water temperature, acidity (pH) and
brightness conducted at the sites. Analysis of Dissolved
Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demad (BOD),
61
with the highest abundance is family Bulimidae. Benthos
found in Ranu Regulo consists of 3 families, the highest
abundance is Coenagrionidae.
Table 1. Abundance of aquatic biota
No.
Genus
Ranu Pani
A.
Phytoplankton
(individu/l)
1.
Anabaena
50
2.
Chroococcus
53
3.
Closterium
0
4.
Cosmarium
7
5.
Crucigeniella
73
6.
Cylindrotheca
43
7.
Cymbella
109
8.
Diatomella
0
9.
Dictyosphaerium
11.002
10. Fragilaria
64
11. Frustulia
12
12. Microcystis
465
13. Navicula
74
14. Oscillatoria
65
15. Peridinium
0
16. Pinnularia
9
17. Selenastrum
6
18. Spirogyra
48
19. Staurastrum
6
20. Staurodesmus
11
B.
Zooplankton
(individu/l)
1.
Anuraeopsis
0
2.
Arcella
384
3.
Branchionus
49
4.
Chaetonotus
10
5.
Chollotheca
25
6.
Ciclopoid
17
7.
Floscularia
0
8.
Keratella
51
9.
Lepadella
1
10. Monostyla
0
11. Nauplius
28
12. Paramecium
4
13. Polyarthra
10
14. Trichocherca
72
15. Tropocylops
4
16. Undinula
5
C.
Benthos
(individu)
1.
Aeshnidae
0
2.
Asselidae
0
3.
Bulimidae
93
4.
Coenagrionidae
3
5.
Gammaridae
1
6.
Glossiphoniidae
22
7.
Gomphidae
1
8.
Hirudidae
14
9.
Syrphidae
1
According to Table 2 can be known that diversity index of
phytoplankton and zooplankton in Ranu Pani lower than
diversity index of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Ranu
Regulo. Diversity index of benthos in Ranu Pani higher than
Table 2. Diversity index of aquatic biota
Diversity Index
No.
Aquatic Biota
Ranu Pani
Ranu Regulo
1. Phytoplankton
0,55
1,87
2. Zooplankton
1,54
1,89
3. Benthos
0,96
0,57
Ranu Regulo
(individu/l)
27
27
9
16
0
0
125
2
454
19
14
0
93
35
10
4
0
19
59
19
(individu/l)
1
31
0
9
0
0
14
0
6
10
2
5
0
4
0
2
(individu)
5
5
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
Ranu Regulo. The low diversity index of phytoplankton and
zooplankton in Ranu Pani and the high diversity of benthos in
Ranu Pani may be caused by the condition of areas close to
human settlements and agricultural land, so that domestic and
agricultural waste directly to Ranu Pani cause the water on
Ranu Pani contains many organic ingredient higher than in
Ranu Regulo. Analysis of physical and chemical factor
indicate that all parameter physical and chemical except DO
in Ranu Pani higher than Ranu Regulo (Table 3). Based on
Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001, generally
water of Ranu Pani categorized water quality class II and
Ranu Regulo categorized water quality class I.
Table 3. Comparison of Physical and Chemical Factors with
Water Quality Standards
Maximum allowable
Result
(*)
Parameters Unit
Ranu
Ranu
I
II
III
Regu
Pani
lo
0
Temperature
C
18,36 17,76
TDS
mg/l 1000 1000 1000 176,5 54,9
TSS
mg/l
50
50
400
56,5
22,5
pH
mg/l
6-9
6-9
6,51
6,45
BOD5
mg/l
2
3
6
2,62
2,05
COD
mg/l
10
25
50
10,68 7,13
DO
mg/l
6
4
3
5,23
5,49
PO4
mg/l
0,2
0,2
1
0,71
0,40
NO3
mg/l
10
10
20
1,14
0,55
Brightness
Cm
54,8 108,6
Explanation:
* : Water quality standards based on Government
Regulation Number 82 Year 2001
- : Parameter is not required
Dictyosphaerium abundance in Ranu Pani is 11.002
individu/l with phosphate levels 0,71 mg/l and nitrate levels
1,14 mg/l higher than Dictyosphaerium abundance in Ranu
Regulo, ie 454 individu/l with phosphate levels 0,40 mg/l and
nitrate levels 0,55 mg/l. Results of research conducted by
Prihantini et al. (2008), showed that the average number of
abundance genus Dictyosphaerium in several lakes in Jakarta,
Depok and Bogor quite high. Total abundance
Dictyosphaerium in Babakan lake is 82,197 individu/l with
62
phosphate levels 0,28 mg/l and nitrate 12,75 mg/l.
Dictyosphaerium abundance in Ulin-Salam lake is 60,101
individu/l with phosphate levels 0,16 mg/l and nitrate 16,94
mg/l. While abundance Dictyosphaerium in Lindo lake is
6187 individu/l with phosphate levels 0,17 mg/l and nitrate
21,24 mg/l.
Arcella abundance in Ranu Pani is 384 individuals/l
higher than in Ranu Regulo, which is 31 individuals/l. The
high abundance of zooplankton in the waters of Ranu Pani
may be caused by the high abundance of phytoplankton in the
waters. Phytoplankton in the trophic structure acts as primary
producer. Phytoplankton use light energy to synthesize sugars
and other organic compounds, which are then used by the
primary consumer. Primary consumers in aquatic form of
zooplankton that eat phytoplankton (Campbell et al, 2004).
Highest abundance of benthos in Ranu Pani is Bulimidae. The
high abundance may be due to the availability of food in this
waters. Organic materials such as household waste and
manure can get into Ranu along with rain water and water
from houses. In Ranu Regulo, highest abundance of benthos
is Coenagrionidae. Edmondson (1959) states that
Coenagrionidae can live in water that is warm even in very
cold water, can not live in water that is very dirty. This is
supported by based on Government Regulation Number 82
Year 2001, Ranu Regulo categorized water quality class I
(Table 3).
6. References
Achmad, R. 2004. Kimia Lingkungan. Yogyakarta: Andi.
Bold, H.C. dan Wyne M. J., 1985. Introduction to the Algae.
Second Edition New Jersey 07632, USA: Inc.
Englewood Clitts.
Campbell N.A., Reece J.B., and Mithchell L.G. 2004. Biologi
Edisi ke 5. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Davis, C.C. 1955. The Marine and Fresh-water Plankton.
Amerika: The Michigan State University Press.
Department of Forestry, 2009. Profil Balai Besar Taman
Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru. Malang: BB
TN-BTS.
Edmonson, W. T. 1959. Freshwater Biology. New York: Mc
Graw-Hill Book Company.
Fachrul, M. F. 2007. Metode Sampling Bioekologi. Jakarta:
Bumi Aksara.
James, P.T. and Alan, P.C. 2001. Ecology and Classification
of North American Freshwater invertebrates. Florida:
Academic Press.
John, D.M, Whitton B. A and Brook A. J. 2005. The
Freshwater Algal Frola of the British Isles. New York:
Cambridge Press.
Loch 2003. Alga Base. www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk.
accessed June 8th 2011.
Mizumoto 2001. Alga Base. www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk.
accessed June 8th 2011.
Odum, E.P. 1993. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi. Yogyakarta: UGM.
Prihantini, N. B. 2008. Biodiversitas Cyanobacteria dari
Beberapa
Situ/Danau
Di
Kawasan
Jakarta-Depok-Bogor, Indonesia. Makara Sains, 12 (1):
44-54.
Shiroza, 2006. Copepods (Undinula vulgaris) in the Straits of
Florida.
4. Conclusions
1. Phytoplankton are found in Ranu Pani there are 17 genera,
while Ranu Regulo there are 16 genera with the highest
abundance of the genus Dictyosphaerium. Zooplankton
found in Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo row there are 13
genera and 10 genera, with the highest abundance of the
genus Arcella. Benthos are found in Ranu Pani consisting
of 7 families with the highest abundance of the family
Bulimidae and Ranu Regulo there are 3 families, highest
abundance of family Coenagrionidae.
2. Diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Ranu Pani
lower than Ranu Regulo, while benthos biodiversity in
Ranu Pani higher than Ranu Regulo.
3. Water quality in Ranu Pani lower than Ranu Regulo and
based on Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001
generally water of Ranu Pani categorized water quality
class II and Ranu Regulo categorized water quality class I.
4. Genus Dictyosphaerium (phytoplankton), genus Arcella
(zooplankton) and family Bulimidae (benthos) can be used
as bioindicator water quality class II. Family
Coenagrionidae can be used as bioindicator water quality
class I.
http://homepage.mac.com/a.shiroza/plankton/
ssf/u_vulgaris_mf_e.html, accessed July 13th 2011.
Silva, L.H.S., 1999. Fitoplankton in Reservatório Utrófico
(Lago Monte Alegre), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.
Rev. Bras. Biol. 59 (2).
Wijaya, H.K., 2009. Komunitas Perifiton Dan Fitoplankton
Serta Parameter Fisika-Kimia Perairan Sebagai
Penentu Kualitas Air Di Bagian Hulu Sungai Cisadane
Jawa Barat. Bogor: IPB.
Work, K., 2005. Lake Ochee Chobee Plankton. http://
www2.stetson.edu/~kwork/lake_okee_plankton.htm,
accessed July 13th 2011.
Zwart de D. and Trivedi R.C. 1995. Taxonomical key for
Biological Water Quality Determination. RIVM,
Bilthoven, The Netherlands and CPCB, Delhi, India.
5. Acknowledgment
Acknowledgements to convey to the Research and
Development of the State Islamic University Maulana Malik
Ibrahim Malang which has provided research grants and to
Ahmad Gazali, Sutaji and Yudo Hanggo P. who have helped
in this research.
63
Communications:
Role of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to Decrease Heavy Metal
Pollution Levels of Lead (Pb) in the waters of Reservoir Sengguruh Village
Kepanjen District Malang Regency
Evika Sandi Savitri and Sijid Maulana
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Islamic State Malang Maulana Malik Ibrahim
Abstract: Sengguruh reservoirs located in Sengguruh Village Kepanjen District Malang is one of the existing dams in
the southern city of Malang. Sengguruh reservoir serves as a reservoir for Hydroelectric Power Plant (hydro) as well as
the filter input load Sutami Dam and Lahor Reservoir. Many industrial and household wastes that enters and flow into
the body of Lesti Kali Brantas River Basin causes each location of sengguruh waters polluted by Lead (Pb) which is a
heavy metal. Increase in the population of water hyacinth can reduce the concentration of heavy metals in water, so it is
necessary to study pollution levels of Pb in the waters of Sengguruh Reservoir. The purpose of this study is to determine
the differences in concentrations of Pb in water hyacinth and water pollution, as well as to determine the level of Pb at
different stations of Sengguruh Reservoir. The experiment was conducted in June 2012. This research includes
exploratory study with a purposive sampling method. Manual sampling was carried out at each of the stations to collect
water samples. Water and plant samples were analysed in the laboratory of Chemistry Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Malang. Survey results revealed the existence of different
levels of Pb content in water and water hyacinth plants in all locations. At the location of water stationI average heavy
metal content is 2.785 ppm, station II the average heavy metal content is 0.904 ppm, the average station III heavy metal
content is 0.13 ppm. In the water hyacinth plant organ content of Pb at station I reached an average of 3.669 ppm for
roots, 5.499 ppm for stems and 1.791 ppm for leaves. At station II the average heavy metal content of was 4.438 ppm for
root, 5.322 ppm for stem and 1.633 ppm for leaves. At station III the average heavy metal content was 1.299 ppm for
root, 0.957 ppm for stem, 0.629 ppm for leaves. Based on this research it has also been shown that the organ which has
the potential to absorb Pb in the organs of roots and stems that reach an average content of Pb 2.35 ppm for roots and
2.95 ppm for stems at all locations.
Keywords: Heavy Metal, Lead (Pb), Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Reservoir Sengguruh

Meaning: I have seen the damage on land and sea because of
actions by human hands, that God may feel to them some of
the (result of) their deeds, that they come back (to the right)
Sengguruh reservoirs located in Sengguruh Village
Kepanjen District Malang is a meeting place and Kali Brantas
River downstream Lesti. The flow of the two rivers is dumping
point of industrial wastes such as paper mill and plastic waste
as well as being the disposal point of household waste that is
around the vicinity. Industrial waste disposal plant and
household waste flow to the body Kali Brantas and Lesti will
cause heavy metal pollution in the waters of the Reservoir
Sengguruh. Waste from the household can contain heavy
metals from inorganic waste, mostly in the form of plastic.
Waste produced by paper mills and plastics factories also
potentially contain Pb used in the production of Pb as a
coloring agent. Lead metal is used as a coloring agent in the
plastics industry (Palar, 1994). Pb in the paper mill industry is
used as a fuel additive and lead in paint pigments. According
to Frank in Cahyono (2007), a chemicals that are likely present
in the waste of paper mills are - hazardous metals such as
mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium and so on.
Water hyacinth plants in aquatic reservoirs are allegedly
able to accumulate heavy metals present in waters. The series
1. Introduction
Water is an important component of human life and the entire
ecosystem that exists in nature. Increased human needs for
water has caused various negative impacts such as pollution
and environmental damage. Some chemicals have polluted
the environment indicating pollution by heavy metals.
Damage to water due to human activities such as that of
reservoir Sengguruh’s high heavy metal pollution will have a
negative impact on human health in particular.
Heavy metals impacts on human health negatively and
as such its mischievous disposal is detrimental, especially
when the Al-Quran has very clearly prohibited mischief as
Allah says in the letter Ar-Rum verse 41, which reads:
.
*: Corresponding author: [email protected] ,
64
of studies on the ability of water hyacinth in reducing heavy
metal concentrations of lead Pb in water has been made.
Based on the results Syaiful (2008), the ability of water
hyacinth to absorb pollutants is by ability to accumulate Pb in
root tissues, and stalks. Achieved the highest accumulation
for the treatment of 3000 ppm Pb in the growing medium,
respectively accumulated in the roots and stems in the amount
of 3,453,34 and 2,185,70 microgram / g dry weight for 10
days. Waterhyacinth could reduce levels of Pb in the planting
medium averaged 80% over a period of 10 days for all
treatments through a mechanism rizofiltrasi (rhizofiltration)
and fitoekstraksi (phytoextraction). Waterhyacinth plants can
act as an agent for Pb phytoremediation of polluted water, but
less tolerant of Pb concentration is too high. Liao Chang,
(2004) and Syaiful (2008) suggested water hyacinth has the
ability to accumulate Pb.
Research conducted in the waters of Erh-Chung showed
that water hyacinth is capable of accumulating Pb at
542mg/m2 with a capacity of 5.4 kg / ha. Measurement of Pb
metal was conducted on plant tissue water and sediment
media.
the roots, stems and leaves. Each research station is divided
into three substations observations represent the entire
reservoir Sengguruh. Substation located between 1-5 meters
from the edge of the reservoir it is based on the presence of
water hyacinth that grew ± 5 meters from the edge. Stations I
Regional meetings Kali Brantas and Lesti, II : Dam reservoir
are, III : Outlet Regional Water Reservoir Sengguruh
Figure 1. Location Sampling Water and Plant
Water Hyacinth
2. Materials & Methods
This research is exploratory, to determine the level of heavy
metal pollution by Pb at each location in the Sengguruh
reservoir of Kepanjen Subdistrict, Malang regency. The
research was conducted in May 2012 at the Sengguruh
Reservoir Kepanjen District Malang. Analysis of water
hyacinth and water reservoirs carried out at the Laboratory of
Department of Chemistry Faculty of Teacher Training and
Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
2.4. Analysis Samples
Samples taken from water hyacinth at Sengguruh Reservoir
washed, then the oven at a temperature of 80o C for 48 hours.
After drying the samples crushed to a powder, the sample
was pulverized using a blender. Powder samples were then
weighed as much as 4-6 grams and then put into the furnace
at a temperature of 450o C for 12 hours until a white ash. Ash
samples were then chemically didestruksi. Sample solution
was then poured into a plastic bottle and is ready for its Pb
content analyzed with a spectrophotometer.
2.1. Field Observation
Preliminary survey to identify areas of research more deeply,
studied the conditions of Sengguruh reservoir briefly but
thoroughly, and streams that drain the reservoir Sengguruh.
The material used in this study is a sample of water reservoirs
and water hyacinth.
2.5. Data Analysis
The results obtained by the analysis of metal content
processed by statistical means. Data measurements Pb
content in the roots, stems and leaves of water hyacinth plants
(Eichhornia crassipes) were analyzed by analysis of variants
(ANOVA) if found real differences (significant) then
followed by BNJ at level 5%.
2.2. Reservoir Water Sampling
Water samples taken from three different stations using a
simple method that is directly taking water samples and put in
600 ml plastic bottles. Samples of water and plants are first
obtained from the central reservoir which is a meeting place
Sengguruh Brantas River and Lesti river.
The second sample was taken in the middle of the
reservoir area and the last sample taken at the expanse of
water reservoirs. Image sampling locations are presented in
Figure 1.
3. Results & Discussion
3.1 Heavy Metal Content of Lead (Pb) In Sengguruh
Reservoir
Based on the results of the study Pb content in the waters of
the Sengguruh reservoir’s data obtained as follows in Table 1.
Table 1. Data content of Pb ppm in Sengguruh reservoir
Replicate
2.3. Water and Water Hyacinth Plant Sampling
Plant sampling was conducted by a preliminary study to
determine the places that will be selected as sampling
stations. Determining the location of the sample by using
purposive sampling method to determine the location of the
incident based on several considerations were then divided
into 3 stations. Water sampling points with the point
sampling plant hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was
performed on 3 stations that have been determined, including
Water
sample
Stasions 1
Stasions 2
Stasions 3
Total
65
I
3.231
1.239
0.128
II
3.112
1.244
0.139
III
2.012
0,229
0.125
Total
Pb (ppm)
8.355
2.712
0.392
11.49
2.785
0.904
0.130
From the above data it is known that the stations I, II and
III Pb content were well above water quality standards.
According to Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 Pb
levels allowed to be in water is 0.03 ppm. Average Pb, the
highest found in the water reservoir at the base station I
Sengguruh reaching 2.785 ppm. Station I was meeting of Kali
Brantas River and downstream Lesti. The second river is also
used as a waste dump of industries located along the river
such as the disposal of waste paper mill and factory plastic
and a household waste disposal, which are mostly inorganic
waste. Both plants use the Pb in the production process, as a
dye. Thus, Pb is still in a concentrated state in proximity to its
sources of pollution. The low content of Pb in the station II
water when compared to the train station I caused due to the
dilution of Pb as it moves towards the region of station II.
Concentrations of Pb declines because waste materials are
carried by the flow of the river has been partially terendapkan
allegedly on the way leading to the dam area. According to
Juliana, (2008) factors greatly affect river flow dilution
process, where waste carried by river currents will disperse
into the water, so the concentration of heavy metals in the
water will decrease.
At the third station location, heavy metal was lower than
the station I and station II. The lowest Pb content was
recorded at station III water, presumably because the
reservoir in sediment deposition had on station location II,
while sampling the surface of the water. Heavy metals
particles bonded with mud from the river with a molecular
weight that is heavier than water will sink. This is according
to French (1997) who said that Pb is very easily absorbed by
the fine particles such as mud depending on the molecular
absorption and particle size of the metal. Though the Pb at
station III tended to decrease abortion, but were still beyond
the quality standards as established by Government
Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 of Pb levels allowed to be in
water that is 0.03 ppm.
Figure 1. Relations Pb levels in the water hyacinth in the
waters of the reservoir Sengguruh (∆=waterhyacinth, X
=water)
3.2 The role of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)
Heavy Metals Pollution Lowers Level of Pb in the waters
of the Reservoir Sengguruh
Water hyacinth has the ability to accumulate heavy metals in
the polluted waters in a reservoir such as Sengguruh. High
concentration the heavy metals in the water results in the higher
concentrations of the heavy Pb in plants. Presence of water
hyacinth in the water can help reduce the concentration of
heavy metals in contaminated water, because the water
hyacinth plant is a plant that can accumulate heavy metals in its
various organs.
Relationship between Pb levels in the water hyacinth of
Sengguruh reservoir is represented in Figure 1.
66
Water at the station I had higher Pb contents than
stations II and III. Shorter distance will have greater levels of
Pb due to its high concentration before dilution. The presence
of water hyacinth plants can help reduce the heavy metals.
Water hyacinth plants in the base station I had a faster direct
contact with Pb, and can accumulate heavy metals. Load
input is not worth the waste of water hyacinth population, as
water station I was still in a state polluted by lead (Pb)
content in plants and water hyacinth are also quite high.
Heavy metal content in plants at station II showed the
highest concentration. Station II is a central reservoir
Sengguruh within ± 300 meters from the station I have heavy
metal content is lower than the station I. The distance from
the source of pollution also affects the heavy metals in the
low waters at station II. This is in accordance with the
opinion Ruyitno, (1991) in the horse's bit heavy waters will
experience further dilution was concentrated by means of the
physics that is by deposition of heavy metals and eventually
it will settle in the bottom waters.
The low concentrations of heavy metals in the base
station II is also aided by the presence of water hyacinth
plants that have a greater amount of density than station I.
The high content of Pb in the body of water hyacinth in this
location due in part to water hyacinth plants derived from
base station I brought that stream toward the dam area.
Heavy metals in plants at station III shows Pb content is
low when compared to the train station I and II on the waters.
This is due in addition to the station III is the water discharge
locations where metals Pb reservoirs undergo dilution and
absorption by aquatic organisms at the base station I and
station II. Distance of station III’s location with sources of
pollution also affects the amount of Pb levels in the river. At
closer distances Pb levels are greater than at longer distances.
Waste containing heavy metals carried by river currents
causes Pb concentrations to decrease. Waste materials carried
by the flow of the river has been partially terendapkan on
arrival at the dam area.
According to Bryan (1987), heavy metals in water will
experience three processes; dilution, deposition, and
absorption by aquatic organisms, so that the heavy metals
which are in the area spending a lot less water. This is in
accordance with the opinion Hutagalung, (2002) further away
from the source of the pollutant material waste streams have
been partially brought terendapkan on the way to the sea.
Table 2. Average heavy metal lead (Pb) in the water hyacinth
plant organs (Eichornia crassipes) at all locations
Plant Organ
Pb (ppm)
Root
Petiole
2.35 b
2.95 b
Leaf
1.01 a
Water Standards
Regulation No. 82 Thn
2001
Table 3.. The average total heavy metal lead (Pb) ppm were
found in water hyacinth plants on each station
Location
Pb (ppm)
Standart Water PP No
82 year 2001
Station I
3.653 c
Station II
3.797 c
0.05pm
Station
2.885 b
III
0.03 ppm
Figure 3. The average total heavy metal lead (Pb) ppm
were found in water hyacinth plants on each station
Figures are accompanied by the same letter are not
significantly different according to HSD test 5%.BNJ 5%.
The low content of Pb in water hyacinth plants at the site III
station is allegedly because of the Pb in sediment deposition
experience base station I and station II. This assumption is
supported by the opinion Fitriyah (2003) in which the heavy
metal content of Pb in sediments is higher than the body of
water. Heavy metals have a simple binding properties of
organic matter and sediment in the bottom water unites with
it. The role of water hyacinth in reducing Pb content in the
Sengguruh reservoir is determined by the number density of
water hyacinth. Water hyacinth has the ability to absorb
heavy metals, in addition to the process of dilution and
deposition in sediments.
Figure 2. Average heavy metal lead (Pb) (ppm) in the
water hyacinth plant organs (Eichornia crassipes) at
all locations.
Figures are accompanied by the same letter are not
significantly different according to HSD test 5%.BNJ 5%.
Figure average heavy metal lead (Pb) in the water hyacinth
plant organs (Eichornia crassipes) at all locations are
presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2 shows the high heavy metal lead (Pb) on organ
water hyacinth roots and stalks, the roots of water hyacinth
which are microbial rhizosfera accumulate heavy metals.
According Surawiria (1993) that microbial rhizosfera is a
form of symbiosis between bacteria with fungi, which are
able to perform the decomposition of the organic and
inorganic material contained in water and use it as a source of
nutrients. After the metal was brought into the root cells, the
metal will then be transported through the network carrier, the
xylem and phloem to other plant parts to improve the
efficiency of transport, bound by metal chelate molecules
produced by plants. To prevent the poisoning of the water
hyacinth plant cell has a mechanism to localize the heavy
metals in the organs of roots and stems. In plant organs are
elongated, like a stalk enlargement occurs mainly to the
one-dimensional, cell enlargement is largely the event of
water absorption into the expanding vacuole vacuole where
the shaft size larger than the organ leaves and roots. Solute
concentration in the vacuoles is high and there are hundreds
of materials including Pb dissolved. The water pressure
causes growth by pushing the wall and membrane to inflate
(Salisbury & Ross, 1995).
4. Conclusion
There are different levels of heavy metal pollution by Pb at
any location in the Sengguruh water reservoir. There are
differences in Pb concentration between Sengguruh Reservoir
water and water hyacinth plants. Accumulation of heavy
metals takes place in the organs of plants roots and stalks of
water hyacinth.
5. Acknowledgements
We thank Jasa Tirta which allowed the study in Senguruh
reservoir, we also express deep thanks to the Laboratory staff
of Department of Chemistry Faculty of Teacher Training and
Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
6. References
Bryan, G.W. 1987. Some aspect heavy metal Tolerance in
Aquatic organism. University printing house
Cambridge. London.
67
Fergusson, J.E. 1990. The Heavy Element Chemistry,
Environmental Impact And Health Effect. Fergusson
Press, Oxford.
Flanagan, J.T., Wade, K.J., Curie, S. and Curtis, D.J. 1980.
The Deposition of Lead and Zine From Traffic Pollution
On two Road Side Shrubs Environment Pulluts (Series
B).
French.P.W. 1997. Coastal and Estuarine Management.
Routladge environmetal management series. London,
251pp.
Hall J.l. 2002. Cellular Mechanism For Heavy Metals
Detoxification And Tolerance. J. Experiment Botany 53
(366): 1-11.
Hutagalung, H.P and Razak, H. 1982. Preliminary
observations of Pb and Cd levels in water and biota in
the Estuary Estuary Angke. Indonesia: Indonesia
Oceanology Oseonografi Sciences.. Indonesia. Jakarta.
Palar. 2004. Heavy Metal Contamination and Toxicology.
Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Salisbury, F.B. & Ross, C.W. 1995. Plant Physiology . Jilid 1.
Penerbit ITB, Bandung.
Surface, J.M., Peverly, J.H. , Steenhuis, T.S., Sanford, W.E..
1993. Effect of season, substrat composition, and plant
growth on landfill leachate treatment in a constructed
wetland. In Moshiri, G.A. 1993. Constructed Wetlands for
Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers. Boca
Raton. p461-472.
Suriawiria, U. 1993. Water Biology. Bandung : Alumni Bandung
Press.
Syaiful 2008. Utilization Technics phytoremediation In
Polluted Environment Lead (Pb).
68
Communications:
Gelatin Production from Milkfish Bone (Chanos-chanos Forsk)
*Akyunul Jannah, Eny Yulianti, A.Ghanaim Fasya and Dewi Fatimah
Chemistry Department, Science and Technology Faculty
State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Abstract: The is by product of fishery product and has not use optimally. To increase the economic value of milkfish
bone, it can be used as an alternative basic material of gelatin to change haram usual basic material. Gelatins are
produced from partial hydrolysis of collagen by hot water extraction combined with acid treatment and extraction.
Time. This research aimed to study an alternative in making gelatin halal using milkfish bone by acid`s process, to
know the optimum concentration of citric acid by variation 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%, to know optimum extraction time
by variation time 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours and to know the characteristics of produced gelatin. The group functional
identification of gelatin is done at the best sample using spectroscope FT-IR. The optimum citric acid concentration for
gelatin extraction is 9% for about 48 hours. resulted has the water content 6,68%, ash content 0,033%, protein 9,56%,
melt point 71,83 oC, gel strength 38,72 mm/g.dt, color 4,23%, aroma 3,0 , taste 2,88 and the rendemen 9,74%. Based on
the FT-IR spectra, the group functional wich can be identified at gelatin milkfish are group of O-H, N-H, C-H, C=O and
C-H.
Keywords: Acid treatment, Extraction. Time, Gelatin, Milkfish bone

source of fish collagen, skin and bones are actually a waste of
fish processing industry. In the Islamic perspective, the use of
bones and skin of the fish as raw material for the manufacture
of gelatin, can be used as an alternative to kosher gelatin.
1. Introduction
The presence of food, especially for human life is very
important. In medical foods and beverages that we consume
can determine the growth and physical development.
Someone will grow better depending on the food and drink
that he consumed. Regarding food and beverages have been
arranged as detailed and as selective as possible in the
religion of Islam through his halal sources, al-Quran and
al-Hadith. Islam teaches food or beverages that we consume
everyday existence of the law must be either lawful or in
Hukmiyah dzatiyah in addition shall contain the nutrients
needed by the body (Anwar, 2007 : 1).
In addition to food is often a matter of controversy for
Muslims is the use of food additives. Food additives is a
concern because the material is essentially using one item that
has been forbidden and or processing process is not in
accordance with the teachings of Islam. One of the food
additive controversy still surrounds the gelatin (Anwar,
2007 : 3).
Gelatin is a result of partial hydrolysis of collagen
protein of bone and skin. The use of gelatin is very broad,
especially in the fields of industry, both food and non food
industry. Gelatin used in food industry as forming foam
(whipping agent), binder agent, stabilizer , gelling agent ext.
(Grosch and Belitz , 1986).
Gelatin production generally uses collagen derived from
cattle bones and skin, which is beef and pork. The use of this
material turned out to pose problems for its users. The use of
cow bones and the skin will be a problem for the Hindus,
muslim and Jewish faiths. Another alternative is to use a
2. Materials And Methods
2.1 Determination of Optimum Concentration Citric Acid
in Milkfish Bone Immersion
A total of 250 grams of dry bones soaked in a solution of 1%
citric acid. With a weight ratio of sample and solvent volume
is 1:3 with 24-hour soaking time. During the immersion done
stirring. After the bones were washed and sprayed with water
so the dirt and the citric acid solution attached to the bone
removed. The treatment was repeated in triplo. Above
treatment was repeated with the same procedure in citric acid
3%, 5%. 7% and 9%. Then proceed with the extraction of
gelatin.
2.2 Extraction of Gelatin Fish Bone Milkfish
In bone gelatin extracted with hot water temperature of 50-80
o
C. Extraction is done by soaking the bones in hot water three
stages, namely:
2.2.1 Extraction of Gelatin at 50 ° C Temperature
A total of 250 grams of the submersion Bone with citric acid
soaked in water temperature of 50 °C for 4 hours. Every 250
grams of bone requires 750 liters of water marinade. During
immersion, made stirring. Gelatin will dissolve into the water
marinade. After soaking, bone removed, and the immersion
liquid was transferred to the evaporation of a solution of
gelatine containers. This viscous solution containing gelatin,
gelatin solution and is called phase I.
*: Corresponding author:
[email protected], Gajayana 50 Malang,
East Java, Indonesia
69
8.39%. This shows the influence of citric acid concentration
on the yield of gelatin.
2.2.2 Extraction of Gelatin at 65 ° C Temperature
While doing the extraction of phase I, were prepared hot
water temperature 65 oC. Bone is removed from the hot water
phase I, immediately put in the hot water temperature is 65
o
C. During the immersion done stirring. Immersion is 4 hours
long. After soaking is completed, the bone immediately
removed, and the marinade liquid was transferred to a
container that has been the evaporation of a solution
containing gelatin gelatin solution of phase I.
Table 1: The analysis of the yield of fish bone gelatin produced
milkfish (based on the variation of solvent concentration of
citric acid with a long 24 hour immersion).
No
Citrid Acid (%)
Yield Gelatin (%)
1
1
1,85
2
3
3,16
3
5
5,14
4
7
7,63
5
9
8,39
2.2.3 Extraction of Gelatin at 80 °C Temperature
While performing the extraction phase II, were prepared hot
water 80 oC. Bone is removed from the hot water phase II,
directly inserted into the hot water temperature is 80 oC.
During the immersion done stirring. Immersion is 4 hours
long. After soaking is completed, the bone immediately
removed, and the immersion liquid was transferred to a
container that has been the evaporation of a solution of gelatin
containing gelatin solution of phase I and II.
Table 2: The analysis of the yield of fish bone gelatin produced
milkfish (based on variations of length extraction in citric acid
concentration of 9%.
Length Extraction
No
Yield Gelatin (%)
(hour)
1
12
6,51
2
24
8,39
3
36
9,19
4
48
9,74
5
60
8,07
2.3 Evaporation Milkfish Bone Gelatin
Extraction results of gelatin solution was then evaporated
using a rotary vacuum evaporator at 70 °C for 3 hours (until
thick).
Table 3: Results Analysis of Objective and Subjective Parameters in
Milkfish Fish Bone Gelatin Products
Concentration Citric acid
Parameters 1 %
3%
5%
7%
9 % Gelatin
market
Objective Parameters
8,03
6,77
6,28
7,18
6,80
6,77
Water
content (%)
0,23
0,155 0,135 0,132
0
Ash content 0,40
(%)
2,75
5,09
6,79
8,35
8.92
10,35
Protein (%)
55,76
Gel strength 71,94 63,97 56,17 51,29 46,68
(mm/g.dt)
90,83
85
82,5
80,83 76,17
56,5
Melting
point (oC)
2.4 Drying Milkfish Bone Gelatin
Concentrated gelatin placed in stainless steel containers that
have been covered with plastic and trim. Then the wind dried
by the sun for 8 hours.
2.5 Determination of Optimum Length Extraction
Milkfish Bone
A total of 250 grams of dry bones soaked in a solution of
citric acid with a concentration on the optimum treatment.
With a weight ratio of sample and solvent volume is 1:3 with
12-hour soaking time. During the extraction done stirring.
After the bones were washed and sprayed with water so the
dirt and the citric acid solution attached to the bone removed.
The treatment was repeated in triplo. Above treatment wigh
the same procedure on a 24-hour soaking time, 36 hours, 48
hours and 60 hours. Followed by the extraction of gelatin,
evaporation and drying
Characterization of Milkfish Fish Bone Gelatin:
Organoleptic Test Milkfish Fish Bone Gelatin, Determination
of Moisture In Thermogravimetri (AOAC), Determination of
Ash content (AOAC), Determination of Total Protein, Test
Melting Point Milkfish Fish Bone Gelatin, Test on Gelatin
Gel Strength Bone milkfish and Identification of Force
Functions Gelatin Using Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
Color
Aroma
Flavour
1,16
1,11
1,16
Subjective Parameters
2,28
3,31
3,15
1,80
2,05
2,23
1,67
1,85
2,29
3,40
2,96
2,61
3,75
3,75
3,9
The use of citric acid concentration in the determination
of this optimum concentration, suspended at a concentration
of 9%. This is because the nature of the gelatin gel strength of
fish bone milkfish with citric acid treatment of 9% stronger
than the gelatin in the market. Because the gel strength of the
main properties of gelatin in addition to determining the
quality of the yield and protein content
3.1 Determination of Optimum Concentration Citric Acid
in Milkfish Bone Immersion
The yield of gelatin produced in this process varies according
to the concentration of citric acid used and the length
extraction.
Based on data in Table 1 are known to yield gelatin
obtained by varying the concentration range from 1.85 to
3.2 Determination of Optimum Length Extraction
Milkfish Bone
The selection of the best treatment is performed in this study
was determined using the method of De Garmo. The selection
of the best treatment based on an analysis of some test
parameters, the objective parameters consisting of water
70
Fig. 2: Infrared spectra of milkfish fish bone gelatin (9% citric acid of etracted for 48 hours).
Table 5: Interpretation of the spectra of bone gelatin Fish Milkfish
9%.
The
Reference
Wave
Wave
Intensity
Vibration
Length
Length
N
Reference
Reference
o
(cm-1)*
content, ash content, protein content, gel strength, melting
point, as well as subjective parameters, namely organoleptic
consisting of color, aroma, and flavor. Based on objective and
subjective parameters of the best in the gelatin obtained by
extraction time using citric acid concentration of 9% for 24
hours.
Table 4: The analysis of objective and subjective parameters in fish
bone gelatin products milkfish (the variation of the length of
extraction using citric acid 9%)
Length of extraction (hour)
Parameters
12
24
36
48
60
Gelatin
market
Objective Parameters
9,11
6,80
7,63
6,68
6,09
6,77
Water
content (%)
0
0
Ash content 0,199 0,132 0,098 0,033
(%)
7,69
8.92
9,08
9,56
8,58
10,35
Protein (%)
55,76
Gel strength 55,83 46,68 41,74 38,72 40,08
(mm/g.dt)
88,83
76,17 74,67
71
71,83
56,5
Melting
point (oC)
Subjective Parameters
Color
3,04
3,40
3,28
3.80
3.51
3,75
Aroma
2,36
2,96
2,99
3,00
3,03
3,75
Flavour
2,57
2,61
2,80
2,85
2,91
3,9
Medium-s
trong
Weak to
moderate
strain
strain O-H
intermolecular
strain N-H
symmetry of the
primary amide
Strong
Strain C-H
asymmetry of
CH3
Strain
C-H-CH2-asym
metry of acyclic
Strain N-H +
from the C = NH
+
Strain C = O of
secondary
amide
N-H bending of
primary amine
Strain C = C
aromatic
N-H bending of
the secondary
amide
Strain = C-H
aromatic
C-H bending of
the secondary
alcohol
C-H bending of
CH3
strain C-N of the
1.
3459,09
3550-3230
2.
3219,94
3220-3180
3.
2924,85
2975-2950
4.
2854,45
2870-2840
5.
2334,67
2700-2250
6.
1742,57
1750-1700
7.
1642,27
1650-1580
Medium-s
trong
8
1617,2
1625-1590
Variabel
9.
1570,91
Strong
Medium
Strong
3.3 Identification of Gelatin With the FT-IR
spectrophotometer
Identification of functional groups milkfish bone gelatin
extracted best done using FT-IR Spectroscopy.
Strong
1570-1515
10
1541,02
11
1461,94
1465-1430
12
1433,98
1440-1400
13
1382,87
1370-1390
Medium
14
1306,68
1350-1310
Weak to
Variabel
Weak
71
moderate
15
1154,32
1160-1150
16
1080,06
1125-1085
17
974,95
~ 970
Strong
Strong
18
888,16
900-650
19
838,98
840-790
20
726,15
725-720
21
670,22
700-600
22
605,61
610-590
Medium
Weak to
moderate
Weak
Medium-s
trong
Width
Medium-s
trong
Socrates, G. 1994 Infra Red Caracteristic Group Frequencies
Tables and Charts, Second Edition, Univbersity Of
West London
secondary
amides
O-H bending of
phenol
Strain C-O of
the secondary
alcohol
wobble C–C
from CH3
N-H bending is
out of the field
of primary
amines
wobble of CH3
CC wobble of
the - (CH2)n
O-H bending out
of the field
bending of the
secondary
amides NCO
4. Conclusion
Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that: the
optimum concentration of citric acid citric acid used in the
manufacture of bone gelatin Fish Milkfish is 9%. Optimum
length of extraction in the manufacture of bone gelatin Fish
Milkfish with citric acid concentration of 9% is 48 hours.
Characteristics of milkfish fish bone gelatin with 9% citric
acid treatment and duration of immersion of 48 hours (as the
optimum treatment) is having a water content of 6.68%,
0.033% ash content of 9.56% protein content, gel strength of
38.72 mm / gr. dt, the melting point of 71 ° C, 3.8 color
(white), the smell of 3.00 (not rancid), flavors 2.85 (good).
Functional groups can be identified from FT-IR spectra of
Fish Milkfish bone gelatin. including the C - N, N - H, C = O,
and O - H.
5. Acknowledgments
This research can be carried out well thanks to the
cooperation between Laboratory of Malik Ibrahim State
Islamic University of Malang, milkfish industry Sindujoyo
(manufacturing brains milkfish) of Gresik of East Java,
Laboratory of Biomedical and THP UB Malang, Department
of Chemistry,. Our thanks to all the Chemistry Department
faculty who have provided suggestions for the improvement
of this study as well as to students who have assisted in the
technical implementation of this study.
6. References
Anwar A. 2007 Pangan Dalam Pandangan Islam (Tinjauan
Islam
Terhadap
Makanan
dan
Minuman),
www.unpas.ac.id,
.Denver A.V. 2007 Bahan Makanan Tambahan,
http://isakuniki.wordpress. com/tag /halal-guide.
Eastoe J.E. 1956 The Amino Acid Compotition Of Fish
Collagen And Gelatin, Dalmeny Avenue, London.
Grosch W., Belitz H.D. 1986 Food Chemisstry,
Spingers-Verlag Berlin Heidenberg, New York.
72
Communications:
Improving the Quality of Waste Water Containing Phosphate using
Moringa oleifera Lamk. Seeds
Eny Y., Akyunul, J. and Uswatun, H.
Chemistry Department, Science and Technology Faculty,
State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lamk. seed extract has been tested in removing phosphate in waste water. Coagulation has
been carried out in order to study the mechanism this natural coagulant agent inside waste water. The decrease in total
phosphate levels with the addition of Moringa 200 ppm and settling time of 90 minutes can reduce the concentration of
total phosphate 23.119 ppm to 15.051 ppm, reduce about 27.82% and 13.047 ppm orthophosphate to be 9.852 ppm or
reduce about 29.87%. Affectiveness of Moringa oleifera Lamk. on pH 2 can decrease phosphate’s concentrate as 52,15
% ppm and orthophosphates as 56,70 % ppm. Decreseness of phosphate’s concentrate in wastewater is caused by
electrostatic force between groups of NH3+ in Moringa oleifera Lamk. with H2PO4- in wastewater. In this case, it is
caused by protein content of Moringa oleifera Lamk. that is supported by FTIR. The benefit of Moringa oleifera Lamk.
as phosphate coagulant is the witness of Allah’s greatness. Allah’s creation would not be wasted even if it is small likes
Moringa oleifera Lamk.seeds.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera Lamk., Phosphate, Coagulation-flocculation, Natural flocculants

1. Introduction
Moringa oleifera have several names according to the several
States such as Arabic: rawag, Assamese: saijna, sohjna,
Bengali: sajina, Burmese: daintha, dandalonbin, Chinese: la
ken, English: drumstick tree, horseradish tree, ben tree
French: moringe à graineailée, morungue, Gujarati:
midhosaragavo, saragavo, Hindi: mungna, saijna, shajna,
Kannada: nugge, Konkani: maissang, moring, moxing,
Malayalam: murinna, sigru, Marathi: achajhada, shevgi,
Nepali: shobhanjan, sohijan, Oriya: sajina, Portuguese:
moringa, moringueiro, Punjabi: sainjna, soanjna, Sanskrit:
shobhanjana, sigru, Sinhalese: murunga, Spanish: ángela,
ben, moringa, Swahili: mrongo, mzunze, Tamil: moringa,
murungai, Telegu: mulaga, munaga, tellamunaga, Urdu:
sahajna (Roloff, et all, 2009)
Moringa oleifera Lamk. was known in Indonesia as
kelor (java), Marongghi (Madura) a vegetable crop that has
been cultivated for a long time. The leaves are compound,
pinnate double and small rounded. The flowers are
yellowish-white. The fruit is long and angled-corner on its
side. Moringa Oleivera.Lamk tree is often used as a hedge or
a supporter for betel pepper plant. Today Moringa oleifera
Lamk. was acknowledge around the world as nutritious crop,
medical plant and also absorbent and coagulation water
treatment.
Figure 1. Moringa oleifera.Lamk Plants
Based on the test results of phytochemical that the
chemical content of Moringa oleifera Lamk. leaves showed
alkaloid compounds and steroid / triterpenoid (Rizka and
Nawawi, 2005). The seeds contain 19 to 47 percent. It was
known commercially as ‘ben oil’, it is similar to olive oil rich
in palmetic, stearic, behmic, oleic acids, and is used for
human consumption, cosmetics and soaps (Roloff, et all,
2009).
As well as medicine plant, Moringa oleifera Lamk. also
can be used as an absorbent and coagulation. The seed extract
contains very interesting behavior in removing anionic
surfactants from surface water. A very high efficiency is
observed in all of the studied cases, so it presents a promising
future as water treating agent. Regarding the influence of the
coagulant dose, it is observed that a maximum surfactant
removal is achieved with relatively low coagulant amounts
(ca. 100 mg L−1), (Martin and Heredia, 2009).
In large scale treatment plants aluminum sulfate is used
as conventional chemical coagulant. As an alternative to
*: Corresponding author: eny.uinmlg @gmail.com,
73
conventional coagulants, Moringa oleifera Lamk. seeds can
be used as a natural coagulant (primary coagulant) in
household water treatment as well as in the community water
treatment systems. When the crushed seeds are added to raw
water, the proteins produce positive charges acting like
magnets and attracting towards the predominantly negatively
charged particles such as clay, silk, bacteria and other toxic
particles in water. The flocculation process occurs when the
proteins bind the negatives charges forming flocs through the
aggregation of particles which are present in water (Schwarz.
D, 2000).
Hidayat (2003) shows the effectiveness of Moringa
oleifera Lamk. seeds bioflocculant wastewater treatment
process for pulp and paper industry. The measured
parameters were the time of deposition, the value of color,
turbidity, total solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). Hidayat (2006) again
explained that Moringa oleifera Lamk.seeds can be used as
water purifiers because it contains positively charged protein
as cationic polyelectrolyte better than alum (it is aluminium
sulfate or tawas) as not to affect the pH and conductivity.
Sludge produced by coagulation with Moringa is less in
volume than the chemical sludge produced by alum
coagulation.
This research aims to study the fundamental aspects of
the main characteristics of functional groups of Moringa
oleifera Lamk. or Moringa seed powder, and their roles in the
coagulation process. This study is also expected to reveal the
ability of Moringa seeds that contain positively charged
protein with an opposite charge compounds (with the anionic
phosphate samples in the hospital sewage samples, which is
expected to increase the utilization of Moringa’s seeds which
is part of the potential biodiversity of Indonesia.
Phosphate is a micronutrient compound of phosphorus.
Phosphate in concentrations that exceed the quality standards
will disrupt the existing balance of nitrogen compounds in the
water, toxic to microorganisms and corrosive (Fachrul et al.,
2006). The concentration of phosphate in the water is usually
determined by the number of water hyacinth plants growing
on the surface of the water, but the water hyacinth on the
surface of the water can block the sunlight needed
microorganisms or green plants for photosynthesis, thus
damaging the balance of water and water bodies of oxygen
deprivation needed by water biota.
Dose
Determination
of
Optimum
Coagulant
Sedimentation and Coagulation Time of Phosphate Using
Moringa
Moringa seed powder is made with various concentration of
200 ppm, 250 ppm, 300 ppm, 350 ppm, and 400 ppm
respectively, coagulant was further diluted with 100 ml of
sample. Samples interaction with coagulant Moringa seeds
were carried out by the following procedure: Moringa seed
powder was placed on a glass watch and added with a little
sample that need to be analyzed, then stirred until a solution is
become white. Thus, inserted samples containing moringa
seeds into the vial will contain samples that need to be
analyzed. Samples containing moringa powder was stirred
rapidly for 0.5 minutes and then stirred slowly for 5 minutes.
The solution was allowed to settle with a variety of time i.e
15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. After that, 12 mL total
phosphate and orthophosphate was pipet and were analyzed
using a spectrophotometer HACH 4000. Samples were taken
again at 25 ml and is used to measure the conductivity and pH
of the sample. This treatment was also done on the control
solution.
Dose
Determination
of
Optimum
Coagulant
Sedimentation and Coagulation Time of Phosphate Using
Moringa Seed
The pH Sample was measured by variations of 2, 3, 4, 5, and
6 with the addition of 0.1 N H2SO4 or 0.1 N NaOH, and then
added with powdered of Moringa seeds with optimum dose.
Interaction with moringa seeds were carried out by the
following procedure: Moringa seed powder with optimum
dose was placed on a glass watch and added a little sample of
the conditions of pH 2, and stirred until the solution is become
white. Samples containing Moringa seeds were put into a
glass beaker containing the sample to pH 2 conditions to be
analyzed. Samples containing Moringa were rapidly stirred
for 0.5 minutes, then slowly stirred for 0.5 minutes. The
solution was allowed to settle with optimum settling time.
Each solution of total phosphate and orthophosphate was
pipet at 12 ml and then analyzed using a spectrophotometer
HACH and 4000 with Stano Chloride method respectively.
This treatment was repeated with the same procedure with
sample variation at 3, 4, 5, and 6 pH conditions.
Data Analysis
The results will be presented in graphic form and statistical
test to determine the optimum dose and timing of deposition
of Moringa seeds. Statistical tests were performed at two
stages which are preliminary test and advanced test.
Preliminary test was conducted by analyzing the F-test, RAK,
RAL, and ANOVA, but this study employed two-way
ANOVA test. If the results of the preliminary test found
significant difference, then the test continued by BNT test to
determine the slightly significant difference the influence of
variations in dose and time deposition to decrease the
phosphate concentration. The statistical result of deposition
dosing and timing used as the optimum dose and optimum
time deposition in determining optimum pH. Moringa seed
powder characteristics determination was done by using the
FTIR.
1. Materials and Methods
Preparation of Moringa Seed
The matured moringa fruits was prepared and peeled to
obtain the white moringa seed. The seed was planted in
porcelain pot and then stored in jars and sealed.
Sampling
The sample used in this study is a public hospital wastewater
from Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang's hospital. Samples were
taken using a glass rinsed with a solution of 0.01 N HCl
(Clesceri, et al., 1989). Preservation of samples were done by
placing the samples at 4 °C ± 2 °C (Hadi, 2005) or can be
placed in the freezer (Clesceri, et al., 1989).
74
NO3-, HPO42-, dan H2PO4-, and H2PO4- have little effect on the
value of the conductivity of the water solvent.
Moringa seed causes a decrease in pH and becomes
more acidic around 7.01 turns into 6.71. It is strengthened by
Hidayat (2006) who states that the pH of the Lematang river
water samples changed from 7.03 to 6.84 after adding 30 ppm
coagulant of Moringa seed. The pH changes due to the
carboxyl group of amino acids in Moringa seeds that release
H+ ions in acidic conditions. Katayon (2004: 149) states that a
relatively small decrease in pH occurred after coagulation of
Moringa seeds between pH of 6.5 to 7.0. This is due to the
function of hydrogen ions (H +) of a weak acid in balancing
Moringa seeds samples with hydroxide ions.
Samples Made Using Coagulation Coagulant of Moringa
Seeds
The aim of coagulation is to compare the results between the
coagulation and artificial samples of wastewater of Dr. Saiful
Anwar Malang's hospital, because the composition of the
wastewater is very complex.
Tabel 1. Observations Samples Made Coagulation (16 ppm
phosphate solution with a concentration of 200 ppm
Moringa)
Fosfat
Fosfat
%
conductivity
pH
Average
Coagula tion
decrease
average
average
0
15,935
0
0
0,98
7,01
15
15,484
0,45
2,83
0,98
6,93
30
14,942
0,92
5,8
0,94
6,87
60
14,31
1,55
9,79
0,93
6,82
90
14,04
1,86
11,69
0,91
6,79
120
13,282
2,54
16,08
0,85
6,71
Ti me
Coagulating Using Moringa seeds
Coagulating activity of shelled Moringa seeds at different
concentration
The results for determination of the optimum dose and timing
of Moringa seeds deposition in lowering levels of total
phosphate is shown in Figure 2.
Table 1. shows the impact of Moringa seeds on
phosphate concentration decreased with time variation of the
deposition of 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Based on
Table 1, it can be stated that the dose 200 ppm Moringa seeds
can reduce phosphate concentrations of 2.54 ppm or 16.08%.
The decreasing is relatively small because the concentration
of Moringa seed as coagulant is less effective if the sample
has a low value of turbidity (cloudiness) (Katayon, et al.,
2004: 150). Meanwhile decreasing in concentration due to the
reduction of destabilizing colloidal repulsion force between
phosphate ions and the process of inter-particle bridges.
Ndabingengesere (1995: 708) and Katayon (2004: 151) states
that moringa seed coagulation mechanism is dominated by
the absorption and charge neutralization. The greater the
energy of attraction, then the distance between the particles
decreases the charge resulting in double diffusion layer
depletion. The more neutral colloidal charge, it will form a
flocs and finally settles.
Decreasing in phosphate concentration is supported by
the decline in the value of the conductivity of the sample to
0.85 mS / cm indicating a reduction of phosphate ion
mobility. Moringa seed granting phosphate ions causes
charge each other to move in the opposite direction and then
bind, so the mobility of ions is moving slowly. If the ion
mobility decreases, the conductivity is also reduced (Atkins,
1990: 313).
Solution conductivity is strongly influenced by the
presence of large concentrations, ion movements generated
and the temperature at the time of measurement (Hidayat,
2006: 143). Atkins (1990: 302-307) also states that the
conductivity depends on the mobility of the ions, the greater
the mobility of ion conductivity.
Radojevie (1999: 168-169) states that H+, Na+, K+, Mg+,
+
Ca , Cl-, SO42-, and HCO3- has a great influence on the value
of conductivity, whereas ions such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al3+,
Figure 2. Coagulating activity of shelled Moringa seeds at
different concentration to decrease Total Phosphate in
hospital wastewater.
Data were obtained at a dose of 200 ppm have optimum
settling time at a minute of 90 with a decrease of 8.068 ppm or
27.04%. At a dose of 250 ppm, optimum settling time
occurred in the 90th minute with a decrease of 8.754 or
30.15%, whereas a dose of 300 ppm optimum deposition
occurred in the 90th minute with a decrease of 3.862 ppm or
13.31%. At a dose of 350 ppm, optimum settling time occurs
at a minute of 120 with a decrease of 4.296 ppm or 14.75%,
while the dose of 400 ppm when precipitation occurs at a
minute of 120 with a decrease of 3.7 ppm or 12.72%.
75
Waals forces become weaker (Linggawati, 2002). Khalil and
Aly (2001) in Linggawati (2002: 6) states that the maximum
flocculation occurs when the zeta potential price toward zero.
Hidayat (1996) in Hidayat (2006: 136) states that the addition
of coagulant Moringa seeds excess can cause turbidity of raw
water again clarified. The addition of excess Moringa seeds
can cause increased distance between the charge and the
repulsion force between like charges increase. This is also
reinforced by Migo et al., (1993) in Novita (2001) which
describes the adsorption of cation excess can cause
deflokulasi or colloidal restabilization due to the repulsive
force between the positively charged particles resist.
Figure 3. Coagulating activity of shelled Moringa seeds at
different concentration to decrease Total ortophosphate in
hospital wastewater
Effect of Dose Addition of Moringa seeds oleivera.Lamk
And Time Of The precipitation pH changes
Figure 4. show that pH changes after administration of
Moringa seed for time variation but no significant
precipitation. Changes in pH occurs in about 6.6 to 6.9, while
the initial pH around pH 7.0. Changes in pH is also influenced
by Moringa seed for a protein that has a weak acid that can
release H+ ions in the medium of water, so many Moringa
seeds will increase the pH of the sample (Katayon, et al.,
2004).Figure 4. Changes in effluent pH curves of hospital
wastewater after interacted With Moringa seeds
Figure 2 and figure 3 shows a relatively small decrease
in concentration due Moringa oleivera.Lam seeds as a
coagulant is less effective if the sample has a value of
turbidity is low, including the possible number of other
compounds that participate sedimentation in hospital
wastewater sample (Katayon, et al., 2004: 150). Decrease in
concentration due to the reduction of destabilizing colloidal
repulsion force between phosphate ions and the process of
inter-particle bridges. Ndabingengesere (1995: 708) and
Katayon (2004: 151) states that Moringa seeds coagulation
mechanism is dominated by the process of adsorption and
charge neutralization. The greater the energy of attraction,
then the distance between the particles decreases the charge
resulting in double diffusion layer depletion. The more
neutral colloidal charge, it will form a floc and finally settles.
Figure 2 and 3 shows that variations in dose and time
Moringa oleivera.Lam settling influence on the concentration
of orthophosphate and total phosphate but not significantly.
Data analysis technique of determining the optimum dose and
time of sedimentation conducted with a statistical test that
includes two stages: a preliminary test phase and the test
continued. Preliminary phase used is a two-way ANOVA test
for the existence of two determining optimum conditions in
the behavior of the phosphate concentration decreased. Data
analysis followed by LSD test to determine the slightly
significant difference influences from all over the dose
variation (200 ppm, 250 ppm, 300 ppm, 350 ppm, and 400
ppm) Moringa oleivera. Lam seeds have a significant effect
on phosphate concentration decreased. At doses of 200 and
250 ppm gives the greatest decrease in concentration, but the
results of LSD test at a concentration of 200 ppm and 250
ppm did not give a real difference or that the effective dose is
200 ppm.
The results of two-way ANOVA showed that the
variation of the deposition time the influence of the variation
of the deposition time is done, while the BNT results show
that in the 90th minute gave the real difference between the
variation of the deposition time so time optimum deposition
occurred in the 90th minute.
Increased phosphate levels again due because the
downsizing boundary diffusion layer has reached the
maximum point, zeta potential of more than zero and van der
Figure 4. Changes in effluent pHcurves of hospital
wastewater after interacted with Moringa seeds
Ionization of phosphate in water medium at pH 7 with
H2PO4-, HPO42-, and PO43- forming compounds, which
produces H+ ions with a gradual, so that the sample pH acidic
(Radojovie, et al., 1999: 237)
H3PO4
H2PO4−
HPO42−
H+ + H2PO4−
H+ + HPO42−
H+ + PO43−
Changes in pH increased toward neutral pH, it is due to
phenol and ammonia contained in the wastewater is more
hospitals in the medium is alkaline water.
Effect of Dose Addition of Moringa Seed Deposition And
Time Of Change Conductivity
Determination of conductivity performed to determine the
effect of the addition of Moringa seed dose and time of
76
deposition. The results of measurements of conductivity after
interaction with Moringa seed presented in Figure 5.
Figure 6. Effect of pH Variation of Total Phosphate
Concentration in Hospital Wastewater.
Figure 5. Conductivity Change Curve Once interacted With
Moringa in hospital wastewater
The conductivity of the samples has decreased
although the decrease was not significant. Initial sample
conductivity was 1.35 mS / cm, after interaction with
Moringa seed of 200 ppm and 250 ppm with a 30-minute
deposition conductivity values decreased to 1.34 mS / cm. It
suggests that the reducing mobility of phosphate was
coagulate with Moringa seeds, and not the only phosphate
ion, the conductivity of the sample also affects very small
decrease. Phosphate is a micro ion that can affect the value of
conductivity, so the addition or reduction of phosphate levels
little influence on the value of the conductivity of the sample.
Increasing the value conductivity exceeds initial
conductivity is possible because the re-release coagulate
electrolytes phosphate along with the addition of Moringa
seed dose, but it is a polyelectrolyte Moringa seeds so that it
will increase the number of ions in the sample and the
conductivity value will increase.
Figure 7. Effect of pH Variation to orthophosphate
concentrations in Hospital Wastewater
Figure 7 shows that at pH 6 phosphate concentration
decreased total 4.58 or 29.78%. At pH 5 phosphate
concentration decreased by 5.36 or by 35.41%, whereas at pH
4 a decrease of 6.93 or by 46.22%. At pH 3 a decline of 8.27
or 56.07%, whereas at pH 2 a decline of 8.64 or 56.70%.
The greatest decrease in phosphate concentration at
pH 2, this is due to the formation of a cationic
polyelectrolyte-NH3 + group at the highest pH 2 so as to
precipitate phosphate greater, whereas in the range of pH 2-6
phosphate H2PO4-shaped. Phosphate concentration at pH 3
to 6 a decline that is not very significant because of the
pH-NH3 + group and declining possible-NH2 group is
increasing.
Determination of Optimum pH Coagulation Phosphate
Using Moringa seeds
Figure 6 shows that at pH 6 phosphate concentration
decreased total 7.46 ppm or 25.62%. At pH 5 there is a
decrease in total phosphate concentration of 11.39 ppm or
equal to 40.53%, whereas at pH 4 a decrease of 11.89 ppm or
equal to 42.98%. At pH 3 a decrease of 14.09 ppm or 48.47%,
whereas at pH 2 a decrease of 14.92 ppm or 52.31%.
The results of the influence of variations in pH to
decrease in total phosphate concentrations are presented in
Figure 7.
Moringa seed powder characteristics Using FTIR
Identification using infrared spectrophotometry (IR) aims to
obtain information about the existence of a functional group
of a molecule. It is because every functional group has a
typical vibration region (Sastrohamidjojo, 1992: 2). Moringa
seed powder spectra can be seen in Figure 8 and 9, are as
follows:
77
alkyl isothiocyanate (N = C = S) on the absorption
wavenumber 667.2 cm-1 shifted to 672.1 cm-1. This shift is
expected because these groups have interacted with the
phosphate.
The parameter to indicate that which is the most
interactions with phosphate Moringa oleivera. Lam seeds is
physical absorption process. Absorption is reversible and fast,
but it also indicated chemical absorption occurs with the
formation of the new vibrations Moringa seed powder as-CH
stretch vibration effect on the uptake of symmetry
deformation wavenumber 1371.6 cm-1, due to stretch
vibrations P = O compounds suspected of phosphate on the
sorption wave 1163.3 cm-1, and the range of PN presumably
from PNC vibration absorption wavenumber at 958.4 cm-1.
The chemical absorption occurs with the formation of
chemical compounds that bond that occurs more powerful, it
is also confirmed by Ndabingengesere (1994:178) who states
that most of the seeds of Moringa coagulation process is are
the process of adsorption and charge neutralization.
Moringa seed powder spectra after interaction with
phosphate showed an increase in intensity as the vibration of
–CH2- asymmetry and aromatic CH stretch due to the
phosphate attached to the seeds of Moringa oleivera.Lamk.
Spanning P = O are also present in the spectra after interacted
with Moringa seed suspected of phosphate compounds on the
wave absorption and 1163.3 cm-1 range PN suspected of
vibration absorption wavenumber PNC at 958.4 cm-1, data
This suggests that phosphate binds to the N, nitrogen,
presumably from NH3+ from Moringa seed proteins. The
reaction occurs as follows:
R-NH2 + H+
R-NH3+
+
R-NH3 + H2PO4
R- NH3+ H2PO4Description: A group of other Moringa seeds.
Figure 8. Moringa seed powder spectra before interacted
With Phosphate
Figure 9. Moringa seed powder spectra after interacted with
Phosphate
4. Conclusions
1. The optimum dose of phosphate wastewater coagulation
general hospital Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang using Moringa
seed that is 200 ppm greater dose of Moringa seeds were
added did not provide better results, this is due to a weak
bond between phosphate and Moringa seed that phosphate
detaching.
2. The greatest decrease in phosphate concentrations obtained
at the time of deposition of 90 minutes, the longer the
settling time or contact time with phosphate, moringa
seeds did not provide more phosphate concentration
decreased, this is due to the weak bond between the
phosphate and the amount of electrolyte moringa seeds
besides anionic phosphate coagulation participate.
3. Decrease in phosphate concentration was greatest in the pH
2, this is due to the NH3+, which has been formed to or
greater than the–NH2 group at acidic pH and at pH 2
phosphate H2PO4- forming compounds.
Based on the spectra above, there are differences in
uptake between Moringa seed powder before and after
coagulant used for phosphate. Moringa seed powder spectra
before being used as a coagulant phosphate showed
absorption at 3279.5 cm-1 region which showed the presence
of OH groups attached to the intermolecular hydrogen (single
molecules or other molecules similar or different) with weak
absorption intensity. Socrates (1994) vibrational states range
3550-3230 cm-1, but little shift in the wave number becomes
3273 cm-1. Carbonyl group C = O is shown by absorption at
wavenumber 1747.9 cm-1 ester group, the same is true of
Moringa seed powder after interacted with phosphate, but a
slight shift to 1747.5 cm-1.
Moringa seed powder spectra before and after
interaction with phosphate occurs much wavenumber shift
include CH stretch of aromatic CH absorption wavenumber at
2855 cm-1 shifted to 2854.3 cm-1, C = O stretch of a
secondary amide absorption wavenumber 1656.2 cm-1
shifted to 1660.4 cm-1, the deformation of the amide NH
stretch, absorption wavenumber 1543.1 cm-1 shifted to
1540.1 cm-1,-CH2-scissors vibration of alkanes on
absorption wavenumber 1457.6 cm-1 shifted to 1459.1 cm-1,
CH stretch out the field on the absorption wavenumber 796.3
cm-1 shifted to 804.6 cm-1, and the bending vibrations of the
5. Acknowledgments
This research is well carried out. Thank you to the
cooperation between Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital,
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Malik Ibrahim State
Islamic University of Malang and the Department of
Chemistry, Laboratory of Brawijaya University of Malang.
78
Our thanks to Chemistry Department,and also Faculty of
Science and Technology who have provided suggestions for
the improvement of this study as well as to students who have
assisted in the technical implementation of this study.
Linggawati, Muhdarina, Harapan Sianturi, 2002, Efekt
ivitas Pati-Fosfat DanAluminium Sulfat Sebagai Fl
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Rizka dan Nawawi, 2005, Telaah Fitokimia Daun Moringa
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79
Communications:
Reuse of Agricultural and Sewage Waste in Water Treatment: An
Eco-regional Concept
*1)Musa M., 1)Akira K., 2)Jaafar, J. 2)Zaiton A., Razman M.S.1)
1
Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management, Water Research Alliance,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Abstract: In order to apply an ecoregional concept to the treatment of wastewater, a consideration is given to the
potential of reusing waste materials found within the same region. The production of activated carbon from agricultural
waste and other sources such as sewage sludge is considered as key to providing a lowcost alternative in water treatment,
this is in addition to its availability in every geographical region. Thus, in creating a balance for the co-existence of
development and ecosystem conservation a sustainable approach is looked into for its potential. Among the numerous
benefit to be derived from such a system are reduced expenditure for water treatment, safe disposal for agricultural and
sewage waste and the idea of realizing self sustainability within the regional ecosystem.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Ecoregionalism, Environmental management

production of low-cost adsorbents for water and wastewater
treatment. In this short review research, taking an example of
activated carbon (AC), a theoretical perspective is considered
as a potential process to mitigate contradictory relationship
between ecosystem service and regional development.
1. Introduction
Ecoregional initiatives are being developed from concerns
bothering around a diverse range of situations [1].
Environmental concerns influence both regionalism as an
ideology and regionalization as a manifest process. In order to
obtain the real benefits of regionalism it will be mandatory to
make compromises in a pragmatic manner. New
environmental regionalism implies that it is principally for
the purpose of environmental policy that regionalism is
pursued, that is for efforts to mitigate the negative
consequences of certain occurrences such as water pollution.
Water is essential for all life forms. Rivers and other
watersheds have been the source of life, being a source of
food for all living beings as well as useful for a number of
other activities over time such as water supply for daily
activities, mining and industries, recreation, transport system
and many more. However, due to the lack of awareness and
love for the nature, people have defiled most of their rivers by
turning it into a convenient dumping spot for both industry
and average individual.
The concept of regionalism is one that dates back to
prehistoric times. It depicts the embodiment of similar goals
and values within a geographical region, thus the importance
of geographical relationship is highly emphatic in
regionalism. The point to be considered here is the technical
approach required to realize the ecoregional initiative. It is
assumed that the process of utilizing the ecosystem’s waste to
treat the same system in a regionalize approach is considered
as self remedy with a capacity to improve the environment
without cutting down on peoples sources of livelihood. This
provides the opportunity of a sustainable means for the
2. Eco-regionalism and Targeted Service
Regionalism has been a common tool used by government for
national planning, which has now been adopted into
environmental management with a view to bringing
integrated management to the ecosystem in advancing
environmental protection, use and management [2]. The
rationale of environmental management on a regional scale is
one of high interest with issues arising from the reconciliation
of ecological, jurisdictional, economic and social matters in a
synergy of integrated management [3]. The ecosystem itself
is considered as a complex of regional land systems that each
sub-property of land attributes consist particular ecological
units with unique biological communities. Human beings
have lived deriving favor from ecosystem resources and
services. The regionally unique ecosystem and cultural life of
mankind have also developed interdependence with different
types of unique regional ecosystems [4]. Though, modern
society has been developing without much recourse from
such ecological regionalism. The isolation has been resolved
its restriction from ecological regionalism, and it has been
realizing its unlimited growth. As a result, increased demands
of global economic performance are requiring more material
and energy, thus less importance of ecological regionalism.
This has led to a high exploration and exploitation of the
ecosystem in meeting such demands of materials and
resources for human livelihood and is gradually becoming the
bane of mankind as waste from this process is having a
detrimental impact on the system herself.
81310-Johor, Malaysia.
80
The concept of ‘new environmental regionalism’ which
seems to boomerang amongst integrated management circles
refers to a more recent wave of initiatives focusing on marine
water bodies, river basins and more recently mountain.
However, the potentiality of exacerbating some other issues is
always a matter of concern as it is considered inevitable while
enforcing such services [5]. The expected services from an
ecoregional system [6] are defined from four aspects:
As a result of the various intensive human activities in
the river environment, the water quality in most rivers is
degraded with a continuing decline world over. It is also
found that many urban areas most especially in developing
countries take their source of drinking (domestic) water from
such rivers. Dominant local residents accommodate life in
proximity with human impacted area. In fact, ionized excess
nutrients and pollutant that affect hygiene are also provide
from precipitation as symbolically known Hayes in Singapore
and Malaysia. It is becoming more difficult to escape from
such recursive environmental problems of mankind. This is
the reason regional self remedy is considered. As an
application of natural process, wetlands are known to
contribute highly to human livelihood with a lot of
biophysical, agronomic and socio-economic benefits [10].
However, it needs to be recognized that these activities also
have a potential cause the degradation of water in these areas
and make it highly unhealthy to sustain both human and other
habitat life. In the case of water bodies in rural areas where
animal grazing and agriculture is prevalent, waste from
agricultural produce could be used for the production of
low-cost adsorbents that could be used in the final stage of
water treatment in domestic water treatment plants or in filter
units in individual homes to make water potable. Similarly,
for the case of the urban areas with high level of industrial
activities it is also possible to utilize materials such sewage
sludge from domestic wastewater treatment plant to produce
adsorbents. This adsorbent could be used in treating industrial
wastewater from industries dealing with toxic
substances prior to discharging such wastewater in
river/stream canals. This offers dual advantage of converting
waste into wealth at the same conserving the water
environment and consequently human health as well. To
demonstrate a technical approach, this study was focused on
AC.
1) Provisioning service is potential products from regional
ecosystem, such as, food, fresh clean water, and
species-unique biological resources,
2) Regulation service is potential stability in local climate,
disease, hydrology, water quality and pollination,
3) Cultural service is non-physical benefit from local
property of spirit, religion, recreation, aestheticism,
inspiration, education, presence, and cultural heritage
and,
4) Supporting service is fundamental to generate former
three categories of services by soil formation, nutrient
cycle, and primary production.
The so called ecosystem services are provided either from
natural environment or from regional secondary environment
modified by mankind. Herewith, conservation of ecosystem
structure and functioning, in order to maintain ecosystem
services, should be a priority target of the ecosystem
approach [7]. The core issue of sustainable development has
been realizing the inter-depended sound arrangement
between development and environmental properties. Thus,
the rise of ecoregionalism thus creates an important
conundrum relating to the co-existence of development
alongside ecosystem conservation within the same space.
Thus, this context is being applied in consideration for the use
of AC in water treatment.
3. Eco-systematic approach towards self remedy
The quality of the river is directly influenced by the number
of waste and contaminant discharged into it and hence affects
the extent of which the water can be used for certain purposes
such as water supply or even recreation. Other sources of
pollution are agricultural lands and soil erosion. All the
sources listed above could be categorized under two broad
groups (sources) of pollution could be referred to as point and
non-point sources. The land use of area surrounding a river or
stream corridor to a great extent impacts the condition of the
water body, human activity has profoundly affected rivers
and streams in all parts of the world. In areas surrounded by
agricultural activities, common contributors to water
pollution are nutrients and sediments which typically enter
stream/river as surface runoff or leachate of fertilizer or
grazing livestock waste, which are considered nonpoint
source pollution because the exact point where the pollutant
originated cannot be identified [8]. Nonpoint sources could
also be grouped as rural and urban [9]. On the other hand
point sources are those whose origin can be located such as
untreated wastewater from manufacturing industries or even
wastewater treatment plants located within a catchment and
riparian areas, these are more prevalent in urban areas.
4. Water treatment technology and wastewater treatment
There are different methods used for the treatment of water
and wastewater, including microbial degradation, chemical
oxidation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, chemical
reduction electrodepositing, reverse osmosis and adsorption
[11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. AC adsorption has high chemical and
mechanical stability and high degree of surface reactivity.
Extensive studies have shown that AC numerous applications
viz; odour removal, removal of H2S or CS2, exhaust air
cleaning, industrial waste water, drinking water conditioning
[16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. AC is generally considered to have
beneficial environmental effects, thus its recommendation by
USEPA to treat waste water effluent from the food industry
[21]. Despite the prolific use of this adsorbent for water and
waste water treatment, carbon adsorption is an expensive
treatment process and this prompted a growing search for a
good substitute of AC [22; 23; 24; 25]. In continuing search
for efficient adsorbents from new and cheap readily available
raw material, agricultural wastes and other alternative
precursors are being processed into AC to be used in the
removal of various pollutants from water and wastewater.
The ability to turn such waste materials into activated carbon
81
Table 1. Activated carbon production from various precursors showing its removal efficiency of environmental
pollutants
Source
Activating
Target
Removal
Reference
(Precursor)
Agent
Pollutant
Efficiency (%)
Cashew nut shell
KOH & CO2
Lead & Cadmium
99.90 & 98.87
Tangjuak S. et.al (2009)
Oil palm empty
N2 & CO2
Phenol
99.5
Alam Md Z. et. al. (2009)
fruit bunch
Bamboo
KOH
COD, TDS &
93.2, 94.6 & 84.4
Hirunpraditkoon et. al (2011)
Turbidity
Rice Husk
ZnCl2
COD & color
60 & 70
Kalderis D et. al. (2008)
Sugarcane
ZnCl2
Chromium
>87
Cronje K. J et. al. (2011)
Bagasse
Sugarcane pith
H3PO4 & ZnCl2
Reactive orange
80 - 99
Amin N. K (2008)
dye
Sewage sludge
H2SO4 & ZnCl2
COD, P &
79.1, 98.3 & 87.5
Yu L. & Zhong Q (2006)
Chromaticity
Orange peel
H2SO4
Direct blue 86 dye
92
El Nemr A et. al. (2009)
Olive bagasse
Steam
Chromium
97
Demiral H et. al. (2008)
for the adsorption of varying pollutants is promising for the
future of the water environment, especially for developing
countries.
Table 1. illustrates the performance of AC from different
precursor sources on the removal of various pollutants. It can
be seen that AC prepared from this various sources have been
successfully used for the adsorption of a wide range of
pollutants, both from liquid and gaseous phases.
[6] Sarukhan, J. and Alcamo, J. (2003) Ecosystems and
Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment, Island
Press.
[7] Convention on Biological Diversity (2000) The
Conference of the Parties (COP) 5 Decision V/6
[8] Anderson, S. D (1999) Watershed Management and
Nonpoint Source Pollution: The Massachusetts
Approach, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law
Review 26: 339-386
[9] Ongley, E. D, Xiaolan, Z, Tao Y (2010) Current status of
agricultural and rural non-point source Pollution
assessment in China, Environmental Pollution 158:
1159–1168
[10] Kangalawe, R. Y. M, Liwenga E. T (2005) Livelihoods
in the wetlands of Kilombero Valley in Tanzania:
Opportunities and challenges to integrated water resource
management, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30:
968–975
[11] Anwar, J, Shafique U, Salman, M, Waheed-uz-Zaman,
Mehwish, M (2009) Adsorption study of cadmium (II)
and lead (II) on radish peels. Journal of Scientific
Research Vol. XXXIX, 1
[12] Ajmal, M., Rao, R. A. K, Anwar, S., Ahmad J, Ahmad,
R. (2003) Adsorption studies on rice husk: removal and
recovery of Cd (II) from waste water. Bioresource
Technology, 86, 147-149
[13] Daifullah, A. A. M, Girgis, B. S (1998) Removal of some
substituted phenols by activated carbon obtained from
agricultural waste. Water Research, 32, 1169-1177
[14] Kim, D. K, Anderson, M. A (1994) Photoelectrocatalytic
degradation of formic acid using a porous titanium
dioxide thin-film electrode. Environmental Science and
Technology, 28, 479-483
[15] Taty Costodes, V. C, Faudet, H, Porte, C, & Delacroix, A
(2003) Removal of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions, from aqueous
solutions, by adsorption onto sawdust of Pinus sylvestris.
Journal of Hazardous Material, 105, 121-142
[16] Alam Md. Z, Ameen, E. S, Muyibi, S. A, Kabbashi N. A
(2009) The factors affecting the performance of activated
carbon prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunches for
5. Conclusion
Environmental management in wastewater treatment
portends a great benefit in reducing the high cost of treatment
being borne by authorities, creating wealth from waste,
protecting human health and conserving nature’s resources of
water environment. The current high cost of treating water
has burdened the authorities with large expenditure on water
treatment and where such capacity is lacking it has a direct
bearing on the health of the populace, as the case is with some
developing countries.
6. References
[1] Mason, R. J (2011) Ecoregional Planning: Retreat or
Reinvention?, Journal of Planning Literature 26(4):
405-419 [2] Elliott, L (2011) ASEAN and environmental
governance: rethinking networked regionalism in
Southeast Asia, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
14 :61–64
[3] Lane, M. B, McDonald G.T, Morrison, T. H (2004)
Decentralisation and Environmental Management in
Australia: a Comment on the Prescriptions of The
Wentworth Group, Australian Geographical Studies
42(1):103–115
[4] Naveh, Z. and Lieberman, A.S. (1993) Landscape
Ecology, Theory and Application. 2nd edition.,
Springer-Velag. pp360.
[5] Balsiger J (2011) New environmental regionalism and
sustainable development, Procedia Social and Behavioral
Sciences 14: 44–48
82
adsorption of phenol Chemical Engineering Journal 155,
191–198.
[17] Mohan, D, Singhh, K. P. (2002) Single and multi
component adsorption of cadmium and zinc using
activated carbon derived from bagasse-an agricultural
waste. Water Research, 36(9), 2304-2311
[18] Chuah, T. G, Jumasiah, A, Azni, I, Katayon, S, Thomas
Choong, S. Y (2005) Rice husk as a potentially low cost
biosorbent for heavy metal and dye removal: an
overview. Desalination, 175(3), 305-316
[19] Ramesh, A, Lee, D.J, Wong, J.W.C (2005) Adsorption
equilibrium of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater
with low-cost adsorbents: a review. Journal of the
Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 36, 203-222
[20] Passé-Coutrin, N, Altenor, S, Gaspard, S (2009)
Assessment of the surface area occupied by molecules on
activated carbon from liquid phase adsorption data from a
combination of the BET and Freundlich theories. Journal
of Colloid and Interface Science, 332, 515-519
[21] United States Environmental Protection Authority, toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA), USEPA Washington
DC, 2000
[22] Marzal, P, Seco, A, Gabaldon, C, Ferer, J (1996)
Cadmium and Zinc adsorption onto activated carbon:
influence of temperature, pH and metal/carbon ratio.
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 66,
279-285
[23] Marshall, W. E, Johns, M. M (1996) Agricultural
by-products as metal adsorbents: sorption properties and resistance to mechanical abrasion. Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology, 66, 11921198
[24] Seco, A, Marzal, P, Gabaldon, C, Ferrer, J (1997)
Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions onto
activated carbon in single Cu an Ni systems and in binary
Cu-Ni, Cu-Cd and Cu-Zn systems. Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnolgy, 68, 23-30
[25] Wilkins, E, Yang, Q (1996) Comparison of the heavy
metal removal efficiency of biosorbents and granular
activated carbons. Journal of Environmental Science and
Health, 31A(9), 2111-2128
83
Communications:
A Secret of Water Quality Management as in Islamic Aspect of Life
Fadil Othman
Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management
Water Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Abstract: As a creature created by the Only God, Allah, The Merciful, water is very important element for most
living things, and since, water had become a necessity for human being. There are a lot of approaches,
philosophically and or conceptually, for training and education based on our traditional values that have not been
utilized in the right systematic way. Since the mentioned process is facing problems as a result of various
situations, obstacles and environment, this paper will present an approach toward a solution that based on Malay
traditional values which is in line with our philosophy of national education simplified as JERI (Physical,
Emotional, Spiritual and Intellectual). It is the intention of this paper to deliver an integration of traditional and
modern values that could become the foundation of strength for human capital development. In principal, the
JERI development should be in balance. The balancing process based on our traditional values in conjunction
with modern educational trend will be discussed in this paper. Hopefully it will be an alternative approach that
may be employed for enhancement of human capital development and strength in training and educational
system of modern science and technology.
Keywords: Human capital, Pollution, Islamic perspective

in this context is to protect that balance and proportion while
trying to civilize the world in the best pattern as commanded
by the verse of “In order that ye may not transgress balance”
(al-Rahman, 55:8). The environment may be distorted so far
as to make the planet unsuitable for life. A major warning
sign is disharmony (mischief) on land and sea; “Mischief has
appeared on land and sea because of what the hands of men
have earned, that He may give them a taste of some of their
deeds: in order that they may turn back” (al-Rum, 30:41).
Signs of this kind have been very conspicuous in recent
times. Industrial wastes, threatening, even eliminating in
some cases, the living organisms in the water, have damaged
seas and rivers. On land: forests have been cut down without
proper planning and further depleted by fire. The resulting
threat to the ecological balance of the earth is the fare of daily
news. Many forms of animal and plant life have been brought
close to extinction. Loss of plant cover has reduced the water
table levels and resulted in severe soil erosion making once
fertile areas into scrub or desert. Simply, it is a water crisis.
1. Introduction
Allah has created the universe as a unique creature that very
systematic, beautiful, and complete. As a human being, the
whole of the universe won’t be meaningful unless those who
believe in Allah as the Creator. Since everything in this
universe is a creature of Allah, the knowledge about it, which
includes the knowledge on environment and it’s related issues,
is also the knowledge about the creature and the Greatest of
Allah. One studies such knowledge means he/she studies
science which consists of visible and invisible creatures.
Almighty Allah created everything in the universe in such
harmony that the order and balance, the skies and on the earth
is plainly visible. The Al Qur’an states: “Verily, all things We
have created in proportion and measure”(al-Qamar, 54:49);
“Every single thing is before His sight, in (due)
proportion”(al-Raad, 13:8); “And the firmament He has
raised high, and He has set up the balance”(al-Rahman, 5
5:7); and “That ye may not transgress balance”(al-Rahman,
55:8)
If this Divine warning is ignored and some harmful
deeds cause the balance to be disordered, the consequences
may be catastrophic for man and nature. This environment
may be so distorted so far as to make the planet unsuitable for
life. Within this boundless universe, the earth is a part of this
Divinely established balance and proportion. The role of man
2. The Art of Water
It is needed for every individual living thing, as God
mentioned in the Book [AlQuran, AlAmbiya, 21:30]:
“ Do not the disbelievers see that the heavens and the earth
were one solid mass which We tore asunder, and that We
made every living thing of water ?Will they not have faith?”
84
welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to
plants or to cause a contravention of any condition, limitation
or restriction to which a licence under this Act is subject.
The term of pollution means dirty, and the dirty is a
nuisance. The nuisance is normally caused by human activity
himself or herself. Some examples of the nuisance are noise,
smell, disease, deterioration of water quality, air pollution etc.
There are lots of human activities that caused nuisance to the
environment. The Bhopal gas leak, the Chernobyl nuclear
accident, the ozone layer depletion, the destruction of the
earth’s forest and natural resources - these are just some of the
major environmental disasters that have happened or are
happening in the world, disasters are caused mainly by
human activities.
There is a typical summary on some of the art of water as
shown in the following table and tabulated in Table 1.
3. Environmental Problem and Pollution
The main problems of the environment, where water is one of
the most prominent component of the polluted environment,
are pollution. Pollution is a nuisance of human activities
(Othman F.H, 1996). In the Environmental Quality Act of
1974, Malaysia, pollution strictly means any direct or indirect
alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, biological or
radioactive properties of any part of the environment by
discharging, emitting or depositing wastes so as to affect any
beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is
hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety, or
Table 1. A Summary on typical Examples of the art of Water
Typical attributes of water
The quatum of the attributes
Scientific name
Hydrogen dioxide
Molecular structure for each molecule of water
Two hydrogen atoms are attached with covalent bonds to a
single oxygen atom, and symbolized as chemical formula
H2O, and modelled:
Existence on the earth
Form in 3 states ; solid as ice; colourless liquid as pure
water on the earth such as in rivers or lakes or
underground;and appear as colorless-odorless gaseous
state as invisible vapour or steam in the sky.
Part in human body
More than 50% by weight of human body
Density of 1 g/cm3
Physical properties
Low electrical conductivity, except containing a little
amount of ionic material such common salt, sodium
chloride.
Reaction to other substances
The role in the Human activities,such in:
The role in the Islamic Teaching
Good solvent for most chemical substances or compounds
or salts.
Economy, war battle strategies, politic, industrial,
argricultural,navigation and religions.
Very essential and significant.
Human daily consumption
The average in urban Malaysia is about 230 to 320 litres
per person.
The role for many religions
Mostly believe as purifier or a symbol of ritual washing
Engineering, Science & Technological Training and
Education
Courses in The High Education Institutions such as: Civil
& environmental engineering, Water and wastewater,
Hydraulic and hydrology, Coastal and marine, Aquatic
Science, Water chemistry,
There are numerous examples simplified as shown in Fig.1 to
show that human activities are the main cause of
environmental pollution and disasters. The techniques of
recombination - DNA and the possibility of creating and
unleashing new and deadly forms of mutant species and even
cloning of human being have brought the nightmare of
Frankenstein very close to reality.
Industrialization has led to a simplified, throw-it-away
worldview, which encourages people to dominate and
manipulate all available resources in frantic race for growth
in levels of self indulgence.
85
environmental problems of major public concern in
developing countries like Malaysia have been identified as
follows: Rural-urban drift contribution to urban concentration
and congestion with enormous pressure of water supplies,
waste disposal and other public services as well as giving rise
to serious squatter problems; erosion and sedimentation of
rivers and canals, arising from housing development, and
settlement, urbanization and infrastructure construction and
logging causing perennial and recurring floods in the country;
excessive deforestation and logging, shifting cultivation and
dam construction for irrigation and hydropower projects
which is highly able to disrupt and dislocate traditional
human settlements and wildlife; and finally, indiscriminate
disposal and dumping of toxic and hazardous wastes
generated by industries.The environmental crisis humanity
faces at this stage ‘in their development is an outward
manifestation of the internal crisis arising from the break with
traditional beliefs and values, and their surrender to the
disease of “problem denial” characteristic of modem urban,
industrialized societies (Anon. (1989), Clark (1973), Hardin
(1977)). This state of mental and spiritual ‘sickness takes man
down a vicious and destructive spiral. Human-centered,
short-term gain and economic surplus-oriented societies have
led people to put their trust in science and’ technology to
solve their problems, regardless of the cost to “others”. This
way of life is not sustainable and creates new and worsening
problems, doing perhaps inevitable tong-term damage to
“other” people, other species, and the environment as a
whole.
Since the environment is complex and human activities
both influence and is influences by the environment,
inter-disciplinary action on a broad front is required to cope
effectively with the environmental problems. The scale and
rate of environmental degradation demand serious and urgent
reform. We desperately need to change our attitudes and
concepts to conform more to the laws of nature as ordained by
Allah. Only if we do so can we hope far true success in this
world and in the Hereafter.
Fig.1.Exploitation of resources for human activities are
the main cause of environmental pollution due to
discharging wastes into/onto the air, water body and the
ground.
The causes of environmental overload or degradation are
pollution of water, air and land, as well as depletion of
resources.
Urbanization and industrialization where large amounts
of pollutants are concentrated in small volumes of air, water
and land have led to the overloading and disruption of the
natural dilution, breakdown and recycling of materials
essential far lift. The effluent of fertilizers, pesticides, toxic
heavy metals, and (partly or wholly) treated industrial waste
is allowed discharge into lakes and streams. The effects are
already very tangible: nauseating smells and tastes, smog
causing reduced atmospheric visibility, corrosion of metal
work, erosion of buildings; reduced tree and crop production;
a decrease in biodiversity – each year at least 51,000 species
in all become extinct, often as a direct consequence of human
activity; serious damage to human health - as in the spread of
infectious diseases, irritation and diseases of the respiratory
system, genetic and reproductive defects and cancers (for
example, of skin and liver).
The increasing tempo of industrialization has brought with it
an increase in the generation of toxic and hazardous wastes.
While in other countries, these wastes are managed in
accordance with sound practices, transboundary movements
of such wastes from one country to another still occurred.
As a result, various episodes of improper and
indiscriminate disposal of hazardous wastes in the countries
have been documented. Concerned and at the same time
alarm at the uncontrolled and unregulated activities, the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) adopted
the 1987 Cairn Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound
Management of Hazardous wastes, subsequently, the Basel
Convention on the control of transboundiy movements of
hazardous wastes and their disposal was adopted. The main
objectives are to protect human health and the environment
against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes; to reduce
their generation and transboundary movements; and to ensure
environmental sound management of hazardous wastes.The
4. Environmental Issues in Islam
Islam teaches man that he should accept and protect
everything in the world as a value. In the Qur’an, Allah
swears on several animals and plants and states that the bee
and the ant received revelation from Him. The Qur’an
describes Paradise as a garden underneath which rivers flow
with an abundance of delicious fruits. Thus the philosophical
background of the Islamic attitude to the environment is
respect for plants and animals and the ecological balance of
nature for the sake of Allah who created all things which
therefore have a value.
Man has unique responsibilities to know, understand, and
realise the value in the Creation, himself included. Allah
created everything for the benefit of man, provided man is
86
Table 2. Typical examples of Islamic tradition (asunnah) related to environmental engineering
Islamic tradition
The Role of environmental
engineers
The roles of others engineers or
scientists
1.Water supply
Designing, operation and
maintenance the water supply
scheme and water treatment plant
and facilities
Hydrologist/ civil engineers to
determine the water resources
Chemist and biologist to analyze the
water quality under
The Department of Health
2.Conservation of natural
resources such land, forest,
improving greenery(trees),
rivers, lakes, marine
Assessment of the environmental
impact for activities developed on
such natural resources
The Department of Environment
Civil engineers,
Scientists with various field of
expert to analyze the quality
3.Establishment a relation of true
love and harmony between
mankind and all creation; such
air and animals
maintenance the system of
pollution control
Department of Environment
expert to analyze the quality of air or
the creature
4.Cleanliness and hygienic
circumstance
maintenance the system of
sanitation and disposal site and
facilities such for wastewater and
solid waste or garbage
Department of Environment and
Health
expert to analyze the quality of the
waste
5.Nuisance free, calmness, noise
free and odor free
maintenance the system device for
deodorant and isolation or
absorption of vibration
Department of Occupational safety
and Health (DOSH)
Mechanical engineers
expert to analyze the level of noise,
vibration and odor
In brief, Islam makes this world a better and a happier place
for all creation.
To achieve those mentioned above, that we need a
through and strong faith. The degree of faith that could
appropriately be called “a faith in its entirety” is one
possessed by the "pious man (Saleh)”. It can also be called a
faith as strong as steel. Any individual who wishes to join in
the noble cause should adequately equip him with at least this
category. The characteristic of those who possess those faith
mentioned, is that his soul would always be aware that Allah
is forever watching over him. There will manifest in his heart
a feeling of modesty towards Allah, surrendering unto Him.
There is also a feeling of love and affection for Allah, being
patient for all the trials in life. The heart is full of other
virtuous traits (mahmudah).
When such feelings exist in the heart then he will have
true independence and strength. No power will be able to
undermine these assets except Allah. Such is the priority and
importance of faith in person’s self. To possess faith we have
to work hard for it. Among others we have to resist
temptations; perform more commendable prayers; and
always ponder on the greatness of Allah. To nature strength
of faith one should understand and practice such functions
mentioned above. Simply, engineers should be trained with
education of spiritual science.
responsible. A Muslim is aware of this fact. That’s why
he/she believes that protecting the balance of nature is worthy
of reward and the contrary is a sin, worthy of condemnation.
There are many examples of good practice corresponding to
the good principles during the first years of Islam. The area
around the sacred Ka’bah, (the qibla of Muslims) is declared
forbidden i.e. the cutting of any plants and trees and the
killing of animals is prohibited. The Prophet Muhammad
proclaimed parts of Madina and Taifnatural as conservation
areas or commons. Hunting was banned during the mating
season of birds. The Prophet took a district out of Madina
under his protection and that district became an outing area,
later named al-Ghaba, meaning wood, or forest.
The Prophet, peace be upon him, clearly sought to establish
environmental awareness among his followers in many of his
sayings. He announced that Allah would reward the one who
changed and arid, infertile land into a fertile one and that
person would obtain the reward of an act of charity for as long
as people or animals continued to benefit from that land.
Concerning water works, sanitation and waste management
where mostly under the responsibility of environmental
engineers, Table 2 shows some examples on how Islam is
teaching the followers to concern about environment,
especially on water.
87
5. Spiritual Development for Training and Education of
Environmental Engineers
Islamic civilization has its own values based on culture and
belief that influence the process of achieving the target and
objectives of training and education in modern science and
technology. There are a lot of approaches, philosophically
and or conceptually, for training and education based on our
traditional values that have not been utilized in the right
systematic way. Since we are facing problems as a result of
human activities that polluting the environment, the
following will present an approach toward a solution that
based on Islamic traditional values which is in line with our
philosophy of national education simplified as JERI (Physical,
Emotional, Spiritual and Intellectual). In principal, the JERI
development should be in balance. The balancing process
based on Islamic traditional values in conjunction with
modern educational trend should be fully utilized. Hopefully
it could be an alternative approach that may be employed for
enhancement of human capital development and strength in
training and educational system for engineers, especially for
environmentalists.
There are a lot of examples of policy and foundation in
Islamic education viewed from current prospectus ( Kamal,
1986; IPPTN, 2001; Ahmad, 2005; and Fadil, 2006), among
which is:
the soul (heart). We must be aware of these elements, which
should be cultivated, developed and promoted in such a way
that one could have an integrated personality. We must take
care of them and administer them the best way possible, so
that mankind can be aware of his humanity and can
appropriately act as the servant of Allah and as His vicegerent
on earth. Otherwise, mankind will only appear to be human
but his attributes and behaviour will be that of animals and
satan. They will ruin themselves and other people and in fact
will destroy all life and civilization on the face of this earth.
As such, Islam strongly advocates that the four elements in
the self of man be taken care of, nurtured, administered and
put in the proper place in accordance to its roles. This is such,
that the four elements can contribute to the good of the
individual self and to the universe as a whole congruent to the
demands of Allah upon humankind as His servant and
vicegerent on earth. To do so, one should be consistently
encouraged and motivated to have the feeling of God fearing
besides the knowledge of God’s Greatness. It will be the vital
force that make one be dynamic, energetic, intellectually
creative and wisdom to be God’s vicegerent on this earth,
manage the life with harmony, caring and love and care. It
needs teachers or educators who have five basic personalities;
knowledgeable master (teacher), leadership, fatherhood,
motherhood and friendship (Fadil, 2004).
A practical educational system balances the
development of one’s aql, ruh, nafs and the physique so
as to create mature human beings at a relatively early
age of adulthood, corresponding to the Islamic concept
of baligh. As one approaches the age of baligh –
normally estimated at fifteen years old but may vary
according to one’s physical circumstances, one
experiences a balanced growth of intellectual, spiritual,
emotional and physical abilities
7. Balancing the Four Human Being Elements
The process of balancing the four elements in human being is
simplified as in Table 3. Each element should be developed in
balance such a way that they would be in healthy condition
and having attributes as required in the teaching of Islam.
For example, when the physique falls ill, it becomes
weak. This renders the physique inactive so much so it cannot
strive and work. If ones have the mind falls ill, he or she
cannot think properly, it becomes forgetful, it cannot
comprehend knowledge and information or it may even make
one lose his mind totally. When the nafs falls ill, one will have
no appetite for food nor the desire to be together with his wife.
When the soul falls ill, one loses interest to do good, becomes
inconsiderate, loses sympathy for others, dislikes helping and
doing service to other people, does not feel sinful, does not
feel regret for any wrong doing, loses his fear of sins and
finds it difficult to accept criticisms. Most people are unaware
and will not realise it if their souls fall ill. If someone else
notice it and tell them so, they find it difficult to accept. In
fact, they will be enraged if told that their souls are ill or
diseased.
Practically, the foundations could be simplified into five
principles of traditional Islamic education policy (Yunanto,
2005): (i) viz. a 24-hour and lifelong learning process, (ii)
synergy between material knowledge and human science, (iii)
a caring and entertaining environment conducive to learning,
(iv) priority to practical education, and (v) a close
relationship between teachers and students. These
foundations and principles are further translated into a
curriculum which encompasses five basic courses (Ahmad,
2005), viz. human science (sains insaniah) which consists of
fard ‘ain knowledge and spiritual science (sains rohaniah),
basic vocational science (sains kemahiran hidup asas) and
empirical science (sains khibrah). Empirical science, in turn,
is made up of life and technological science (sains kehidupan
dan teknologi), cultural and mass media science (sains
budaya dan media massa), and business and management
science (sains perniagaan dan pengurusan)
8. Conclusion
Integrated personality is very important. Therefore. balancing
the four elements, physique, the mind, the nafs (lust) and the
soul (heart), in human being is a compulsory effort in
education of modern science and technology. It should be
taken seriously. Our traditional values, namely spiritual
science, should be employed in generating integrated
6. Development of Global and Integrated Personality
Within the self of man, there are four elements that are very
important namely the physique, the mind, the nafs (lust) and
88
Elements of
Human Being
Physique
Mind/intelligence
Soul
(heart)
Nafs
Natural desire
Table 3: Development and strengthen the for elements of human being.
Process should be taken in practice
Function of the elements
for training and education
Good food and drinks with nutrient rich; Good health
Physical cleanliness; Healthy care; Strong enough to be excellent
actively involve in physical activities, Involve actively in works
such as jogging, sports, adventures, As the soldier or the servants
of the soul, just obey what ever
expedition etc.
asked by the soul
Scheduled proper sleep
Gardening, swimming, recreational
activities, traveling
Getting knowledge through reading,
learning, doing experiment, research,
studying, observation, discussion etc
Able to be :creative, innovative
distinguish between the right
and wrong
view in future
thinking the future
the advisor to the ruler
Built development
Ideas for developing civilization
With faith, learning, mastering and
practicing the teaching of ad Din
Understanding the inborn nature(fitrah)
of human
Zikr; pray(doa),
To be good conduct
As the ruler of the being
There are seven categories or types of
the nafs which are the evil (ammarah);
the regretful (lawwamah); the inspired
(mulhamah); the serene (mutmainnah);
the submissive (rodhiah); the accepted
(mardhiah); and the perfected (kamilah)
The nurture or training with care of the
nafs (desires) which is exercises of the
nafs (riadhatunnafs) must be carried out
with guidance of special teacher, namely
spiritual teacher (mursyid, sifu) who has
the characteristic of "taqwa” (fear of
Allah).
Sabar, calm, patient
Sin free
Brave,
be determined in carrying out
the true
Optimistic
Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid (2005). “The Strategy of Islamic
Education in Malaysia: An Islamic Movement’s
Experience”. Regional Workshop on The Strategy of
Islamic Education in South and Southeast Asia. Solo
Indonesia, July 19&20
Anon (1988), (1988), Modern Science in Crisis — A Third
World Response, Penang, Third World Network
Anon. (1989), Religion and Environmental Awareness,
Association of Muslim Researchers, Libya
Clark W.C (1973), “The Economics of Overexploitation”, in
Hardin G. and Baden .J. (1977), Managing the
Commons, Freeman& Co, San Francisco
Department of Environment (1996), Environmental Quality
Act (1974) Amendment 1996;
Fadil Othman (2006), “Integration of traditional and
contemporary values in human capital development for
personality. Finally, special attention should be focused on
cultivating or promoting vigorously in harmony the
Godliness and realizing that human being as servants of God
and as His vicegerents on the earth that would yield the
integrated personality with pietistic (muttaqin; taqwa), and
successfully produce civilized and globalized future
generation without pollution.
9. References and Bibliography
Al Fadhil Al Ustaz Dr Muhmud Yunus (1973). Tafsir Quran
Karim. Djakarta: P.T. Hidakarya Agung.
A. Yusof Ali (1934). The Holy Qur’an: Translation and
Commentary. Durban: Islamic Propagation Centre
International (new edition)
Abu Dzar (2005). Taqwa. Selangor: Penerbit Minda Ikhwan.
89
training and education of modern science and
technology”. Proceedings of National Conference on
Technical Education 2006; Ministry of Higher Education
Malaysia; Penang: 28 -29 Aug 2006
Fadil Othman (2004). “Islam Hadhari: Pengertian dan
Pendekatan Pelaksanaannya”. In House Seminar, Islamic
Development Centre (ISDEC), School of Social Science
Universiti Sains Malaysia, July 24, Penang
Fadil Othman (1996). Permasalahan Alam Sekitar(ISBN
983-52-0035-1). Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Bersama
DBP-UTM
Fadil Haji Othman (1992). Pendidikan Sains Teknologi dan
Alam Sekitar menurut pandangan Islam. Kuala Lumpur:
Syeikh Publisher
Hardin G (1977), “The Tragedy of the Commons”, in Hardin
G. and Baden J. (1977), Managing the Commons,
Freeman &Co, San Francisco
Husaini, S.W.A (1980), Islamic Environmental Systems
Engineering, American Trust Publications, London.
IPPTN (2001), Kajian Kemasukan Pelajar-Pelajar Aliran
Agama ke Institue Pengajian Tingga Awam Malaysia:
Laporan Akhir disedikana untuk Jabatan Pendidikan
Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Penang,
Institut Penyelidikan Pendidikan Tinggi Negara,
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Jaafar, A.B. (1998), “The Organisation of Environmental
management Family of Standards”, The Implementation
of Environmental Management in Accordance with
Emerging Best Practice in Industry, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, Serdang
Johan Sohaili, (1998), “Environmental Management Policy
for Sustainable Development in Malaysia”, Training
Course Environmental Resource Management Policy for
Sustainable Development, Japan.
Kassim M.A (1986), “Pemeliharaan Kesihatan Awam dan
Alam Sekitar dari Perspektif Islam”, dalam Satelit,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai.
Kamal Hassan, M (1986). “Some Dimensions of Islamic
Education in Southeast Asia” in Taufik Abdullah and
Siddique, S.(eds.) Islam and Society in Southeast Asia,
pp.40-79
Ministry of High Education Malaysia (2006). Report by the
Committee
to
Study,
Review
and
Make
Recommendations Concerning the Development and
Direction of Higher Education in Malaysia. Putrajaya.
Mohammed, A.(1994), This is Our Way, Asoib International
Limited, London
Muhammad Syukri Salleh (1990), Konsep dan Pelaksanaan
Pembangunan Berteraskan Islam, Penang: Universiti
Sains Malaysia
Yunanto, S. (2005). Islamic Education in South and
Southeast Asia [Deversity, Problems and Strategy].
Jakarta: The RIDEP Institute and Friedrich Ebert
Stiftung; pp 171-204
90
Communications:
Learning of Bioethics as Guide for Developent of Modern Biology and
Environmental Protection
Eko Budi Minarno, Kholifah Holil, and Kiptiyah and Romaidi
Biology Department, Science and Technology Faculty
UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Abstract: The development of modern biology has yielded tremendous benefits for the welfare of human life, but on
the other hand also has a negative impact. Therefore, it is necessary to take bioethics to oversee the development of
modern biology that are committed to the welfare of nature. Bioethics learning needs to be developed with the main
orientation on the development of critical thinking skills of students. Methods that can be applied is through the
development of decision-making abilities ABCDE models. In addition to oversee the development of modern biology,
bioethics is also important to teach environmental ethic rooted in ethics and ethical bio-sentrisme ekosentrisme, for
ethical anthropocentrism drove human behavior tend to be exploitative nature.
Keywords: Bioethics, Environmental, Modern Biology

The rapid developments of modern biology is not meant
to be inhibited, but the truth is 'escorted' to keep it running in
the benefit corridor of the people and the universe. This is
consistent with the task of human as chaliph on earth, as told
in the Qur'an 10:14:
1. Introduction
Since the end of the 20th century, biology has undergone
rapid development. The focus of the study of biology has
undergone significant changes, not only limited to the level of
an organism or cell, but also deeper into the molecular level,
that is known as molecular biology. The development of
molecular biology begins with the discovery of the chemical
structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 (Jenie, 1997).
Finally, these products is the basis for the development of
modern biology.
The rapid developments of modern biology, has long
been predicted to lead to ethical problems as well. The
development of science and technology as an achievement,
not infrequently also raises new issues that issues relating to
ethics (Bertens, 1990). Nor (1999) also argued that cloning,
recombinant DNA, embryo transfer (ET) and in vitro
fertilization (IVF) not only allowing "control" the process of
life, but also brings new accountability to the community, so
it is necessary prudence in applying. Prudence is necessary
manifested inter alia in the form of study of the ethical aspects
during the implementation of technology (Jenie, 1997;
Santosa, 2000; Djati, 2003). In line with this, Johansen &
Harris (2000) and Hasan (2001) also suggested that the
results of research that does not consider the aspects of moral,
ethical, social, and cultural rights, will cause a lot of problems
in society. Sudarminta (1992) also suggests the need for a
dialogue between ethics and science as ethical considerations
that means that if the science is good for man in his totality as
a human being and not only according to specific needs.
Therefore, the ethical aspects related with the application of
modern biology needs to get serious attention.
Then We made you successors on earth after them, to see how
you would behave.
The task of caliph was manager that responsible for benefit.
Thus biological scientists should not ignore the responsibility
to humanity and the universe. Therefore, we need a signs that
called bioethics to control modern biological research.
2. Bioethics and Ethical Decision
Ethical issues related to biology known as bioethics
(Shannon, 1995). Bioethics or biological ethics defined by
Samuel Gorovitz (in Shannon, 1995) as "critical inquiry
about moral dimensions of decision-making in the context of
biology." So bioethics investigate the ethical dimensions of
the issues of technology, medicine, and biology related to its
application in life (Shannon, 1995). Another definition of
bioethics is the study of ethical issues and decision making
associated with the use of living organisms (Macer, 2001).
Jenie (1997) stated that bioethics have role as security
for biotechnological research. While Djati (2003), stated that
bioethics is not to prevent the development of science and
technology including biotechnology, but realize that science
and technology has limits and responsibilities of humans and
humanity.
On the other hand, the development of modern
biological research such as the human genome, reproductive
technologies, cloning, and transgenic are rapidly growing,
which requires social policy and individual attitudes. This has
led to the need for bioethical learning, because through this
*: Corresponding author: [email protected], Jl.
Gajayana No. 50 Malang 65144 Indonesia
91
study will be able to develop the ability to think and act in
accordance with ethical and moral.
As an educational institution, university has a
responsibility to improve thinking skills in establishing a
decision in accordance with the ethical and moral. Therefore,
the educational institution has the burden and responsibility
for implementing the learning associated with ethics
(bioethics) and assist students to develop ways of making
ethical decisions (Kormondy in Margono, 2003).
The realization of responsibilities of science and
technology on humans and the universe can be done through
the development of modern biological learning that integrates
with issues related to ethics. Fullick & Mary Ratcliffe (1996)
and Johansen & Harris (2000) asserts, through the integration
of science with ethics are expected to contribute to the ability
of learners in decision-making which related to ethical
problems.
for people who are not intelligent, al-Hadith)". Human
imperative to always use their reason and mind had been said
by God in the QS Al-Ghosyiyah, verses 17-20:
"..... Do they not look at the camels—how they are
created? And at the sky—how it is raised? And at the
mountains—how they are installed? And at the earth—how it
is spread out?"
The importance of the development of thinking
skills is very necessary to get attention. As stated by
Corebima (1999), that in learning, reasoning by the student or
the student must be managed as well (directly, planned and
deliberate). The failure of learning today is related with not
managed thinking or reasoning aspect of students by well. On
the other hand, thinking skills, especially critical thinking, is a
fundamental part of the maturity of human beings in the era of
globalization (Liliasari, 2000). Neglection of critical thinking
skills, will lead to an inability in facing competition in this
knowledge century.
3. Bioethics and Religion
Is teaching bioethics is still needed, while on the other side
students have received lectures religion? Related to this
question, it can be argued that the teaching of bioethics is still
necessary. In general it can be said that bioethics (as a branch
of ethics) will substitute for religion, not contrast with
religion, even required by religion (Suseno, 1987). Suseno
(1987) stated that there is a moral problem in the field of
religion that can not be solved without the use of ethical
methods. The problem is about interpretation of the
commandment or law contained in the revelation, and the
second is how moral issues such new IVF, abortion, cloning,
sperm banks, euthanasia, and others that are not directly
addressed in Revelation, can be solved in accordance with the
spirit of the religion.
What about the Islamic religion, it is still need for
bioethics? Because bioethics is a branch of ethics, it is widely
used in the discussion of ethical terms. Sutiah (2003) argued
that ethical, moral, and morality are closely connected one
with other. Ethics and morals as the study of good and evil an
act, is determined based on the mind and habits of the people,
while the morality based on revelation. However, ethics,
morals and morality still need each other, because in practice,
norms of morality in the al-Quran and as-Sunnah is still a
textual ("not ready"). To implement the morality contained in
the Qur'an and al-Hadith, reasoning and ijtihad is needed by
the people. So that, the existence of ethics and morality is
needed in order to define and operationalize the provisions
contained in the morality of the Qur'an and al-Hadith. Bertens
(2005) said that ethics are not talking for a homogeneous
community, because the ethical turn to a public forum just
depend on the ratio. Based on this description, bioethics as a
branch of ethics is needed as a reasoning or ijtihad associated
with the development of biology and technology.
Thus, teaching bioethics is no problem with Islam, even
needed, because bioethics emphasize on the development of
thinking to determine the good and bad side or ethical
dimensions of modern biology, and technology related to life,
while Islam strongly emphasizes the importance of thinking.
The Messenger of Allah gave a statement about the role of
reason in religion "Religion is the use of reason, no religion
4. Ethics Theory in Decision-Making for Bioethics
Dilemma
The development of science such as biology, has led to
serious dilemmas and profound, challenging our value system
and culture based on these values (Shannon, 1995). There are
2 basic theory In the ethical decision-making that often must
be performed with respect to bioethics, consequentialism, and
Deontology (Shannon, 1995; Johansen & Harris, 2000).
In consequentialism, the pros and cons of action is not
determined on the basis of principles, but investigate the
consequences of actions. Hence has the name "
consequentialism ". This method tries to predict what will
happen, if we behave in different ways and compare their
results with each other. What moral or morality of an action is
determined through an evaluative process. With
consequentialism, one person is not enough to do good, but
they should know the best of all the good action that provide
the greatest benefit for greatest number of people (Mackinnon
in Johansen & Harris, 2000).
The term "deontological" comes from the Greek word
deon, meaning "duty / obligation / necessity / principles"
(Shannon, 1995; Johansen & Harris, 2000). Deontological
ethics is a method of decision-making that began by asking
"What do I do?" Or "What is my duty?" According to this
view, the proper conduct that must be followed by someone is
following some principles wherever he carried. In this case
they do not care about the consequences. Once the
requirement or obligation established, then it is clear what
actions should be done. So get to know the rules and know the
obligations, it becomes clear what is ethical and what is not
ethical. The biggest problem is deontological is insensitive to
the consequences of actions.
What about Islam? Islam places great emphasis on
thinking skills, ethical decision was made through a
meticulous consideration for the benefit and disadvantage of
something. Consequentialism is more appropriate in Islam to
seek the solution to the dilemma of bioethics cases (cases that
give rise to debates concerning the application of biology or
92
biology-based technologies). Learning of biothics can be
done with determining ethical decisions through the study of
the risks and benefits, the decision that have most benefit with
the least amount of disadvantage.
Prophet has taught about developing the mindset that
"Religion is the utilization of reason, no religion for people
who are not intelligent". Based on this, one of important thing
that should receive attention in the teaching of bioethics is
the ethical decision to not teach or give examples of ethical
decisions to be taken, but rather emphasize how or the
process for ethical decision making.
6. Application of Learning Bioethics for Environmental
Education
The paradigm of human on the environment needs to be
changed in order to make the attitudes and behaviors of men
more wise and prudent of understanding nature. Global
environmental crisis come from fundamental errors or
philosophical in understanding perspective about themselves,
nature, and human's place in the overall of ecosystem. Errors
perspective comes from ethical anthropocentrism that sees
human beings as the universe. Humans are considered to be
outside and separate from nature. Nature is only tools for
satisfying human. This current perspective results in
capitalistic attitudes and behavior which is exploitative
without any concern on nature. The environmental crisis can
be solved only by changing perspective and human behavior
on nature from ethical anthropocentrism to biocentrism and
ecocentrism ethics. Ethical anthropocentrism tend to make
human behavior exploitative to nature.
For example Prophet (SAW) in hadith Bukhari said: "It
is not a Muslim who plants a crop, and then eaten by birds,
humans or animals, but it is (considered as) alms for him".
The Prophet also said: "If you're determined to die tomorrow
morning, while your hands are palm seeds, then plant!" Even
when the Prophet Muhammad makes instruction the army in
war, he always gave the message "... you do not kill women,
children, men the aging, do not you broken places of worship,
and do not cut the trees ". In emergencies of war only
forbidden to cut down trees, even in peacetime, tens of
millions of hectares of forests are destroyed.
The paradigm of human on the environment can be
changed through learning bioethics or environmental ethics.
Students was taught to take decisions related to the
environment, because our life is making decisions.
Environmental ethics demand that ethics and morality are
also
applied to the biotic community or ecological
community. Environmental ethics must also be understood as
a critical reflection on the norms and principles or moral
values that have been known to the human society to be
applied more widely in the biotic communities and ecological
communities. In addition, in the perspective of environmental
ethics, human should treat nature not merely in relation to the
interests and the benefit of man.
Beside the topics of the product development of modern
biology, bioethics learning is likely to be filled with
environmental topics as the following, demonstrating the role
of bioethics, for example:
5. Decision Model for Bioethics Dilemma
The following description is a model ABCDE (Johansen &
Harris, 2000) which can be used in ethical decision-making.
5.1. ABCDE Model
In this model, students can be asked to think of contradiction
arguments, the benefits and advantages, as well as the
acquisition of the final decision based on personal honesty.
The steps in this model are as follows:
A. Argument. Insist on students to give a simple argument,
short / efficient before reviewing the other side of the
argument.
B. Both Sides. Ensure that an argument has two or more
sides that can be approached from the perspective of the
consequences. Remind the students to make a decision
with consequences. It is important to encourage students
to see that there is another side.
C. Costs and Benefits. Using the information, which they
have developed, related to the advantages and
disadvantages of each argument.
D. Decision. The use of open discussion and debate, so that
students can reach a decision or conclusion. It does not
mean the whole class needs to agree. Anyway, this is a
very valuable thing to obtain a final decision, because
this also reflects processes in the wider society. The
possibility of a decision is approved by a majority of
voters or by consensus, or not everyone agrees, but the
main thing is the decision making process has been
followed and students to be part of the decision-making
process.
E. Evaluate. All the arguments, advantages and
disadvantages, its benefits should be evaluated.
This model has the advantages such as easy to
explain and offer the decision-making process directly. In
addition, this model also provides a forum to explain the
values that are held by the model and can understand the
views of others. Through this process, students will find new
information, analyze the views of others, make contrast with
what they have, and develop arguments. The decision as part
of this process provides an opportunity to students to learn to
accept socially and morally. In the evaluation step, it can be
seen the consequences of the decisions taken. The use of this
model will not make everyone happy or agree, but will offer
students an opportunity to examine the ethical
decision-making process by investigating matters beyond the
values they have.
• In this 20 years, there will be no low and high land
tropical forests and in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi,
if the acceleration of deforestation in Indonesia as soon as
it is today.
• Land will be turned into oil palm, rubber, coffee, cocoa,
and others.
• Some flowering plants along with a number of insects,
fungi, bacteria, and others will disappear forever, a new
environment might not support the growing development
of these living creatures.
93
• There is a possibility of a plant that has a commercial
value has not been disclosed or identified include gaharu,
gambir, nilam,, and others.
Calon Guru sebagai Kecenderungan Baru pada Era
Globalisasi. Jurnal Pengajaran
MIPA, 2(1): 55-65.
Macer, D.R.J. 2001. Bioethics for the People by the People.
Chrischurch, N.Z., Eubios Ethics Institute. Margono, D.
2003. Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Moral terhadap Tes
Dilema Bioetika pada Siswa SMU Jember. Teknobel, 4
(1): 9-14.
Morris, L.J. 1994. Bioethical Dilemmas : Decision-making
and the Human Genome Project. The Science Teacher, 61
(2): 39-41. Muchtadi, T.R. 2007. Perkembangan Bioetika
Nasional. Makalah disajikan dalam Seminar on Ethical
Issues in Research in Reproductive Healt. Surabaya: 2
Juli.
Nor, S. N. M. 1999. New Reproductive Biotechnology,
Values and Society. Eubios Journal of Asian and
International Bioethics (EJAIB) 9, 166-9: 1-7.
Santosa, H. 2000. Landasan Etis bagi Perkembangan
Teknologi. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
Shannon, T.A. 1995. Pengantar Bioetika. Terjemahan oleh K.
Bertens. Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Suseno, F.M. 1987. Etika Dasar. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Sutiah. 2003. Metode Pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak dengan
Pendekatan Perkembangan Kognitif. El-Hikmah, 1(1):
25-49.
• Many plants are fast disappearing; romp with time.
7. Conclusions
Bioethics (ethics of biology) is required as the guardian of
modern biological research and also saving the environment.
Learning bioethics is not done by suggesting a decision to be
taken by learners. Islam teach development of critical
thinking
skills
through
the
analysis
of
beneficiaries-disadvantages in decision ethical in facing
bioethics dilemmas as a result of the development of modern
biology, and action on the environment. Bioethics should be
taught through thinking and predicting the consequences of
actions taken, in this case also predicts benefit and
disadvantage that will appear.
Discussing the decision through various opinions both
pro and contradictive is very valuable to develop insights and
critical thinking skills of students. The process to obtain a
decision of a phenomenon of modern biology need to be
taught to students based on constructivist philosophy (that
knowledge must be constructed by the students and not be
doctrinated), so that students as biological scientists can
consider and measures some action that will be carried out as
proposed by Prophet about the development of mindset.
8. References
Daar, A.S., Binsumeit, A., and Al Khitamy. 2001. Bioethics
for clinicians: 21. Islamic bioethics. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 164: 60-63.
Djati, M.S. 2003. Diskursus Teknologi Embryonic Stem
Cells dan Kloning dari Dimensi Bioetika dan Relegiositas
(Kajian Filosofis dari Pengalaman Empirik). Jurnal
Universitas Paramadina, 3(1): 102-123.
Ebrahim, A.F.M., 2001. Kloning, Eutanasia, Transfusi Darah,
Transplantasi Organ, dan Eksperimen Pada Hewan
Telaah Fikih dan Bioetika Islam. Terjemahan oleh
Mujiburohman. 2004. Jakarta: Serambi Ilmu Semesta.
Fullick, P. & Mary, R. 1996. Teaching Ethical Aspects of
Science. Hampshire: Hobbs The Printers Limited.
Gilbert, S.F., Tyler, A.L., Zackin, E.J. 2005. Bioethics and
The New Embryology, Springboards
for
Debate.
Gondonsoville, USA: W.H. Freeman & Company.
Hasan, A.M. 2001. Pentingnya Pengajaran Etika Biologi
(Bioetika) dalam Menghadapi Abad Pengetahuan. Jurnal
Pendidikan Nilai Universitas Negeri Malang. 8 (1).
Jenie, U.A. 1997. Perkembangan Bioteknologi dan
Masalah-Masalah Bioetika yang Muncul. Makalah
disampaikan dalam Temu Ilmiah Regional Hasil
Penelitian Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi/IPA di IKIP
Surabaya, Surabaya: 4 Januari 1997.
Johansen, C.K. & Harris, D.E. 2000. Teaching the Ethics of
Biology. The American Biology Teacher, 62 (5) :
352-358.
Liliasari. 2001. Model Pembelajaran IPA untuk
Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi
94
Foundation:
Water Resource Management in Malaysia and The Practices of Some
Development Countries
Noor Sharipah bt. Sultan Sidi, Ph. D & Ms. Nabilah bt. Mohd Isa
Water Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Teknologi Malaysia
Abstract: Water is an important resource in life. As population grows, increasingly less water will be available to
each individual. Statistics show that global water consumption increased steadily throughout the twentieth century and
is expected to continue to rise. Generally, development affects water supply due to increased consumption, pollution
and expansion of urban development. As such, water resource needs to be planned and managed accordingly. The
water management practice in Malaysia depends heavily on the water supply management approach. This approach
is unsustainable in the long run as water demand will eventually overtake supply. The assumption of this approach is
the greater the demand, the more water has to be supplied, thus more infrastructure such as dams, water treatment
plants and water distribution pipes need to be built and these require costs. Increasingly, the country is plagued with the
problems of water wastage, water pollution, unscrupulous consumer behaviors, encroachment of water catchment
areas, climate change and a host of other problems which form major challenges for the government to cope.
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and more recently Water Demand Management (WDM) are
popular concepts adopted by many countries in the world. Most advanced countries adopted water resource
management plan in their water management framework but not in Malaysia. This paper is an initial stage of a research
project towards developing a practical water demand management framework in this country which involves an
overview of water planning and demanad management practices of some developed countries such as Canada, Japan,
United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
countriesinterest was stated in bibliographical introduction.
Keywords: Water resource planning; Water demand management; Integrated water resource management;
Water resource management in Malaysia; Water resource management in developed countries.
1. Introduction
Water is an important resource in life. As population grows,
In the past, management of water resources in most
countries of the world adopted the water supply approach.
During the last decade, water management has evolved
through a series of paradigm shifts. The conventional supply
approach was found to be insufficient to cope with increasing
water demand to meet changing standards in water utilization
that emerged from the concept of sustainable water use, as
introduced by the Rio Declaration – UN (1992). As a result,
issues like quality management, environmental integrity,
efficient allocation of water resources, cost effectiveness
were introduced in the water agenda and the efforts focused
on water conservation, while the social aspects of water
management are also being acknowledged (Kampragou,
Eleni, et al., 2010).
Presently, Water Demand Management (WDM) has
become an integral part of water services planning by many
countries in the world. WDM refers to the implementation of
policies or measures which serve to control or influence the
amount of water used. Derevill (2001) defined WDM as a
practical strategy that improves the equitable, efficient and
sustainable use of water which can be achieved through
stressing equitable access to water, reflected in a strategy that
is specifically designed to improve service delivery to the
increasingly less water will be avialable to each individual.
Statistics show that global water consumption increased
steadily throughout the twentieth century and is expected to
continue to rise. Generally, development affects water
supply, due to increased consumption, pollution and
expansion of urban development. As such water as a resouce
needs to be planned accordingly. The current era in water
management requires increased preparedness to cope with the
uncertainty induced by global changes. Water management
practices should be flexible and able to adapt to current
conditions by incorporating experiences from past water
projects, as well as insights of the water system in planning
(Pahl-Wostl, 2007; Sharp, 2006. Gleick (2000). Besides the
supply sector, an equally important element in the planning
process is managing the demand sector.
95
poor, treating water as both an economic as well as social
good and managing and pricing it accordingly, balancing the
management of losses and consumption with new or
augmented supplies and managing the change from a supply
driven to demand responsive culture. As a participating
nation in the Rio Sustainability Agenda, Malaysia adopts the
World Water Vision concept. A National Water Vision was
formulated which states that: ‘In support of Vision 2020
(towards achieving a developed nation status) Malaysia will
conserve and manage its water resources to ensure adequate
and safe water for all (including the environment)’.The key
objectives of the Vision are: l. Water for people ii. Water for
food and rural development. Iii. Water for economic
development and iv. Water for the environment. Based on the
objectives, certain strategic orientations and actions were
proposed and one of the significant policy decision was
adoptIon of WDM in the 8th. Malaysia Plan (2001 – 2005).
water demand as the amount of water required for a given
purpose, measured for example, according to number of litre
per person per day, or mm per crop. The demand can be
present or future and it can be actual (i.e related to an
available infrastructure) or potential (assuming full
infrastructural development and no raw water shortage). The
serviceable demand is limited both by infrastructure and raw
water availability. According to him, a distinction can be
made between consumptive demand (for households,
industries and agriculture) and non-consumptive demand (for
habitat preservation, fisheries, navigation and salinity control
at the river mouth). A similar but slightly different distinction
can be made between instream demand and offstream
demand.
An important aspect of WDM is water use. The use (or
consumption or utilization) of water is the part of the demand
that is actually served at a given time. Many uses generate a
return flow (for example sewage or irrigation tailwater). The
return flow can occur at a different time or place than the
withdrawal. The use of water can be increased by
infrastructural development and reduced demand by
management (Nielsen T.K, 2002). Water consumption on the
other hand also refers to water that has been withdrawn and
used in a way that prevents its immediate reuse (Environwiki,
undated). Demand management refers to the invention on
water in order to reduce the consumption of water (Nielsen,
T.K, 2002). It is applied in order to meet water shortage,
shortage of money for infrastructural development or to
improve water inefficiency.
WDM is a tool for achieving harmony between the
demand for water and the availability of water. There are
various tools which can be adopted in WDM and various
mechanisms applied in managing water use by the consumers.
Domestic consumption for example can be controlled by
measures such as charging a water fee, applying different
tariffs for different housing areas, generation of awareness
about prudent use of water and rationing of water in case of
critical shortage.
The demand of water for industrial consumption can be
controlled by measures such as installation of water meters
and charging water fee, applying different tariffs for different
users and different seasons, promotion of new water efficient
technology and rationing of water, normally in case of critical
water shortage. As for the agricultural sector, measures such
as water charging or fee depending of volume of water used,
application of different tariffs for different seasons,
generation of awareness about prudent water use, promotion
of good operation and maintenance, promotion of new water
efficient technology and water rationing are some of the
mechanisms which can be applied.
Population growth and urbanization togather with
changes in production and consumption pattern have placed
unprecedented demands on water resources. As such the
World Conservation Congress organised by IUCN in October,
1996 discussed the issues through presentations of regional
case studies which brought togather from diverse countries
such as Mali, Zambia, Morocco, Jordan, Bangladesh,
Pakistan and Guatemala to discuss on water and population
dymanics.
2.Theoretical Framework of Integrated Water Resouorce
Management
Integrated water resource management, or IWRM has
emerged as a significant concept since the Earth Submit in
1992 and has more recently been given prominence by the
Global Water Partnership (a partnership agency of World
Bank, UNDP and Swedish International Development
Agency) (GWP,2000; 2003). The GWP (2000) defined
IWRM as ‘’a process which promotes the coordinated
development and management of water, land and related
resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and
social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising
the sustainability of vital ecosystems’ (Mitchell, Bruce, 2005).
In simple terms, the concept can be summarized as the
integration of all elements concerned with water resource
planning and development as depicted by the following
figure:
Figure 1 : Water Resource Management Framework
3. Water Demand Management (WDM) Approach
WDM approach actually focusses on managing the water
demand aspects of consumers. Nielsen T.K (2002) defines
96
An important fact highlighted in the discussions was that
population dynamics (such as growth, distribution, migration
and other characterics) and water resources interact through
human uses of water and the most important demographic
trend affecting water resource is population growth. A better
understanding of the relationship between population
dynamics and water resources is a first step toward designing
policies that can make these relationships more sustainable
(Sherbinin, A.1998).
Prevention Act, Canada Shipping Act and Dominion Water
Power Act.
Besides the acts, there are certain regulations which
form the rules of conduct which the governor-in council or
minister is empowered to make and to facilitate the carrying
of the Act of Parliament. Regulations exist under some
federal water related legislation (eg. Fisheries Act,
International Water Improvement Act, ecetra).
The Federal Water Policy was formulated after several
years of intensive consultation both within and outside the
government. It addresses the management of water resources,
balancing water uses with the requirements of the many
interrelationships within the ecosystem. The federal crown
also has ownership of the water resources in the Northwestern
Territories and Nunavut. The Department of Indian and
Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) has a mandate to manage
those water resources.
The Mackenzie River Basin Board was created as a
forum for cooperative water management within the huge
Mackenzie river Basin (covering one-sixth of Canada). The
Board was formed under the Mackenzie River Basin
Transboundary Waters Master Agreement’, signed in July
1997 by the Governments of Canada, British Columbia,
Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Territories and Yukon.
The Board is unique because of its inter- jurisdictional
partnerships, the participation of Aboriginal members and its
focus on maintaining the ecological integrity of the whole
basin.
The Board has a strategic plan and a communications
strategy and it has begun to address specific commitments in
the Master Agreement. It has established committees, held
public meetings, organised Water Forum and released a State
of the Aquatic Ecosystem Report in 2003 for the Mackenzie
River Basin.
4. Water Resource Planning and Management in
Developed Countries
Many developed countries have adopted the integrated
approach in the planning and management of water resources
towards achieving water resource and environmental
sustainability, economic efficiency and social development
within different contextual framework. This fact can be
observed from the experiences of countries such as Canada,
Australia, New Zeland, United Kingdom and Japan.
4.1. Canada
In Canada, different levels of government has different
jurisdictional roles related to water management, while there
are also many areas of shared commitment (Environment
Canada, 2012). The federal government has jurisdiction
related to fisheries, navigation, federal land and international
relations, including responsibilities
related to the
management of boundary waters shared with the United
States, including relations with International Commission. It
also has significant responsibilities for agriculture, health and
the environment and plays a significant role supporting
aquatic research and technology and ensuring national
policies and standards are in place on environmental and
health related issues.
Within the federal government, over 20 departments and
agencies have unique responsibilities for fresh water.
Environment Canada (the Ministry for Water) works closely
with other federal departments to develop a more strategic
approach to addressing nationally significant freshwater
issues. The federal government passed the Canadian Water
Act in 1970 and created the Department of the Environment
in 1971, entrusting the Inland Waters Directorate with
providing national leadership for fresh water management.
Under the Constitution Act (1867), the provinces are
‘ówners’ of the water resources and have wide
responsibilities in their day to day management.
The legislations administered by Environment Canada
in its water-related activities include:
4.2. Japan
In Japan, the national government is responsible for
formulating and implementing water resources policies at the
national level (Environmental Protection Department, 2007).
It formulates an overall plan of water resources development
and environmental conservation. Under the framework of the
national policy, local governments take charge of operation,
maintenance and management of waterworks, water
treatment facilities and water utilities (World Bank, April,
2006).
In addition to planning, the national government also
pays for most new construction, either directly or indirectly.
The national government plans new water resource
development, directly subsidises up to half of the construction
costs and provides low-cost loans to local governments to
allow them to pay for their share. Thus, national government
also helps subsidize user fees to reduce the cost of water to
end users. The national budget is primarily used for
construction of flood control facilities and sewerage
treatment systems. For a number of reasons (excess capacity;
environmental concerns; budget concerns) the construction of
new dams has been reduced.
The expansion of the sewerage treatment system is an
important policy objective because the proportion of the
i. Canada Water Act
ii. International River Improvement Act
iii.. Department of Environment Act
Other important federal legislation include: International
Boundary Waters Treaty Act, Canadian Environmental
Protection Act, Fisheries Act. Navigable Waters Protection
Act, Northwest Territories Waters Act, Mackenzie Valley
Resource Management Act, Nunavut Waters and Nunavut
Surface Rights Tribunal Act, Arctic Waters Pollution
97
population in Japan with access to sanitation in 2005 was only
66.7%, one of the lowest ratios of population with acess to
sewerage systems among the developed countries.
Five related ministries, i.e the Ministry of Land;
Transport and Infrastructure; Ministry of the Environment;
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare; Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forest
and Fisheries take charge of the various administrative areas
and corporate with each other to formulate water-related
policies.
The Ministry of Land, Transport and Infrastructure
prepares the Comprehensive Water Resources Plan also
known as Water Plan. The Plan is formulated and revised
according to the Comprehensive National Development Plan,
which is stipulated in the Comprehensive Land Development
Act and approved by the Prime Minister’s cabinet.
The Water Plan is a multi-year plan and addresses basic
medium to long term planning issues regarding water
resources development, conservation and utilization as well
as makes forecasts of long term water demand. The Ministry
uses the Water Plan to formulate more detailed annual
development plans and their related budgets. The latest Water
Plan, Water Plan 21, stresses the efficient utilization of
existing water resources facilities rather than the development
of new water resources, hence indicating a shift in focus
towards Water Demand Management (WDM).
The Ministry of Environment primarily plans and
formulates policies and guidelines relating to water
conservation including the setting of Environmental Water
Quality Standards and water quality control measures (the
Effluent Standard settings). The Basic Environment Plan
clarifies long-term and comprehensive environmental
policies related to water quality and quantity including water
conservation.
The Local Governments in general operate, maintain
and manage domestic, industrial and sewerage water utilities
and related facilities. As of the end of FY2003, local
governments managed 1,936 larger water utilities and 8,360
small-scaled water utilities. Local government agencies also
continuously monitor public water quality and supervise
private entities to ensure wastewater effluent standards are
being met. The legal framework for water resources
management in Japan is divided into five (5) major areas:
on the Water Plan and implemented by the Japan Water
Agency (JWA) as mandated by the JWA Law.
Water Rights and Water Trading:
Surface and ground water are managed differently. For
surface water users, each public-owned water utility (for both
domestic and industrial uses) and Land Improvement District
(public entities for irrigation development and management )
is allocated rights to river water, i.e exclusive use of water in
certain region, according to the River Law. There is no
comprehensive law regarding ground water and users are free
to withdraw ground water from wells on privately owned
lands. However, the Industrial Water Law and the Law for
Ground Water Use in Buildings require permits from Local
governments before users can withdraw / extract ground
water in areas where serious land subsidence is a concern or
where ground water resources are scarce.
Water Utilities:
Water utilities are categorised by the main purpose each
serves. These uses include domestic water supply, sewerage
water treatment, agriculture supply and industrial water
supply. Appropriate sectoral law regulates the operation and
management of water utilities.
Protection of Water Quality:
The basic principles of pollution control and nature
conservation are stipulated in the Basic Environment Law.
More detailed guidance is given in the Water Pollution
Control Law, thus indicating that Japan has a clear and well
structured water planning system;
laws, rules and
regulations; governance; institutional set up and monitoring
systems for managing water resources and the environment.
4.3 United Kingdom
The formulation of water resources policies in United
Kingdon falls under the perview of the Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. The Future Water: The
Government’s Water Strategy for England sets out the
government’s plans for water in the future and the practical
steps to be taken by the country to ensure that good clean
water is available for people, businesses and nature. It looks
ahead to 2030 and describes the water supply system to be
developed. The plan looks at water cycle as a whole, from
rainfall and drainage through to discharge and treatment,
vis-a-vis looking at every aspects of water use (Department of
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2008).
The Environment Agency is the public body responsible
to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs and a Welsh Government Sponsored Body
responsible to the Minister for Environment and Sustainable
Development. The principal aims of the agency are to protech
and improve the environment and to promote sustainable
development. The agency plays an important role in
delivering the environmental priorities of central government
and the Welsh Government through their functions and roles
(www.environment-agency.gov.uk).
It is a statutory duty for water companies in UK to
prepare, consult, publish and maintain a Water Resources
i. Overall planning of water resources development
ii. Development of water related facilities including the
basis for subsidies
iii. Water rights and water trading
iv. Operation and management of water utilities
including the basis for private sector participation
contracts
v. Conservation of the water environment
Overall Planning:
The Comprehensive National Land Development Law sets
out the basis for the Comprehensive National Water
Resources Plan (the Water Plan). The Water Resources
Development Basic Plan (the Full Plan) stipulated by the
Water Resources Development Promotion Law is also based
98
Management Plan which needs to be reviewed annually and
report any changes to the agency and Government. A new
plan must be produced every five (5) years or if there is a
material change at any point during the period. The Agency
provides a set of guidelines and tools for the preparation of
the plan. The guidelines sets out good practice in developing
a plan, the various approaches to follow and the information
that a plan should contain.
Besides, there are also some Navigation tools for the
smaller water undertakers / companies to follow, develop and
maintain their water resources management plans. An
example of such a plan is the United Utilities ’Draft Water
Resources Management Plan produced in July,2008
(www.environment-agency.gov.uk/waterplans)
Water Demand Management (WDM) is an approach
adopted for achieving sustainable water resource planning
and management by many developed countries. In UK,
Water Industry Research (1996) refers WDM as the
implementation of policies and measures which serve to
control or influence the amount of water used. Derevill
(2001) defined WDM as a practical strategy that improves the
equitable, efficient and sustainable use of water.
management should be considered as part of the water
resources and water supply planning process (Watercare
Services Limited, June, 2011). A water plan, Wanaka Water
Demand Management Plan was prepared for Queenstown
Lakes District Council in 2008 and was open for consultation
for the public (www.qldc.govt.nz).
The above illustration clearly indicates that the main
tool adopted by the developed nations in the management of
water resources is the Water Resource Management Plan.
5. Water Resource Planning and Management in
Malaysia
The water management system in Malaysia in the past
adopted and depended heavily on the water supply
management approach to cater for demand. This approch is
unsustainable in the long run as water demand will eventually
overtake water supply. The greater the demand, the more
water has to be supplied, so more structures such as dams,
water treatment plants and water distribution pipes need to be
built. Supply and demand-side management has to be
integrated. In addition, there is a need to look at water
wastage and rates to change the appalling consumptive
behaviour of most Malaysians towards water.
The need for a shift towards WDM was highlighted in
Malaysia’s Water Vision: The Way Forward, 2000 which
mentioned that water -supply management shall be replaced
by water-demand management in order to minimise the
exploitation of new water resources to meet the increasing
water demand. However, there is no specific framework or
model adopted in this country for the implementation of the
concept.
The need for implementation of Water Demand
Management (WDM) Approach in Malaysia has also been
raised repeatedly (The Star Online, March 26,2011; BFM,
Nov., 23, 2011; The Sun Daily, 1st. July, 2011;). James T.
Cherian, an Environmental Consultant and an advocate for
water and forest conservation highlighted that water
conservation is essential in a country blessed with abundant
railfall such as Malaysia. He also emphasised the need to
implement Water Demand Management in Malaysia, a
system which advocates efficient use of water in order to
maintain vital environmental flows and to reduce dependence
on costly infrastructure projects.
One of the most comrehensive water study was that
undertaken by Malaysian Water Partnership (MWP) and the
Malaysia National Committee for Irrigation and Drainage
(MANCID), a World Water Vision project carried out in
1996 culminating in the the formulation of Malaysia’s Water
Vision. Some other studies which have been undertaken were
those presented during the Strategic Consultation on Water
Demand Management organised by Academi Sains Malaysia.
The expected rapid pace of economic development,
growing cities and population growth in Malaysia cause
sustainability of water resource to become an increasingly
important issue. The National Water Resource Policy
(NWRP) outlines measures to ensure effcient and effective
management of this resource. The NWRP marks an important
milestone because it will establish a process for ensuring the
security of water supply all of which have important
4.4 Australia
In Australia, the Water Act 2007, Water Amendment Act
2008 and Water Regulations form the important legislations,
rules and regulations binding water resouce planning and
management in the country. The Illustrative Water Demand
Management Plan and Guide for Preparation (Department of
Environment, Queensland (June, 2000) provides the guidance
for preparation of Water Demand Management Plan, a sub
plan of a Total Management Plan (TPM) which should meet
the requirements of Section 43 of the Environmental
Protection (Water) Policy 1997 Act (Queensland Lake
District Council, December, 2008).
A Local Government that operates a water supply
system must develop and implement an environmental plan
about water conservation that improves water use efficiency
in the system, also indicating a clear focus towards water
demand management. At a higher level there is the National
Water Security Plan which is the over riding policy
encompassing water planning and development.
4.5 New Zealand
In New Zealand the initial framework for water management
is set out in the Resource Management Act 1991 (Watercare
Services Limited, June, 2011). The aim of the Act is to
promote the sustainable management of resources. The
formation of the Aukland Council for example, provided an
opportunity for Aukland and Watercare (the water and
wastewater service provider for Aukland) to assess demand
management, to identify water demand saving targets and to
develope water demand programmes. The definition of
demand management adopted is simply ‘the effective and
efficient use of water’.
The main principles of demand management are that
Watercare should strive to supply water in an efficient and
effective manner, customers should not waste water and
should strive to use water efficiently and demand
99
implications on how Malaysia manages its water resources in
the coming years. Other measures to be implemented, during
the Plan period include expanding the implementation of the
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), including
research and development effort in area of water conservation
to support efforts to develop a sustainable water sector for the
national economy (Economic Planning Unit, RMK 10, 2010)
Another major study was ‘The Need for a Water
Demand Management Plan for Selangor (2009) which also
highlighted the fact that WDM is an essential part of the
challenge to sustain water resources. The principle that
underlies WDM is ‘’efficient use of water’’ in order to
maintain vital environmental flows and to reduce on costly
infrastructure projects. The study anlysed the domestic and
non-domestic demands for water in Selangor only (Malaysian
Nature Society Selangor Branch, 2009).
A comparative study of water resources usage by
households in Georgetown, Penang and Pattaya, Thailand
highlighted some interesting findings (Chan, Nitivattananon,
2006). Firstly, there were many problems identified in both
the cities as both received uneven rainfall throughout the year
causing droughts at times while at other times causing severe
flooding. Secondly, both cities depend on their hinterland for
water supply. Thirdly, both cities are major tourist
destinations which cause tremendous strain on water supply.
Fourthly, both cities are affected by unsustainable water
supply management approach and neglecting to employ
WDM
The study by Chan and Nitivattananon (2006) also
demonstrated excessive water demand by all consumers due
to low level of awareness, low water tariffs and apathetic
attitudes. They stressed that since the real issues dealt with
consumers are their attitude and consumption patterns, the
role of women is vital in addressing water resource
sustainability. They also highlighted that both cities are
facing precarious water supply sustainability in the long run
and must come up quickly with plans to address the water
problems. They concluded that the obsolete top-down Water
Supply Management approach (WSM) has to give way to a
more comprehensive strategy employing both WSM and
WDM in order to sustain water resources.
A paper entitled ‘Migrating from Potable Water to
Non-Potable Water Supply for Industrial and Non Domestic
Uses’’ by Ir. Mohd Adnan Mohd Nor (September,2012) also
emphasised the need for a comprehensive approach for
Malaysia in the management of water resources.
6. Conclusions
Based n the literature review it can be concluded that most of
the developed nations have developed and adopted certain
framework for action whereby the management of water
resources is based on the enactment of specific acts, laws,
rules, regulations and other related mechanisms supported by
the formulation of specific plan known as Water Plan, Water
Resource Management Plan or Water Demand Management
Plan. In Malaysia, the studies undertaken had been on
ad-hoc and segregated basis not culminating towards
producing a comprehensive plan of action for water resource
planning and management. As such it is necessary for this
country to develop and establish a formalised framework and
mechanisms for the planning and managing of water
resources as being practised by most developed countries. As
an Islamic nation, the incorporation of Islamic principles,
tenets, values, guidelines and so forth in the process of
formulating the framework and preparation of plans for
water resource management in this country is also pertinent.
6. Acknowledgement
The research is partially funded under the UTM Research
University Grant (RUG)
7. References
Chan and Nitivattananon (2006). A Comparative Study of
Water Usage by Households in Georgetown, Penang
and Pattaya, Thailand.
School of Environment,
Resources and Development, Asian Institute of
Technology, Thailand.
Derevill (2001) in Water Demand Management and
Water Conservation Potentials and Limitations by
Aristeidis Aravidis. Masters Thesis, Loughborough,
United Kingdom.
Department of Environment, Queensland (June, 2000).
Illustrative Water Demand Management Plan and Guide
for Preparation. Queensland, Australia.
Department for Environment, (February, 2008). Food and
Rural Affairs. Future Water: The Government’s Water
Strategy for England. Norwich, England.
Economic Planning Unit (2010) Tenth Malaysia Plan. Kuala
Lumpur.
Economic Planning Unit (2001). Eight Malaysia Plan
(2001-2005) . Kuala Lumpur.
Environment Canada (2012).
Water Governance and
Legislation. Federal Policy and Legislation.
Environmental Protechtion Department (2007), Review of
the International Water Resource Management Policies
and Actions and the Latest Practice in Environmental
Evaluation and Strategic Environmental Assessment.
EDMS, Hong Kong Ltd.
Environment and Social Development, East Asia and Pacific
Region, The World Bank (April, 2006).
Water
Resources Management in Japan: Policy, Institutional
and Legal Issues. (http://siteresources.worldbank.org.
Kampragou, Eleni, et. Al. (2010).
Water Demand
Management Management: Implementation Principles
and Indicative Success Stories. Envronmental & Energy
Management Research Unit, School of Chemical
Engineering, National Technical University of Athens.
Malaysia Nature Society Selangor Branch (2009). The Need
for Water Demand Management for Selangor.
Malaysian Water Partnership (MWP) and the Malaysia
National Committee for Irrigation and Drainage
(MANCID). Malaysia Water Vision (2000)
Mitchell, Bruce (2005). Integrated Water Resource
Management, Institutional Arrangements and Land Use
Planning. In Environment and Planning A, Volume 37,
pages 1335 – 1352.
Mohd Adnan Mohd Nor (September,2012). Academy of
Science Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
100
Nielsen, T.K (2002). Water Conservation and Water Demand
Management Strategy for Water Service Sector (draft).
South Africa.
Queensland Lake District Council (December, 2008).
Wanaka Water Demand Management Plan. New
Zealand.
Raja Dato’Zaharaton Raja Zainal Abidin. Water Resources
Management in Malaysia – The Way Forward in
Buletin Ingeneur: Water Engineering (June- Augut,
2004). Kuala Lumpur.
Sherbinin, Alex (1998). Water and Population Dynamics :
Local Approaches to a Global Challenge.
http://www.aaas.org/international/
Watercare Services Limited (June 2011). Auckland Regional
Water Demand Management Plan. Auckland, New
Zealand.
http://www.Environment Canada,
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/waterplans
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk
http://www.qldc.govt.nz
101
Communications:
Knowledge Systems of Watershed Conservation Education; Case Study In A
Boarding School Residents of An-Nuqayah Sumenep.
1)
Sukarsono, 2)Moh Amin, 2)Yusuf Abdurrajak, 3)Soemarno, 4)Akira, K.,
1)
Biology Education Department, Muhammadiyah University of Malang
2)
Biology Education Department, Malang State University
3)
Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University of Malang
4)
Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management, Water Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia.
Abstract: Knowledge of conservation education at boarding school residents grew rapidly since two people training
about the environment in year of 1970. The residents have variety sources of knowledge and insight which affecting the
owner's knowledge. Boarding schools citizen’s knowledge becomes a key factor to create the basic, instrumental values
and the goal values. The successfulness of knowledge transfer in order to build the values, attitudes and behavior are
develop by using multiple methods of environmental education, namely: lectures, training, provision of examples and
discussions. The residents conservation knowledge lodge an interrelated system between inputs, processes, outputs and
knowledge outcomes. Knowledge system that is built up is more towards emphasizing on the educational component
due to the boarding school's background that has role in developing the citizens through education. Knowledge system
that is built has a typical religious communities, but in accordance with the conservation objectives. Purpose of
conservation education in general is to find happiness in this world and in the Hereafter a continuous basis. The purpose
of conservation education is superior which include objectives to gain happiness in this world and in the Hereafter with
ongoing basis comparing to the general conservation.
Keywords: Conservation education, Knowledge system, Boarding school residents
1. Introduction
Damage to watersheds in Indonesia is one of the unresolved
issues and tend to be more concerned about. Various
governmental regulations acts have been issued in the hope of
improving conditions for a better watershed. The biggest
impact of watershed damage visible in various parts of
Indonesia are floods and sedimentation of rivers, lakes and
reservoirs. The continuing impact of the state is the disruption
of economic activity and prosperity. Research by the Office
of the Brantas River Basin (2011) showed that the capacity of
watershed management is not appropriate and knowledge of
society and farmers are the main cause of damage Brantas
watershed. This condition is exacerbated by high population
growth and development patterns that were built on
materialism and secular ideology. The ideology in practice
has brought into the lives of many human situation alarming,
frightening and even to a certain extent has been sparked and
spread the spirit of anger and violence (Tucker and Grim,
2009; Nokel, 2009; 2010; Maliki, 2011 ).
*: Corresponding author:
[email protected], Jl. Raya
Tlogomas 246. Malang, East Java, Indonesia 65151
Research from United Nation (UN) proves that the ideals
of sustainable development of the world appear to have
failed. This failure was due to the development of the world
suffer from distortion, where humans increasingly lost its
way, has no identity, only oriented economy, and increasingly
shied away from the transcendental relationship (Witoszek,
2011).
Research done in locations that are considered successful
examples of conserving watershed, even the highest earning
as environmental savior within the central government.
Research was carried out to investigate the knowledge that
was acquired and applied to boarding school residents for
development of good watershed conservation activities.
Research target is religious leaders as well as educators in the
field of environment given. Results of this study will
hopefully be one of the references in the nature of knowledge
development and community education about watershed
conservation using religious approach.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Paradigm of Environmental Education
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) declaration on environment
education in the 21st century in the International Conference
on Environmental Education, 2007, stressing the importance
of digging and alterative models and vision for the future of
102
sustainability in educational activities for sustainable
development (ICEE, 2007a). The declaration also stressed the
importance of finding the root cause of environmental
problems that are getting worse. After three consecutive
declarations were executed in 1987 and 1997, UNESCO
environmental education conference in 2007 emphasized the
importance of social and cultural studies to be more broad,
consider the context of changes in educational thinking and
learning with changes in teaching methods. Besides,
considering the range of learning approaches through formal
education that is felt slow to make changes within the
improvement, thus, the declaration also emphasized the need
for immediacy maintenance of education institutions within
the non-formal and informal as well as supporting the growth
of a new paradigm in education circles.The recommendation
has reminded that environmental education must be rooted in
the harsh reality that exhausting development is takes place to
plunder the planet's resources at unsustainable levels that
have caused climate change and bring people to the brink of
unimaginable destruction.. (ICEE, 2007b). Environmental
education, according to UNESCO is a process that aims to
create a global community that has a concern for the
environment and related issues in it, and has the knowledge,
motivation, and commitment to work, both individually and
collectively in the search for an alternative or a solution to the
existing environmental problems and to avoid the new
problems of life in the environment.
Boarding school is considered as an institution that has
more capabilities in the delivery of environmental values
through religious approach. Mangunjaya FM (2010) states,
the effort to incorporate religious values in conservation
activities should be carried out through educational activities,
and in the early stages, this process will be easier if done in
boarding schools because they have an adequate knowledge
of religious authority. The tendency of a paradigm shift
towards the inclusion of environmental education of religious
aspects, is now spread more widely and faster, though still in
the form of concepts, opinions and argument. The
development of ecological issues and religion shows that this
phenomenon include the idea of the importance of religious
values in the solution of environmental problems is a
response to dissatisfaction with the approach that had been
done. Various ethical thinkers like Kempton, et al. (1995),
Yusdani (2010), Tucker and Grim (2009, 2010); Rozaqi,
2005, Al-Qaradawi, (2002), Maliki, (2011), and Rahman,
(2011), argued that by looking at how worse and painful state
of the environment and its impact on human life, thus man
must not only have to change the course of scientific thinking,
but also ethical and theological thinking. Moral and religious
value system is needed in moving the feelings of the
community, including the preservation of the environment for
future generations. Religion became a new hope in
environmental conservation efforts, given the values and
attitudes that make up the concept of human nature which
derived from the early practice of religion and ethics
everyday in the community. Rozaki, (2005) explains that,
among the academics and social activists in particular,
religion is now recognized not only as a set of teachings
(value), dogma or something that is normative, but also seen
as a case study of interest about how religion is viewed as the
object of study for assessment. Based on a cultural
perspective, religion is seen at how the divine religions is
historically interpret and practice into everyday social action.
So therefore, religion is not something untouchable
(untouchable), but something that can be observed and
analyzed, because religious behavior must be seen and felt.
Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim
population. Population census in 2010 showed that of 240
271 522 inhabitants, as many as 85.1% are adherents of Islam
(Central Bureau of Statistics, 2010). ). Given the very large
number, it is natural that environmental damage is also
addressed to Muslims, besides there is no scientific evidence
to refute these allegations. On the other hand, a very large
number is a great potential to promote the improvement of
environmental damage. Study of ethics of the relationship
between man and God and nature, have sought to serve as a
model for example, to be able to change the view and help
people get out of this extraordinary crisis (Rahman, 2011).
This needs to be done, given the religious traditions generally
do not provide specific guidelines for responding to
contemporary issues such as climate change, desertification
or deforestation (Tucker and Grim. 2009). Need to avoid the
tendency to think about the relationship between Islam and
the environment using only "the right approach" that is
grounded to the awareness of God rather than the fact of
consciousness (morality itself). In other words, turning the
region and cultural texts. This distinguishes them from
environmentalist groups or conservationist grounded in the
environment itself rather than text. Therefore, in addition to
being a paradigm problem, the solution must also be made by
affirmative action by involving all parties (Rush, 2004).
Boarding school of An-Nuqayah is stand in village of
An-Guluk Guluk, Sub-Guluk Guluk Sumenep in Madura
Island, an Islamic educational institution in the history of the
national environmental management which becomes the first
Islamic institution pioneering in environmental activities
based on Islamic values, due to the belief the guardians, that
Islam does teach that. Since 1970s, environmental awareness
efforts are specifically made to the developer community
volunteers and students to community groups by four clerics.
This effort intensified after four clerics are trained in
community development in Central Java Sidogiri boarding
school for six months. The idea of improving the environment
around the lodge and then developed using a "green heart
before greening the environment". Save the environment with
this approach means the use of education as the main tool so
that the knowledge and values embraced and by clerics are
shared by students and the surrounding community.
Given the soil around the school that are not fertile, the
green forest vegetation became one of the priorities done with
the community independently. In the period from the 1980's
planting activities centered in the Village District
Pekandangan Bluto and village along driveways Guluk
Guluk-East direction. The period of activity in 1990 centered
on the village Prancag Pasongsongan District, and the periods
of the year 2000 centered on the village of West Guluk
Guluk-Sub-Guluk Guluk Sumenep. Boarding school usually
has a distinctive pattern of education in both educational
103
materials and delivery methods. The difference is influenced
by many factors, but the cultivation of values in order to be
strong in attitude of the students is the main aim of education
in schools (Nurhasanah, 2008). Many boarding schools are
successfully implementing a distinctive educational program,
but notes on various matters relating to education were never
recorded properly and so difficult to imitate and disseminate,
as well as environmental education about the conservation of
forests in Boarding Schools of An-Nuqayah, Guluk Guluk
Madura, where knowledge and values are inculcated and
delivery methods have not been explored and this knowledge
is very important to be used by their successors. This situation
is greatly feared that would eliminate the good knowledge
that has proven to unsuccessfully be transferred to the next
generation, given the state of health of the religious scholars
and preachers which pioneering in environmental education
that has increasingly weak or have to leave the boarding
school because of other duties. It is also important to
recognize that the knowledge which can be submitted and
used ( Bennett and Jessani. 2011).
Anja and Agyeman (2010), explains that the alignments
to analyze the behavior of a person or the public on the
environment, there are several theories or models, such as
those delivered by Burges et al. (1998); Ajzen and Fishbein
(1975, 1980); Hines , Hungerford and Tomera (1986), and
Schwartz (1977). The model used as reference in this study
proposed by Fietkau and Kessel in Anja and Agyeman
(2010), the model consists of five variables that influence
either directly or indirectly affect the pro-environmental
behavior (Fig.1).
Motivation to
act
Values and
Attitudes
Environme
ntal
Knowledge
Pro-Environme
ntal behaviour
pro-environm
ental incentive
behaviour
Ecologycal
Behavior
feedback
Fig. 1. Ecological behaviour model (Fietkau and Kessel,
1981).
Variable of knowledge (Wissen), the main variable
model of Fietkau be like forming a person's values and
attitudes. Based on shared values and attitudes of a person to
act pro-environmentally. Knowledge is an important element
for the success and failure of conservation activities.
Knowledge is essentially what we all know about a particular
object, which includes science, thus science is a part of
human knowledge known to others as well as knowledge of
art and religion (Suriasumantri, Yuyun. 2001). Taufik, (2010)
and Notoatmodjo (2003) states that knowledge is the result of
"know" and happen after people doing the sensing of a
particular object. Knowledge is something that is present and
manifest in one's soul and mind due to the reaction,
contiguity, and relationships with the environment and
natural surroundings. Sunaryo and Joshi (2003) stated that
knowledge is the capacity to understand and interpretation of
their results of observations and experience.
Knowledge can be seen on an individual, group, or
organizational level, there is in the form of explicit or tacit,
structured or unstructured. Explicit knowledge can be
recorded and easily managed (eg, on a computer). While tacit
knowledge is generally below our conscious knowledge, even
we ourselves can not Realize that we have it. This knowledge
includes, among others, insight, intuition, and experience. To
him, we need time and personal interaction is quite intense
(David De Long, 1997; NHS, 2005; Davenport and Prusak,
2003). Pandey and Narayan, 2010 explains that rediscovery
of ecological knowledge at a potential location can be an
adaptive management (Berkes et al., 2000) where there is
requirement to apply human and ecological (Bews, 1935;
East, 1936; Muller, 1974) and adaptive strategies for natural
management (Bates, 2000) offers prospects for scientists to
address the problems that beset conservation biologists and
restoration ecologists. Knowledge construction about
watershed is created on the community that have proven
successful conservation in a long time. Awang and Safri
(2007) explains that the construction of knowledge will be a
knowledge structure that consists of variable inputs,
processes, outputs and outcomes.
3. Methods
The study was conducted in three districts namely-Guluk
Guluk District, Sub-district and District Pragaan
Paosngsongan. Overall respondents are resident of
An-Nuqayah Boarding Schools which are located sub-Guluk
Guluk Sumenep East Java. Informants are the clerics or
alumni of boarding school that located at those three districts.
Locations were selected considering the purpose of the study
who wish to gain knowledge in education for watershed
conservation with religious backgrounds. The research
sample was chosen purposively. Seven peoples are clerics
residents of Boarding school of An-Nuqayah chosen for its
role as a principal watershed conservation das since 1970
until now.
The study was conducted to explore the building of
knowledge possessed by the clerics, including how to obtain
it. Research conducted at the level of conservation of the
three leaders in the field of conservation actors. The three
figures are respectively located in three different villages and
districts, the figures are in the Village of District Tambuko
Pekandangan, Heat Aeng Village District and Village of
Guluk Pragaan-Guluk Sub-Guluk Guluk. Data collection was
done by using deep interviews, document review, and field
observations. Processing and analysis of qualitative data was
done using the model as describes by Miles & Linacre,
(1995). Data collection using deep interviews, document
review, and field observations. Processing and analysis of
qualitative data was done using the model as described Miles
& Linacre, (1995).
104
4. Results
Construction of knowledge about the watershed residents of
Boarding school of An-Nuqayah Sumenep has been done
since the second generation of boarding school around 1960.
However, since some of the clerics had obtained the training
about environment in 1970. Since 70's, the boarding school
had practiced on conservation education activities in the
lodge as well as pioneering in the field of conservation. Thus,
the construction of knowledge about conservation has been
running for over 30 years. In 1982 the highest award of
boarding school as the savior of environment is given by the
Republic of Indonesia which indicate the success of
educational activities and watershed conservation practices in
the region and in the boarding school belonging to the
community.
In general, research findings suggest that knowledge
plays an important role and determine the success of
watershed conservation. This fact shows that the background
of the boarding school residents as educators have a huge
impact of conservation strategies undertaken. Results showed
that before the clerics have training on environmental basis
conducted by NGO for one full year, the activities of the
residents have not been done intensively. Environmental
activity at that time was only had been practiced by the clerics
as a private activity and not as an activity that involve more
residents or boarding school residents as a form of
environmental concern. These activities were not yet require
as a necessity for the residents of the boarding school to help
citizens systematically, so it just seems as a hereditary
activity but not been taught to students or the general public.
4.1. The position and function of knowledge in watershed
conservation
Residents need to know about the knowledge position in
order to change the boarding school paradigm thinking about
the environment.
This knowledge serves to broaden student and people insight
about their surroundings. Thus, at an early stage, knowledge
serves as an instrument to sensitize students and the
community about the issues surrounding them. The next
stage, knowledge serves to provide reinforcement or mental
empowerment and a belief for students and the community.
Based on this knowledge, students and the community has a
new value on the environment. Based on the held values ,
then the knowledge serve to shape the students and attitudes
of human society to be sympathetic to the environment.
Almost the entire watershed conservation knowledge
gained by the students and community was originally derived
from information submitted by clerics of boarding school. In
the following years the knowledge of boarding school
residents and community is derived from governmental
agencies whose responsible for the environment. The ability
of clerics in the acquisition of knowledge about the
environment is the key to determine the success of
environmental education processes and products. The clerics
of boarding school had gained knowledge by themselves
about environmental conservation which comes from the
observation through the senses of both observation and
education or training. The next source of knowledge is from
Islamic books that related to the environment. The last source
is cleric's intuition which concern about the phenomenon in
surrounding environment. The cleric's intuition is developing
when dealing with environmental issues as they were
demanded for solving any problems using their knowledge.
The ability of combining the meaning derived from
experience, reading and reflection is then called by the clerics
as the ability to transform. Clerics ability to transform
knowledge to conduct environmental education is an
important capability that determines the success of
conservation.
The existence of knowledge conservation at the sites can
be distinguished by its function as Figure 2, namely to:
1) establish baseline values and instrumental values
2) build practical skills of technical support activities, and
3) predict and manage the results (output) of conservation
4) strengthen beliefs about goodness of the world and the
hereafter.
Reference
source
implementation
of
environmental
education
Knowledge
about
education and
Watershed
Conservation
Source of
Education &
Conservation
Basic Values
Technical/
instrumental
knowledge
Variation of
Education
Methods and
Approach
Worship
values
Worship
behaviour
Instrumental
values
Technical
behavior in
conservation
Goal Values:
Goodness in
World
Fig. 2. The position and role of knowledge in the conservation of watershed residents of
Boarding Schools of An-Nuqayah Guluk-Guluk Sumenep, East Java.
105
Hereafter
Knowledge of environmental education and watershed
conservation form the material for the formation of basic
values. This knowledge must be tempered with the
knowledge or ability to establish methodological
instrumental values. The boarding school is very emphasized
the methodologies to develop instrumental values. This
requirement is very visible in the teaching lodge which said
that "method is more important than the content". Based on
these principles, the ability to develop and implement
methods should be possessed by every teacher in
conservation. Methods will affect the success or failure of any
program, including education and conservation. Knowledge
and methods is the material to construct instrumental values.
Technical knowledge is helping a person or group of people
to realize the instrumental values in conservation. In overall,
actions of conservation indicate as the behavior of worship
and have religious values. Behavior of worship is aimed at
achieving goals or terminal values such as goodness in this
world and good in the Hereafter. Based on these findings, it
can be concluded that knowledge is the critical success
factors of conservation. However, knowledge cannot be stand
alone as it must be able to establish the values, attitudes and
skills in the field of conservation.
4.2. Knowledge System of Watershed Conservation
Education
Building of conservation knowledge owned by the
An-Nuqayah boarding school is a unique system that is
different from the knowledge system as proposed by Afri
(2007). Uniqueness is found in the knowledge materials on
conservation that is more educational in activities. This
phenomena is very reasonable considering implementing
conservation activities are the educators in the field of
religion and the environment. System consisting of
input-process-output and outcome is shown in Fig. 3. The
residents of boarding school shows community knowledge
systems as a value system. It is rather different with several
research findings that local knowledge disappearing at a rate
that may not allow us even to know what value, if any, such
systems had (Cox, 2000; Brodt, 2001; Pandey, 2002).
4.2.1. Input Knowledge of Conservation Education
Input knowledge of conservation education consists of high
confidence and obedience to God, the knowledge component
obtained from various literature sources and field experience.
The other component is the ability of the material
transformation of proselytizing, understanding the
methodology or process of education and conservation
methods, the ability to give an example, public awareness,
support personnel, availability of land and capital. The
knowledge used by the lodge comes from the holy book of
Qur'an and some books of fiqh. Another source is through
sensory experiences and the results of reading and
contemplation of natural phenomena. The ability and
experience of the people higher up in the environment sector
continued to show high ability in concept and implementation
in the field. The power of believing of boarding school
residents on Lord reward of every good deed, encouraging
citizens to act to preserve and be an example to the wider
community.
4.2.2. Process Knowledge of Conservation Education
Believed by boarding school residents that their knowledge
will not transfer properly if it is not done in a way or method
either. As one of the processes, methods of conservation
education expressed as a very important thing to do. The
method is important as the principle of boarding school
residents which reads: at Tariqaatu ahammu min al-maddah,
al-mudarrisu ahammu min al-tariqah, ruhu wa al-mudarrisi
ahammu min al-mudarris. Meaning: This method is more
important than the material, the teacher is more important
than the method, and the soul of the teacher is more important
than the teachers themselves. Based on this knowledge, it is
believed that the method and the teachers who have a good
soul in a process is a requirement for educational and
conservational works.
feedback
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Belief and obedience to
God, the knowledge, field
experience, competence
transformation of
propaganda materials,
understanding the methods
of education and
conservation, community
support, availability of land,
public awareness, energy
Education (oral,
examples, exercises,
discussion), land
preparation, seeding,
planting, maintenance,
action, harvesting,
organization
Public awareness, The
production of
non-timber wood,
water availability, soil
fertility, increase in
income, microclimate
Hasanah fi ad-Dunya:
OUTCOME
Hasanah fi
ad-Dunya:
Natural
balance
Increased
security,
health,
welfare,
empowerment
,, convenience
worship.
Keyakinan
Hasanah fi
al-Akhirat:
Reward
that flows
continuous
ly
feedback
Fig. 3. Watershed conservation knowledge building on the residents of Boarding school of
An-Nuqayah Guluk Sub-Guluk, Sumenep, East Java.
106
Educational methods are known and applied by the lodge
consists of lectures, exercises, giving examples and
discussion. Lecture conducted on college students and the
general public. This method is performed to improve the
knowledge of students and the community about the
importance of preservation associated with the
commandments of God. Training methods (riyadhah) made
with reference to the book in the classical Islamic education.
Used classics written by Al-Ghazali to infuse personality.
Stages of education consists of stages: taqalluh (coercion),
ta'awudz (habituation), muwadzahah (chase), and dhawam
(continuous). Method of deliberation is applied only to the
general public. The application of this method is done after
the public aware of the importance of conservation.
Deliberation conducted to determine the types of activities,
planning and preparation of action plans. Deliberation done
well in study groups or in small group meetings for
conservation. Residents of boarding school average
positioning itself as a facilitator of discussion. This position is
believed to be a form of solidarity instill trust between
community residents lodge. The presence of the lodge is
considered very important to maintain the belief that the
activity is a serious activity. Instance method implemented
based on the premise that the best educational method is
through an example. Method of convincing examples of
students and society in a given subject matter, whether
delivered in the form of lectures, training or consulting.
Giving examples show better results as seen directly.
Knowledge of soil types associated with soil characteristics.
The type of soil in the study area is referred to as "the land of
unloading" or loose soil easily when exposed to rain. Several
other properties of the soil is called soil rather white and
slippery when wet rain. Based on soil maps of Sumenep
Forestry and Plantation, information had obtained that the
soils formed from sedimentary rocks belonging to the
complex soil Mediterranean of grumusol, regosol and litosol.
This soil type according to boarding school residents is
difficult to absorb rainwater, including absorbing into the
ground. Thus, efforts to save land and water in the watershed
is to plant different types of crops that benefit to the economy,
water and fertilize soil that hold runoff water carrying soil
particle. Some of the boarding schools are still implementing
monoculture conservation with economic and conservation
goals. Type of monocultures planting by residents lodge no
better results when compared with planting using polyculture
system. Planting using polyculture system consists of
different types of timber plants, fruits and food crops or
medicines. Awareness of the public thinking about
conservation methods using conservation watershed
vegetative is shown in Fig. 4.
4.2.3. Output Knowledge of Conservation Education
Knowledge about the boarding school residents output
conservation education activities related to the two main
points, namely the awareness and benefits provided by trees.
Meanwhile, students and public awareness should be created
through a variety of applied educational methods. Awareness
will be the basis for conservation activities which
independently sustainable. Awareness of students can be seen
when they have passed in which they perform their
observation activities in where they live. While awareness in
the community can be seen from their participation in
meetings and actions that produce concrete evidence in the
form of forest trees that grow well. Different types of trees
planted will provide different benefits in accordance with the
characteristics of the tree. Trees will provide certain benefits.
Variations in the types of plants that grow will provide a
variety of benefits.
Some of the boarding school residents have deliberately
planted trees with high variation. Planted tress with a variety
of types of behavior which are usually reserved for high
school activities. High species variation is expected to
provide more knowledge to students and the community.
Region with a high variations of the planted trees is used as a
medium of education. Knowledge of various types of trees is
connected by boarding school residents as significant
economic, social and ecological. The ability of trees to
provide more benefits to the environment and human
well-being referred to as one of nature's balance.
Soil nutrient
Pest
Animal
variations
variations in
types of stands
Rainwater
Variations in the shape
and depth of roots
Ground water in
the soil
Plant growth
Fig. 4. Interactions conservation component using vegetative
system.
Planting trees with various types have advantages over
monoculture. Some of these benefits by residents lodge is the
emergence of various types of animals to control pests or
diseases that would ruin the staple crop. Variations in the type
of plant will also produce waste to improve soil nutrients.
While the roots of different plant species have different
abilities to penetrate the soil. The difference in the ability of
roots to penetrate the soil will help water into go through the
soil in different variations. Increased nutrients and water in
the soil causes plants to grow well. The entry of rain water
into the soil causing water availability can be maintained. The
complexity of plants and animals in the ecosystem is known
by residents to produce more complex ecosystems. The
complexity of the ecosystem will maintain a more balanced
environment. Knowledge of conservation of the type implied
by the knowledge that support watershed conservation. Some
researchers refer to this knowledge as traditional knowledge
(Pandey,
Deep
Narayan,
2010)
107
4.2.4. Knowledge Conservation Education Results
Knowledge of the results of conservation education is divided
into two forms. The first form is the forms that can be seen
and enjoyed as a universal good. Kindness is obtained as a
result of the product (output) conservation. The second form
is the only good that will be obtained in the afterlife. The
second form is a gift or reward for the kindness of God to
keep the earth from damage and perform kindness to provide
more benefits for humans and the environment. Good in the
world that is obtained is safety and environmental health,
empowerment and well-being, as well as the convenience of
worship. Security quieter environment causes people to
worship, protected from environmental threats and even
fights between fellow citizens due to limited natural
resources. Economic welfare through conservation can be
achieved through the method of complex thinking (Kleijn et
al, 2001;. Cavalcanti, 2002). Healthy people are more awake
as much clean water that can be used for household needs.
Water is also a key ingredient for a perfectly conducting
religious activities. Empowering communities grew because
natural resources are processed and used to enhance
prosperity. Happiness world through conservation obtained
as prayers were submitted to God.
Knowledge of the population made by boarding school
residents goodness in the hereafter support sustainable
conservation. Hereafter believed kindness and consideration
are expected to be obtained on a continuous basis even though
people have died. Conservation being the key word for the
balance of nature as they relate to the goodness in the world
and in the Hereafter an ongoing basis. This knowledge
provides a new understanding of the phenomenon of
human-environment interactions are controlled by scientific
thought - religious. Community conservation awareness can
be used as knowledge about the sustainability of development
das (Kates, et al., 2001).
These findings also suggest that knowledge cannot stand
alone. In fact, people have knowledge about the values of
trust that cannot be proven (the Hereafter). This perspective
explains that value-free knowledge. The same knowledge can
produce different values in different people. Research shows
increasing awareness of ethics requires innovative and
policies to maintain ecosystem function. Ethics comes from
God and the growth in the community.
5. Conclusions
Conservation education knowledge of boarding school
residents in East Java, An-Nuqayah has developed well after
the training. The main function of knowledge is to build
awareness and conservation values in personal and
community students. Knowledge is needed to provide more
meaning to the phenomena of the environment. Given
meaning that better education will provide better results.
Knowledge of conservation of boarding school residents
include knowledge about the input, process, output and
outcome. This knowledge forms the system of knowledge
about the typical citizen of watershed conservation in
boarding school residents of An-Nuqayah, Sumenep East
Java that can be disseminated to other places.
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1st International Conference for Multi-governance in Islam, Environmental
Development and Conservation. Johor, Malaysia, Nov. 20-21, 2012
Focal papers
Milieu papers
Akira K., Romaidi, Sukarsono, Nurwidodo, Dwi S, Retno
N.H.D, Nor Eman I, Arieff S.R, Farahwahida M.Y, Sumitoro
S, Perspective of Islamic Thought Application on Integrated
Ecosystem Service Management Symbolized on Water as
Indonesian-Malaysian Approach via Subsidiarity with Environmental Education and Scientific Research
pages 1-11
Luchman H
Tourism as an Islamic Media for Water Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities
pages 56-59
Romaidi, Akira K
Exploring Local Society Perspectives on Water Conservation
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of Malang
pages 12-17
Amin S. L, Bagyo Y, Asmuni H. M, Frank L. A
Local People’s Perceptions Towards Anthropod Diversity
Conservation in East Java
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Akira K., Song X.D, Nor Eman I, Musa M, Narges J, Wahyunui S.M.K, Supiah S, Aznah, Maketab M, Zulkifli Y
Booklet with Easy-to-Use Water Quality Test Kit as a Significant Water Environmental Educational Device
pages 21-31
Sukarsono, Nurwidodo, Sri Wahyuni
Environmental Grace & Problems in Brantas River Watershed
and Its Coastal Area
pages 32-36
Arieff, S.R, Selamat H, Farahwahida M.Y
An Introduction to Quranic Principles on Water Environmental Management
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Zulkifli Y.
Toward Wise Interaction between Environmental Scientist
and Islam
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Arien H, Akira K
Understanding the Watershed: Case Study at Cidanau Watershed
pages 48-49
Nurwidodo
Implementation to Build a Research Proposal through Group
Investigation
pages 50-55
Dwi S, Harianie A. R. L, Suyono
Diversity of Aquatic Biota as Bioindicator
for Water Quality of Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo
pages 60-63
Evika S. S, Sijid M
Role of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to Decrease
Heavy Metal Pollution Levels of Lead (Pb) in the waters of
Reservoir Sengguruh Village Kepanjen District Malang Regency
pages 64-68
Akyunul J, Eny Y, Fasya A. G, Dewi F
Gelatin Production from Milkfish Bone (Chanos-Chanos
Forsk)
pages 69-72
Eny Y, Akyunul J, Uswatun H
Improving the Quality of Waste Water Containing Phosphate
using Moringa Oleifera Lam Seeds
pages 73-79
Musa M, Akira K, Jafariah J, Zaiton A. M, Mohd R. S
Reuse of Agricultural and Sewage Waste in Water Treatment:
An Eco-regional Concept
pages 80-83
Fadil O
A Secret of Water Quality Management as in Islamic Aspect
of Life
pages 84-90
Eko B.M, Kholifah H, Kiptiyah, R
Learning of Bioethics as a Guide for Development of Modern
Biology and Environmental Protection
pages 91-94
Noor Sharipah S.S, Nabilah M.I.,
Water Resource Management in Malaysia and the Practices of
some Development Countries.
pages 95-101
Sukarsono, Moh Amin, Yusuf Abdurrajak, Soemarno, Akira,
K., Knowledge Systems of Watershed Conservation Education; Case Study in a Boarding School Residents of AnNuqayah Sumenep.
pages 102-109

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