Designing with Laminated Glass

Designing with
Laminated Glass
Presented by: Kamal Niazy
Best Practice
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manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any
material or product. Questions related to specific materials,
methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation.
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Learning Objectives
• Learn about the types of interlayers
used in laminated glass
• Identify the added benefits of each
interlayer
• Identify architectural uses for laminated
glass
• Testing and standards
• Compatibility issues
Program topics
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What is laminated glass?
Types of laminated glass interlayers
Interlayer comparison
Architectural uses of laminated glass
Testing and standards related to
laminated glass
• Compatibility of coatings, sealants, and
frits
What is laminated
glass?
Laminated Glass
• Two or more lites of
glass and one or
more interlayers
• Glass retention if
breakage occurs
• Types of laminated
glass
– Polyvinyl butyral (PVB)
– Ionoplast
Typical Laminating Line
Nip rolls
Glass washer
Lay up
Ovens
Unloading area
Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB)
• Polyvinyl butyral interlayer developed over 70 years
ago for automotive windshields
• UV filtration up to 99%
• Noise reduction due to “damping” properties of
interlayer
• Variety of thicknesses and colors
• Meets safety glazing standards
• Many decorative options
PVB Examples
Kimmel Center
Ionoplast Interlayers
• Initially developed for improved performance
in windborne debris regions
• Up to 100x stiffer than PVB, 5x more tear
resistant
• Variety of thicknesses
• Clear and translucent white
• Exposed edge durability
• Enhanced post-glass breakage performance
Ionoplast Laminates
Chemical Heritage
Museum glass
walkway
Cleveland Clinic
Marina Bay Sands
Resort
PVB and Ionoplast
Interlayer Comparison
Interlayer Comparison
Attribute
PVB
Ionoplast
Clarity
Slight yellowish tint
Ultraclear
Color options
Many
Clear or Translucent
White
Edge performance
Good when captured;
may develop edge
blush when exposed
Excellent in open
edge applications
Hurricane impact
resistance
Small and large
missile
Better performance at
higher pressures;
more tear resistant
Post-glass breakage
Glass retention
Better performance
with minimallysupported glazing
Interlayer Comparison
Attribute
PVB
Ionoplast
Sealant compatibility
Can develop bubbles on
glass edge
Not likely to develop
edge effects from
sealants
Security
1.52mm good for low
level blast & intrusion
resistance
.89mm for low level
blast, 1.52mm for
intrusion resistance
Sizes
Maximum width 321cm
in .38mm, .76mm and
1.52mml thicknesses
Sheet: Maximum width
248cm
Roll widths (.89mm:
121cm, 152cm, 182cm)
Strength
Approximately the same
as monolithic at ambient
temperature
More strength & less
deflection in minimallysupported systems
UV Resistance
Yes
Yes
Architectural Uses
for Laminated Glass
Safety Glazing
• Hazardous locations
including doors, glazed
panels, glazing in and
bath enclosures shower
• Laminated glass tested
to Consumer Product
Safety Commission
standard 16CFR 1201
• 542 N/m impact test
Hurricane Impact Resistance
• Resists penetration
from windborne debris
• Used in large and small
missile impact systems
• Protects people and
property
• 24/7 performance
Typical projects
Condominiums, hotels, homes, office
buildings, hospitals, emergency
facilities, schools and universities,
retail, airports, courthouses,
municipal buildings, libraries
Intrusion Resistance
• Resists physical attack
• Deters smash & grab
criminals
• Protects valuable
merchandise
• Maintains transparency
UV Resistance
• Additive in interlayer
blocks up to 99%
harmful UV rays
• Helps to reduce fading
of fabrics and other
interior furnishings
Hospital lobby, Tavares, FL
Toronto shopping mall skylight
High UV option
• When UV is required,
1.52mm ionoplast
interlayers can be
ordered without UV filter
• Especially critical for
plants, some animals,
and insects
Botanical garden skylight in Madrid
Sound reduction
• PVB laminates reduce
sound transmission
over monolithic glass
• Insulating glass units
with laminated glass
provide superior sound
attenuation
Acoustical testing at ATI Laboratories, USA
Structural Glass
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•
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Facades
Skylights
Glass roofs
Stair treads
Glass bridges
Canopies
Railings
Curved laminated glass railing at movie theater in Italy
Interior skylight in Phoenix Courthouse
Glass walkway in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Facades
• Traditional & minimally
supported façade
systems
• Missile impact facades
and storefront systems
High rise building in China
Las Vegas Speedway, Planar/SentryGlas® System
Factory in Japan, Sears Tower in Chicago
Skylights
• IBC requires laminated
glass with a minimum
.76mm PVB interlayer
(or equivalent) to
prevent glass fall out
• Skylights provide
natural light
Railings
• Heat-strengthened and
tempered laminates
• Laminated glass
provides glass retention
after breakage
• Laminated glass
required in windborne
debris areas
New England Aquarium, Boston, Padres Stadium in San Diego,
curved railing in Genoa, Italy
Canopies
• Laminated glass
provides safety from
falling glass
• Translucent, colored,
and decorative
laminated interlayers
and glass, provide
variety of design
choices
Canopy at subway entrance and rail station
Glass Walkways
Grand Canyon Skywalk, Arizona
Stair treads
Laminated glass, stair treads and bridge at
Apple Store, New York
Testing & Standards
Blast
• Shock tube and arena
testing to ASTM F1642
Test Method
• Testing program 41kPa,
282 kPa-msec
USA General Services
Administration (GSA)
Minimize hazard from flying glass shards – hazard/protection rating
Condition
1
2
3a
3b
4
5
Protection
Level
Hazard
Level
Glass does not break
Side view into test chamber
Glass cracks but retained
Look at location of glass fragments
in frame
Very Glass cracks. Fragments
Low land on floor no further
than 3.3 feet.
Low Glass cracks. Fragments
High
land on floor no further
5
1, 2
than 10 feet.
Medium Medium Glass cracks. Fragments
land on floor no further
4
< .5m
3a
3b
than 10 or height no
(2 ft)
greater than 2 feet above
< 1 m (3.3 feet)
floor at witness 10 feet
away.
High Glass cracks and
Low
< 2 m (10 ft)
catastrophic failure
Safe
Very
High
High
None
None
Description of Glazing
Response
Test Results
IGU constructions
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3mm FT | 12mm AS | 3mm AN | 0.89mm ionoplast | 3mm AN
3mm FT | 12mm AS | 3mm8 AN | 0.89mm ionoplast | 3mm AN
3mm FT | 12mm AS | 3mm AN | 0.76mm PVB | 3mm AN
3mm FT | 12mm AS | 3mm AN | 1.52mm PVB | 3mm AN
6mm FT | 12mm AS | 6mm AN | 0.89mm ionoplast | 6mm AN
GSA Rating
2
2
3a
3b
2
Monolithic laminate constructions
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3mm AN | .89mm ionoplast | 3mm
3mm AN | .76mm PVB | 3mm
3mm AN | 1.52mm PVB | 3mm AN
6mm AN | 0.89mm ionoplast | 6mm AN
6mm AN | 0.76mm PVB | 6mm AN
2
3a
2
2
2
Ballistics
• Composite laminates
comprised of multiple
plies of glass and both
PVB and ionoplast
interlayers
• Testing done for most
levels of UL 752 and
NIJ 0108.01
Ballistics Levels
Ammunition
Bullet Mass
(g)
Velocity
(mps)
9mm
8
358-394
.357
Magnum
10.2
381-419
.44 Magnum
15.6
411-441
.30-60
11.7
774-852
7.62mm
Rifle
9.7
838-922
9mm
8
427-469
Caliber Rifle
Underwriters Laboratories UL 752
Courthouses and automotive vehicles
may incorporate ballistics laminates for security
Missile Impact
• Resists penetration
from windborne debris
• Used in large and small
missile impact systems
• Protects people and
property
• No need for plywood or
storm shutters
• Building code compliant
Demonstration of air cannon test for certification of hurricane system
Test Requirements
Missile A
Missile D
Missile E*
> 9.1 meters
< 9.1 meters
< 9.1 meters
4100 g 2 x 4 @
15.25 mps
Followed by 9000
pressure cycles
4100 g 2 x 4 @
24.38 mps
Followed by 9000
pressure cycles
2 gram balls
@ 39.62 mps
Followed by
9000 pressure
cycles
*Missile E applications include hospitals, healthcare facilities,
police stations, fire rescue stations, emergency shelters,
communications centers, jails and detention centers, buildings
critical to the national defense
Psychiatric Facilities
• Office of Mental
Health/State of New
York
• 907 kg impact to the
framed glazing
• No holes or punctures
in the glazing allowed
Impact testing of security windows at test laboratory in the United States
Glass Railing Test Program
Glass floors
• ASTM E2751 Standard
Practice
– Calculation method
• Determine glass
stresses and deflection
• Consider concentrated
live load of at least 136
kg
– Testing
• Before testing, break
one ply of glass
• Evaluate slip resistance
Laminated glass floor in Taiwan beauty salon
Compatibility of
coatings, sealants,
& frits
Sealant Compatibility
• Many sealants compatible with PVB and
ionoplast interlayers
• Sealant compatibility requires testing
and verification
Coating Compatibility
• The following companies manufacture
low-E coatings that are compatible with
ionoplast interlayers:
– Cardinal
– PPG
– Guardian
– AGC
– Viracon
Frit Compatibility
• Paints and frits require testing to verify
compatibility
• Can be placed on the inside of the
laminate if testing demonstrates
acceptable adhesion
Conclusions
• Both PVB and ionoplast laminates break
safely—the glass does not vacate the frame
• Both PVB and ionoplast interlayers glass offer
safety and design versatility
• Laminated glass complies with building code
requirements for safety and impact resistance
• Laminated glass provides impact resistance
to windborne debris in hurricanes and bomb
blasts
Conclusions
• PVB laminates effectively dampen sound
• PVB laminates can be designed for intrusion,
blast, and seismic performance
• Ionoplast interlayers are especially suited for
structural designs, including bolted glass
façade and railings, laminated glass floors,
stair treads, skylights and canopies
• Ionoplast laminates can offer thickness and
weight benefits
Thank you.
Questions?
This concludes the American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Program