References - International Hormone Society

Transcription

The International Hormone Society
www.intlhormonesociety.org
References of Consensus 10 on the Application of hormone
therapies to other medical specialties
Other medical specialities where hormone therapies can be useful:
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General practise, Family medicine,
Cardiology:
Dermatology
Diabetology
Emergency medicine
Gastroenterology
Genetics
Geriatrics
Gynecology & Obestetrics
Infectious diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Otolaryngology
Internal medicine: see Gastroenterology, Diabetology, Oncology, Infectious diseases
Morphology/Aesthetical medicine
Neurology
Obesity management:
Oncology
Opthalmology
Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Pediatrics: see Internal medicine, General practice, Infectious diseases
Plastic surgery: see Morhology medicine, Surgery
Psychiatry
Rheumatology
Sexology/Andrology
Surgery, Anesthesiology
Urology
1. General practise,
Family medicine
Utility of corrective Thyroid hormone therapy:
Lower quality of life and fatigue: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
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P. A 6-month randomized trial of thyroxine treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. Am
J Med. 2002 Apr 1;112(5):348-54
2. Guimaraes V, DeGroot LJ. Moderate hypothyroidism in preparation for whole body 131I scintiscans and
thyroglobulin testing. Thyroid. 1996 Apr;6(2):69-73
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age play a role in clinical presentation of hypothyroidism? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994 Sep;42(9):984-6
5. De Lorenzo F, Xiao H, Mukherjee M, Harcup J, Suleiman S, Kadziola Z, Kakkar VV. Chronic fatigue
syndrome: physical and cardiovascular deconditioning. QJM. 1998 Jul;91(7):475-81
Lower quality of life and fatigue: the improvement with thyroid treatment
6. Dzurec LC. Experiences of fatigue and depression before and after low-dose L-thyroxine
supplementation in essentially euthyroid individuals. Res Nurs Health. 1997 Oct;20(5):389-98
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8. Hertoghe T, Lo Cascio A., Hertoghe J. Considerable improvement of hypothyroid symptoms with two
combined T3-T4 medication in patients still symptomatic with thyroxine treatment alone. Anti-Aging
Medicine, Ed. German Society of Anti-Aging Medicine-Verlag 2003- 2004; 32-43
9. Hashizume K. Supplement with target hormone in aged patients with endocrine dysfunction: thyroid
hormone replacement therapy. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2000 Nov;37(11):870-2.
10. Surkov SI, Naarov AN, Kotova GA, Artemova AM. The efficacy of replacement therapy with L-thyroxine
in manifest and latent forms of hypothyroidism. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1990 Sep-Oct;36(5):14-8.
Sleep disorders: the improvement with thyroid treatment
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Ruiz-Primo E, Jurado JL, Solis H, Maisterrena JA, Fernandez-Guardiola A, Valverde C.
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Studer DW. Clinical symptoms of estrogen deficiency in Estrogen Deficiency: causes &
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Lower quality of life and fatigue: the improvement with estrogen treatment
32.
Czarnecka D, Klocek M, Betkowska-Korpala B, Jankowski P, Olszanecka A, Kawecka-Jaszcz K.
Influence of hormone replacement therapy on the quality of life in postmenopausal women with
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Burger HG, Hailes J, Menelaus M, Nelson J, Hudson B, Balazs N. The management of persistent
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Nathorst-Boos J, Wiklund I, Mattsson LA, Sandin K, von Schoultz B. Is sexual life influenced by
transdermal estrogen therapy? A double blind placebo controlled study in postmenopausal women.
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Wendlova J. Effect of Kliogest on bone metabolism, bone mineral density and quality of life in
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Gorins A, Espie M, Bedairia N, Perret F, Tournant B, Novak H, Lucchi-Angelier E, Marty M. Hormone
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Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B, Monteleone P, Benussi C, Bevilacqua G, Genazzani AR.
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Derman RJ, Dawood MY, Stone S. Quality of life during sequential hormone replacement therapy – a
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Collins A, Hanson U, Eneroth P, Hagenfeldt K, Lundberg U, Frankenhaeuser M. Psychophysiological
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Ulrich LG, Barlow DH, Sturdee DW, Wells M, Campbell MJ, Nielsen B, Bragg AJ, Vessey MP. Quality
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Hilditch JR, Lewis J, Ross AH, Peter A, van Maris B, Franssen E, Charles J, Norton P, Dunn EV.A
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Hemelaar M, van der Mooren MJ, Mijatovic V, Bouman AA, Schijf CP, Kroeks MV, Franke HR,
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Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Malone SC, Parliament MB, Scott CG, Venner PM, Quinney HA,
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Lubeck DP, Grossfeld GD, Carroll PR. The effect of androgen deprivation therapy on health-related
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Herr HW, O'Sullivan M. Quality of life of asymptomatic men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer on
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patients with ventricular arrhythmias; moreover, sensitivity to antiarrhythmic agents developed to
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Utility of corrective Progesterone therapy:
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31.
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Wright DW, Kellermann AL, Hertzberg VS, Clark PL, Frankel M, Goldstein FC, Salomone JP, Dent
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34.
Djebaili M, Guo Q, Pettus EH, Hoffman SW, Stein DG. The neurosteroids progesterone and
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J Neurotrauma. 2005 Jan;22(1):106-18. Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research
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35.
Chavez-Delgado ME, Mora-Galindo J, Gomez-Pinedo U, Feria-Velasco A, Castro-Castaneda S,
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Res B Appl Biomater. 2003 Nov 15;67(2):702-11 Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital
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Endocrinol. 1994 May;130(5):508-14. Department of Surgery L, Amtssygehuset, University Hospital
of Aarhus, Denmark.
Kissmeyer-Nielsen P, Christensen H, Laurberg S. Trophic effects of biosynthetic growth hormone on
normal and defunctioned left colon in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995 Mar;30(3):246-51. Dept. of
Surgery L, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Tei TM, Kissmeyer-Nielsen P, Flyvbjerg A, Christensen H.Growth hormone is a stimulating but not an
essential factor in healing of colon. A study in GH-deficient dwarf rats. Scand J Surg. 2006;95(3):20510. Department of Surgery L, University Hospital of Aarhus, Medical Research Lab M.,
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Aarhus, Denmark. [email protected]
Christensen H, JÃ¸rgensen PH, Oxlund H, Laurberg S. Growth hormone increases the mass, the
collagenous proteins, and the strength of rat colon. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990 Nov;25(11):113743. Dept. of Connective Tissue Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Christensen H, Andreassen TT, Oxlund H. Increased mechanical strength of left colon in old rats
treated with growth hormone. Gerontology. 1992;38(5):245-51. Department of Connective Tissue
Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Zhang SY, Shi L, Chi Q. Effects of fibrin glue and growth hormone on the healing of colon
anastomoses in the condition of immediate postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Zhonghua
Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Sep;9(5):452-4. Department of General Surgery, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, Haerbin Medical University, Haerbin 150086, China.
Ding HG, Shan J, Zhang B, Ma HB, Zhou L, Jin R, Tan YF, He LX. Combined human growth
hormone and lactulose for prevention and treatment of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with
severe chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 May 21;11(19):2981-3. Department of
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences,
Beijing 100054, China. [email protected]
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47.
7. Genetics
Thyroid-related gene polymorphisms
Poor gene polymorphisms: poor thyroid gene polymorphisms may increase the risk of age-related
diseases, and thyoid dysfunction may increase the risk of phenotypic expression of other unfavourable gene
polymorphisms
1.
Hustad S, Nedrebo BG, Ueland PM, Schneede J, Vollset SE, Ulvik A, Lien EA. Phenotypic
expression of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C-->T polymorphism and flavin cofactor
availability in thyroid dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):1050-7
2.
Silva JM, Dominguez G, Gonzalez-Sancho JM, Garcia JM, Silva J, Garcia-Andrade C, Navarro A,
Munoz A, Bonilla F. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor/erbA genes is altered in human breast
cancer. Oncogene. 2002 Jun 20;21(27):4307-16
Estrogen-related gene polymorphisms
Poor gene polymorphisms: Poor estrogens and progesterone gene polymorphisms may increase the
risk of age-related diseases
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Ferrero V, Ribichini F, Matullo G, Guarrera S, Carturan S, Vado A, Vassanelli C, Piazza A, Uslenghi
E, Wijns W. Estrogen receptor-alpha polymorphisms and angiographic outcome after coronary artery
stenting. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Dec;23(12):2223-8
Kristiansen OP, Nolsoe RL, Larsen L, Gjesing AM, Johannesen J, Larsen ZM, Lykkesfeldt AE,
Karlsen AE, Pociot F, Mandrup-Poulsen T; DIEGG; DSGD. Association of a functional 17betaestradiol sensitive IL6-174G/C promoter polymorphism with early-onset type 1 diabetes in females.
Hum Mol Genet. 2003 May 15;12(10):1101-10
Somner J, McLellan S, Cheung J, Mak YT, Frost ML, Knapp KM, Wierzbicki AS, Wheeler M,
Fogelman I, Ralston SH, Hampson GN. Polymorphisms in the P450 c17 (17-hydroxylase/17,20Lyase) and P450 c19 (aromatase) genes: association with serum sex steroid concentrations and
bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jan;89(1):344-51
Brodowska A. The influence of hormonal replacement therapy on bone density in postmenopausal
women depending on polymorphism of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and estrogen receptor (ER) genes.
Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2003;49:111-30
Scariano JK, Simplicio SG, Montoya GD, Garry PJ, Baumgartner RN. Estrogen receptor beta
dinucleotide (CA) repeat polymorphism is significantly associated with bone mineral density in
postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004 Jun;74(6):501-8
Greb RR, Grieshaber K, Gromoll J, Sonntag B, Nieschlag E, Kiesel L, Simoni M. A common Single
Nucleotide Polymorphism in Exon 10 of the Human Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor is a Major
Determinant of Length and Hormonal Dynamics of the Menstrual Cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2005 May 10:10.1210/jc.2004-2268
Chacko P, Rajan B, Mathew BS, Joseph T, Pillai MR. CYP17 and SULT1A1 gene polymorphisms in
Indian breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2004;11(4):380-8
Taioli E, Bradlow HL, Garbers SV, Sepkovic DW, Osborne MP, Trachman J, Ganguly S, Garte SJ.
Role of estradiol metabolism and CYP1A1 polymorphisms in breast cancer risk. Cancer Detect Prev.
1999;23(3):232-7
Duguay Y, µgrath M, Lepine J, Gagne JF, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Plante M, Tetu B,
Belanger A, Guillemette C, De Vivo I. The functional UGT1A1 promoter polymorphism decreases
endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2004 Feb 1;64(3):1202-7
Gennari L, Masi L, Merlotti D, Picariello L, Falchetti A, Tanini A, Mavilia C, Del Monte F, Gonnelli S,
Lucani B, Gennari C, Brandi ML. A polymorphic CYP19 TTTA repeat influences aromatase activity
and estrogen levels in elderly men: effects on bone metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004
Jun;89(6):2803-10
Ongphiphadhanakul B, Rajatanavin R, Chanprasertyothin S, Piaseu N, Chailurkit L. Serum oestradiol
and oestrogen-receptor gene polymorphism are associated with bone mineral density independently
of serum testosterone in normal males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Dec;49(6):803-9
Glucocorticoid-related gene polymorphisms
14.
Poor gene polymorphisms: Poor glucocorticoid gene polymorphisms may increase the risk of agerelated diseases
van Rossum EF, Lamberts SW. Polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and their
associations with metabolic parameters and body composition. Recent Prog Horm Res.
2004;59:333-57
229. Di Blasio AM, van Rossum EF, Maestrini S, Berselli ME, Tagliaferri M, Podesta F, Koper JW,
Liuzzi A, Lamberts SW. The relation between two polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene
and body mass index, blood pressure and cholesterol in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003
Jul;59(1):68-74
Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. Hypothalamic origin of the metabolic syndrome X. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999
Nov 18;892:297-307
15.
16.
17.
DHEA-related gene polymorphisms
18.
Poor gene polymorphisms: a poor gene polymporphism may be associated with lower DHEA levels
Zietz B, Watzlawek E, Palitzsch KD, Scholmerich J, Schaffler A. GG-genotype in the promotor region
of uncoupling-protein-1 gene is associated with lower level of dehydroepiandrosterone in type 2
diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001;109(2):102-6
19.
Growth hormone-related gene polymorphisms and -teleomerase activity
20.
Poor gene polymorphism: Poor GH gene polymorphisms may increase the risk of age-related
diseases
23. Dennison EM, Syddall HE, Rodriguez S, Voropanov A, Day IN, Cooper C; Southampton Genetic
Epidemiology Research Group.Polymorphism in the growth hormone gene, weight in infancy, and
adult bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Oct;89(10):4898-903
21.
22.
25.
Progressive telomere shortening: GHRH may stimulate telomerase
Kiaris H, Schally AV. Decrease in telomerase activity in U-87MG human glioblastomas after
treatment with an antagonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1999 Jan 5;96(1):226-31
8. Geriatrics
Longevity: the association with thyroid hormone
1.
Cerillo AG, Bevilacqua S, Storti S, Mariani M, Kallushi E, Ripoli A, Clerico A, Glauber M. Free
triiodothyronine: a novel predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003
Oct;24(4):487-92
2.
3.
4.
Iervasi G, G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L'Abbate A, Donato L. Low T3
syndrome: a strong predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation. 2003;107(5):708-13
Kozdag G, Ural D, Vural A, Agacdiken A, Kahraman G, Sahin T, Ural E, Komsuoglu B. Relation
between free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio, echocardiographic parameters and mortality in
dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005 Jan;7(1):113-8
Pingitore A, Landi P, Taddei MC, Ripoli A, L'Abbate A, Iervasi G. Triiodothyronine levels for risk
stratification of patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med. 2005 Feb;118(2):132-6
Longevity: the association with higher progesterone levels
5.
Mohr PE, Wang DY, Gregory WM, Richards MA, Fentiman IS. Serum progesterone and prognosis in
operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996 Jun;73(12):1552-5
Longevity: the improvement with estrogen treatment
6.
Petitti DB, Perlman JA, Sidney S. Noncontraceptive estrogens and mortality: long-term follow-up of
women in the Walnut Creek Study. Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Sep;70(3 Pt 1):289-93
7.
Natrajan PK, Soumakis K, Gambrell RD Jr. Estrogen replacement therapy in women with previous
breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(2):288-95
8.
DiSaia PJ, Brewster WR, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H. Breast cancer survival and hormone
replacement therapy: a cohort analysis. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000 Dec;23(6):541-5
9.
Jernstrom H, Frenander J, Ferno M, Olsson H. Hormone replacement therapy before breast cancer
diagnosis sign. reduces the overall death rate compared with never-use among 984 breast cancer
patients. Br J Cancer. 1999;80(9):1453-8
Longevity in men: the association with testosterone levels
10.
Suzuki M. Centenarians in Japan. Nakayamshoten Tokyo (Japan), 1995: 64-78
11.
Haapiainen R, Rannikko S, Alfthan O, Adlercreutz H. Pretreatment plasma levels of testosterone and
sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity in relation to clinical staging and survival in prostatic
cancer patients. Prostate. 1988;12(4):325-32
Longevity in men: improvement of survival with testosterone treatment
12.
Morales A, Connolly JG, Bruce AW. Androgen therapy in advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Can
Med Assoc J. 1971;105(1):71-2
13.
Prout GR Jr, Brewer WR. Response of men with advanced prostatic carcinoma to exogenous
administration of testosterone. Cancer. 1967 Nov;20(11):1871-8
Utility of corrective Testosterone therapy in women:
Longevity in women: the association with lower testosterone levels
14.
Suzuki M. Centenarians in Japan. Nakayamshoten Tokyo (Japan). 1995: 64-78
Longevity: the association with cortisol levels
15.
Soni A, Pepper GM, Wyrwinski PM, Ramirez NE, Simon R, Pina T, Gruenspan H, Vaca CE. Adrenal
insufficiency occurring during septic shock: incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral
cytokine levels. Am J Med. 1995 Mar;98(3):266-71
16.
Moran JL, Chapman MJ, O'Fathartaigh MS, Peisach AR, Pannall PR, Leppard P. Hypocortisolaemia
and adrenocortical responsiveness at onset of septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 1994
Aug;20(7):489-95
Longevity: the improvement with cortisol or other glucocorticoid treatments
17.
Imperiale TF, McCullough AJ. Do corticosteroids reduce mortality from alcoholic hepatitis? A metaanalysis of the randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Aug 15;113(4):299-307
18.
Gagnon S, Boota AM, Fischl MA, Baier H, Kirksey OW, La Voie L. Corticosteroids as adjunctive
therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 22;323(21):1444-50
Longevity: the association with DHEA levels
19.
Mazat L, Lafont S, Berr C, Debuire B, Tessier JF, Dartigues JF, Baulieu EE. Prospective
measurements of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in a cohort of elderly subjects: relationship to
gender, subjective health, smoking habits, and 10-year mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2001;98(14):8145-50
20.
Feldman HA, Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Mohr BA, Longcope C, McKinlay JB. Low
dehydroepiandrosterone and ischemic heart disease in middle-aged men: prospective results from
the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Jan 1;153(1):79-89
Longevity: the association with GH and/or IGF-1 levels
21.
22.
23.
Rosen T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet. 1990
Aug 4;336(8710):285-8
Besson A, Salemi S, Gallati S, Jenal A, Horn R, Mullis PS, Mullis PE.. Reduced longevity in untreated patients
with isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3664-7
Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ , Clayton RN. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3):1169-72
Longevity: the improvement with GH treatment
24.
25.
26.
Khansari DN, Gustad T. Effects of long-term, low-dose growth hormone therapy on immune function and life
expectancy of mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1991 Jan;57(1):87-100
Sonntag WE, Carter CS, Ikeno Y, Ekenstedt K, Carlson CS, Loeser RF, Chakrabarty S, Lee S, Bennett C,
Ingram R, Moore T, Ramsey M. Adult-onset growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I deficiency reduces
neoplastic disease, modifies age-related pathology, and increases life span. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):292032
Bengtsson BA, Koppeschaar HP, Abs R, Bennmarker H, Hernberg-Stahl E, Westberg B, Wilton P, Monson JP,
Feldt-Rasmussen U, Wuster C. Growth hormone replacement therapy is not associated with any increase in
mortality. KIMS Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(11):4291-2
Longevity: persistence of a circadian rhythm of melatonin in longevious persons
27.
Cugini P, Touitou Y, Bogdan A, Auzeby A, Pellegrino AM, Fontana S, Vacca K, Siena GD, Di Rosa
R, Zannella FP, Zannella P, Zannella A, Sepe FA, Sepe L. Is melatonin circadian rhythm a
physiological feature associated with healthy longevity? A study of long-living subjects and their
progeny. Chronobiol Int. 2001 Jan;18(1):99-107
Longevity: the improvement with melatonin treatment
28.
Pierpaoli W, Regelson W. Pineal control of aging: effect of melatonin and pineal grafting on aging
mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994 Jan 18;91(2):787-91
29.
Gitto E, Karbownik M, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Cuzzocrea S, Chiurazzi P, Cordaro S, Corona G, Trimarchi
G, Barberi I. Effects of melatonin treatment in septic newborns. Pediatr Res. 2001 Dec;50(6):756-60
30.
Barni S, Lissoni P, Cazzaniga M, Ardizzoia A, Meregalli S, Fossati V, Fumagalli L, Brivio F, Tancini
G. A randomized study of low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus melatonin versus supportive
care alone in metastatic colorectal cancer patients progressing under 5-fluorouracil and folates.
Oncology. 1995 May-Jun;52(3):243-5
9. Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Infertility: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
1.
Finucane JF, Griffiths RS, Black EG. Altered patterns of thyroid hormones in serum and urine in
pregnancy and during oral contraceptive therapy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1976 Sep;83(9):733-7.
2.
Bispink L, Brandle W, Lindner C, Bettendorf G. Preclinical hypothyroidism and disorders of ovarian
function. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1989 Oct;49(10):881-8
3.
Fink HJ, Hintze G. Current thyroid diagnostics and therapy in disorders of fertility and in pregnancy.
Med Klin (Munich). 2006 Aug 15;101(8):645-52 Medizinische Klinik, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus
des UniversitÃ¤tsklinikums Schleswig-Holstein, Campus LÃ¼beck. [email protected]
4.
Infertility: the improvement with thyroid hormone therapy
2.
3.
Raber W, Nowotny P, Vytiska-Binstorfer E, Vierhapper H. Thyroxine treatment modified in infertile
women according to thyroxine-releasing hormone testing: 5 year follow-up of 283 women referred
after exclusion of absolute causes of infertility. Hum Reprod. 2003 Apr;18(4):707-14. Department of
Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
[email protected] (Never achieving basal TSH <2.5 IU/l or TRH-stimulated TSH <20 mIU/l with
T4 therapyresulted in lower conception rates (P < 0.05).
4.
Chopra IJ, Baber K. Treatment of primary hypothyroidism during pregnancy: is there an increase in
thyroxine dose requirement in pregnancy? Metabolism. 2003 Jan;52(1):122-8. Division of
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7073, USA.
5.
Kaplan MM. Management of thyroxine therapy during pregnancy. Endocr Pract. 1996 JulAug;2(4):281-6. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, William, Beaumont Hospital,
Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
6.
Kaplan MM. Monitoring thyroxine treatment during pregnancy. Thyroid. 1992 Summer;2(2):147-52.
Farmbrook Medical Two, Southfield, Michigan.
7.
Tamaki H, Amino N, Takeoka K, Mitsuda N, Miyai K, Tanizawa O.T hyroxine requirement during
pregnancy for replacement therapy of hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Aug;76(2):230-3.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
8.
Pekonen F, Teramo K, Ikonen E, Osterlund K, MÃ¤kinen T, Lamberg BA. Women on thyroid
hormone therapy: pregnancy course, fetal outcome, and amniotic fluid thyroid hormone level. Obstet
Gynecol. 1984 May;63(5):635-8
9.
Aono T, Shioji T, Miyai K, Onishi T, Kurachi K. Effect of triiodothyronine treatment on prolactin
secretion in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977 Jan;44(1):8-14.
10.
Matsuura K, Mizumoto J, Matsui K, Maeyama M. Pregnancy following combined therapy with thyroid
hormone and bromocriptine in a patient with amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to primary
hypothyroidism. Int J Fertil. 1982;27(3):181-3
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Ylöstalo P, Kujala P, Kontula K. Amenorrhea with low normal thyroid function and thyroxine
treatment. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1980;18(3):176-80.
12.
Aono T, Shioji T, Onishi T, Kurachi H, Miyai K. Pregnancy following thyroid hormone treatment in a
patient with amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism. Fertil Steril. 1977
Aug;28(8):878-80
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Keye WR, Yuen BH, Knopf RF, Jaffe RB. Amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and pituitary enlargement
Obstet Gynecol. 1976 Dec;48(6):697-702.secondary to primary hypothyroidism. Successful treatment
with thyroid replacement.
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Chan AW, MacFarlane IA, Foy PM, Miles JB. Pituitary enlargement and hyperprolactinaemia due to
primary hypothyroidism: errors and delays in diagnosis. Br J Neurosurg. 1990;4(2):107-12.
Department of Endocrinology, Walton Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Maruo T, Katayama K, Barnea ER, Mochizuki M. A role for thyroid hormone in the induction of
ovulation and corpus luteum function. Horm Res. 1992;37 Suppl 1:12-8. Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan (Serum levels of total
3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and total thyroxine (T4) as well as free T3 and T4 were significantly lower
in patients with weight loss amenorrhea compared to normal cycling women. Although no ovulation
was induced by clomiphene therapy when the serum T3 levels were less than 80 ng/dl, the rate of
ovulation induced by clomiphene increased in parallel with the augmentation of serum T3 levels)
Menstruation disturbances: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels and their improvement
with thyroid therapy
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Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Kaltsas T, Papadopoulou P, Paunkovic J, Paunkovic N, Duntas LH.
Disturbances of menstruation in hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 May;50(5):655-9.
Department of Endocrinology, Panagia Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. [email protected]
Blum M, Blum G. The possible relationship between menorrhagia and occult hypothyroidism in IUDwearing women. Adv Contracept. 1992 Dec;8(4):313-7. Family Planning Clinic, Mishmar Hayarden,
Kupat Holim, Dan District, Ghivataym, Israel.
Wilansky DL, Greisman B. Early hypothyroidism in patients with menorrhagia. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1989 Mar;160(3):673-7. Department of Medicine, Etobicoke General Hospital, Rexdale, Ontario,
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Treatments with oral estrogens reduce serum free thyroid hormones, in particular serum free T3, and
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Rudorff KH, Herrmann J, Dieterich T, Kruskemper HL. Effect of estrogen upon thyroid metabolism.
Med Klin. 1978 Aug 4;73(31):1109-13
Estrogen, progesterone and psychic well-being
Quality of life and fatigue: the association with lower estrogen levels
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Freedman MA. Quality of life and menopause: the role of estrogen. J Womens Health (Larchmt).
2002 Oct;11(8):703-18
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Carette S, Dessureault M, Belanger A. Fibromyalgia and sex hormones. J Rheumatol. 1992
May;19(5):831
Lower quality of life and fatigue: the improvement with estrogen treatment
23.
Czarnecka D, Klocek M, Betkowska-Korpala B, Jankowski P, Olszanecka A, Kawecka-Jaszcz K.
Influence of hormone replacement therapy on the quality of life in postmenopausal women with
hypertension. Przegl Lek. 2000;57(7-8):397-401
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Burger HG, Hailes J, Menelaus M, Nelson J, Hudson B, Balazs N. The management of persistent
menopausal symptoms with oestradiol-testosterone implants: clinical, lipid and hormonal results.
Maturitas. 1984 Dec;6(4):351-8
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Nathorst-Boos J, Wiklund I, Mattsson LA, Sandin K, von Schoultz B. Is sexual life influenced by
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postmenopausal patients. Vnitr Lek 1998 Aug;44(8):464-8
Gorins A, Espie M, Bedairia N, Perret F, Tournant B, Novak H, Lucchi-Angelier E, Marty M. Hormone
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of life in early postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2003 Feb 25;44(2):157-63
Derman RJ, Dawood MY, Stone S. Quality of life during sequential hormone replacement therapy – a
placebo-controlled study. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995 Mar-Apr;40(2):73-8
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Ulrich LG, Barlow DH, Sturdee DW, Wells M, Campbell MJ, Nielsen B, Bragg AJ, Vessey MP. Quality
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Gelfand MM, Moreau M, Ayotte NJ, Hilditch JR, Wong BA, Lau CY. Clinical assessment and quality
of life of postmenopausal women treated with a,new intermittent progestogen combination hormone
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Barrett-Connor E, Young R, Notelovitz M, Sullivan J, Wiita B, Yang HM, Nolan J. A two-year, doubleblind comparison of estrogen-androgen and conjugated estrogens in surgically menopausal women.
Bech P, Munk-Jensen N, Obel EB, Ulrich LG, Eiken P, Nielsen SP. Combined versus sequential
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Karlberg J, Mattsson LA, Wiklund I. A quality of life perspective on who benefits from estradiol
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Limouzin-Lamothe MA, Mairon N, Joyce CR, Le Gal M. Quality of life after the menopause: influence
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Iversen OE, Eid AB, Johannesen KH, Nyland B, Lovset T. Transdermal estrogen treatment. A
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Wiklund I, Karlberg J, Mattsson LA. Quality of life of postmenopausal women on a regimen of
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GH LEVELS: Studies where positive associations between higher serum GH and/or IGF-1 levels and
an increased risk of prostate or breast cancer
Studies where a higher serum IGF-1 and/or high IGF-I to IGFBP-3 molar ratio was found associated
with an increased risk of prostate cancer (critics: the increased IGF-1 may be due to local production of
IGF-1 by the tumour and may thus be a marker, and not a cause of cancer, or a bias due to nutritional fators
- see further)
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diagnosis of prostate cancer. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002 Jan;33(1):137
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and IGF binding protein-3 to risk of prostate cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2003
Oct;14(8):721-6
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Fears TR, Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Fraumeni JF Jr, Hsing AW. Insulin-like growth factors and
prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2001 May;10(5):421-7
110. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Blackman MR, Landis PK, Carter HB. Baltimore Longitudinal Study on
Aging. Serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-BP-3, and PSA as predictors of clinical prostate cancer. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Nov;85(11):4258-65
Studies where a higher serum GH was found associated with an increased risk of breast cancer
(critic: based on the measurement of the daytime serum GH level, which is not representative of GH
24-hour secretion)
111. Emerman JT, Leahy M, Gout PW, Bruchovsky N. Elevated growth hormone levels in sera from
breast cancer patients. Horm Metab Res. 1985 Aug;17(8):421-4
Studies where a higher serum IGF-1 or IGF-1/IGF-BP-3 ratio is found associated with an increased
risk of breast cancer, in particular in women with ≥ 19 CA repeats in IGF-1 gene
112. Yu H, Li BD, Smith M, Shi R, Berkel HJ, Kato I.. Polymorphic CA repeats in the IGF-I gene and
breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001 Nov;70(2):117-22
113.
Vadgama JV, Wu Y, Datta G, Khan H, Chillar R. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and serum IGFbinding protein 3 can be associated with the progression of breast cancer, and predict the risk of
recurrence and the probability of survival in African-American and Hispanic women. Oncology. 1999
Nov;57(4):330-40 (up to 7x greater breast cancer incidence in women in the highest quintile of serum
IGF-1: serum IGFBP-3 ratio compared to women in the lowest quintile)
A study where a higher serum IGF-1 / IGF-BP-3 was found associated with an increased colon cancer
risk (the colon cancer risk was 4 times increased only for subjects in the upper tertile of IGF-1 and lower
tertile of IGF-BP-3; for other tertiles or a combination of tertiles there was: no significant association)
114. Ma J, Pollak MN, Giovannucci E, Chan JM, Tao Y, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. Prospecftive study
of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of IGF-1 and IGF-BP-3. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;
91: 620-5
In acromegaly, the incidence of and/or mortality from digestive cancer is increased
115. Ron E, Gridley G, Hrubec Z, Page W, Arora S, Fraumeni JF Jr. Acromegaly and gastrointestinal
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Aug;83(8):2730-4 (but decreased overall incidence of cancer in acromegaly, and no increased
overall cancer mortality)
Critics: in acromegaly the GH production is 10 to 100 times the normal production, 10 to 300 times
the daily doses used in GH therapy. The pituitary GH-secreting tumor in the sella turcica crushes down the
production of other pituitary hormones such as ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, creating a polyhormonal deficit:
hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, hypocorticism, .., endocrine conditions that increase the risk of glucose
intolerance and diabetes These conditions are not found in corrective GH treatment of GH deficiency.
117. van den Berg G, Frolich M, Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F. Growth hormone secretion in recently
operated acromegalic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Dec;79(6):1706-15 (“Patients with
active acromegaly …secretion rate per 24 h was 25 x greater in female acromegalics & 100 x greater
in male acromegalics than that in the controls”)
118.
119.
120.
Lamberton RP, Jackson IM. Investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1983 Nov;12(3):509-34 (“In patients with large macroadenomas pituitary hormone deficiencies are
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Snyder PJ, Bigdeli H, Gardner DF, Mihailovic V, Rudenstein RS, Sterling FH, Utiger RD. Gonadal
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Possible bias in the studies with increased prostate and breast cancer risk:
Bias 1: The diagnosis of cancer may be more rapidly made in patients with high IGF-1 because they
may undergo more intensive scrutiny: As raised IGF-1 may cause tissue hyperplasia, including increase
in size of prostate and breast tissue, the existence of these bigger tissues and possibly of the symptoms they
may cause, may lead to more intensive scrutiny, from increased rate of PSA, CEA or C1.25 measurements,
to ultrasound and RX examinations, prostate or breast biopsies, and thus an increased rate of detection of
very slow, asymptomatic prostate or breast cancers that would have remained undiagnosed or diagnosed
much later in patients with low IGF-1. Such higher rate of cancer detection may be particularly the case for
prostate cancer, where the number of detected prostate cancer cases is very low compared to the total
number of cases found at autotopsy, and premenopausal breast cancer patients who were diagnosed within
the 2 years after the first blood sample.
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GH and IGF-1 treament of primates can increase breast hyperplasia, not specifically breast cancer
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mean value for the group of 84 shows high correlation between the two IGF-Is (r=0.922; p<0.0001)
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Gjerde S, Flaatten H, Svanes K.Use of growth hormone during catabolic state in a patient in
postoperative intensive care. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1995 Oct 10;115(24):3028-30. Anestesi- og
Intensivavdeling, Haukeland Sykehus, Bergen (Postoperative growth hormone therapy reversed
catabolism in a 45-yr man with severe complications after surgery)
32.
Christensen H, Oxlund H. Growth hormone increases the collagen deposition rate and breaking
strength of left colonic anastomoses in rats. Surgery. 1994;116(3):550-6. Department of Connective
Tissue Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark (GH increases the breaking strength of colonic
anastomoses through a stimulation of the collagen deposition rate of the anastomotic segment in left
colonic anastomoses in rats)
33.
Zhang X, Li J, Li N. Growth hormone improves graft mucosal structure and recipient protein
metabolismin rat small bowel transplantation. Chin Med J (Engl). 2002 May;115(5):732-5. Institute of
General Surgery, Nanjing , China
34.
Gimeno MJ, Garcia-Esteo F, Garcia-Honduvilla N, San Roman J, Bellon JM, Bujan J. A novel
controlled drug-delivery system for growth hormone applied to healing skin wounds in diabetic rats. J
Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2003;14(8):821-35. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid
(Growth hormone improves skin healing after incision
35.
36.
Kissmeyer-Nielsen P, Christensen H, Laurberg S. Trophic effects of biosynthetic growth hormone on
normal and defunctioned left colon in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995 Mar;30(3):246-51. Dept. of
Surgery L, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark.
Zhang SY, Shi L, Chi Q. Effects of fibrin glue and growth hormone on the healing of colon
anastomoses in the condition of immediate postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Zhonghua
Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Sep;9(5):452-4. Department of General Surgery, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, Haerbin Medical University, Haerbin 150086, China.
37.
Postoperative recovery: the improvement with melatonin therapy
38.
Gurlek A, Aydogan H, Parlakpinar H, Bay-Karabulut A, Celik M, Sezgin N, Acet A. Protective effect of
melatonin on random pattern skin flap necrosis in pinealectomized rat. J Pineal Res. 2004
Jan;36(1):58-63. Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Medical Faculty, Inonu University,
Malatya, Turkey. [email protected]
39.
Soybir G, Topuzlu C, Odabas O, Dolay K, Bilir A, Koksoy F. The effects of melatonin on
angiogenesis and wound healing. Surg Today. 2003;33(12):896-901 Department of Surgery, Haseki
Educational and Research State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
24. Urology
Utility of corrective Thyroid hormone therapy
Dry skin and other skin disturbances: the improvement with thyroid hormone therapy
1.
Adeniyi KO, Ogunkeye OO, Senok SS, Udoh FV. Influence of the thyroid state on the intrinsic
contractile properties of the bladder muscle. Acta Physiol Hung. 1994;82(1):69-74. Department of
Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria. (Chronic administration
of thyroxine for 15 days caused stimulation of acetylcholine and potassium chloride-induced
contractile responses of the rat urinary bladder strip. Thyroidectomy caused inhibition of
acetylcholine and potassium chloride-induced contractile responses of the rat urinary bladder strip.)
2.
Hess ME, Barasha B, Winters S, Levin RM. Effect of thyroxine on urinary bladder autonomic receptor
densities and contractility. Pharmacology. 1993 May;46(5):248-53. Department of Pharmacology,
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6084. (thyroxine pretreatment
enhances the relaxation of urinary bladder strips produced by isoproterenol)
Utility of corrective Estrogen therapy:
Urological problems: the association with low levels of estrogens and/or estrogen receptors
3.
Xie Z, Shi H, Zhou C, Dong M, Hong L, Jin H. Alterations of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta in the
anterior vaginal wall of women with urinary incontinence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007
Feb 5; [Epub ahead of print] Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, 2 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, PR China.
4.
Li YZ, Yang X, Wu SL, Shang M, Wu Q, Liao QP. Effect of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on
bladder function and structure in rats. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Dec;41(12):826-9.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.
5.
Terado M, Nomura M, Mineta K, Nishii H, Fujimoto N, Sasaguri T, Sasaguri Y, Matsumoto T.
Involvement of estrogen in the pathogenesis of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. Endocrine.
2005 Feb;26(1):55-63. Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and
6.
7.
Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan (worse cystitis in ovariectomized rats, improved
by estrogen therapy)
Imamov O, Yakimchuk K, Morani A, Schwend T, Wada-Hiraike O, Razumov S, Warner M,
Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor beta-deficient female mice develop a bladder phenotype
resembling human interstitial cystitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 5;104(23):9806-9.
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, SE-141 86 Stockholm,
Sweden.
Urinary tract infections and other urological problems: the improvement with estrogen therapy
8.
Pinggera GM, Feuchtner G, Frauscher F, Rehder P, Strasser H, Bartsch G, Herwig R. Effects of local
estrogen therapy on recurrent urinary tract infections in young females under oral contraceptives. Eur
Urol. 2005 Feb;47(2):243-9. Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
[email protected]
9.
10.
11.
Zullo MA, Plotti F, Calcagno M, Palaia I, Muzii L, Manci N, Angioli R, Panici PB. Vaginal estrogen
therapy and overactive bladder symptoms in postmenopausal patients after a tension-free vaginal
tape procedure: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2005 Jul-Aug;12(4):421-7 Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
[email protected]
Li YZ, Yang X, Wu SL, Shang M, Wu Q, Liao QP. Effect of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on
bladder function and structure in rats. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Dec;41(12):826-9.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.
Terado M, Nomura M, Mineta K, Nishii H, Fujimoto N, Sasaguri T, Sasaguri Y, Matsumoto T.
Involvement of estrogen in the pathogenesis of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. Endocrine.
2005 Feb;26(1):55-63. Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and
12.
13.
14.
15.
Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan (worse cystitis in ovariectomized rats, improved
by estrogen therapy)
Yoshida J, Aikawa K, Yoshimura Y, Shishido K, Yanagida T, Yamaguchi O. The effects of
ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on acetylcholine release from nerve fibres and passive
stretch-induced acetylcholine release in female rat bladder. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007 May 4; [Epub
ahead of print] Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
de Fraga R, Dambros M, Miyaoka R, Riccetto CL, Palma PC. Role of 17 beta-estradiol on type IV
collagen fibers volumetric density in the basement membrane of bladder wall. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic
Floor Dysfunct. 2007 Mar 9; [Epub ahead of print] Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas,
Brazil.
Lin AD, Mannikarottu A, Kogan BA, Whitbeck C, Chichester P, Leggett RE, Levin RM. Estrogen
induces angiogenesis of the female rabbit bladder. J Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;190(2):241-6. Albany
College of Pharmacy, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
Kidney stones: the association with lower testosterone levels
16.
van Aswegen CH, Hurter P, van der Merwe CA, du Plessis DJ. The relationship between total urinary
testosterone and renal calculi. Urol Res. 1989;17(3):181-3. Department of Urology, H. F. Verwoerd
Hospital, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.
Urinary problems: the improvement with tesoterone therapy
17.
Muto S, Yasuda M, Kamiyama Y, Ide H, Horie S. Testosterone decreased urinary-frequency in
nNOS-deficient mice. Int J Androl. 2007 Apr 24; [Epub ahead of print] Department of Urology, Teikyo
University, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
18.
Anderson GF, Navarro SP. The response of autonomic receptors to castration and testosterone in
the urinary bladder of the rabbit. J Urol. 1988 Oct;140(4):885-9. Department of Pharmacology,
Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
Cystitis: the association with lower levels of cortisol
19.
Lutgendorf SK, Kreder KJ, Rothrock NE, Hoffman A, Kirschbaum C, Sternberg EM, Zimmerman MB,
Ratliff TL. Diurnal cortisol variations and symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 2002
Mar;167(3):1338-43. Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. (Patients
with morning cortisol less than 12.5 nmol./l. were 12.8 times more likely to report high urinary
urgency than those with values above this cutoff)
Cystitis, prostatis: the improvement with glucocorticoid therapy
20.
Soucy F, Grégoire M. Efficacy of prednisone for severe refractory ulcerative interstitial cystitis. J Urol.
2005 Mar;173(3):841-3; discussion 843 CHUQ-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada.
21.
Morais MM, Belarmino-Filho JN, Brito GA, Ribeiro RA. Pharmacological and histopathological study
of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis - comparison of the effects of dexamethasone
and Mesna. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999 Oct;32(10):1211-5. Departamentos de Fisiologia e
Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do CearÃ¡, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
Bates S, Talbot M. Short course oral prednisolone therapy in chronic abacterial prostatitis and
prostatodynia: case reports of three responders and one non-responder. Sex Transm Infect. 2000
Oct;76(5):398-9. Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road,
Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. [email protected]
22.
Utility of corrective Progesterone therapy in men:
Prostate hypertrophy/adenoma: the association of a low progesterone level and a high estradiol
23.
Baranowska B, Zgliczynski S, Szymanowski J. Hormonal disturbances in men with a prostatic
adenoma. J Urol (Paris). 1980;86(7):551-8
Prostate hypertrophy/adenoma: progesterone/progestogen treatments reduce the prostate volume
24.
25.
26.
27.
Onu PE. Depot medroxyprogesterone in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol.
1995;28(3):229-35
Chen W, Zhou XM, Chen DY, Kang JS. Effects of cimetidine, progesterone, cannitracin and
tolazoline on the weight and DNA content of the testosterone-induced hyperplastic prostate of the rat.
Urol Res. 1988;16(5):363-6
Shimizu M, Tsutsui T, Kawakami E, Hori T, Fujita M, Orima H, Ogasa A. Effect of chlormadinone
acetate-pellet implantation on the volume of prostate, peripheral blood levels of sex hormones and
semen quality in the dog. J Vet Med Sci. 1995 Jun;57(3):395-9
Flickinger CJ. The influence of progestin and androgen on the fine structure of the male reproductive
tract of the rat. II. Epididymis and sex accessory glands. Anat Rec. 1977 Apr;187(4):431-62
Prostate cancer: prevention and improvement with progesterone?
Progesterone treatment increases the apoptosis of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells in vitro
28.
Andrews P, Krygier S, Djakiew D. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) modulates the ability of NSAIDs to
induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2002 Mar;49(3):179-86
Progestogen treatment inhibits the growth of androgen insensitive prostate cancer cells in vitro
29.
Lin MF, Kawachi MH, Stallcup MR, Grunberg SM, Lin FF. Growth inhibition of androgen-insensitive
human prostate carcinoma cells by a 19-norsteroid derivative agent, mifepristone. Prostate. 1995
Apr;26(4):194-204
Progesterone treatment opposes estrogen-induced metaplasia of prostate epithelium in castrated
male mice treated with estrogens
30.
Burrows H. Nature (London). 1936; 138: 164
Metastatic lesions from prostate cancer lesions express no progesterone receptors
85.
Hobisch A, Hittmair A, Daxenbichler G, Wille S, Radmayr C, Hobisch-Hagen P, Bartsch G, Klocker H,
Culig Z. Metastatic lesions from prostate cancer do not express oestrogen and progesterone
receptors. J Pathol. 1997 Jul; 182(3):356-61
Progestogen treatment may induce more subjective remissions of short duration in men with
hormone-resistant prostate cancer
86.
Fossa SD, Jahnsen JU, Karlsen S, Ogreid P, Haveland H, Trovag A. High-dose
medroxyprogesterone acetate versus prednisolone in hormone-resistant prostatic cancer. A pilot
study. Eur Urol. 1985;11(1):11-6

References - International Hormone Society

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