DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI

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DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI
VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI
DAPOLI, DIST. RATNAGIRI, (MAHARASHTRA).
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY,
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT
DAPOLI CENTRE
(January to December 2014)
Submitted to
Dr. A.R.Sharma
Director
Dr. Shobha Sondhia
I/C, DWR
DIRECTORATE OF WEED RESEARCH,
Adhartal, Jabalpur- 482 004, (M.P.)
by
Prof.V.M.Kanade
I/C Agronomist &PI
All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Management
For official use only
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT
FOR THE YEAR 2014
: ADDRESS :
Prof. V.M. Kanade
I/C Agronomist &PI
All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Management
Department of Agronomy
Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli - 415 712 ,
Dist - Ratnagiri (Maharashtra).
Telephone: 02358-283588
Email: [email protected]
CONTENTS
Sr. No.
I
Description
Page No.
Introduction of the centre
General information
WS.1.
Project objectives
Background information of the project
Location
Weather conditions during the year and deviation from the normal
Staff position and expenditure statement
Executive Summary (English)
Results of practical utility
Research Achievements
A) Network Trials
Weed survey, surveillance and ecological parameters
WS.2.
Weed biology and physiology
14
WS.2.1
Weed biology in cropped & non cropped area.
14
WS.3.
Weed management in crops and cropping systems.
15 to 56
Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded
rice.
15 to 21
WS.3.6
Weed management in conservation agriculture systems
22 to 23
WS 3.7
Long term herbicide trial in different cropping system.
24 to 56
WS 4.
Management of problematic weeds.
57 to 58
WS 4.2
Making of parthenium free campus.
WS 4.3
Biological control of water hyacinth by Neochetina bruchi
57 to 58
On farm research & impact assessment
59 to 64
WS.6.1
On farm research
59 to 60
WS 6.2
Front Line Demonstration (FLD)
61 to 64
Station Trial
Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil microflora in ricecowpea cropping system.
65 to71
II
III
IV
V
VI
WS.3.1.3
WS.6
S.T.
S.T.1
1 to 2
2
2
3
3 to 4
5
5 to13
57
65 to 71
VII
TSP programme
72
VIII
List of publications(research, abstract of seminar/symposia/conference,
technical/extension bulletin, popular articles, books/books chapter, radio/TV
talks etc.
73
IX
List of trainings/awareness campaign
73
X
Awards/recognitions/students guided
73
XI
Linkages and collaboration
73
XII
Meteorological data -2014
74 to 75
1
AICRP on weed control, DAPOLI centre
1. GENERAL INFORMATION:
1.
Project title
2.
Name of location
3.
Name of University
Name of the Principal Investigator
of the centre
5. Report period
Technical personnel’s employed
6.
during the report period
Total sanctioned outlay for the
7.
year 2013–2014
i. PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
4.
All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed
Control, Dapoli Centre
Department of Agronomy,
:
College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri.
Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist.
:
Ratnagiri.
:
: Prof V.M. Kanade
: January to December, 2014
: Five (Table 1)
:
Rs. 33.11 lakhs (Table 2)
1. Survey of weed flora in different agro-ecological zones of Konkan region
2. Studies on critical crop weed competition period.
3. Evaluation of different weed control measures and development of integrated weed
management practices for different crops and cropping systems.
4. Studies on weed biology and weed ecology.
5. On Farm Trials (OFT’s) in the farmers field to assess and refine developed technology.
6. To evolve integrated approaches for weed management including cultural method of weed
control under irrigated condition.
7. Training for extension personnels and farmers.
8. Studies on the management of perennial and problem weeds in cropped and non-cropped
area.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AND LOCATION:
The Directorate of Weed Science Research Centre on Weed Control sponsored by the
Indian Council of Agricultural Research was started at Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
in its Department of Agronomy with effect from May, 1996. The main objective of this programme
was to develop integrated weed management practices for optimum weed control for different
crops and cropping systems with minimum hazards to the crops and environment.
The scheme scientists are of the discipline of Agronomy and Microbiology. The technical
programme and research achievements are discussed in the annual workshop and the technical
programmes are finalized for implementation aiming towards achieving the broad objectives of the
project.The annual technical programme is approved by the Director, Directorate of Weed Science
Research, Jabalpur.
The technologies developed are discussed in the state level scientific workers
conference and are included in the crop production guide published by the Department of
Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra for the benefits of extension personnels and farmers of the
region.
2
iii. LOCATION:
DWSR centre is located at Dapoli in the agroclimatic zone viz. ‘Very High Rainfall with
Lateritic Soils’ in Maharashtra State. The experimental farm is located at 170 19' to 170 40' N
latitudes, 730 16' to 730 19' E longitudes and 167 to 234 m above mean sea level (MSL). The
topography of the region is uneven and can be described as rolling with mound and hillocks and
gently slopping valleys in the middle having flat rice fields and the hills with slopes ranging from 1
to more than 30 per cent.
II. Weather conditions during the year and deviation from the normal
The weekly weather data for the 2014 is attached on last page of the report. The deviation from
the normal is given below.
Dapoli location
Maximum temp
Minimum temp
Rainfall
Normal
30.84 oC
19.81 oC
3649.92 mm
Average
31.35
20.12
3370.2
(+) 0.51 oC
(+) 0.31 oC
(-) 7.66 %
Increase/decrease
III. Staff position and Expenditure statement.
Table 1: Technical personnel employed up to 2013.
Sr.
No.
1.
Prof.V.M.Kanade
2.
Shri. Y. R. Govekar
3.
Designation
Date of Joining in
the project
Scale of pay
Present
basic
pay
Remark
Agronomist & PI
05/03/2014
(Onwards
Additional Charge)
37400-67000
53,820/-
-
Jr. Res.Scientist
(Microbiology)
12/07/2014
Onwards
15600-39100
24,320/-
Technical
Assistant
12/03/2014
onwards
9300-34800
11,170/-
7/07/2010
onwards
8/07/2010
onwards
5200-20200
11,170/-
4470-7440
9,550/-
Name
Shri. A. P. Govale
4.
Mrs. S.K. Khanolkar
5.
Mrs. A.N. Desai
Jr. steno typist
Messanger
Table 2 : Total sanctioned outlay for 2014-2015 (Rs. in lakhs)
Sanctioned grants
Total
ICAR
State
Head of Account
share
share
Expenditure
Balance
upto
31.12.2014
1.
Pay and Allowance
21.45
7.15
28.60
14.38
14.22
2.
Traveling Allowance
0.30
0.10
0.40
0.05
0.35
3.
Recurring contingencies
1.58
0.53
2.11
2.00
0.11
4.
Tribal Sub Plan
2.00
-
2.00
1.37
0.63
Total
25.33
7.78
33.11
17.80
15.31
-
3
(III). Executive Summary
(V). Results of practical utility
WS 3.1.3 : Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded rice.
From the different herbicides under trial, pendimethalin fb manual weeding, recorded
highest weed control efficiency (84.11 & 80.95%) at 60 and 90 DAS respectively, followed by
pendimethalin fb Bispyribac Na fb manual weeding & Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na 77-80 & 74.91%
respectively. The total weed growth of monocots and BLWs was conspicuously suppressed by the
application of Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na integrated with manual weeding exhibiting the WCE
of 76.48 and 74.64 percent at 60 and 90DAS respectively.
All weed control measures under study recorded significant increase in grain & straw yield over
weedy check. The weed free check recorded significantly highest grain & straw yield of 39.64 &
59.58 q/ha. respectively over all other treatments, which were at par with Pendimethalin fb manual
weeding for grain yield and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding for straw yield. But
the highest Benefit Cost Ratio was obtained from the application of Pendimethalin fb manual
weeding (1.17) and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding (1.15) respectively.
WS. 3.7:- Long term herbicide trial in different cropping systems.
Rabi groundnutGreen manuring to kharif rice did not influenced the weed density and growth of monocots
and BLWs. While the various weed control measures significantly influenced the weed density &
weed growth at 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. The fixed and rotational herbicides reduced weed
density and weed growth resulted in increased dry pod yield of groundnut (30.92 & 29.49 q/ha)
respectively over weedy check (24.47 q/ha).
The soil microflora such as bacteria, fungi, free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate
solubilisers and their associated parameters such as microbial biomass carbon, basal soil
respiration,dehydrogenase enzyme and phosphatase enzyme activity were found significantly
higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without- green manuring treatment in
rabi groundnut crop at all the above mention stages of the crops.
The total bacterial population, microbial biomass carbon and basal soil respiration in soil
were significantly influenced by weed control measures at 30DAT. They were found significantly
less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared to the weed free treatment. They were at
par with weedy check treatment at 30DAT.The rest parmeters such as total fungi, total free living
nitrogen fixers, total Phosphate solubilisers, dehydrogenase enzyme activity and phosphatase
enzyme activity were found to be non-significant at all the above stages of the groundnut crop
during rabi season.
The number of nodule and their dry weight was found to be non-significant in the main
treatment(green manuring)and the sub-treatment(weed control measures) during rabi season.
4
Kharif RiceGreen manuring with Dhaincha did not influenced the weed density and weed growth at 30,
50, DAT and at harvest. Similarly it was not influenced the yield attributes and yield of rice. Weed
density of monocots was reduced significantly due to the application of fixed and rotational
herbicides at 30 and 50 DAT. The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was also significantly
influenced due to various weed control measures.
The grain and straw yield of rice was
significantly highest in weed free check (34.90 & 44.33 q/ha) followed by fixed herbicide (31.40 &
36.07q/ha).
The soil microflora such as bacteria, fungi, free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate
solubilisers and their associated parameters such as microbial biomass carbon, basal soil
kharif rice crop at all the above mention stages of the crops.
The total bacterial population, total fungi, total free living nitrogen fixers, total phosphate
solubilisers, Microbial biomass carbon ,basal soil respiration dehydrogenase enzyme activity and
phosphatase enzyme activity were found non-significant at all the above stages of the rice crop
during kharif season.
S.T.1 Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil microflora in rice-cowpea
cropping system.
The experiment was conducted to see the effects of recommended herbicides of rice on soil
microflora of rice and cowpea crop under rice-cowpea cropping system.The microflora such as
total bacterial population, total fungal population,actinomycetes,free living nitrogen fixers and
phosphate solubilisers were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy check
as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. They were also found significantly
less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check at 30DAS(Except
actinomycetes) and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed
control measures was found to be non-significant at initial(Before sowing and before application of
recommended herbicides) at and after harvesting stage of the rice crop. The weed control
measures was found to be non-significant at all the above stages during rabi season.
5
(VI). RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS: Network Programme
WS.1: Weed Survey, Surveillance and ecological parameters.
Weed survey of Raigad and Palghar districts (Kharif season)
Survey Route:Vinere
Ambavli
0
Mahad
Dasgon
N. – 17 54’40.1”
0
N. – 18 01’56.2”
N. – 18 05’06.9”
N. – 18005’38.0”
E. – 0730231’12.8”
E. – 073025’0.0”
E. – 073025’4.5”
E. – 073027’36.5”
MSL-81m.
MSL-94m.
MSL-17m.
MSL-84m.
Mangaon
Koshimbale
Roha Sutarwadi
Pali
N. – 18015’5.3”
N. – 18017’20.0”
N. – 18022’37.6”
N. – 18031’19.1”
E. – 073015’29.6”
E. – 073015’51.8”
E. – 073015’45.6”
E. – 07300’50.2”
MSL-15m.
MSL-40m.
MSL-22m.
MSL-30m.
Tiwre
Parli Sudagad
Karjat
Neral
N. – 18036’28.8”
N. – 18040’20”
N. – 18056’15.9”
N. – 19002’34.3”
E. – 073016’27.2”
E. – 073017’52.9”
E. – 073019’26.5”
E. – 073019’0.9”
MSL-36m.
MSL-53m.
MSL-54m.
MSL-41m.
Kajgaon
Ambarnath
Bhivandi
Lamhaj
0
0
0
0
N. – 19 06’49.9”
N. – 19 14’19.5”
N. – 19 16’12.8”
N. – 19023’18.4”
E. – 073016’9.9”
E. – 073007’37.7”
E. – 073005’00.9”
E. – 073004’56.4”
MSL-23m.
MSL-7m.
MSL-52m.
MSL-22m.
Vada
Palghar
Bordi
Odaval
N. – 19038’33”
N. – 19043’56.07”
N. – 20006’06.0”
N. – 20005’15.5”
E. – 073008’11.2”
E. – 072045’36.2”
E. – 072043’23.1”
E. – 072043’47.1”
MSL-65m.
MSL-18m.
MSL-19m.
MSL-8m.
Gholwad
Dahanu
N. – 2004’59.9”
N. – 20002’6.02”
E. – 072044’03.1”
E. – 072044’58.5”
MSL-5m.
MSL-28m.
6
Name of farmer: Suryakant Mahadev Mane
Name of village : Vinere, District:- Raigad
Crop: Banana
Sr
N
o.
Species
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Q
uadra
ts
Obse
rved
Densi
ty/m2
Freq
uen
cy %
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uen
cy %
IVI
(%)
1
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
18.00
1.00
1.00
72.00
100
1.00
29.51
25
54.51
2
Blumea lacera, Hkke:M
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
3
Isachane globosa, /kqj
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
4.00
1.00
1.00
16.00
100
1.00
6.56
25
31.56
4
5
Ageratum conyzoides,
vkslkMh
Leptocloa
chinensis
fejdV
During Kharif season cocks comb was dominant weed in banana followed by Ageratum conyzoides
and Blumea lacera
Name of Farmer: Suryakant Mahadev Mane
Village: Vinere, District: Raigad
Crop : Coconut
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all
Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
vkslkMh
14.00
1.00
2
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
18.00
3
Erioculum
hexangularis, dksGlk
4
Sr
N
o.
1
Species
Ageratum conyzoides,
Densi
ty/m2
Fre
que
ncy
%
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI
(%)
1.00
56.00
100
1.00
22.95
25
47.95
1.00
1.00
72.00
100
1.00
29.51
25
54.51
10.00
1.00
1.00
40.00
100
1.00
16.39
25
41.39
2.00
1.00
1.00
8.00
100
1.00
3.28
25
28.28
In coconut plantation, Cocks comb was dominated weed followed by Ageratum conyzoides and
Erioculum hexangularis
Name of Farmer : Sarasvati Ganapat Mane
Village : Vinere, District:- Raigad
Crop : Rice
Total
Individual
s of the
species
in all
Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
13.00
1.00
ik[kM
10.00
Isachane globosa, /kwj
6.00
Sr
N
o.
1
2
3
Species
Echinocloa colona,
Densi
ty/m2
Freq
uen
cy %
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uen
cy %
IVI
(%)
1.00
52.00
100
1.00
21.31
25
46.31
1.00
1.00
40.00
100
1.00
16.39
25
41.39
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
During Kharif season Blumea lacera was dominant weed in Rice followed by Echinocloa colona and
Isachane globosa
7
Name of Farmer : Swati Ganapat Mane
Village
: Vinere District : Raigad
Crop
: Non Cropped Area
Total
Individuals
Sr
Species
of the
No.
species in all
Quadrats
Isachane globosa,
1
40.00
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Quad
rats
Observe
d
1.00
1.00
/kwj
Densit
y/m2
Freq
uen
cy %
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uen
cy %
IVI
(%)
160.00
100
1.00
65.57
25
90.57
Leptocloa
6.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
chinensis, fejdV
During Kharif season under non cropped area Isachane globosa was densly populated as compared to
Leptocloa chinensis.
2
Name of farme- Anant Ramaji Karjawakar
Village- Dasgaon, Mahad
Crop- Rice
Total
Individuals
Sr
Species
of the
No.
species in all
Quadrats
Echinocloa Colona,
1
25.00
ik[kM
2
22.00
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Qu
adrats
Obser
ved
Densit
y/m2
Fre
que
ncy
%
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uen
cy %
IVI
(%)
1.00
1.00
100.00
100
1.00
40.98
25
65.98
1.00
1.00
88.00
100
1.00
36.07
25
61.07
yOgkGk
18.00
1.00
1.00
72.00
100 1.00
29.51
25
54.51
In the transplanted rice Echinocloa Colona was most dominant species followed by Ischamum globosa and
Cyperus iria.
3
Cyperus iria, os.kh
Name of Farmer :Prakash Ramu Bogakar
Village :- Koshimbale, Mangaon
District:- Raigad
Crop :- Rice
Total
No. of
Individuals
Quadrats
Sr
of the
Species
Particular
No.
species in
Spp.Occur
all
ed
Quadrats
Blumea lacera,
1
8.00
1.00
Hkke:M
2
3
4
Erioculum
Cyperus iria, os.kh
yOgkGk
Ischamum globosa,
/kwj
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
Densit
y/m2
Frequ
ency
%
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uen
cy %
IVI
(%)
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
40.00
1.00
1.00
160.00
100
1.00
65.57
25
90.57
20.00
1.00
1.00
80.00
100
1.00
32.79
25
57.79
4.00
1.00
1.00
16.00
100
1.00
6.56
25
31.56
During Kharif season Erioculum hexangularis was dominant weed in Rice followed by Cyperus iria, Blumea
lacera and Isachane globosa.
Name of Farmer :- Prakash Ramu Bogavkar
Village
:- Koshimbale, (Mangaon) District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Submerged area
Total
No. of
Total
Rela
Individuals
Relati
Quadrats
No.Quad
Frequ Freq
tive
of the
Densi
ve
IVI
Sr
Species
Particular
rats
ency
uen
Freq
No.
species in
ty/m2
Densi
(%)
Spp.Occur Observe
%
cy
uen
all
ty %
ed
d
cy %
Quadrats
Ischaemum
1
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
rugosum, ckjMh
Hygrophia
2
10.00
1.00
1.00
40.00
100
1.00
16.39
25
41.39
auriculata, dksGlqna k
Hyptis suaveolens,
3
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
jkurqGl
In submerged area Ischaemum rugosum was most dominant followed by Hygrophia auriculata and Hyptis
suaveolens during Kharif season.
8
Name of Farmer :- Sunil Tatkare (Gita Nursery)
Village
:- Sutarwadi (Mangaon), District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Lily
Sr
No.
Species
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all Quadrats
1
Mimosa pndica, YkktkGw
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
yOgkGk
6.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
3
Euphorbia hirta, nq/kkuh
20.00
1.00
1.00
80.00
100
1.00
32.79
25
57.79
3
Portulaca spp , /kksG
2
Cyperus iria , os.kh
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
Densit
y/m2
Frequ
ency
%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relati
ve
Frequ
ency
%
IVI (%)
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
During Kharif season under Nursery area Euphorbia hirta was mostly dominated followed by Portulaca spp,
Mimosa pndica and Cyperus iria.
Name of Farmer :- Gopal K. Vaaze
Village
:- Pali, District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Non Cropped Area
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all
Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occure
d
Total
No.Quad
rats
Observe
d
Densit
y/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI (%)
6.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
ckjMh
4.00
1.00
1.00
16.00
100
1.00
6.56
25
31.56
3
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
4
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
2
4.00
1.00
1.00
16.00
100
1.00
6.56
25
31.56
3
5.00
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
3.00
1.00
1.00
12.00
100
1.00
4.92
25
29.92
Sr
No.
1
2
Species
Urena lobata,
fpdVk
Ischaemum rugosum,
5.00
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
During Kharif season in the non cropped area Blumea lacera and Urena lobata were mostly dominated followed
by Cocks comb and Ischaemum rugosum.
Name of Farmer :- Sunil Y. Bhise
Village
:- Tiwre, District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Non Cropped Area
Total
No. of
Total
Rela
Relati
Individuals
Quadrats
No.Qu
Freq Freq
tive
Sr
Densi
ve
IVI
Species
of the
Particular adrats
uen
uen
Freq
No.
ty/m2
Densi
(%)
species in
Spp.Occu Obser
cy %
cy
uen
ty %
all Quadrats
red
ved
cy %
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
1
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
4
Leptocloa chinensis,
fejdV
During Kharif season Cocks comb and
Heptocloa chinensis in the non cropped area.
Name of Farmer :- Agri. Research Station
Village
:- Karjat, District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Non Cropped area
Total
Individuals
Sr
Species
of the
No.
species in
all Quadrats
Phasalis minima, jku
1
5.00
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Qu
adrats
Obser
ved
Densi
ty/m2
Freq
uen
cy %
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uen
cy %
IVI
(%)
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
20.00
1.00
1.00
80.00
100
1.00
32.79
25
57.79
2.00
1.00
1.00
8.00
100
1.00
3.28
25
28.28
yOgkGk
5.00
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
Ageratum
conyzoides, vkslkMh
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
iksiVh
2
3
4
5
Blumea lacera were most dominant followed by Ischamum globosa and
Alternenthra sessilis
js'kehdkVk
Amaranthus
spinosus, dkVsekB
Cyperus iria, os.kh
9
In the non cropped area Alternenthra sesilis was most dominant followed by Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus
iria, Phasalis minima and Amaranthus spinosus
Name of Farmer :- Agri. Research Station
Village
:- Karjat, District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Rice
Total
No. of
Total
Rela
Individual
Relati
Sr
Quadrats No.Quad
Freq Freq
tive
s of the
Densi
ve
IVI
N
Species
Particular
rats
uen
uen
Freq
species
ty/m2
Densi
(%)
o.
Spp.Occu Observe
cy %
cy
uen
in all
ty %
red
d
cy %
Quadrats
Erioculum
1
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
2
Cyperus iria, os.kh yOgkGk
3
8.00
1.00
jkuVh rqGl
3
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
10.00
1.00
1.00
40.00
100
1.00
16.39
25
41.39
Erioculum hexangularis was most dominant weed species followed by Blumea lacera and Cyperus iria in Kharif
rice
Name of Farmer :- Shashikant S. Sidhaikal
Village
:- Neral, District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Non crop area
Total
No. of
Individual
Sr
Quadrats
s of the
N
Species
Particular
species
o.
Spp.Occur
in all
ed
Quadrats
Hyptis suaveolens,
1
8.00
1.00
2
1.00
Alternenthra sessilis,
js'kehdkVk
Cyperus rotundus,
yOgkGk
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
Densi
ty/m2
Freq
uen
cy %
Freq
uen
cy
Relati
ve
Densi
ty %
Rela
tive
Freq
uen
cy %
IVI
(%)
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
In the non cropped area Alternenthra sessilis was most dominant weed species followed by Hyptis suaveolens
and Cyperus rotundus.
Name of Farmer :- Shantaram Gavit
Village
:- Kajgaon, District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Rice
Total
No. of
Total
Rela
Individual
Relati
Sr
Quadrats No.Quad
Freq Freq
tive
s of the
Densi
ve
IVI
N
Species
Particular
rats
uen
uen
Freq
species
ty/m2
Densi
(%)
o.
Spp.Occu Observe
cy %
cy
uen
in all
ty %
red
d
cy %
Quadrats
1
12.00
1.00
1.00
48.00
100
1.00
19.67
25
44.67
2
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
Erioculum
3
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
Ischamum globosa was most dominant weed species followed by Cyperus iria and Erioculum hexangularis in
Kharif rice.
Name of Farmer :- Shantaram Gavit
Village
:- Kajgaon, District:- Raigad
Crop
:- Non Cropped Area
Total
Individuals of
the species
in all
Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occur
ed
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
Densit
y/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI
(%)
jkuVh rqGl
12.00
1.00
1.00
48.00
100
1.00
19.67
25
44.67
Urena lobata, fpdVk
6.00
16.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
64.00
100
100
1.00
1.00
9.84
26.23
25
25
34.84
51.23
10.00
1.00
1.00
40.00
100
1.00
16.39
25
41.39
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
7.00
1.00
1.00
28.00
100
1.00
11.48
25
36.48
Sr
No
.
1
2
3
4
5
Species
Hyptis suaveolens,
Leptochloa
chinensis,fejdV
Ludwigia actovalvis,
dMwfpap
Phyllanthus niruri,
6
gtkjnk.kh
10
Ischamum globosa was most dominant weed species followed by Hyptis suaveolens, Leptochloa chinensis and
Ludwigia actovalvis.
Name of Farmer :- Ramchandra Prakash Mohite
Village
:- Bhivandi, District:- Thane
Crop
:- Mango
Total
No. of
Total
Rela
Individual
Relati
Sr
Quadrats
No.Qua
Freq Freq
tive
s of the
Densit
ve
IVI
N
Species
Particular
drats
uen
uen
Freq
species
y/m2
Densi
(%)
o.
Spp.Occu Observ
cy %
cy
uen
in all
ty %
red
ed
cy %
Quadrats
Hyptis suaveolens,
1
35.00
1.00
1.00
140.00
100
1.00
57.38
25
82.38
jkuVh rqGl
2
Urena lobata, fpdVk
25.00
1.00
1.00
100.00
100
1.00
40.98
25
65.98
Hyptis suaveolens was most dominant weed species followed by Urena lobata in Mango orchard during Kharif
season.
Name of Farmer :- Ramadas Govind Patil
Village
:- Kudus, District:- Thane
Crop
:- Non-cropped area
Total
Individuals of
the species
in all
Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occur
ed
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
jkuHksMa h
8.00
1.00
Lantena Camera, ?kk.ksjh
5.00
12.00
Sr
No
.
1
2
3
4
Species
Hibiscus Vitifolius,
Alternenthra sessilis ,
js'kehdkVk
Densit
y/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI (%)
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
1.00
1.00
48.00
100
1.00
19.67
25
44.67
Crotolaria pallida
6.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
In non cropped area Alternenthra sessilis was most dominant weed species followed by Hibiscus Vitifolius and
Crotolaria pallida
Name of Farmer :- Gavit S. S.
Village:- Palghar, District:- Thane
Crop :- Non Cropped Area
Total
Individuals of
the species
in all
Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Qua
drats
Observ
ed
Density
/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI (%)
12.00
1.00
1.00
48.00
100
1.00
19.67
25
44.67
,dnkaMh
6.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
3
5.00
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
4
Lantena camera, ?kk.ksjh
Zizypus rotundifolia,
4.00
1.00
1.00
16.00
100
1.00
6.56
25
31.56
3.00
1.00
1.00
12.00
100
1.00
4.92
25
29.92
Sr
No
.
1
2
5
Species
Alternenthra ssesilis,
js'kehdkVk
Tridax procumbens,
jkucksj
Alternenthra ssesilis was most dominant weed species followed by Tridax procumbens, Ischamum globosa and
Lantena camera in non cropped area.
Name of Farmer :- Ravindra Kharat
Village
:- Wada, District:- Palghar
Crop
:- Non Cropped Area
Sr
No
.
Species
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all
Quadrats
1
Argemane maxicana,
, fioGk /kks=k
6.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
7.00
1.00
1.00
28.00
100
1.00
11.48
25
36.48
5.00
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
2.00
1.00
1.00
8.00
100
1.00
3.28
25
28.28
2
3
4
Lantena camera, ?kk.ksjh
Solanum nigrum,
jkuokaxh
Alternenthra ssesilis,
js'kehdkVk
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occur
ed
Total
No.Quad
rats
Observe
d
Density
/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI (%)
Lantena camera was most dominant followed by Argemane maxicana and Solanum nigrum in non cropped
area.
11
Name of farme:- Ravindra Ambadas Kharat
Village:- Wada, Palghar
Crop:- Rice
Sr
N
o.
Species
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Quad
rats
Observe
d
Density
/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI (%)
1
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
2
7.00
1.00
1.00
28.00
100
1.00
11.48
25
36.48
3
Blumea lacera Hkke:M
9.00
1.00
1.00
36.00
100
1.00
14.75
25
39.75
4
12.00
1.00
1.00
48.00
100
1.00
19.67
25
44.67
Echinocloa colona, ik[kM
In rice crop Isachane globosa and Echinocloa colona were most dominant weed species followed by Blumea
lacera and Cyperus iria during Kharif season.
Name of Farmer :- Gavit S. S.
Village
:- Palghar, District:- Thane
Crop
:– Coconut
Sr
No
.
1
2
3
4
Species
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Quad
rats
Observe
d
8.00
1.00
12.00
Alternenthra sesilis
js'kehdkVk
Ageratum conizoides,
vkslkMh
Achyranthus aspera,
vk?kkMk
Density
/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Freq
uenc
y
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI (%)
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
1.00
1.00
48.00
100
1.00
19.67
25
44.67
7.00
1.00
1.00
28.00
100
1.00
11.48
25
36.48
5.00
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
25
31.56
4.00
1.00
1.00
16.00
100
1.00
6.56
Alternenthra sesilis was most dominant weed followed by Cyperus iria and Ageratum conizoides
Name of Farmer :- Dr. Uday Dhuri
Village
:- Bordi, Dist. Palghar
Crop
:- Banana
5
Sr
No
.
1
2
3
4
Species
Amaranthus
spinosus, dkVsekB
Alternenthra sissilis
js'kehdkVk
Cyperus iria, os.kh
yOgkGk
Physalis minima,
jkuiksiVh
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Quad
rats
Observe
d
Densit
y/m2
Frequ
ency
%
Freq
uenc
y
Relativ
e
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI
(%)
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
8.00
1.00
1.00
32.00
100
1.00
13.11
25
38.11
6.00
1.00
1.00
24.00
100
1.00
9.84
25
34.84
5.00
1.00
1.00
20.00
100
1.00
8.20
25
33.20
Amaranthus spinosus was most dominant weed species followed by Alternenthra sissilis and Cyperus iria in
Banana plantation.
Name of farmer:- Gajanan Patil,
Village:- Gholwad, Dist. Palghar
Crop: – Sapota
Total
Individuals
of the
species in
all Quadrats
No. of
Quadrats
Particular
Spp.Occu
red
Total
No.Quad
rats
Observe
d
Densit
y/m2
Freq
uenc
y%
Frequ
ency
Relati
ve
Densit
y%
Relat
ive
Freq
uenc
y%
IVI (%)
15.00
1.00
1.00
60.00
100
1.00
24.59
25
49.59
js'kehdkVk
12.00
1.00
1.00
48.00
100
1.00
19.67
25
44.67
3
10.00
1.00
1.00
40.00
100
1.00
16.39
25
41.39
4
Sr
No
.
1
2
Species
Cyperus rotundus,
yOgkGk
Alternenthra sissilis,
9.00
1.00
1.00
36.00
100
1.00
14.75
25
39.75
In sapota orchard Cyperus rotundus was most dominated weed followed by Alternenthra sissilis, Blumea lacera
and Ischamum globosa
12
Shift in weed flora
Raigad
Crop: Banana
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Amaranthus viridis, jkuVh ekB
Digitaria sanguinalis, [ksdMk xor
43.48
39.20
Sr.
No.
1
2
Species
IVI (%)
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
54.51
38.11
Crop : Coconut
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Cassia tora, VkdGk
Cynodon dactylon, gjh;kyh
21.40
18.36
18.46
Mimosa pudica,
yktkGw
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
Species
IVI (%)
Ageratum conyzoides, vkslkMh
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
Erioculum hexangularis,dksGlk
47.95
54.51
41.39
Crop: Rice
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Drymaria cordata
Smithia sensitiva dksoGk
Echinochloa colona ik[kM
57.00
46.88
30.53
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
Species
IVI (%)
Erioculum hexangularis,dksGlk
38.11
90.57
31.56
Non Cropped Area
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Cassia occidentlis, fpap.kh
Chromolaena odorata, jkueksMh
Hygrophia auriculata, dksGlaqnk
57.00
57.00
22.24
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
Species
IVI (%)
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
Alternenthra ssesilis, js'kehdkVk
38.11
33.20
57.79
Palghar
Non Cropped Area
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Desmodium triflorum, rhu
Cocks comb, dqMqZ
Parthenium
hysterophorus,xktj xor
iRrh
47.03
37.35
Sr.
No.
1
2
Species
IVI (%)
Alternenthra sessilis, js'kehdkVk
Lantena Camera, ?kk.ksjh
44.67
31.56
41.97
Crop :Coconut
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Synedrella nodiflora
Echinochloa colona, ik[kM
49.56
34.39
Sr.
No.
1
2
Species
IVI (%)
Alternenthra sessilis, js'kehdkVk
44.67
38.11
Crop :Banana
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Colocassia antiquorum, vGw
Commellina benghalensis,
47.03
dsuk
Sr.
No.
1
46.21
2
Species
IVI (%)
Amaranthus spinosus,
dkVsekB
js'kehdkVk
49.59
38.11
Crop :Sapota
2010
Sr.
No.
1
2
2014
Species
IVI (%)
Kalinga triceps
Convolvulus arvensis, pkanosG
42.56
39.36
Sr.
No.
1
2
Species
IVI (%)
js'kehdkVk
44.67
41.39
13
SummaryWeed survey was conducted in different tahsils including Mahad, Mangaon, Roha
Sudhagad, and Karjat in Raigad districts and tahsils including Bhivandi, Kalyan, Wada, Dahanu,
and Palghar in Palghar district during Kharif season 2014. In Mahad & Mangaon tahasils of
Raigad district Blumea lacera, Ericulum hexangularis, Echinocloa colona, Ischane globosa and
cyperus iria were most dominant weeds in kharif rice, where Drymaria cordata, Smithia sensitiva,
Digitaria sanguinalis were most dominant during kharif season 2010. In orchards Cocks comb,
Ageratum conyzoides, Ericulum hexangularis and Blumea lacera were most dominant weed
species, where Amaranthus viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cassia tora and cynodon dactylon were
most dominant during kharif season 2010. In non cropped area Ischamum globosa and heptocloa
chinensis were densely populated weeds. In Roha, Sudhagad and Karjat-tahsils of Raigad district
Ericulum hexangularis, Blumea lacera, Cyperusiria and Ischamum globosa were most dominant
species in kharif rice, where drymaria cordata, Echinochloa colona and Digitaria sanghinalis were
most dominant during Kharif season 2010. In non cropped area Blumea lacera, Cocks comb,
Alternenthra sessilis were most dominated where chromolaena odorata, Cassia occidentalis and
Hyptis suaveolens were dominated during kharif 2010.
Under study in Kalyan, Bhivandi, Vada, Dahanu and Palghar tahsils in Palghar district
Echinocloa colona, Blumea lacera and Cyperus iria were dominant species in Rice, Where
Digitoria sangninalis, Drymaria cordata and Cyperus iria were dominant weeds in 2010.
In
orchards of Coconut, Banana, Sapota, Alternenthra sessilis, Amaranthus spinosus, Cyperus
rotundus and Blumea lacera were most dominant species, where Echinocloa colona, Colocassia
antiquorum, Kalinga triceps were most dominant during Kharif 2010.
In non cropped area
Alternenthra sessilis, Lantana Camera, Tridax procumbens and Ischmum globossa were dominant
species, Where Cassia tora, Desmodium triflorum, Themeda quadrivolavis, parthenium
hysterophons were most dominant during Kharif 2010.
14
WS.2: Weed Biology and Physiology
WS.2.1: Weed Biology in cropped & non cropped area.
Sr.
No
.
Name
of the
specie
s
Germination
percentage at
depth in (cm)
Total Biomass
(gm)
Dry matter
portioning/
Plant (Root Shoot
dry wt.) (gm)
Root Shoot Ratio
(On dry wt. basis)
Days to
maturity
Days to flower
(No.)
(gm)
No. of
productive
structures
(No.)
RGR
No. of seeds/plant
In gm/gm/day
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
1.
Ischane
globosa
(Dhur)
60
80
80
1.00
1.26
1.01
3.076
3.085
3.16
0.021
0.026
0.030
106
107
103
141
143
145
74
98
57
2072
2646
1596
0.0037
0.0042
0.003
2.
Leptoch
loa
chinens
is
(Mirkat)
80
80
60
1.03
1.11
1.10
4.748
4.121
4.65
0.260
0.026
0.220
113
111
112
144
147
146
234
286
224
11232
13156
10304
0.0012
0.0015
0.001
3.
Mimosa
pudica
(Lajalu)
60
80
80
2.10
2.21
2.07
4.291
3.848
4.63
0.032
0.029
0.036
133
133
131
146
144
148
29
38
24
10300
11760
9380
0.0050
0.0060
0.002
4.
Hyptis
suaveol
ens
(Wild
tulas)
60
100
80
2.10
2.04
2.07
3.790
4.158
3.98
0.030
0.031
0.031
111
113
113
145
146
144
38
51
47
760
920
875
0.0015
0.0023
0.002
5.
Oryza
sativa(
Rice)
100
100
90
1.10
1.45
1.08
5.52
6.32
8.78
0.30
0.33
0.28
103
109
111
138
147
152
96
165
118
670
880
960
0.032
0.041
0.05
15
W.S 3.1.3 : Herbicides combinations for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded
rice.
Objectives
: 1) To study the bio-efficiency of combination of
herbicides against weed complex and their effects on
growth and yield of direct-seeded rice.
2) To study the phytotoxic effects on the crop, if any.
Year of commencement
: Kharif, 2012
: Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli.
Location
Treatments details
Treatments
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
:
Bispyribac-Na
Pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na
Oxadiargyl fb bispyribac-Na
Pyrazosulfuron fb bispyribac -Na
Pendimethalin fb bispyribac-Na fb manual
weeding
Pendimethalin fb manual
weeding(Pendistar)
Bispyribac -Na + (chlorimuron +
metsulfuron)
Three mechanical weedings (cono / rotary
weeder)
T9
Weed free check (HW at 20,40, and 60
DAS)
T10
Weedy check
Dose
(g/ha)
25
1000 fb 25
100/25
20/25
1000 fb 25
Time of application (DAS)
20 DAS (3-4 leaf stage)
0-2 fb 25
0-2 fb. 25
0-3 fb. 25
0-2 fb. 20 DAS (3-4 leaf stage) fb
45d
1000
0-2 fb. 25-30d
20+4
20 DAS
_
20,40,60 DAS
_
_
_
Design
: RBD
Replications
: Three
Plot size
: 5mx3m
Crop and variety
: Rice- Ratngiri-1
Fertilizers
: 100:50:50 Kg N,P2O5,K2O Kg/ha
Date of sowing
: 07/06/2014
Date of harvesting
: 07/10/2014
Results and discussion:Composition of weed flora:Grasses & sedges:-Cyperus iria, Isachne globossa, Ischaemum rugosum,
Echinochloa colona
BLWs:- Ludwigia octovalvis, Mimosa pudica, Ageratum
conyzoides, Alternenthera sessilis, Smithia sensitiva.
_
16
Table WS 3.1.1: Effects of herbicide combinations on weed density at 60 and 90 DAS
Weed density 60 DAS
Weed density 90 DAS
2
Treatments
(No./0.25 m2)
(No./0.25 m )
G&S
BLWs
Total
WCE
G&S
BLWs
Total
%
44.33
15.00
(6.64)
(3.93)
23.33
11.00
(4.88)
(3.38)
17.00
14.67
Bispyribac-Na
(4.13)
(3.89)
T4:Pyrazosulfuron fb
32.33
Bispyribac-Na
(5.70)
T1:Bispyribac-Na
T2:Pendimethalin fb
59.33
58.41
WCE
%
42.33
15.67
(6.50)
(4.02)
22.67
(4.81)
18.33
58.00
56.39
11.67
(3.51)
34.34
74.18
(4.32)
15.00
(3.94)
33.33
74.94
34.33
75.94
31.67
77.80
15.00
(3.91)
47.33
66.83
27.67
(5.28)
15.33
(3.95)
43.00
67.67
(4.00)
9.33
(3.13)
25.00
82.48
15.67
(4.00)
12.00
(3.53)
27.67
79.20
T6:Pendimethalin fb
16.00
6.67
manual weeding
(4.05)
(2.67)
22.67
84.11
17.67
(4.26)
7.67
(2.83)
25.34
80.95
45.67
13.67
(3.76)
59.34
58.41
39.67
(6.30)
15.00
(3.94)
54.67
58.89
(5.37)
11.00
(3.37)
39.67
72.19
20.67
(4.68)
10.00
(3.24)
30.67
76.94
16.00
(4.03)
5.33
(2.39)
21.33
85.05
18.00
(4.10)
9.00
(3.08)
27.00
79.70
-
105.67
(10.29)
27.33
(5.27)
133.00
-
-
-
-
-
(0.22)
(0.14)
-
-
-
-
(0.62)
(0.40)
Bispyribac-Na
T3:Oxadiargyl fb
T5: Pendimethalin fb
Bispyribac-Na fb
manual weeding
T7:
Bispyribac-Na +
(chlorimuron +
metsulfuron)
T8: Three mechanical
weedings
(cono/rotary weeder)
T9: Weed free check
(HW at 20,40, & 60DAS)
T10: Weedy check
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
15.67
(6.78)
28.67
116.00
26.67
142.67
(5.26)
(10.78)
-
-
(0.58)
(0.20)
-
-
(0.78)
(0.55)
-
-
-
-
Figures in parentheses indicate square root transformations √x + 0.5.
17
I) Effect of herbicide combinations on weed densityAs compared to weedy check, all the weed control measures significantly reduced the
weed density of monocots as well as BLWs at 60 and 90 DAS. Similarly as compared to weed
free check, Pendimethalin fb manual weeding recorded less weed density of monocots at 60 and
90 DAS and less weed density of BLWs at 90 DAS. Among herbicides tried, the application of
pendimethelin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding, Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na, Pendimethalin fb
manual weeding and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na in sequence recorded low weed intensity of
monocots at 60 and 90 DAS and Pendimethalin fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb BispyribacNa fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na and Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na in
sequence recorded low weed intensity of BLWs at 60 and 90 DAS. Among the herbicides tried,
Pendimethalin fb manual weeding recorded highest weed control efficiency(84.11 & 80.95%) at 60
and 90 DAS, respectively followed by Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding and
Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na (77.80 & 74.91%) respectively.
18
Table W S 3.1.2 Effects of herbicide combinations on weed growth at 60 and 90 DAS.
Weed growth 60 DAS
(g/0.25 m-2)
Treatments
T1:Bispyribac-Na
T2:Pendimethalin fb
Bispyribac-Na
WCE
%
G&S
BLWs
Total
WCE
%
27.17
12.83
25.38
(5.08)
18.70
(4.36)
42.08
23.95
6.33
18.66
(2.61)
(3.56)
40.13
18.04
(4.29)
9.10
(3.06)
27.14
53.60
38.50
20.37
(4.56)
9.47
(3.14)
29.84
48.64
57.56
29.78
(5.50)
6.18
(2.56)
35.96
37.80
7.33
76.48
10.81
(3.35)
3.70
(2.04)
14.51
74.64
6.50
4.17
10.67
(2.64) (2.14)
65.77
12.90
(3.65)
6.19
(2.90)
19.09
66.85
20.88
33.01
21.61
(4.68)
13.16
(3.64)
34.77
40.96
12.67 4.17
16.84
(3.61) (2.13)
45.97
18.26
(4.31)
7.20
(2.75)
25.46
56.18
6.83
2.12
(2.70) (2.26)
8.95
71.29
11.32
(3.43)
3.48
(1.97)
14.80
74.60
13.67
31.17
(6.87)
(4.22)
00.00
32.90
(5.77)
25.32
(5.07)
58.22
00.00
-
-
(0.15)
(0.24)
-
-
-
-
(0.45)
(0.70)
-
-
G&S
BLWs Total
14.67
12.50
(3.88) (3.59)
12.33
14.00
T3: Oxadiargyl fb BispyribacNa
5.17
19.17
(2.37)
(3.80)
T4:Pyrazosulfuron fb
10.00
Bispyribac-Na
T5:Pendimethalin fb
Bispyribac-Na fb
manual weeding
manual weeding
T7: Bispyribac-Na +
(chlorimuron + metsulfuron)
T8: Three mechanical
weedings (cono /
rotary weeder)
T9: Weed free check
(HW at 20,40, & 60DAS)
T10: Weedy check
3.23
13.23
(1.92)
(3.30)
5.00
2.33
(2.34) (1.66)
13.83
7.00
(3.78) (2.73)
17.50
-
Sem ±
-
(0.16) (1.03)
LSD (P=0.05)
Weed growth 90 DAS
(g/0.25 m-2)
-
-
(0.45)
(N.S)
-
-
-
-
Figures in parentheses indicate square root transformations √x + 0.5
19
II) Effect of herbicide combinations on weed growthAmong the different weed control measures tried, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb
manual weeding recorded lowest weed growth of monocots and BLWs at 60 DAS, while the
treatment weed free check recorded lowest weed growth in monocots and BLWs at 90 DAS. The
significant reduction in weed growth over weedy check was observed with the use of
Pendimethalin fb
Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb manual weeding,
Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac-Na, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na herbicidal combinations in
monocots at 60 DAS and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb
manual weeding, Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na, Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na and Bispyribac-Na
+ (chlorimuron + metsulfuron) herbicidal combinations in monocots at 90 DAS. The significant
reduction in weed growth over weedy check was observed with the use of all the types of
herbicidal combinations in BLWs at 90 DAS, but those were non significant at 60 DAS.
At 60 and 90 DAS the treatment with use of Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual
weeding remarkably reduced the growth of monocots than weed free check. While Pendimethalin
fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding also reduced the growth of BLWs at 60 DAS, but it was
comparatively less with weed free check.
20
Table W S 3.1.3: Effects of herbicide combinations on yield attributes & yield of rice.
Treatments
T1: Bispyribac-Na
T2: Pendimethalin fb BispyNa
T3: Oxadiargyl fb
Bispyribac-Na
T4: Pyrazosulfuron fb
Bispyribac-Na
Bispyribac-Na fb manual
weeding
T6: Pendimethalin fb manual
weeding
T7: Bispyribac-Na
+(chlorimuron + metsulfuron)
T8:Three mechanical
weedings (cono / rotary
weeder)
T9: Weed free check
(HW at 20,40 & 60 DAS)
T10: Weedy check
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
Height Tiller Panicle Panicle Wt. of
of plant num number length grains
(cm)
ber/
m
/m
(cm)
/panicl
(gm)
83.30 62.00 53.33 19.27 e1.98
Yield (q/ha)
WI
Grains
Straw
(%)
28.65
49.11
21.62
89.67
61.67
53.33
20.17
2.52
(g)
35.19
54.75
9.35
88.20
64.00
55.33
20.26
2.40
36.76
52.87
9.66
63.00
53.33
18.43
2.00
29.24
41.86
28.34
91.33
66.00
57.67
31.37
3.19
39.19
58.24
1.80
93.20
69.00
61.67
21.54
3.08
39.45
55.55
4.25
83.33
60.67
52.00
19.03
2.48
27.73
46.69
25.00
89.50
62.00
51.33
20.42
2.48
35.58
52.87
10.85
91.03
68.00
60.00
20.70
2.63
39.64
59.58
-
79.30
0.36
1.01
56.00
0.29
0.80
47.67
0.28
0.80
16.80
0.12
0.33
1.88
0.16
0.45
19.96
0.27
0.74
34.35
0.54
1.49
45.56
-
86.83
Economics for Weed Control Measures Applied in Rice
Particul
ar
BispyribacNa
Yield q/ha
(Grain &
35.19 + 54.75
Straw
yield)
Price/q
uintal
1500 & 200
(Rs.)
Gross
Expend
iture
58,750/(Rs./
Q/ha.)
Gross
returns
63,735/in Rs./
Q/ha.
C: B
1.08
ratio
Oxadiargyl
fb
BispyribacNa
Pendimethali
n fb
BispyribacNa fb manual
weeding
Pendimethali
n fb manual
weeding
Three
mechanical
weedings
(cono / rotary
weeder)
Weed free
check
(HW at 20,40
& 60 DAS)
Weedy
check
36.76 + 52.87
39.19 + 58.24
39.46 + 55.55
35.58 + 52.67
39.64 + 59.58
19.9 + 34.35
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
59,300/-
60,500/-
59,780/-
63,700/-
69,500/-
54,500/-
65,714/-
70,433/-
70,285/-
63,944/-
71,376/-
36,790/-
1.10
1.15
1.17
1.00
1.02
0.68
21
Effect of herbicide combinations on yield attributes and yield
Various herbicide combinations under study significantly influenced the yield attributes and
yield over weedy check. Where the application of pendimethalin fb manual weeding significantly
showed higher response in growth and yield attributes like, height/plant, number of tillers/plant and
number of panicles/mt, over other herbicide combinations. But with the application of
Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding produced significantly more panicle length and
weight of grains/panicle.
Thus, compared to the best treatment of weed free check (3 HWs), the percent reduction in
grain yield (WI) was found to be least due to application of pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb
manual weeding (1.80%) followed by pendimethalin fb manual weeding (4.25%).
Economics:It is seen from the economics that, the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (1.17) was obtained with
application of pendimethalin fb manual weeding followed by pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb
manual weeding, Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na & pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na, while it was 1.00
and 1.02 with Three mechanical weedings (cono / rotary weeder) & Weed free check (HW at 20,40
& 60 DAS) respectively. But the last Benefit Cost Ratio (0.67) was obtained with weedy check.
Summary:From the different herbicides under trial, pendimethalin fb manual weeding, recorded
highest weed control efficiency (84.11 & 80.95%) at 60 and 90 DAS respectively, followed by
pendimethalin fb Bispyribac Na fb manual weeding & Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac-Na 77-80 & 74.91%
respectively. The total weed growth of monocots and BLWs was conspicuously suppressed by the
application of Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na integrated with manual weeding exhibiting the WCE
of 76.48 and 74.64 percent at 60 and 90DAS respectively.
All weed control measures under study recorded significant increase in grain & straw yield over
weedy check. The weed free check recorded significantly highest grain & straw yield of 39.64 &
59.58 q/ha. respectively over all other treatments, which were at par with Pendimethalin fb manual
weeding for grain yield and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding for straw yield. But
the highest Benefit Cost Ratio was obtained from the application of Pendimethalin fb manual
weeding (1.17) and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac-Na fb manual weeding (1.15) respectively.
22
WS 3.6:- Weed management in conservation agriculture systems
:
 To monitor weed dynamics, crop productivity and
herbicide residues under long-term tillage and residue
management practices
 To evaluate the effect on crop productivity and resourceuse efficiency
 To study C-sequestration, and changes in physicochemical and biological properties of soil
Kharif,2013
Location
Treatments Details:
:
Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli
Objectives
A) Main plot treatments : I) Sowing times
Cropping sequence
*Rabi
(Maize
Kharif- Rice
*Summer (cowpea)
1
:
T1:: CT (Transplanted)
CT
-
2
:
T2:: CT (Transplanted)
ZT
ZT
3
:
T3:: CT (Direct -seeded)
CT
ZT
4
:
T4:: ZT (Direct -seeded)
ZT
ZT
5
:
T5:: ZT (Direct -seeded)
ZT + R
ZT
B ) Sub plot treatments : II) Weed control measures
1
W1:Oxadiargyl @
0.1kg/ha (PE)
2
W2: Oxadiargyl @
0.1kg/ha PE) + HW
at 40 DAS/DAT
3
W3: weedy check
W1:Alachlor @ 2.0
kg/ha PE)
W2: Alachlor @
2.0 kg/ha PE)+
1Hoeing at 20
DAS & 1 HW at
30- 40 DAS
W1:Pendimethalin
@ 1.0 kg/ha PE)
W3: weedy check
W3: weedy check
Plot size
:
Gross : 8.10 x 4.20 m = 34.05 m
Replications
:
Three
Design
:
Strip plot
Season and crop
:
Kharif rice
Variety
:
Ratnagiri-24
Date of sowing
:
06/06/2013
Date of harvesting
:
T1 & T2 :- 10/10/2013,
T3, T4, & T5 :- 01/10/2013
2
W2: Pendimethalin
@ 1.0 kg/ha PE)
1Hoeing at 20 DAS
& HW at 30 DAS
23
From the cropping sequence, Rice crop was grown during the Kharif- 2013 and the results
were presented in the Annual Review Meeting- 2014. However, due to acute shortage of irrigation
water to the maize crop during its growth and maturity, very poor yields of cobs as well as straw
were obtained and therefore the said experiment is treated to be vitiated. Similarly, due to acute
shortage of irrigation water and lack of availability of funds for engaging contractual labours since
November,2013 the summer season crop could not be sown in time as per the methodology
suggested for this experiment during the Annual Review Meeting- 2014 which was held in
February -2014. Under these circumstances, this trial can be conducted from the ensuing kharif
season of 2015, if the provision of the amount of Rs 2.25 lakhs is made under the head ‘Recurring
Contingencies’ from the council from the financial year 2015-16, excluding the amount of Rs. 0.38
lakhs, usually to assigned for ‘Vehicle hiring’.
24
W. S. 3.7:- Long term herbicide trial in different cropping systems.
Objective
Location
Dominant Cropping system
Treatment details
A) Main plot treatments
: To find out combined effects of herbicides and green
manuaring on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and
growth and productivity of rice-groundnut cropping
sytem.
: Kharif, 2011
: Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli,
Dist. Ratnagiri.
: Rice – Groundnut
:
: Green manuring
M1
B) Sub plot treatments
: Green manuring (Sesbania
rostrata)
M2
: Without Green manuring
: Weed control measures
: For Groudnut (Rabi)
For Rice (Kharif)
Pretilachlor-S 50 EC
@ 0.75 kg/ha 3-7
DAT
Pyrazosulfuron 10
WP @ 0.25 kg/ha
8-10 DAT(I yr),
Fenoxaprop 10 EC
@ 80 kg/ ha25-30
DAT (IIyr),
Oxadiargyl 80 WP@
0.100 kg/ha 0-5
DAT(IIIyr)
Weed free check
T1 : Fixed herbicide
T2: Rotational herbicide sequence
Pendimethalin 30EC @ 1.0
kg/ha PE
:
Oxadiargyl 80 [email protected]
kg/ha 0-2 DAS (Iyr),
Butachlor 50 EC @ 1.0 kg/ha
0-3 DAS(IIyr), Alachlor 50 EC
@ 1.5 kg/ha 0-3 DAS (IIIyr)
:
Weed free check
(2HW at 20&40DAS)
:
Weedy check
T3:
(2HW at 20&40DAT)
T4:
Plot size
Replications
Design
Season and crop
Variety
Spacing
Fertilizers (N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha)
Date of Sowing (Groundnut)
Date of Harvesting
Date of sowing (Rice)
Date of sowing of dhaincha
Date of incorporation
Date of Transplanting
Date of Harvesting (Rice)
Weedy check
: Gross :10 m X10 m (Main plot)
Net:2.30 m X10m(Sub plot)
: Three
: Split plot
: Kharif rice – Rabi groundnut
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
R-24
20 × 15 cm
100:50:50
03/01/2014
16/05/2014
20/06/2014
25/06/2014
17/07/2014
19/07/2014
29/10/2014
Konkan Tapora
30 × 15 cm
25:50-00
25
Table WS 3.7.1: Effects of green manuring weed control measures on weed density in Rabi
Groundnut (No./0.25m2).
Weed density 30 DAS
Treatments
G&S
BLWs Total
Weed density 50 DAS
WCE
%
G&S
BLWs
Total
WCE%
25.42
-
31.83
-
-
-
-
-
24.00
48.94
38.33
29.09
10.17
78.36
47.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Plot treatment: Green manuring
M1: Green manuring
M2: Without green manuring
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
28.50
4.83
(5.10)
(2.47)
23.50
5.17
(4.64)
(2.43)
-
-
(0.16)
(0.30)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
33.33
-
28.67
-
-
-
-
-
25.33
53.52
38.83
58.75
6.17
88.68
54.50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17.75
7.67
(5.12)
(2.75)
25.50
6.33
(4.97)
(3.29)
-
-
(0.71)
(0.05)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
18.67
5.33
(4.34)
(2.39)
24.50
8.83
(4.96)
(3.75)
8.67
1.50
(3.01)
(1.36)
34.67
12.33
(7.87)
(3.57)
-
-
(0.99)
(0.08)
-
-
(3.04)
(0.24)
-
-
(1.39)
(0.11)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
Sub plot: Weed control measures
T1:Fixed.herbicide –
Pendimethalin(PE)
T2: Rotational herbicide –
Alachlor
T3: Weed free check
T4: Weedy check
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
22.33
3.00
(4.76)
(1.86)
33.00
5.83
(5.78)
(2.51)
4.67
1.50
(2.23)
(1.25)
44.83
9.67
(6.71)
(3.17)
-
-
(0.10)
(0.30)
-
-
(0.32)
(0.93)
-
-
(0.15)
(0.43)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
Interaction effects
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
26
I. Effect on weed density
a). Effect of green manuring:In the groundnut cultivated during Rabi season both group of weeds did not differ
significantly due to green manuring treatments.
b). Effect of weed control Measures:In Rabi groundnut, the weed free check (HW at 20 & 40 DAS) significantly reduced the
weed density of monocots over all other treatments at 30 DAS, however it was at par at 50 DAS.
Similarly the weed free check significantly reduced the weed density of BLWs over all other
treatments at 50 DAS, but it was at par at 30 DAS. The fixed herbicide has reduced the weed
density of monocots significantly than rotational herbicide at 30 DAS. However, the weed density
of BLWs at 30 DAS and weed density of monocots at 50 DAS was at par with each other. The use
of fixed herbicide significantly reduced the weed density of monocots at 30 DAS & BLWs at 50
DAS than rotational herbicides while it was at par at 30 DAS for BLWs and 50 DAS for monocots.
At harvest, the fixed and rotational herbicides reduced the weed density of BLWs
significantly over weedy check however, it was at par with each other in monocots.
c). Interaction effect:Interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on density of
weed was found to be non significant.
27
Table WS 3.7.2: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed growth in
Rabi Groundnut (g/0.25m2).
Weed growth 30 DAS
Treatments
G&S
BLWs
1.85
0.51
Weed growth 50 DAS
Total
WCE
%
2.36
-
2.27
-
-
-
-
-
2.41
28.27
2.86
14.88
0.64
80.95
3.36
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
G&S
BLWs
Total
WCE
%
2.18
-
2.40
-
-
-
-
-
2.13
34.86
2.83
13.45
0.93
71.56
3.27
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Main plot: Green manuring
M1: Green manuring
(1.59)
(1.00)
1.82
0.45
(1.49)
(0.87)
-
-
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
(0.07)
(0.06)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
1.51
0.67
(1.32)
(1.17)
1.81
0.59
(1.50)
(1.02)
-
-
(0.06)
(0.08)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
1.76
0.37
(1.58)
(1.14)
1.95
0.88
(1.57)
(1.17)
0.70
0.23
(0.93)
(0.84)
2.22
1.05
(1.65)
(1.24)
-
-
(0.10)
(0.11)
-
-
(0.30)
(0.34)
-
-
(0.14)
(0.15)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
Pendimethalin(PE)
T2: Rotational herbicide –
Alachlor
T3: Weed free check
T4: Weedy check
2.13
0.28
(1.78)
(0.88)
2.26
0.35
(1.66)
(1.02)
0.54
0.10
(1.02)
(0.77)
2.41
0.95
(1.81)
(1.20)
-
-
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
(0.08)
(0.08)
-
-
(0.22)
(0.28)
-
-
Interaction effect
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
(0.11)
(0.12)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
28
Table WS 3.7.3: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed density
& weed growth at harvest in Rabi Groundnut (No./0.25m2).
Weed density at harvest
Treatments
G&S
BLWs Total
WCE
%
Weed growth at harvest
G&S
BLWs
Total
WCE %
1.75
-
1.97
-
-
-
M1: Green manuring
M2: Without green
manuring
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
9.17
10.42
(2.95)
(3.17)
12.92
9.25
(3.29)
(2.95)
-
-
(0.38)
(0.11)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
19.59
-
22.17
-
-
-
-
-
19.67
39.16
26.83
17.01
4.66
85.59
32.33
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.94
0.81
(1.17)
(1.13)
1.34
0.63
(1.33)
(1.04)
-
-
(0.07)
(0.03)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
1.23
0.51
(1.30)
(0.99)
1.43
1.07
(1.38)
(1.26)
0.22
0.14
(0.84)
(0.79)
1.67
1.17
(1.47)
(1.29)
-
-
(0.06)
(0.04)
-
-
(0.18)
(0.09)
-
-
(0.07)
(0.03)
-
-
(N.S)
(N.S.)
-
Pendimethalin(PE)
12.00
(3.49) (2.83)
T2: Rotational herbicide 14.00
– Alachlor
(3.77)
T3: Weed free check
T4: Weedy check
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
7.67
2.33
12.83
(3.64)
2.33
(1.65)
(1.66)
15.83
16.50
(3.87)
(4.11)
-
-
(0.21)
(0.09)
-
-
(0.64)
(0.28)
-
-
1.74
38.73
2.50
11.97
0.36
87.32
2.84
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Interaction effects:
Sem ±
(0.29)
(0.13)
-
-
LSD (P=0.05)
(N.S)
(N.S.)
29
II) Effects on weed growth
a) Effects of green manuring:The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was not significantly influenced due to green
manuring at 30 & 50 DAS.
b) Effects of weed control measures:The weed growth of monocots and BLWs did not influenced significantly by using
fixed & rotational herbicides over weedy check at 30 and 50 DAS. But the weed growth of
monocots was influenced significantly by weed free check over fixed and rotational herbicide at 30
and 50 DAS, however it was at par with each other in BLWs.
The weed growth of monocots did not influenced significantly by using fixed and rotational
herbicides over weedy check at harvest but the same was influenced significantly in weed free
check. In case BLWs, the weed growth was significantly influenced by using fixed herbicide over
weedy check at harvest and the same was influenced significantly in weed free check.
c) Interaction effect:Interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on weed growth
was found to be non significant.
30
Table WS 3.7.4: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on yield attributes &
yield of Groundnut.
Treatments
Height
Number
Dry pod
Haulm
(cm)
of branches
yield
yield
/plant
q/ha
q/ha
WI%
Main plot: Green manuring:
M1 : Green manuring
29.98
10.26
29.83
39.84
-
M2 : Without green manuring
30.42
11.32
29.56
39.88
-
Sem ±
0.28
0.15
0.22
0.36
-
LSD (P=0.05)
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
-
T1 : Fixed herbicide :Pendimethalin
27.70
11.74
30.92
40.90
9.38
T2 : Rotational herbicide: Alachlor
27.88
10.73
29.49
37.42
15.57
T3:
30.47
11.89
33.90
45.35
-
T4 : Weedy check
34.75
8.81
24.47
35.78
23.97
Sem ±
0.39
0.40
0.48
0.90
-
LSD (P=0.05)
1.21
1.24
1.26
2.76
-
0.56
0.58
0.60
1.27
-
LSD (P=0.05)
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
Table WS 3.7.5: Economics for Weed Control Measures Applied in Groundnut
-
Weed free check
IIInteraction effects:
Sem ±
Particular
Fixed herbicide
Pendimethalin
Rotational herbicide
Alachlor
Weed free
check
Weedy check
Yield q/ha
30.92 + 40.90
29.50 + 37.42
33.90 + 45.35
24.47 + 35.80
6000 & 200
87,380/-
6000 & 200
88,310/-
6000 & 200
95,500/-
6000 & 200
83,300/-
1,94,000
1,84,500
2,13,000
1,53,980
2.27
2.08
2.23
1.84
(Dry pod Yield, Haulm Yield)
Price/quintal (Rs.)
Gross Expenditure in
Rs. Q/ha.
Gross returns in Rs.
Q/ha.
C: B ratio
Composition of weed flora. Rabi G’nut
Base year Rabi G’nut,2011-12
Grasses and Sedges
BLWs
Ischamum globosa
Leptocloa chinensis
Cyperus iria
Eiusine.indica
Ludwigia octovalvis
Ageratum conyzoides
Altermenthra sessilis
Blumea lacera
Rabi G’nut,2013-14
Grasses and Sedges
BLWs
Cyperus rotundus
Cocks comb,
Physalis minima
Mimosa pudica
Amaranthus spinosus
Cleoma viscosa
31
III) Effects on yield attributes and yield of Groundnut
a) Effect of green manuring:Green manuring to Kharif rice did not significantly influenced the yield attributes and dry
pod and haulm yield of Groundnut.
b) Weed control measures:There was significant increase in height in weed free check over fixed and rotational
herbicides tried. However, weed control measures did not influenced significantly, the formation of
number of branches on per plant basis. Weed free check produced significantly higher dry pod
yield of groundnut over fixed and rotational herbicidal treatments and also on weedy check.
Similarly the fixed herbicidal treatment produced significantly higher dry pod yield, than rotational
herbicidal treatment.
The haulm yield of groundnut was significantly higher in all the treatments over weedy
check except for rotational herbicide. As a result, weed free check was best treatment compared
with fixed herbicide, where fixed herbicide recorded least weed index (9.38%) followed by
rotational herbicide (15.57%).
c) Interaction effect
The interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures were found to
be non significant
Economics:It is seen from the economics that, the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (2.27) was obtained, with
the application of pendimethalin (PE) to groundnut, followed by the treatment weed free check with
the benefit cost ratio (2.23) and least benefit cost ratio (1.84) was obtained with weedy check.
Summary
Green manuring to kharif rice did not influenced the weed density and growth of monocots
and BLWs. While the various weed control measures significantly influenced the weed density &
weed growth at 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. The fixed and rotational herbicides reduced weed
density and weed growth resulted in increased dry pod yield of groundnut (30.92 & 29.49 q/ha)
respectively over weedy check (24.47 q/ha).
32
Table WS 3.7.6: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed density
in rice.
Weed Density 30 DAT
(No/0.25m2).
Treatments
G&S
BLWs
6.25
(2.55)
5.58
(2.44)
2.58
(1.73)
2.08
(1.56)
(0.06)
(N.S)
(0.09)
(N.S.)
Weed Density 50 DAT
(No/0.25m2).
Total
WCE%
8.33
-
7.66
-
-
-
-
-
Total
WCE%
12.91
-
12.00
-
-
-
-
-
5.00
(2.34)
13.33
24.56
5.17
(2.36)
10.67
39.62
3.83
(1.91)
8.16
53.82
7.00
(2.73)
17.67
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
G&S
BLWs
7.33
(2.76)
7.08
(2.70)
5.58
(2.45)
4.92
(2.22)
(0.04)
(N.S)
(0.12)
(N.S.)
M1: Green manuring
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
Sub Plot: Weed control measures
8.33
T1: Fixed herbicide –
Pretilachlor
6.50
(2.64)
2.33
(1.66)
8.83
T2: Rotational herbicide Pyrazosulfuron
4.83
(2.31)
2.00
(1.56)
6.83
42.31
T3: Weed free check
4.17
(2.16)
1.33
(1.34)
5.50
53.55
8.17
(2.94)
3.67
(2.03)
11.84
(0.07)
(0.21)
(0.10)
(0.30)
(0.12)
(N.S)
(0.42)
(N.S.)
T4: Weedy check
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
25.42
(2.97)
5.50
(2.43)
4.33
(2.19)
10.67
(3.34)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(0.11)
(0.35)
(0.13)
(0.38)
(0.16)
(N.S)
(0.18)
(N.S.)
Interaction effect
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
33
I) Effect of weed density
a) Effect of green manuring:Green manuring did not influenced significantly the density of monocots and BLWs at 30,
50 DAS and at harvest.
b) Effect of weed control measures:In Kharif rice, the weed density of monocots at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest was significantly
reduced over weedy check with the use various weed control measures. Similarly, it was reduced
significantly due to the application of fixed and rotational herbicides at 30 and 50 DAT. The weed
density of BLWs at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest was significantly reduced over weedy check due to
different weed control measures except for fixed herbicide at harvest & rotational herbicide at 50
DAT.
c) Interaction effect:Interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on density of
weed was found to be non significant.
Table WS 3.7.7: : Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed growth
in rice.
Weed Growth 30 DAT
(g/0.25m2).
Treatments
G&S
BLWs
Total
Weed Growth 50 DAT
(g/0.25m2).
WCE% G&S
BLWs
Total
WCE%
1.93
-
1.86
-
-
-
-
-
1.86
10.58
2.05
1.44
1.60
23.08
2.08
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M1: Green Manuring
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
1.14
(1.27)
1.15
(1.28)
(0.01)
(N.S)
0.54
(1.02)
0.41
(0.95)
(0.03)
(N.S.)
1.68
-
1.56
-
-
-
-
-
1.57
20.70
1.68
15.15
1.25
36.87
1.98
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.18
(1.29)
1.22
(1.30)
(0.01)
(N.S)
0.75
(1.11)
0.64
(1.06)
(0.04)
(N.S.)
1.14
(1.27)
0.72
(1.10)
1.26
(1.32)
1.05
(1.24)
1.35
(1.36)
(0.02)
(0.05)
0.79
(1.13)
0.55
(1.02)
0.83
(1.19)
(0.03)
(0.08)
(0.02)
(N.S)
(0.04)
(N.S.)
T1: Fixed herbicide –Pretilachlor
1.10
(1.26)
0.47
(0.98)
T2: Rotational herbicide Pyrazosulfuron
T3: Weed free check
1.17
(1.29)
0.99
(1.22)
1.31
(1.34)
(0.02)
(0.05)
0.51
(1.00)
0.26
(0.87)
0.67
(1.07)
(0.03)
(0.08)
(0.02)
(N.S)
(0.03)
(N.S.)
T4: Weedy check
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
34
II) Effect on weed growth
a) Effects of green manuring:The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was not influenced significantly due to green
manuring at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The weed growth of monocots was significantly influenced due to various weed control
measures at 30 DAT and at harvest but it was at par at 50 DAT for rotational herbicide. While in
case of BLWs, weed growth was also significantly influenced due to various weed control measure
at 30, 50 DAT and at harvest except for the use of rotational herbicide, it was at par, with weedy
check.
c) Interaction effects:The interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures on weed
growth was found to be non significant.
Table W S 3.7.8: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on weed Density
& weed growth at harvest in rice.
Treatments
Weed density at harvest
(No/0.25m2).
G&S
BLWs
6.25
(2.57)
6.00
(2.52)
4.92
(2.29)
4.58
(2.21)
(0.02)
(N.S)
(0.03)
(N.S.)
Total
Weed growth at harvest
(g /0.25m2).
WCE% G&S
BLWs
Total
WCE%
2.25
-
2.22
-
-
-
-
-
2.13
14.46
2.41
3.21
1.91
23.29
2.49
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M1: Green manuring
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
T1:Fixed herbicide –
6.00
Pretilachlor
(2.50)
T2: Rotational herbicide 5.17
Pyrazosulfuron
(2.36)
4.33
T3: Weed free check
(2.19)
7.00
T4: Weedy check
(2.77)
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
5.50
(2.44)
4.50
(2.20)
2.50
(1.72)
6.50
(2.64)
(0.09)
(0.26)
(0.121)
(0.34)
(0.12)
(N.S)
(0.17)
(N.S.)
11.17
-
10.58
-
-
-
-
-
11.50
25.81
9.67
37.61
6.83
55.94
15.50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.22
(1.31)
1.32
(1.34)
1.03
(1.26)
0.90
(1.18)
(0.01)
(N.S)
(0.01)
(N.S.)
1.18
(1.29)
1.34
(1.36)
1.08
(1.25)
1.49
(1.41)
0.95
(1.20)
1.07
(1.31)
0.83
(1.15)
1.09
(1.34)
(0.01)
(0.03)
(0.04)
(0.11)
(0.01)
(N.S)
(0.05)
(N.S.)
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
35
Table W S 3.7.9: Effects of green manuring & weed control measures on yield attributes &
yield of Kharif rice.
Treatments
Height Number Length Number Weight
of plant
of
of
of
of
(cm)
tillers/ Panicle Panicle/ panicles
hill
(cm)
hill
(gm)
M1 Green manuring 79.54
8.38
M2 Without green
manuring
em ±
Grains
Straw
WI %
29.91
3.25
3.25
31.31
37.36
-
77.23
8.20
24.19
3.37
3.37
30.00
35.98
-
0.94
N.S
0.10
N.S
0.32
N.S
0.04
N.S
0.15
N.S
0.26
N.S
0.23
N.S
-
24.07
6.70
3.22
31.40
36.07
14.84
24.03
6.24
3.21
28.65
33.93
21.01
24.00
7.25
3.25
34.90
44.33
-
24.10
0.40
N.S
5.87
0.11
0.35
3.56
0.20
N.S
22.67
0.60
1.84
28.34
0.72
2.20
35.62
-
0.56
N.S
0.16
N.S
0.28
N.S
0.84
N.S
1.01
N.S
-
LSD (P=0.05)
Sub Plot: Weed control measuresT1 Fixed herbicide
74.63
8.24
– Pretilachlor
T2 Rotational
herbicide 75.73
8.14
Fenoxaprop
T3 Weed free
80.45
8.95
check
T4 Weedy check
82.73
7.83
Sem ±
0.59
0.10
LSD (P=0.05)
1.81
0.30
Sem ±
LSD (P=0.05)
Yield (q/ha)
0.83
N.S
0.15
N.S
Table W S 3.7.10: Economics for Weed Control Measures Applied in Rice
Sr.No
1.
2.
3.
Particular
Yield q/ha
(Grain and Straw yield)
Price /quintal (Rs.)
Pretilachlor
fenoxaprop
Weed free
check
Weedy check
31.40 + 36.00
28.65 + 33.90
34.90 + 44.33
27.70 + 32.30
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
1500 & 200
Gross Expenditure
60,800/-
61,000/-
68,800/-
59,000/-
4.
Gross return in Rs.
54,300
49,755
61,216
39,670
5.
C: B ratio
0.89
0.81
0.88
0.67
Composition of weed flora.
Base year Kharif,2011
Grasses and Sedges
BLWs
Ischamum globosa
Ludwigia octovalvis
Leptocloa chinensis
Eiusine indica
Cyperus iria
Ageratum conyzoides
Erioculum hexangularis Altermenthra sessilis
Blumea lacera
Kharif- Rice,2014
Grasses and Sedges
BLWs
Cyperus iria
Physalis minima
Ischamum globosa
Ludwigia octovalvis
36
III) Effect on yield attributes and yield
a) Effects of green manuring:The yield attributes contributing the yield of rice was not significantly influenced due to
green manuring treatments.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The various weed control measures significantly influenced the yield attributes viz. Height
of plant, Number of tillers/hill and Number of panicles/hill, over weedy check. However, it was at
par with Length of panicles and weight of panicles.
Weed control measures significantly influenced the grain yield of rice (31.40 q/ha.) over
weed check except for use of rotational herbicide. Similarly the straw yield of rice (31.07 q/ha.)
was also influenced by different weed control measures over weedy check, except for use of
rotational herbicide. However, the highest grain & straw yield was observed under weed free
check.
c) Interaction effects:The interaction effects between green manuring and weed control measures was found to
be non significant.
It is seen from the economics that, the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (0.89) was
obtained, with the application of Pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ai/ha to rice followed by the treatment
weed free check (0.88) and least benefit cost ratio (0.67) was obtained with weedy check.
Summary
Green manuring with Dhaincha did not influenced the weed density and weed growth at 30,
50, DAT and at harvest. Similarly it was not influenced the yield attributes and yield of rice. Weed
density of monocots was reduced significantly due to the application of fixed and rotational
herbicides at 30 and 50 DAT. The weed growth of monocots and BLWs was also significantly
influenced due to various weed control measures.
The grain and straw yield of rice was
significantly highest in weed free check (34.90 & 44.33 q/ha) followed by fixed herbicide (31.40 &
36.07q/ha).
37
Project
Objective
WSM :Microbiology
:- Long term herbicide trial in different cropping systems
:- To find out combined effects of green manuring and herbicides
on soil microflora and their associated parameters
:- Agronomy work:- Kharif, 2011
Microbiology work:-Kharif,2011
Location
:- Agronomy Farm, Collage of Agriculture ,Dapoli
Methodology :A field experiment was conducted on long term herbicide trial in kharif Rice-rabi
Groundnt cropping system. The soil samples were collected from rhizo-sphere soil at 3 stages of
plant growth, 30 DAT, 50 DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop during kharif season and at
30DAS, 50DAS and at harvesting stage of the groundnut crop during rabi season.(The soil
adhered to the plant roots). It was used for all the microbial analysis.
The soil sample was analyzed for following observation
a)
Total bacterial population
b)
Total Fungal population
c)
Free living nitrogen fixers.
d)
Phosphate solubilisers.
e)
Microbial biomass carbon.
f)
Basal soil respiration
g)
Dehydrogenase enzyme.
h)
Phosphatase enzyme
i)
Dry wt of nodule (50DAT of groundnut crop)
j)
Number of nodule/Plant (50DAT of groundnut crop).
38
WSM 3.7.1 :- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on soil
bacterial population in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013)
Bacteria CFU x 106/gm of soil
Treatment
Crop:-Groundnut
30 DAS
50 DAS
At harvest
M1 :- Green manuring
45.35
49.12
40.29
M2 :-Without green manuring
38.32
43.67
32.07
S. Em +
0.59
0.54
0.93
CD at 5%
3.61
3.28
5.63
T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin)
37.27
43.76
32.10
T2:- Rotational herbicide (Alachlor)
40.11
44.95
34.54
T3:- Weed free
48.26
49.58
41.20
T4:- Weedy Check
41.70
47.31
36.88
S. Em +
1.64
2.62
3.25
C.D. at 5%
5.06
NS
NS
S Em. +
2.32
3.70
4.59
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
Main plots:- Green Manuring
Sub-Plots:- Weed control measures
Interaction effect
1) Bacteria: - The data of bacterial population is presented in table no.WSM 3.7.1
a) Effect of green manuring:The population of bacteria in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring as
compared to without green manure at 30DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of the groundnut
crop. They recorded significantly higher bacterial population in green manuring treatment as
compared to the without green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measure: The total bacterial population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures
at 30DAT. They were found significantly less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared
to the weed free treatment at 30DAT. The herbicides treatments were at par with weedy check
treatment at 30 DAT. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at 50DAT and
harvesting stage of the groundnut crop.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effects of green manuring and weed control measures were found to be
non significant.
39
WSM 3.7.2:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on soil fungi
in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013).
Fungi CFU x 104/gm of soil
Treatment
Crop:-Groundnut
30 DAS
50 DAS
At harvest
28.04
33.04
23.16
24.12
29.56
17.08
S. Em +
0.58
0.23
0.62
CD at 5%
3.54
1.41
3.79
T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin )
23.43
29.56
18.45
25.24
31.41
18.57
T3:- Weed free
27.95
33.09
21.79
T4:- Weedy Check
27.71
31.13
21.67
S. Em +
1.73
1.47
1.28
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
S Em. +
2.45
2.08
1.81
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
Interaction effect
2) Fungi: - The data of total soil fungal population is presented in table no WSM 3.7.2
a) Effect of green manuring: The total fungal population in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring treatment
as compared to without green manuring treatment at 30 DAT and at 50 DAT and at harvesting
stage of groundnut crop. They recorded significantly higher fungal population in green manuring
treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed measure: The population of total fungi was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at 30
DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.
non significant.
40
WS M 3.7.3:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on free living
nitrogen fixers in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013).
Treatment
Crop:-Groundnut
Free living nitrogen fixers CFU x 103/gm of soil
30 DAS
50 DAS
AT harvest
32.06
32.98
24.86
23.81
26.43
21.12
S. Em +
0.81
1.01
0.32
CD at 5%
4.93
6.15
1.95
25.39
27.80
20.76
27.41
29.45
22.14
T3:- Weed free
30.36
31.88
25.01
T4:- Weedy Check
28.58
29.70
24.05
S. Em +
1.85
1.64
1.44
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
S Em. +
2.62
2.32
2.03
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
Interaction effect
3) Free living Nitrogen fixers: -The data of population of Nitrogen fixers is presented in table
No.WSM 3.7.3
a) Effect of Green manuring: The free living nitrogen fixers were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at
harvesting stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring
treatment. They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as
b) Effect of weed control measures: The population of total free living nitrogen were not significantly influenced by weed control
measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.
non significant.
41
Table WS M 3.7.4 Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measures on
phosphate solubilisers in rice-groundnut cropping system during rabi (2013).
Treatment
Phosphate solubilisers CFU x 103/gm of soil.
Crop:-Groundnut
30 DAS
50 DAS
At harvest
28.87
31.09
23.07
25.51
27.07
17.04
S. Em +
0.22
0.55
0.43
CD at 5%
1.36
3.37
2.62
25.13
27.01
18.59
25.90
28.85
19.44
T3:- Weed free
29.32
31.37
22.36
T4:- Weedy Check
28.42
29.10
19.84
S. Em +
1.79
1.51
1.35
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
2.53
2.14
1.91
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
4) Phosphate solubilisers: - The data of P-solubilisers is presented in table WS M 3.7.4.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The phosphate solubilisers in soil were significantly influenced at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at
harvest stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring
treatment.They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as compared
to the without green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measures: The population of total phosphate solubilisers were not significantly influenced by weed
control measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.
c) Interaction effect: The interaction effects of green manuring and weed control measures were found to be
non significant.
42
Table WS M 3.7.5:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on
microbial biomass carbon in rice – groundnut cropping system during
rabi 2013
Treatment
Microbial biomass carbon ( µg/gm soil)
Crop:-Groundnut
30 DAS
50 DAS
At harvest
258.26
269.45
234.78
227.96
249.36
211.59
S. Em +
3.20
1.85
3.80
CD at 5%
19.48
11.27
23.09
231.54
251.05
216.52
237.87
259.57
220.67
T3:- Weed free
259.32
265.40
229.15
T4:- Weedy Check
243.71
261.58
226.41
S. Em +
5.35
5.70
4.71
C.D. at 5%
16.47
NS
NS
7.56
8.06
6.66
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
5) Microbial biomass carbon:-The data of microbial biomass carbon is presented in table
WS M 3.7.5
a) Effect of Green manuring: The microbial biomass carbon is significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT and harvesting
stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment.The
significantly higher microbial biomass in green manuring treatment was found as compared to the
without green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measures: The microbial biomass carbon in soil were significantly influenced by weed control
measures at 30DAT. They were found significantly less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as
compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAT.The both herbicides treatments were at par with
weedy check treatment at 30DAT. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at
50DAT and harvesting stage of the groundnut crop.
non significant.
43
basal soil respiration in rice – groundnut cropping system during rabi
2013 .
Treatment
Crop:-Groundnut
Basal soil respiration ( µg CO2/100 gm soil)
30 DAS
50 DAS
At harvest
241.77
268.81
226.15
219.95
254.24
212.36
S. Em +
0.42
2.29
2.23
CD at 5%
2.56
13.95
13.59
224.04
257.14
215.01
226.51
260.87
217.45
T3:- Weed free
239.72
265.43
224.02
T4:- Weedy Check
233.18
262.66
220.55
S. Em +
3.75
3.24
2.99
C.D. at 5%
11.54
NS
NS
S Em. +
5.30
4.58
4.23
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
Interaction effect
6) Basal soil respiration:-The data of basal soil respiration is presented in table WS M 3.7.6
a) Effect of Green manuring: The basal Soil respiration was significantly influenced by green manuring as compared to
without green manuring treatment at at 30DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of the groundnut
crop. The basal soil respiration was significantly found higher in green manuring treatment as
compared to the without green manuring treatment at all above mention stages of crop.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The basal soil respiration in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures at
30DAT. They were found significantly less in fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared to
the weed free treatment at 30DAT. The both herbicides treatments were at par with weedy check
treatment. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at 50 DAT and harvesting
stage
of
the
groundnut
crop.
non significant.
44
dehydrogenase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during Rabi
2013
Treatment
Dehydrogenase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)
Crop:-Rice
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
8.83
9.98
6.65
7.05
8.14
5.64
S. Em +
0.23
0.27
0.17
CD at 5%
1.38
1.63
1.01
T1:- Fix herbicide (Pendimethalin)
7.30
8.40
5.51
7.53
8.66
6.03
T3:- Weed free
9.25
9.91
6.80
T4:- Weedy Check
7.68
9.26
6.25
S. Em +
0.71
0.64
0.36
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
1.00
0.91
0.51
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
15) Dehydrogenase enzyme: The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil is presented in
table WSM 3.7.7.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring
treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment.The enzyme activity was
significantly higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring
treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The dehydrogenase enzyme was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at
30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effect green manuring treatment and weed control measures was found to
be non-significant.
45
WSM 3.7.8:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on
Phosphatase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during rabi 2013
Treatment
Crop:-Rice
Phosphatase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
220.98
239.19
204.71
199.06
219.59
181.62
S. Em +
3.27
1.84
3.74
CD at 5%
19.90
11.17
22.74
202.95
221.08
186.46
204.75
229.40
190.51
T3:- Weed free
219.37
235.52
199.27
T4:- Weedy Check
213.00
231.57
196.42
S. Em +
5.95
5.70
4.82
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
8.42
8.06
6.82
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
15) Phosphatase enzyme: The data of phosphatase enzyme activity in soil is presented in
table WSM 3.7.8.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT,
and at harvesting stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring
treatment.It was found significantly higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without
green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control
measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.
be non-significant.
46
Table WSM 3.7.9:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on
number of nodule/plant (No.) at 50 DAT of groundnut crop.in rice –
groundnut cropping system during rabi 2013 .
Treatment
Crop:-Groundnut
Number of nodule/plant (No.) at 50 DAT
of groundnut crop.
24.83
18.92
S. Em +
0.68
CD at 5%
4.13
18.83
20.67
T3:- Weed free
26.00
T4:- Weedy Check
22.00
S. Em +
2.48
C.D. at 5%
NS
Interaction effect
S Em. +
3.51
C.D. at 5%
NS
7) Dry wt of nodule:-The data of dry wt of nodule at 50DAS is presented in table WSM 3.7.9
a) Effect of Green manuring: The dry wt of nodule of groundnut crop was not significantly influenced by green manuring
treatment as compared to the non-green manuring treatment at 50DAT.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The dry wt of nodule of groundnut crop was not significantly influenced by weed control
measures at 50DAT.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effects of green manuring treatment and weed control measures
found to be non significant.
were
47
Table WSM 3.7.10:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on dry
wt of nodule ( gm/plant ) at 50 DAT in rice – groundnut cropping system
during rabi 2013 .
Treatment
Dry wt of nodule ( gm/plant ) at 50 DAT
Crop:-Groundnut
0.08
0.07
S. Em +
0.01
CD at 5%
NS
0.06
0.07
T3:- Weed free
0.08
T4:- Weedy Check
0.08
S. Em +
0.01
C.D. at 5%
NS
Interaction effect
S Em. +
0.02
C.D. at 5%
NS
8) Number of nodule:-The data of no of nodule at 50DAT of groundnut crop is presented in
table WSM 3.7.10.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The number of nodule of groundnut crop at 50DAT was not significantly influences by
green manuring treatment as compared to without green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The number of nodule of groundnut crop at 50 DAT was not significantly influenced by
weed control measures.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effects of green manuring treatment and weed control measures were
found to be non significant.
48
WS M 3.7.11:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on bacterial
population in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .
Treatment
Bacteria CFU x 106/gm of soil.
Crop:-Rice
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
37.55
34.49
29.70
28.47
29.08
23.49
S. Em +
1.42
0.39
0.54
CD at 5%
8.66
2.37
3.28
31.15
29.62
26.15
T2:- Rotational herbicide
(Pyrazosulfuron)
30.98
28.82
24.37
T3:- Weed free
36.24
35.92
29.76
T4:- Weedy Check
33.68
32.79
26.08
S. Em +
2.01
2.60
2.00
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
2.84
3.68
2.83
T1:- Fix herbicide (Pretilachlor )
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
9)Total bacterial population:-The data of total bacteria in soil is presented in table WSM 3.7.11.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The population of bacteria in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring as
compared to without green manure at 30DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of the rice crop.
They recorded significantly higher bacterial population in green manuring treatment as compared
b)Effect of weed control measures:The bacterial population in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at
30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of groundnut crop.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effect of green manuring treatment and weed control measures was found
to be non-significant.
49
WS M 3.7.12:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on fungi in
rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014.
Treatment
Fungi CFU x 104/gm of soil.
Crop:-Rice
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
22.62
18.82
14.99
13.69
13.68
10.97
S. Em +
1.41
0.56
0.58
CD at 5%
8.58
3.40
3.51
17.54
15.86
12.85
T2:- Rotational herbicide (Pyrazosulfuron)
15.63
13.52
11.55
T3:- Weed free
20.80
18.90
14.85
T4:- Weedy Check
18.65
16.71
12.68
1.88
1.94
1.40
NS
NS
NS
2.65
2.75
1.99
S. Em +
C.D. at 5%
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
10) Fungi: - The data of total soil fungal population is presented in table no :- WS M 3.7.12
a) Effect of green manuring: The total fungal population in soil was significantly influenced by green manuring treatment
as compared to without green manuring treatment at 30 DAT and at 50 DAT and at harvesting
stage of rice crop. They recorded significantly higher fungal population in green manuring
b) Effect of weed measure: The population of total fungi was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at 30
DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effects of green manuring and weed control measures were
non significant.
found to be
50
WS M 3.7.13:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on free
living nitrogen fixers in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .
Treatment
Free living nitrogen fixers CFU x 103/gm of
soil.
Crop:-Rice
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
24.34
21.05
15.95
15.91
16.25
9.86
S. Em +
0.76
0.57
0.62
CD at 5%
4.61
3.46
3.75
18.29
17.22
10.96
T2:- Rotational
herbicide(Pyrazosulfuron)
17.86
16.57
10.77
T3:- Weed free
23.14
20.72
17.24
T4:- Weedy Check
21.21
20.09
12.64
S. Em +
1.98
1.65
2.35
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
2.80
2.34
3.32
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
11) Free living Nitrogen fixers : -The data of population of Nitrogen fixers is presented
in Table no WS M 3.7.13.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The free living nitrogen fixers were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at
treatment. They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as
b) Effect of weed control measures: The population of total free living nitrogen fixers were not significantly influenced by weed
control measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.
non significant.
51
WS M 3.7.14:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on
phosphate solubilisers in rice – groundnut cropping system
during kharif 2014 .
Treatment
Crop:-Rice
Phosphate solubilisers CFU x 103/gm of soil.
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
23.86
20.38
17.43
14.99
17.04
12.03
S. Em +
0.69
0.48
0.76
CD at 5%
4.18
2.93
4.63
18.02
17.78
13.80
T2:- Rotational herbicide(Pyrazosulfuron)
17.39
17.32
13.62
T3:- Weed free
22.67
21.23
17.02
T4:- Weedy Check
19.63
18.51
14.49
1.97
1.43
1.32
NS
NS
NS
2.79
2.03
1.86
NS
NS
NS
S. Em +
C.D. at 5%
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
12) Phosphate solubilisers:-The data of phosphate solubilisers is presented in table WSM 3.7.14
a) Effect of Green manuring: The phosphate solubilisers were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at
treatment.They recorded significantly higher population in green manuring treatment as compared
b) Effect of weed control measures:The population of total phosphate solubilisers in soil were not significantly influenced by
weed control measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effect of green manuring treatment and weed control measure was
found to be non-significant.
52
microbial biomass carbon in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .
Treatment
Microbial biomass carbon( µg/gm soil)
Crop:-Rice
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
230.82
222.71
213.53
202.68
205.32
179.88
S. Em +
4.46
1.92
1.61
CD at 5%
27.12
11.68
9.80
212.51
209.94
194.96
208.08
207.89
191.76
T3:- Weed free
226.34
225.67
202.08
T4:- Weedy Check
220.08
212.56
198.01
6.30
5.99
6.47
NS
NS
NS
8.91
8.47
9.15
NS
NS
NS
S. Em +
C.D. at 5%
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
13) Microbial biomass carbon:-The data of microbial biomass carbon is presented in table
WSM 3.7.15
a) Effect of Green manuring: The microbial biomass carbon were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at
treatment. They recorded significantly higher microbial biomass carbon in green manuring
b) Effect of weed control measures:The microbial biomass carbon was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at
30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.
c) Interaction effect:The interaction effect of green manuring treatment and weed control measure was found to
be non-significant.
53
WS M 3.7.16:- Combined effects of green manuring and weed control measure on basal
soil respiration in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif 2014 .
Treatment
Basal soil respiration( µg/100gm soil)
Crop:-Rice
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
234.64
230.48
224.72
205.54
206.52
185.79
S. Em +
2.56
3.27
2.22
CD at 5%
15.56
19.87
13.50
218.27
213.71
203.20
212.49
211.26
199.76
T3:- Weed free
227.60
225.97
210.71
T4:- Weedy Check
221.99
223.07
207.34
5.49
5.29
4.19
NS
NS
NS
7.77
7.48
5.92
S. Em +
C.D. at 5%
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
14) Basal soil respiration:-The data of basal soil respiration in soil is presented in table WSM
3.7.16
a) Effect of Green manuring: The basal soil respiration were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT, and at harvesting
stage by green manuring treatment as compared to the without green manuring treatment. They
recorded significantly higher basal soil respiration in green manuring treatment as compared to the
without green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The basal soil respiration was not significantly influenced by weed control measure at 30
DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.
be non-significant.
54
Dehydrogenase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif
2014.
Treatment
Dehydrogenase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)
Crop:-Rice
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
5.93
5.74
3.27
2.44
2.69
2.01
S. Em +
0.53
0.45
0.19
CD at 5%
3.22
2.72
1.14
3.94
4.28
2.44
3.68
3.30
2.01
T3:- Weed free
4.93
4.94
3.44
T4:- Weedy Check
4.19
4.36
2.67
0.44
0.60
0.58
NS
NS
NS
0.62
0.85
0.82
S. Em +
C.D. at 5%
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
NS
NS
NS
15) Dehydrogenase enzyme: The data of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil is presented
in table WSM 3.7.17.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT,
treatment. They recorded significantly higher dehydrogenase enzyme in green manuring
b) Effect of weed control measures:The dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control
measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.
be non-significant.
.
55
Phosphatase enzyme in rice – groundnut cropping system during kharif
2014
Treatment
Crop:-Rice
Phosphatase enzyme( µg/gm/hr)
30 DAT
50 DAT
At harvest
196.36
179.99
165.51
141.55
167.28
131.81
S. Em +
8.48
1.82
1.46
CD at 5%
51.57
11.10
8.87
169.20
170.60
147.39
161.47
168.60
144.77
T3:- Weed free
175.51
180.93
153.46
T4:- Weedy Check
169.64
174.42
149.03
5.18
4.92
3.08
NS
NS
NS
7.33
6.95
4.36
NS
NS
NS
S. Em +
C.D. at 5%
Interaction effect
S Em. +
C.D. at 5%
15) Phosphatase enzyme: The data of phosphatase enzyme activity in soil is presented in
table WSM 3.7.18.
a) Effect of Green manuring: The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil were significantly influenced at 30DAT, 50DAT,
treatment.It was found significantly higher in green manuring treatment as compared to the without
green manuring treatment.
b) Effect of weed control measures:The phosphatase enzyme activity in soil was not significantly influenced by weed control
measure at 30 DAT, 50DAT and at harvesting stage of rice crop.
be non-significant.
Summary
The experiment was conducted to see the combine effects of green manuring and different
weed control measures on soil microflora and their associated parameters such as microbial
biomass carbon, basal soil respiration,dehydrogenase enzymes and phosphatase enzyme in a
rice- groundnut cropping system.
56
The summary of the experiment are as follows.
1. The soil microflora such as bacteria, fungi, free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilisers
and
their
associated
parameters
such
as
microbial
biomass
carbon,
basal
soil
rabi groundnut crop and kharif rice crop at all the above mention stages of the crops.
2. The total bacterial population, microbial biomass carbon and basal soil respiration in soil were
significantly influenced by weed control measures at 30DAT. They were found significantly less in
fixed herbicide, rotational herbicide as compared to the weed free treatment. They were at par
with weedy check treatment at 30DAT.The rest parmeters such as total fungi, total free living
nitrogen fixers, total Phosphate solubilisers, dehydrogenase enzyme activity and phosphatase
enzyme activity were found to be non-significant at all the above stages of the groundnut crop
during rabi season.
3 The total bacterial population, total fungi, total free living nitrogen fixers, total phosphate
solubilisers, Microbial biomass carbon ,basal soil respiration dehydrogenase enzyme activity and
phosphatase enzyme activity were found non-significant at all the above stages of the rice crop
during kharif season.
4.The number of nodule and their dry weight was found to be non-significant in the main
treatment(green manuring)and the sub-treatment(weed control measures) during rabi season.
57
W.S. 4:- Management of problematic weeds
WS 4.2
:- Making of Parthenium free campus
Since the Konkan region is falling under very heavy rainfall zone
and by considering the climatic and soil conditions of the region, a very
few pockets of sporadic incidence of this noxious weed was observed in
the year 2006, since the Nation Wide Programme was organized by the
Directorate of National Research Centre of weed science and AICRP on
weed control from 2004. The incidence of this noxious weed in medium
black soils of northern part of north Konkan coastal zone was probably
due to intense vehicular activities along with roadsides and railway tracts
in this part of the region coupled with relatively low rainfall conditions.
Under the programme, ‘making of Parthenium free Campus’, the
inspection and awareness programme was organized for the farmers in
the Kelwa, Dahanu and Palghar area of Palghar district, where about 6 to
8 years back Parthenium incidence was observed, along with road sides
and in some of the fields. By conducting the awareness programme,
discussions were undertaken for controlling parthenium through adopting
Integrated Weed Management Practices. Similarly the literature in the
form of pamplets are distributed to the farmers in the area and efforts are
continuing to make the area/campus parthenium free and to declare the
campus parthenium free.
WS 4.3 Project
Objective
Methodology :-
:- Biological control of water hyacinth by Neochetina bruchi
:- To find out effect of Neochetina bruchi to control the water hyacinth.
:- A field experiment was conducted in a pond which is recently infested with
water hyacinth in patches. The insect Neochetina bruchi has been
released on 12th Dec. 2014. However, so far no population of Neochetina
bruchi has been buildup and no any symptoms appeared to distruct the
water hyacinth by same insects. Hence it was not possible to record any
of observations as per suggestion.
Therefore fresh
demand of
Neochetina bruchi will be made in future in a favorable conditions for its
multiplication during ensuing monsoon season
WS 4.4 Project
:- Biological control of water hyacinth by biocontrol fungus Alternaria
alternata.
:- To find out effect of biocontrol fungus on water hyacinth.
A field experiment was conducted in a pond located in the premises of
Objective
agronomy farm infected with water hyacinth.The biocontrol fungus Alternaria alternata isolate
DWSR was used to control the weed during last week of June-2014. .The prescribed dose was
1kg/100 meter square area(As per the recommendation of DWSR).The cold rice solution was
prepared by boiling 100 grams of rice in 1 liter of water and filtered the contents and then added
about 250ml of this to 1 kg of talc formulated product.The solution was sprayed in the evening to
take the advantage of the RH for establishment of fungus.
58
The following observations were taken as per the protocol given by the DWSR.
a)
No. of days taken for initial symptoms appear in the leaves.
b)
No. of days taken for the disease to spread.
c)
No.of days taken for the death of plant.
d)
No. of plantlets produced from the infected plants.
WS 4.4.1 Observations taken as per the protocol given by the DWSR
Sr No
Content
Numbers
a)
No. of days taken for initial symptoms appear in the leaves.
04
b)
No. of days taken for the disease to spread.
11
c)
No.of days taken for the death of plant.
17
d)
No. of plantlets produced from the infected plants.
64
Summary
The biocontrol fungus Alternaria alternata has taken 17 days to control maxiumum area
of water hyacinth (up to 60%).However the number of plantlets are also produced from the
infected plant which were not controlled by the same fungus.However it still needs more
application of biocontrol fungus or need further research with respect to the cent percent death
of this aquatic weed by the biocontrol fungus.
59
WS. 6:- On farm research & impact assessment
WS.6.1: On farm research (Information about On Farm Trial (OFT) on Groundnut )
Sr.no
Particular
Information
1.
Name of the farmer
Mr. Madhukar Sadu Palye
2.
Location of the OFT
Konde, Tal-Lanja , Ratanagiri
3.
Area of land (ha)
15 Are
4.
Irrigated/rainfed
Rainfed
5.
Cropping system followed
Fingermillet-veg-Groundnut
6.
Soil type
Lateritic
7.
Sowing/planting time
18/06/2014
8.
Crop and varity
TG-37 Groundnut
9.
Fertilizer applied
DAP at recommended rate
10.
Crop duration/harvest date
10/10/2014
11.
Other management practices
Earthing up at 50 days after
sowing with swastika earthing
up hoe and spade.
12.
Observation on weeds (density and weed
dry weight at harvest)
Enclosed
13.
Yield of grain & stover
Enclosed
14.
Economic analysis
Enclosed
60
Weed density and weed growth at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest in Groundnut
Weed density
at 30 DAS
Weed density
at 60 DAS
Weed growth
G&S & BLWs
(gm)at
Weed density
at harvest
Treatment
G&S
BLWs
Total
G&S
BLWs
Total
G&S
BLWs
Total
30
DAT
60
DAT
Harvest
35.00
12.00
47.00
15.00
8.00
23.00
12.00
7.00
19.00
3.80
2.15
1.85
Hand
weedings at
30 & 50 DAS
30.00
28.00
58.00
15.00
10.00
25.00
10.00
8.00
18.00
2.70
1.90
1.34
Weedy check
57.00
66.00
123.00
46.00
52.00
98.00
30.00
30.00
42.00
4.30
3.20
2.48
Pendimethalin
@ 1.5 kg ai/ha
(PE) 2 DAS
Economics of weed control measures applied to groundnut, TG-37
Economics
Straw
yield
kg/ha
Gross return
19.10
Hand weedings at 30 &
50 DAS
Weedy check
Treatment
Pod yield
kg/ha
Net
return
Rs/ha
B:C ratio
Rs/ha
Cost of
cultivation
Rs/ha
24.50
1,19,500/-
78,000/-
41,500/-
1.53
17.80
22.50
1,11,300/-
83,550/-
27,750/-
1.33
11.10
14.20
69,440/-
64,400/-
5,040/-
1.07
Pendimethalin
@ 1.5 kg a.i pre
emergence
2 DAS
61
WS 6.2.1.: Front Line Demonstration (FLD) on Rice
Sr.no
Particular
Information
1.
Name of the farmer
Mr. Sadanand Chavan
2.
Location of the FLD
Gawane, Tal-Lanja , Dist. Roha
3.
Size of holding
30ARC
4.
Family size
Small
5.
Educational status
Primary School
6.
Total income
< 50,000/-
7.
Major cropping pattern followed
Rice-pulses
Major constraints in respect to weed
management
1. Lack of awareness about modern
weed management technology
2. Unavailability of
herbicides/Spraying tools/improved
mechanical tools etc
3. Psychological fear about use of
chemicals
8.
4. Any other (specify)
i) Lack of knowledge about different
Govt. schemes.
ii) Poor economic condition
iii) Shortage of man power
Partially Satisfied
9.
Response of farmer to the
demonstration technology:
Unsatisfied/partially Satisfied/Fully
Satisfied
10.
Economic analysis: Cost of production,
gross returns, net return, and B:C ratio
Enclosed
62
Weed density and weed growth at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest in Rice
Weed density
Weed density
Weed density
Weed growth
at 30 DAT
at 60 DAT
at 90 DAT
G&S & BLWs (gm)at
Treatment
G&S
BLWs
Total
G&S
BLWs
Total
G&S
BLWs
Total
30
DAT
60
DAT
Harvest
Oxadiargyl @
0.1 kg ai/ha as
PE
6.00
9.00
15.00
11.00
13.00
24.00
8.00
9.00
17.00
3.50
7.30
4.20
Normal
weeding at 30,
60 & 90 DAT
11.80
7.00
18.80
10.00
11.00
21.00
6.00
8.00
14.00
4.60
6.90
3.70
Weedy check
17.00
13.00
30.00
32.00
21.00
53.00
24.00
17.00
41.00
9.80
16.70
13.20
Economics of weed control measures applied to Rice
Economics
Treatment
Grain yield
kg/ha
Straw yield
kg/ha
Gross
return
Net return
Rs/ha
B:C
ratio
Rs/ha
Cost of
cultivation
Rs/ha
Oxadiargyl @ 0.1 kg a.i pre
28.50
35.60
49,870/-
48,000/-
1,870/-
1.2
Normal weedings practice
31.70
36.20
54,770/-
53,400/-
1,370/-
1.02
Weedy check
19.50
25.90
34,430/-
38,000/-
-3,570/-
0.91
emergence (2 DAS)
63
WS 6.2.2.: Front Line Demonstration (FLD) on groundnut
Sr.no
Particular
Information
1.
Farmer’s Name
Mr. Shekhar Balaram Betkar
2.
Location FLD
At- Ladawali, Post. Tetghar, Tal. Mahad,
Dist-Raigad
3.
Size of holding:
(a) 0.40 ha.
(b) Rainfed Unirrigated
4.
Family size
Medium family
5.
Educational status: Illiterate/primary
High School
6.
Total income (a) Agriculture
(a) Agriculture – 0.72 lakh/year
(b) Other sources
7.
Major cropping pattern followed
(b) Other sources –Nil
Rice-Rice, Rice –pulses,
Rice-Vegetable
8.
Major constraints in respect to weed
management
1. Lack of awareness about modern
weed management technology
2. Unavailability of herbicides/Spraying
tools/improved mechanical tools etc
3. Psychological fear about use of
chemicals
4. Any other (specify)
i) Lack of knowledge about different
Govt. schemes.
ii) Poor economic condition
iii) Shortage of man power
9.
Response of farmer to the
demonstration technology:
Unsatisfied/partially Satisfied/Fully
Satisfied
Fully Satisfied
10.
Economic analysis: Cost of production,
gross returns, net return, and B:C ratio
Enclosed
Weed density and weed growth at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest in Groundnut
64
Weed density
Weed density
Weed density
Weed growth
at 30 DAS
at 60 DAS
at harvest
G&S & BLWs (gm)at
Treatment
G&S
BLWs
Total
G&S
BLWs
Total
G&S
BLWs
Total
30
DAS
60
DAS
Harvest
27.00
09.00
36.00
13.00
5.00
18.00
9.00
3.00
12.00
3.20
1.78
1.10
Hand weedings
at 30 & 50 DAS
25.00
07.00
32.00
14.00
4.00
18.00
11.00
2.00
13.00
3.12
1.67
1.05
Weedy check
53.00
28.00
81.00
40.00
17.00
57.00
28.00
10.00
38.00
4.15
2.70
1.95
Butachlor (PE)
0-3 DAS
Economics of weed control measures applied to groundnut
Economics
Treatment
Pod yield
kg/ha
Straw
yield
kg/ha
Gross
return
Rs/ha
Cost of
cultivation
Rs/ha
Net return
Rs/ha
B:C ratio
Butachlor (PE)
20.50
23.20
1,27,640/-
87,000/-
40,640/-
1.47
Hand weedings at 30
& 50 DAS
20.00
21.70
1,24,340/-
90,300/-
34,040/-
1.37
Weedy check
12.15
15.10
75,920/-
67,500/-
8,420/-
1.12
0-3 DAS
S.T. Station Trials
65
:-
Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil microflora in
rice-cowpea cropping system.
Objective
:-
To find out effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil
microflora of rice and cowpea during kharif and rabi season.
Year
:- 2013
S.T.1. Project
ocation
:- Agronomy Farm, Collage of Agriculture ,Dapoli
Methodology :A field experiment was conducted on herbicide trial in kharif Rice-rabi cowpea
cropping system. The soil samples were collected from rhizo-sphere soil at 5 stages namly initial
(Before application of herbicides and before sowing of the crops), 30 DAS, 60 DAS , at and after
harvesting stage of rice crop during kharif season and Cowpea crop during rabi season. (The
soil adhered to the plant roots).It was used for all the microbial analysis.
The soil sample was analyzed for following observation
a)
Total bacterial population
b)
Total Fungal population
c)
Actinomyctes population.
d)
Free living nitrogen fixers.
e)
Phosphate solubilisers.
h)
Dry wt of nodule (60DAS of cowpea crop)
i)
Number of nodule/Plant (60DAS of cowpea crop).
Treatments :
T1
T2
Oxidiargyl - Two spray1.Pre-emergence:-6 EC @ 0.1 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS
2.Post-emergence:- 6 EC @ 0.1 kg a.i. ha-1 45 DAS
Pretilachlor :- Pre-emergence:-50 EC @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS
T3
Butachlor:- Pre-emergence:-50 EC @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS
T4
Pendimethalin:-Pre-emergence:-38.7EC@ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 2-3 DAS.
T5
T6
Weed free check
Weedy check
Design:- RBD
Replication:- Four
Plot size:- 5mx2m
Crop and variety:- Ratnagiri-1-Rice and Konkan sadabahar-Cowpea
Fertilizers:-Rice:- 100:50:50 N,P2O5,K2OKg/ha
Cowpea:- 25:50 N,P2O5,K2OKg/ha
Table S.T.1.1:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on soil bacterial
population in rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif (2013) and rabi
66
(2013)season.
Total bacterial population (CFU x 106/gm of soil).
Kharif-Rice
Rabi-Cowpea
Treatments
Initial
30
60
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
30
60
Harvest
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
harvest
T1:- Oxidiargyl
12.81
26.17
23.58
27.56
12.19
54.93
58.93
48.80
17.69
T2:- Pretilachlor.
12.55
26.02
32.67
28.07
12.02
53.58
58.86
46.65
16.45
T3:- Butachlor.
11.97
23.10
29.17
28.18
11.12
53.34
58.12
44.09
16.38
T4:- Pendimethalin.
11.39
22.99
27.44
26.16
11.03
52.06
56.40
43.33
14.63
T5:- Weed free check
10.41
33.43
38.88
32.29
13.82
58.21
60.93
49.61
21.93
T6:- Weedy check
11.21
29.80
32.76
28.46
13.03
56.46
60.04
48.95
21.18
S Em. +
1.5
1.05
1.99
2.36
1.76
3.61
2.15
2.39
2.85
C.D. at 5%
NS
3.16
5.99
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
1) Total bacterial population: - The data of total bacterial population is presented in table
S.T.1.1
The total bacterial population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures
at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy
check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The bacterial population
was also found significantly less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy
check at 30DAS and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed
recommended herbicides),at and after harvesting stage of the rice crop.
The weed control
Table S.T.1.2:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on soil fungal
population in rice- cowpea cropping system during kharif (2013) and rabi
67
(2013) season.
Total fungal population (CFU x 104/gm of soil).
Kharif-Rice
Rabi-Cowpea
Treatments
Initial
30
60
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
30
60
Harvest
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
harvest
T1:- Oxidiargyl
5.02
9.18
11.63
13.18
4.39
25.63
28.27
22.06
13.52
T2:- Pretilachlor.
6.41
9.45
15.71
13.97
5.77
22.77
28.18
19.79
13.11
T3:- Butachlor.
6.22
9.08
15.81
13.80
5.42
22.42
27.15
19.01
11.38
T4:- Pendimethalin.
5.40
7.98
14.62
13.14
5.19
20.57
24.49
17.19
10.99
4.30
17.98
21.21
15.66
6.22
27.32
28.81
23.81
13.90
T6:- Weedy check
4.21
14.71
17.62
14.99
4.03
25.94
28.45
22.53
13.65
S Em. +
1.06
0.92
1.04
1.78
0.70
2.79
3.31
2.27
1.85
C.D. at 5%
NS
2.78
3.13
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
2) Total fungal population: - The data of total fungal population is presented in table
Table S.T.1.2
The total fungal population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control measures
at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy
check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The fungal population was
also found significantly less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check
at 30DAS and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed control
measures was found to be non-significant at initial,(Before sowing and before application of
Table S.T.1.3:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice crop on soil Actinomycetes
population In rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif(2013) and rabi
68
(2013)season.
Total Actinomycetes population (CFU x 104/gm of soil).
Kharif-Rice
Rabi-Cowpea
Treatments
Initial
30
60
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
30
60
Harvest
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
harvest
T1:- Oxidiargyl
2.55
2.40
1.94
2.10
1.96
5.49
5.91
3.88
1.96
T2:- Pretilachlor.
2.29
2.36
2.72
3.02
2.09
4.77
5.39
3.70
1.84
T3:- Butachlor.
1.75
2.19
2.96
2.84
1.86
4.40
5.08
2.82
1.69
T4:- Pendimethalin.
2.40
2.10
2.49
2.75
2.09
4.15
5.02
2.49
1.47
2.79
5.95
6.34
5.83
2.92
7.09
7.54
5.85
2.96
T6:- Weedy check
1.80
3.70
3.94
3.14
2.45
6.06
7.11
5.22
2.39
S Em. +
0.67
0.70
0.54
1.25
0.67
1.04
1.07
1.30
0.71
C.D. at 5%
NS
2.11
1.63
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
3) Total actinomycetes population: - The data of actinomycetes population is presented in
table S.T.1.3
The total actinomycetes population in soil were significantly influenced by weed control
measures at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and
weedy check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The actinomycetes
population in recommended herbicides was found at par with weedy check at 30DAS and 60DAS
(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at initial
observation(Before sowing and before application of recommended herbicides) at and after
harvesting stage of the rice crop. The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at all
the above stages during rabi season.
Table S.T.1.4:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on free living
nitrogen fixers in rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif(2013) and
69
rabi (2013) season
Total Free living nitrogen fixers (CFU x 103/gm of soil).
Kharif-Rice
Rabi-Cowpea
Treatments
Initial
30
60
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
30
60
Harvest
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
harvest
T1:- Oxidiargyl
2.73
7.64
7.75
8.90
2.53
26.45
30.58
22.67
9.55
T2:- Pretilachlor.
3.42
7.32
10.94
9.68
3.04
26.02
29.44
22.07
9.17
T3:- Butachlor.
1.69
7.26
10.18
9.32
2.84
24.14
27.04
20.65
8.46
T4:- Pendimethalin.
2.75
6.27
10.16
9.07
2.46
24.10
25.41
20.09
8.17
T5:- Weed free
check
2.70
15.20
17.97
11.19
3.90
29.96
32.81
24.94
10.19
T6:- Weedy check
2.18
11.26
14.14
9.87
2.01
27.71
30.93
24.46
9.83
S Em. +
0.83
1.04
1.35
0.96
0.74
2.47
3.16
2.95
1.21
C.D. at 5%
NS
3.13
4.06
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
4) Total free living nitrogen fixers: - The data of free living nitrogen fixers is presented in
table S.T.1.4
The free living nitrogen fixers in soil were significantly influenced by weed
control measures at 30DAS, 60DAS. The population was found significantly less in recommended
herbicides as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS and at par with
weedycheck treatment at 60DAS. The free living nitrogen fixers was also found significantly less at
recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check at 30DAS and at par with
weedy check at 60DAS (Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed control measures was found to
be non-significant at initial(Before sowing and before application of recommended herbicides) at
and after harvesting stage of the rice crop. The weed control measures was found to be nonsignificant at all the above stages during rabi season.
Table S.T.1.5:-Effect of recommended herbicides of rice and cowpea crop on phosphate
solubilisers in rice-cowpea cropping system during kharif(2013) and rabi
(2013) season
70
Total Phosphate solubilisers (CFU x 103/gm of soil).
Kharif-Rice
Rabi-Cowpea
Treatments
Initial
30
60
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
30
60
Harvest
DAS
DAS
At
harvest
After
harvest
T1:- Oxidiargyl
1.92
9.64
9.01
10.05
1.86
28.61
31.56
21.43
8.79
T2:- Pretilachlor.
1.90
8.91
12.31
9.98
1.55
27.77
31.05
18.65
8.55
T3:- Butachlor.
3.35
8.13
10.94
9.63
3.05
27.38
30.09
17.34
7.87
T4:- Pendimethalin.
3.12
8.04
10.31
9.16
3.15
26.63
28.12
15.27
6.15
2.56
16.72
18.43
14.14
2.05
30.55
32.53
23.61
11.73
T6:- Weedy check
2.16
13.77
13.27
10.82
1.98
29.47
31.67
22.14
9.37
S Em. +
0.71
0.78
1.30
2.16
0.74
1.80
2.34
3.19
2.31
C.D. at 5%
NS
2.37
3.93
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
5) Total phosphate solublisers: - The data of phosphate solubilsers is presented in S.T.1.5
The total phosphate solubilisers in soil were significantly influenced by weed control
measures at 30DAS, 60DAS. They were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and
weedy check as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. The phosphate
solubilisers was also found significantly less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared
to weedy check at 30DAS and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at
60DAS).The weed control measures was found to be non-significant at initial(Before sowing and
before application of recommended herbicides) at and after harvesting stage of the rice crop. The
weed control measures was found to be non-significant at all the above stages during rabi season.
Summary
The experiment was conducted to see the effects of recommended herbicides of rice on
soil microflora of rice and cowpea crop under rice-cowpea cropping system.The microflora such as
total bacterial population, total fungal population,actinomycetes,free living nitrogen fixers and
phosphate solubilisers were found significantly less in recommended herbicides and weedy check
as compared to the weed free treatment at 30DAS and 60DAS. They were also found significantly
less at recommneded herbicides treatments as compared to weedy check at 30DAS(Except
actinomycetes) and at par with weedy check at 60DAS(Except oxadiargyl at 60DAS).The weed
Conclusion
71
The estimated microflora such as total bacterial population,total fungal
population,actinomycetes,free-living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilisers adversly affected
due to the application of all mention recommended herbicides at 30DAS and herbicide oxidiargyl
at 60DAS, of rice crop.The adverse effect of oxidiargyl traetment on microbial population till
60DAS may be due to the additional dose of herbicide oxidiargyl at 45DAS.However the
population in other recommended herbicides maintain their status at later stage of the rice
crop.The all estimated microbial population was not adversly affected during rabi season and
shows improvement in their numbers after the harvesting stage of the cowpea crop which may be
due to the leguminous effect.
VII. TSP Programme
72
Tribal Sub Plan Programme
The Tribal Sub-Plan programme was implemented in two villages in Sakri Tahsil of Dhule
district in Maharashtra by selecting 106 farmers beneficiaries.
The awareness programme
regarding the use of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides, along with application, time
of application, calibration of sprayer, maintenance of spray pumps etc. was conducted. As a part
of weed management in different crops the demonstrations with the use of different hand tools,
implements like weeders, weeding hooks, toothed spades and spray pumps were organized on
farm.
Along with farmers beneficiaries Gramsevak and Sarpanch and progressive farmers from
village Amba Pada, Kudashi, Sakri, and Mahalyacha Pada Kudashi Sakri were actively
participated in the programme. In all about 250 farmers farm two villages were participated for one
day awareness programme on weed management.
Implements, hand tools and herbicides are distributed to the tribal farmers in Sakri Tashil of
Dhule district in Maharashtra as followsSr.
Particular
Total Number
No.
1.
Weeder
60
2.
Toothed spade
190
3.
Weeding hook
380
4.
Spray pump
20
5.
Herbicides- Oxadiargyl and pendamethalin
Oxadiargyl- 22 packets of 22.50 gm. each
and 4.00 Lts. of pendamethalin
VIII. List of publications (research,abstract of
seminar/symposia/conference,technical/extension bulletin,popular articles,books/books
chapter,radio/TV talks etc.
73
A. List of Research publications
Sr. No
Title of Research Article
Effects of different tillage systems and herbicide on soil microflora of Lab lab bean
rhizosphere Govekar Y.R., Mahadkar U.V., Dahiphale A.V., Pawar L.G., Nevase
1.
V.B., Mane M.J. and Gosavi S.P. 2014. Effects of different tillage systems and
herbicide on soil microflora of Lab lab bean rhizosphere Ind J Weed Sci Dec., 2014.
B. Participation in Conference, Seminar, workshop etc.
Sr. No
1.
2.
3.
Nature of programme
Workshop :- “Issues Related to Gm Crops” at Dapoli
Biennial Conference :- Weed science at Jabalpur
Workshop :- Job opportunities in plant protection
Name of the scientist
Y.R. Govekar
Y.R. Govekar
Y.R. Govekar
IX. List of trainings/awareness campaign
Sr. No
Title
“Parthenium free campus”- Awareness programme 2014
organized in Palghar district.
Awareness programme on weed management, with the use
of implements/equipments and herbicides along with
2.
demonstrations, organized under Tribal Sub Plan in two
villages in Sakri Tahsil of Dhule district of Maharashtra
X. Awards/recognitions/students guided/courses taught
A. courses taught
Sr.
Course No. & Title of course
No
1.
Agro.247- Field Crops II (Rabi crops)
2.
H/Agro.243- Organic Farming
3.
Agro.501- Modern Concept in Crops Production
4.
Agro.359- Weed Management
5.
Agro.503- Principles & Practices of Weed Management
6.
Agro.3611- Organic Farming & Rainfed farming
7.
H/MIBO 111- Introductory Micro biology
8.
MIBO 121- Agricultural Micro biology
1.
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
Y.R. Govekar
Y.R. Govekar
b. PG students guided/guiding as Major Advisor
Class
M sc
No. of students
3
Name of teacher
V.M.Kanade
XI. Linkages and collaboration:- Nil
XII. Miscellaneous
Sr. No
Activity
Worked as a Associate Dean’s representative for evaluation
and moderation work of semester end theory answer sheets
during 2nd and 1st term of 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively.
Worked as secretary for ‘Board of Studies’ for Agronomy,
2.
Agril. Meteorology, Forage & pasture management.
Worked as evaluator and moderator for different
3.
undergraduate courses in Agronomy.
Worked as a pepper setter for semester end theory
4.
examination in different courses.
5.
Sr. Supervision- ABM College, Panvel
Evaluator of courses such as Introductory Microbiology and
6.
Agricultural Micro biology
XII. Meteorological Data- 2014
1.
Weekly Weather Data Dapoli Centere Year 2014
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
V.M.Kanade
Y.R. Govekar
Y.R. Govekar
74
Period
01.01 - 07.01
08.01 - 14.01
15.01 - 21.01
22.01 - 28.01
29.01 - 04.02
05.02 - 11.02
12.02 - 18.02
19.02 - 25.02
26.02 - 04.03
05.03 - 11.03
12.03 - 18.03
19.03 - 25.03
26.03 - 01.04
02.04 - 08.04
09.04 - 15.04
16.04 - 22.04
23.04 - 29.04
30.04 - 06.05
07.05 - 13.05
14.05 - 20.05
21.05 - 27.05
28.05 - 03.06
04.06 - 10.06
11.06 - 17.06
18.06 - 24.06
25.06 - 01.07
02.07 - 08.07
09.07 - 15.07
16.07 - 22.07
23.07 - 29.07
30.07 - 05.08
06.08 - 12.08
13.08 - 19.08
20.08 - 26.08
27.08 - 02.09
03.09 - 09.09
10.09 - 16.09
17.09 - 23.09
24.09 - 30.09
01.10 - 07.10
08.10 - 14.10
15.10 - 21.10
22.10 – 28.10
29.10 – 04.11
Tmax
Tmin
RH-I
RH-II
Wind
speed
Rain
RD
BSS
Epan
MW
(oC)
(oC)
(%)
(%)
(Kmph)
(mm)
day
(hrs.)
(mm)
1
30.3
14.6
92
68
3.0
0.0
0
7.6
4.3
2
29.3
13.1
94
57
3.2
0.0
0
8.1
5.3
3
28.9
13.6
90
63
2.9
0.0
0
7.7
4.8
4
31.0
16.8
91
63
3.4
0.0
0
6.5
4.1
5
32.3
14.6
90
64
3.1
0.0
0
7.8
4.3
6
31.4
12.6
88
64
3.6
0.0
0
9.0
5.0
7
28.1
13.1
88
57
4.4
0.0
0
8.7
5.3
8
30.8
16.2
89
61
4.2
0.0
0
8.5
5.8
9
30.0
15.3
92
67
4.6
0.0
0
8.6
5.6
10
29.5
15.1
90
60
3.9
0.0
0
9.0
6.1
11
34.6
18.8
91
58
4.0
0.0
0
8.5
6.5
12
33.7
17.4
85
61
4.6
0.0
0
8.1
6.6
13
35.5
18.5
87
56
3.9
0.0
0
8.3
7.1
14
34.3
19.6
88
61
4.6
0.0
0
7.5
6.7
15
32.4
17.0
91
66
4.8
0.0
0
8.6
6.7
16
32.1
21.7
90
66
5.0
0.0
0
9.4
6.4
17
35.1
22.7
87
63
5.2
0.0
0
9.0
7.1
18
33.8
22.5
83
61
5.5
3.0
1
9.0
6.6
19
33.5
22.4
86
58
5.8
0.0
0
8.3
6.9
20
33.3
24.5
77
61
8.0
0.0
0
7.8
7.3
21
33.0
23.7
85
64
5.3
0.0
0
7.7
6.1
22
33.7
24.5
80
62
6.9
0.6
0
7.7
6.4
23
34.3
26.3
85
58
6.9
0.0
0
5.4
6.4
24
32.6
24.4
91
68
8.7
257.4
5
5.3
4.0
25
30.3
25.2
88
81
11.2
86.0
5
4.0
3.9
26
30.8
25.4
86
73
6.6
2.5
1
7.5
5.0
27
30.8
23.5
95
79
4.6
121.2
5
4.1
3.2
28
27.8
22.1
98
99
5.4
579.9
7
0.6
2.5
29
28.2
24.7
95
91
13.7
395.7
7
0.4
1.6
30
27.7
24.0
92
90
10.9
301.2
7
2.8
3.6
31
27.4
24.2
96
89
11.5
402.8
7
1.3
2.1
32
28.1
23.7
95
86
8.2
132.2
7
3.4
3.5
33
28.7
24.1
92
83
6.8
39.3
5
5.3
4.4
34
29.9
24.4
93
78
3.7
20.2
3
3.7
3.0
35
26.5
23.3
99
92
5.4
545.9
7
0.7
2.6
36
28.3
23.8
97
93
9.3
351.3
7
3.6
3.1
37
28.9
23.1
94
83
4.5
95.8
5
3.4
2.8
38
29.9
22.7
89
71
3.3
7.0
1
4.2
2.3
39
31.6
24.1
91
66
2.8
0.8
0
6.0
4.1
40
32.4
22.4
92
71
2.5
12.0
2
6.3
4.3
41
32.1
22.9
91
67
2.6
0.0
0
7.0
4.0
42
33.9
22.5
91
62
2.4
1.8
0
8.2
4.8
43
31.2
21.0
94
67
2.7
8.6
1
4.3
4.6
44
33.3
17.5
89
60
2.0
0.0
0
8.3
4.7
75
05.11 – 11.11
12.11 – 18.11
19.11 – 25.11
26.11 – 02.12
03.12 – 09.12
10.12 – 16.12
17.12 – 23.12
24.12 – 31.12
45
33.9
17.2
89
58
2.4
0.0
0
8.0
3.9
46
32.3
21.5
91
65
2.6
4.4
1
5.6
3.2
47
33.3
18.8
88
51
2.1
0.0
0
7.5
4.2
48
33.2
14.4
87
39
2.2
0.0
0
8.3
4.1
49
33.2
19.0
88
36
2.3
0.0
0
8.4
3.4
50
31.8
17.4
88
57
2.6
0.2
0
7.2
2.9
51
31.3
12.6
82
39
3.0
0.0
0
7.2
3.4
52
30.2
13.0
86
44
2.6
0.0
0
7.3
3.6

DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI

Transcription

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