VOLCANOLOGICAL MAP OF THE 1961 – 2009 ERUPTION OF

Transcription

VOLCANOLOGICAL MAP OF THE 1961 – 2009 ERUPTION OF
VOLCAN DE PACAYA, GUATEMALA
By
RUBEN OTONIEL MATIAS GOMEZ
A THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY
MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
2009
Copyright © Rubén Otoniel Matías Gómez 2009
This thesis, “Volcanolgical map of the 1961 – 2009 eruption of Volcán de
Pacaya, Guatemala”, is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY
Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences
.
Thesis Advisor: _______________________
William I. Rose
Department Chair: _______________________
John S. Gierke
Date: __________________________
Acknowledgements
An endless list of people and organizations has collaborated to make this
volcanological research effort possible. It would be impossible to mention all and
everyone who in one way or another collaborated in this project, but in the
following lines I want to express my gratitude to those people without which it
would have been impossible to present all the information that is contained in this
work. The order in which I mention them does not imply priority.
The US National Science Foundation funded my studies and stay at the Michigan
Tech University, through grant OISE 0530109.
I wish to express my admiration and gratitude to Alfredo Mackenney for his
notable book “Erupción del Volcán de Pacaya 1961 a 1985”, a piece of work
without which it would have been impossible to create this volcanological map of
Pacaya. In honor to the truth, only conspicuous scientists like Dr. A. Mackenney
are able to leave a legacy of such importance, through tenacious persistence and
detailed observations.
I express my gratitude also to Luis Mejicanos and Pastor Adalberto Alfaro,
fellows at the Observatorio Vulcanológico de Pacaya (OVPAC), who in extremely
limited conditions conduct their observations and evaluations of the volcanic
activity. I hope that this expression of gratitude to Luis and Pastor will be
considered a humble tribute to their capacities and experiences, of which I’m a
witness, when their accurate analysis has been determinant preceding the onset
of many eruptions at Pacaya. Our discussions during the last phase of my
fieldwork lead me to identify and date various lava flow units.
To Rüdiger P. Escobar Wolf, my fellow countryman, who by his pedagogic
vocation, thematic control, and lots of patience, directed me throughout the whole
work, applying the GIS software (ArcMap ®), and consecutively in the analysis of
the study and elaboration of the volcanological map of Pacaya.
To Stephanie Tubman, for her selfless and opportune collaboration in the design
of the flow chart (Figure 2) and the digitalization of towns, roads, radio and TV
repeater towers, etc., that is included in this map of Pacaya.
To my teacher and academic guide Bill Rose, who had the vision to make this
map possible. His encouragement and patience towards me were determinant to
undertake this version of the Pacaya volcanological map.
To Jose Luis Palma and Chris Wojick, for their review and corrections in the
developing of this thesis, which is materialized in the volcanological map of
Pacaya volcano 1961 – 2009.
To Josh Richardson, who in the first part of the mapping phase in 2009 helped
with petrographic descriptions and GPS geopositioning of the lavas at Pacaya.
Tom Vogel of Michigan State University, who kindly provided the geochemical
analysis for the rock samples.
To Albert Eggers, who lead me to undertake the first surveys of the volcano’s
deposits and measure the gravity and elevation changes at Pacaya.
To Mike Carr, who at the end of the 70’s exchanged letters with Bill Rose, Al
Eggers and Alfredo Mackenney, to do the mapping of the volcano. I was finally
the one who took his proposal and here is the volcanological map of Pacaya, as
a recognition of his proposal from those times.
To Shigeru Kitamura, with whom I mapped the tephra stratigraphy of the so
called El Patrocinio group. Many times we got stuck with the car on trails from
which we only could succeed to get free with the help of the local peasants. Our
regular diet eating avocados and tomato, with “pirujo” (a white bread type in
Guatemala) in the field was agreed and very healthy.
To Mike Conway and Jimmy Diehl, with whom I share fond memories of the
working days to develop the paleomagnetic study of Pacaya, which by the way,
wasn’t without surprise due to the criminality in the volcano during those times.
To Jim Vallance “the mole”, which uncovered long tracts of undergrowth with hits
from his shovel, caused some of the impressive features of the debris avalanche
deposit of the “Old Pacaya” to crop out. This allowed me to learn hidden secrets
associated with the movement of large volcanic avalanches.
To Bob Andres and Rodolfo Morales, with whom I endlessly pursued the
gaseous plumes during many weeks, and allowed us to develop the summary of
sulfur dioxide emissions for Pacaya, Fuego and Santiaguito.
To Andy Lockhart, Jeff Marso, John Ewert, and Randy White from the USGS
VCAT, who have undertaken many projects to implement volcanic monitoring in
Guatemala through INSIVUMEH. Long workdays at Pacaya, Fuego and
Santiaguito have founded our friendship.
To Sam Bonis, a “Giant of the geology in Guatemala”, for his invaluable words of
encouragement during these long and endless years of economic hardship in the
development of volcanological studies in Guatemala, and for making the almost
impossible translation to English of the technician in mineral resources academic
pensum from the CUNOR – USAC.
To the “Dirección” and “Sub-Dirección”, the personnel of the Geophysics
Department and the volcanological observatories, all from INSIVUMEH, for their
friendship and support throughout the decades of work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
11
1. INTRODUCTION
12
1.1. Background
12
1.2. Objectives
14
1.2.1 General Objective:
14
1.2.2 Specific objectives:
14
2. GEOLOGY OF THE PACAYA VOLCANIC COMPLEX
16
3. METHODOLOGY
19
3.1. Data gathering
19
3.2. Aerial and satellite images
19
3.3. Descriptive information
22
3.4. Creation of the geological map and calculation of length and
area of the units
23
3.5. Geochemistry and petrography of rock samples
26
4. RESULTS
27
4.1. Geological map of Pacaya 1961-2009
27
4.2. Spatio-temporal variation of lava flows
28
4.3. Pyroclastic deposits
29
4.4. Vent distribution
32
4.5. Geochemistry of lavas
33
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
36
5.1. A 3D map of Pacaya activity
36
5.2. Volume of the deposits
37
5.3. Volcanic hazards
38
7. REFERENCES
40
Appendices
42
List of Figures
Figure 1. Panoramic view of Pacaya volcano.
15
Figure 2. Location map.
17
Figure 3. Process diagram.
21
Figure 4. Length vs. time of lava flows.
28
Figure 5. Cumulative lava flow volume.
29
Figure 6. Isopach maps for three explosive events.
30
Figure 7. Elevation of vent vs. lava flow volume.
32
Figure 8. SiO2 content of lavas through time.
33
Figure 9. MgO content of lavas through time.
34
Figure 10. SiO2 and CaO correlations for lavas.
34
Figure 11. SiO2 and Zr correlations for lavas.
35
Figure 12. Cumulative tephra volume.
38
List of Tables
Table 1. Non orthorectified aerial photographs.
20
Table 2. Aerial orthorectified photographs.
20
Table 3. Landsat satellite images.
22
Table 4. Tephra volumes produced by larger explosive eruptions
30
List of Appendices
Appendix 1: Table A1. Lava flow parameters derived from the shapefile polygons
and recorded times.
Appendix 2: Table A2. Eruptive vent locations and times of activity.
Appendix 3: Table A3. Geochemistry of volcanic products.
Appendix 4: Volcanological Maps of Volcán de Pacaya 1961-2009, Guatemala.
Abstract
A database of geologic units emplaced during the eruptions of the Volcán de
Pacaya, Guatemala, from 1961 to 2009 has been compiled in a geographic
information system (GIS). The mapping of the units is based on integrating
information from aerial photographs, satellite images and detailed field
observations. Together it documents a 47 year strombolian eruption episode.
The information has been compiled in a series of maps that include a total of 248
lava flow units, 6 pyroclastic flow units, 2 scoria fall units, 2 undifferentiated
pyroclastic units (proximal and distal), 1 aeolian sediments unit, and one alluvium
unit. A total of 337 eruptive vents associated with the mapped unit were also
identified and mapped. Mean thicknesses were estimated for all lava flow units,
and the initial and final emplacement dates were also included.
The geologic units were digitized as polygons and the eruptive vents as points,
storing them in ESRI ® shapefile format. From the dimensions of the lava flow
units volumes were calculated for all the units. The volume of tephra dispersed
by 3 explosive events during this period was also calculated. Geochemical data
of 69 samples of lava don’t show any systematic variation. A map of the geologic
units of Volcán de Pacaya emplaced between 1961 and 2009 and exposed at the
surface is presented, with decadal stages plotted separately.
11 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Pacaya volcano, located 30 km south of the capital city of Guatemala, has shown
continual strombolian activity since the start of its last eruptive cycle in 1961.
Since 2004, and after 3 years of quiescence, the activity at Pacaya has been
characterized by mild explosive activity concentrated at the summit crater and
lava flows extruding on the north-west and south-west flanks of the active cone
(Figure 1).
Pacaya is surrounded by several communities, including the communities of El
Caracol, El Rodeo, El Patrocinio, San Francisco de Sales, San José Calderas,
with a total population of ca. 9000, living at less than 5 km from the active cone.
The volcano and surroundings were declared a national park in 1963 (“Parque
Nacional del Volcán de Pacaya”, http://volcandepacaya.com, 2010). Its activity
has been a source of income for the local population through the development of
tourism, attracting visitors from the entire world. The Amatitlán geothermal field
was developed nearby and was planned for an initial 20 MW capacity, with the
possibility to expand it up to 50 MW in the future (ORMAT, 2010). The proximity
to populated centers and energy infrastructure to an erupting volcano raises
concerns over the risks related to the volcanic activity. This is illustrated by the
recurrent evacuations of the population from towns near to the volcano during
recent eruptions (10 evacuations since 1987).
Until 2006, the main concern for the population living in the surroundings of the
volcano has been the fall of ash and ballistic bombs and minor concerns of lava
flow during more explosive eruptions. Lava flows and pyroclastic currents have
been restricted to flanks of the active cone and their runout limited by
topographic barriers associated with an old collapse scarp (Figure 1). Thus,
12 within the national park the volcanic activity of Pacaya influences the
development of tourism and the life of people visiting the area. Since 2006,
however, the accumulation of lava next to the scarp wall on the north side of the
active cone has finally overcome this topographic barrier (Figure 1).
Consequently, new lava flows descending on the north flank of Pacaya could
reach vegetated areas within the park that have not been affected before, and
they are now a concern because perhaps they could advance far enough to
threaten the population living near the limits of the park.
Geologic maps are a fundamental source of information necessary to assess the
hazard posed by the volcanic activity, as well as to develop thematic works on
the evolution of the volcano, its morphology, petrology, rheology, etc. This work
focuses on the elaboration of detailed maps of the lava flow units, pyroclastic
deposits, and active vents associated with the activity of Pacaya volcano
between 1961 and 2009.
13 1.2. Objectives
1.2.1 General Objective:
To map and quantify the dimensions, eruption rates vent locations, and
geochemical variation of the units emplaced during eruptive activity of Pacaya
volcano between 1961 and 2009, and infer from this the general trends of
eruptive activity during this period of time.
1.2.2 Specific objectives:
a) Build a GIS database of polygons and points, corresponding to the emplaced
units and their vents, during the 1961 to 2009 activity period at Pacaya.
b) Quantify the area, maximum length, estimated thickness, volumes and
effusion rate for the erupted units.
c) To analyze the geochemistry of recent (2000 - 2009) volcanic products and
compare them with previously published geochemical data corresponding to
products erupted previously during the current eruptive episode (since 1961).
14 Lava flows in
2006 flowed over
the scarp
Figure 1. This panorama photo, put together from several individual pictures taken from Cerro Chino (to the north-west of
the main cone), shows the distribution of several lava flow fields. The photographs were taken on 7 January 2009.
15 2. GEOLOGY OF THE PACAYA VOLCANIC COMPLEX
The Pacaya volcanic complex is part of the Central America volcanic arc (Figure
2), which is associated with subduction of the Cocos plate under the Caribbean
plate (Mann et al., 2007). This volcanic complex is located on the southern rim of
the Amatitlán Caldera, which is intersected on the north by the faults of the
Guatemala City graben, on the northeast by the Jalpatagua fault and on the
southwest by the Palín fault (Eggers, 1971; Wunderman and Rose, 1984).
The Pacaya volcanic complex includes the Pacaya composite cone, Cerro
Grande and Cerro Chiquito, and the Cerro Chino scoria cone (Eggers, 1971).
These eruptive centers have been active during the Quaternary and have
produced olivine-bearing basaltic lavas, pyroxene andesites, dacites and
rhyodacites, and associated pyroclastic products (Eggers, 1971; Bardintzeff and
Deniel, 1992). Eggers (1971) has characterized the eruptive history of the
Pacaya volcanic complex in three phases. Phase I is a period of andesitic
volcanism marked by the growth of small stratovolcanoes. Phase II produces
several voluminous rhyodacite and andesite dome forming eruptions. During
Phase III a cone is built and basaltic lava flows are produced; during this Phase
the south-west slope up to the summit collapses leaving an arcuate scarp. Later
the composite Pacaya cone and the Cerro Chino scoria cone are built near and
on the north-west rim of the scarp, respectively. This phase includes the current
cycle of activity that began in 1961.
16 N
Figure 2. Location map of Volcán de Pacaya. The other volcanoes of the Central
American volcanic arc are shown as black triangles.
Based on the paleomagnetic analysis of lavas, Conway et al. (1992) showed that
the volcanism at Pacaya has been strongly episodic, with eruptive intervals
lasting 100 to more than 300 years, and quiescent periods lasting typically
between 300 and 500 years. Kitamura y Matías (1995) recognized three groups
of tephras that postdate tephra deposits from Caldera de Ayarza (Peterson and
Rose, 1985), which implies an age of less than 23,000 years. These tephra
deposits represent the last stage of Phase III described by Eggers (1971).
Kitamura y Matías (1995) inferred that the last eruptive episode of Phase III
started between 700 and 3000 years B.P., after a repose time of 1000 to 2000
years. Vallance et al. (1995) asserted an age of between 400 and 2000 years
B.P. for the collapse of the “Old Pacaya”, based on the thickness of the soil
developed on the debris avalanche deposit, and the lack of any account of such
an event in the historical record which started in c.a. 1524. Extensive basaltic
lava flows and tephra layers were deposited during the historic period; this
17 activity built the cone of Cerro Chino from approximately 1565 to 1775, and the
modern cone of Pacaya (Eggers, 1971).
The structure of the composite cone of the modern Pacaya volcano, built inside
the collapse amphitheatre of “Old Pacaya”, is a sequence of lava flows, scoria
and tephra layers, and pyroclastic flow deposits. The structure is formed by two
overlapping cones, the first cone started to build after the collapse of the “Old
Pacaya” until 1775 (Eggers, 1971). The second cone, known as the Mackenney
cone, remains active and started to building in 1965 on the west flank of the first
cone. Although several tectonic faults have fractured the volcanic complex, the
eruptive activity since 1961 has been restricted to the interior of the collapse
amphitheatre of the “Old Pacaya”. The geochemical composition and
petrography of the products is relatively monotonous, being predominantly
porphyritic, with plagioclase and olivine as the main phenocrysts (Bandintzeff and
Deniel, 1992; Conway, 1995).
18 3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Data gathering
Several sources of information were utilized to identify and delineate the
extension of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits: aerial photographs, Landsat
satellite images, high resolution orthophotographs, unpublished descriptions of
the volcanic activity by Alfredo Mackenney, unpublished field reports and
volcanic activity bulletins from the Guatemalan Geological Survey (INSIVUMEH),
and activity reports from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian
National Museum of Natural History (GVP-SNMN). In addition, a field survey was
undertaken in January-February 2009 in order to complete the map with the
recent lava flow units emplaced between 2005 and 2009. Eruptive vents were
also identified and included in the map. The final map required the integration of
all these data, as it is shown in Figure 3. All the geological units were digitized as
polygons and the eruptive vents as points, both in ESRI ® shapefile.
3.2. Aerial and satellite images
Aerial photographs (Table 1) were scanned at a 600 dpi resolution, on a 256 gray
scale. Orthorectified and georeferenced photographs from 2005 – 2006 were
taken as a cartographic base; common points were identified on both the
scanned aerial photographs and the orthophotos in the cartographic base, and
used for georeferencing. To do accurate georeferencing several different
adjustment methods were used, trying to find the one that would best suited to
each case (e. g. polynomial fitting from first to third order, spline fitting, etc.),
using the georeferencing fitting toolbox in ArcMap ®. High resolution (0.5 and 2
m pixel size) orthophotographs acquired in 2000, and 2005 to 2006 were used to
digitize polygons corresponding to several units (Table 2). More than 700
Landsat satellite images (Landsat 1-3 MSS, Landsat 4-5 MSS, Landsat 4-5 TM,
19 Landsat 7SLC_On, Landsat SLC_Off, Landsat 5-7 Combined-Sensor Type and
Landsat 7) were inspected but only 16 were selected between 1986 and 2001 as
useful source of information to recognize, identify and date some of the mapped
units (Table 3).
Table 1. Non orthorectified aerial photographs that were georeferenced:
(mm/dd/yyyy)
SNA NIMA / Guatemala
Aprox
Scale
1:40,000
R115, L-3
Lago de Amatitlán
1:25,000
07/09/1982
001 – 003
R-102, L10A
Guatemala City
1:30,000
01/16/1981
1–5
R160A
Pacaya Volcano
1:10,000
01/14/1963
2, 5, 9
R161
R666ZA, L114e
W, WWS, M7
Pacaya Eruption
1:7,000
04/12/1961
1:30,000
1962
1:30,000
01/28/1954
Numbers
Line
Project / Location
427– 429
L-018
111– 114
110, 111
620, 621
AMS
Date
01/22/2000
Table 2. Aerial orthorectified and georeferenced photographs:
Type
Source
Nov 2005 – Apr 2006
Resolution
(pixel size)
0.5 meters
Color
IGN
2052-II-19
Nov 2005 – Apr 2006
0.5 meters
Color
IGN
2052-II-23
Nov 2005 – Apr 2006
0.5 meters
Color
IGN
2052-II-24
Nov 2005 – Apr 2006
0.5 meters
Color
IGN
2052-II-18
January 2000
2 meters
B/W
IGN / JICA
2052-II-19
January 2000
2 meters
B/W
IGN / JICA
2052-II-23
January 2000
2 meters
B/W
IGN / JICA
2052-II-24
January 2000
2 meters
B/W
IGN / JICA
ID
Date
2052-II-18
20 Figure 3.
Process diagram of the methodology used to generate the polygons for the different geological units. An equivalent
diagram applies to the process of generation of the points corresponding to eruptive vents.
21 Table 3. Landsat satellite images (Lat 14.5 N, Long 90.8 W):
ID
Type
LT50200501986072XXX07
TM
Date
(mm/dd/yyyy)
04/14/1986
LT40200501988310XXX12
TM
11/05/1988
LT40200501989019XXX02
TM
01/19/1990
LT40200501992129XXX02
TM
05/08/1992
LT50200501992297AAA02
TM
10/23/1992
LT50200501993035AAA02
TM
02/12/1993
LT50200501993347AAA03
TM
12/13,1993
LT50200501994094XXX02
TM
04/04/1994
LT50200501994302XXX02
TM
10/29/1994
LT50200501995081AAA02
TM
03/22/1995
LT50200501996052AAA03
TM
02/21/1996
LT50200501996084XXX02
TM
03/24/1996
LT50200502001145AAA02
TM
01/25/2001
LE502005012000023EDC00
ETM+
01/23/2000
3.3. Descriptive information
Field notes and daily reports from the Pacaya Volcanological Observatory
(OVPAC), and daily volcanological bulletins from the Volcanology Unit of the
Guatemalan National Institute of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology and
Hydrology (INSIVUMEH), collected since 1987, were used to recognize, identify,
delineate and date 93 polygons of lava flow and pyroclastic flow units.
Field surveys were done in January and February of 2009, using hand-held GPS
(GARMIN model GPS72) to delineate 8 lava flow units and one pyroclastic flow
unit deposited between 2005 and 2009. Foot surveys were performed along the
boundaries of all these units. Only GPS locations showing an error of less than 5
meters were used for this purpose.
22 The information published by the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian
National Museum of Natural History (Venzke, 2009) was used to confirm dates of
eruptions and to delineate 10 lava flow units.
Unpublished field notes and technical reports compiled since 1987 by the author
as part of his employment for the Vulcanology Section at INSIVUMEH were used
to recognize, identify, delineate and date several polygons of diverse units.
3.4. Creation of the geological map and calculation of length and area of
the units
All the digital images were georeferenced to the Guatemala Transverse Mercator
(GTM) coordinate system, which is the coordinate system in which the original
orthophotos were referenced. This system uses a WGS84 datum, false easting:
500,000 m, false northing: 0 m, central meridian: -90.5º, scale factor: 0.9998, and
origin latitude: 0 m.
Each unit was digitized as a polygon and stored as an independent shapefile with
a unique ID. The planimetric length of the flows was measured individually for
each flow using the distance measuring tool in ArcMap ®; these lengths were
then recorded in the attribute table of the shapefile and in an Excel ® data table.
For all digitized units the start and end dates of the eruption are also compiled,
as well as an estimate of the mean thickness of each unit (see below).
The planimetric areas of the polygons that represent each of the lava flow units
was calculated using the “surveyor’s area formula” (Braden, 1986), which was
coded in Matlab ® to automatize the process. The surface areas were calculated
using the slope values of a raster dataset derived from a digital elevation model
(DEM) of the region. The area of each polygon was divided in pixels,
corresponding to the pixels in the slope raster dataset. The planimetric areas
23 from each pixel in each polygon was projected on a plane surface with a slope
given by the slope of the pixel in the corresponding slope raster dataset, i.e.
dividing the planimetric area of the pixel by the cosine of the slope angle. The
calculation was done on a pixel by pixel basis for each polygon, which was
codified in a Matlab ® program to automatize the process.
A set of elevation contours in digital format generated by Instituto Geográfico
Nacional (IGN) in Guatemala and Japanese International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) in Japan, was also used. This elevation contour dataset has an elevation
interval of 10 m, and was generated by photogrammetric methods from aerial
photographs acquired in 2000. In this work, the contours were used to interpolate
a DEM with a horizontal resolution (pixel size) of 5 m. Accessory electronic GIS
files for the final map were also derived from this DEM, specifically the hillshade
and contours layers.
For the descriptive sources that didn’t provide a direct “mappable” dataset, an
interpretation of the data, based on experience and judgment was used for the
polygons. Most of the polygons between 1965 and 1971 were built from the
drawings and descriptions by A. Mackenney (W. Rose personal communication,
2009), who describes the location of the vents on the flanks, the base, or the
summit crater area. The same source gives the direction of flows with respect to
the vent, and further interpretation of the length of the flows is done based on the
drawings.
From 1971 to 1982, the datasets include the scanned aerial photographs, but
also some more descriptive sources like the unpublished work by Mackenney,
and the reports of the Global Volcanism Program. The trajectory and length of
the flow were estimated based on the description of the most distant point
reached with respect to the base of the volcano. Although the width of the flows
24 is given on many occasions, flow thicknesses were given by the descriptive
sources only in a few instances.
Descriptive information was also used to build polygons for units emplaced from
1986 onwards, mainly using information provided by the Observatorio
Vulcanológico de Pacaya (OVPAC), with ancillary data from the Global
Volcanism Program. In these cases the lengths were estimated “by eye” in the
field, checking when possible with aerial orthophotography and scanned /
georeferenced aerial photography. The thicknesses were also estimated based
on judgment and experience with similar measured flows, considering that flows
on steeper slopes near the summit area tend to be much thinner than flows on
the flatter terrains on the base of the cone and beyond.
The volumes were calculated by multiplying the surface areas by the estimated
thicknesses of each unit. The eruption rates were calculated by dividing the
calculated volumes by the time that took each unit to be emplaced. Lava flow
thicknesses were estimated for each unit based on the author’s experience with
lava flows thicknesses in the field, and should be considered a “best guess”
estimated mean value for each unit. Thickness between 1.5 and 2 meters was
chosen for flows in high slopes (> 20º), thicknesses between 2 – 2.5 meters were
chosen for intermediate slopes (10º to 20º) and thicknesses greater than 2.5
were chosen for lower slopes (< 10º).
The technique for identifing and locating eruptive vents was based on criteria
similar to those used to identify and delineate the polygons corresponding to
geologic units. Each eruptive vent was digitized as a point, and all the points
were stored in a single shapefile. A total of 337 eruptive vents were indentified
and located. There are more vents than lava polygons because eruptive vents
may migrate as the lava is emplaced.
25 Tephra volumes for three explosive events were calculated by two methods: an
incremental method, which sums the product of thickness of an isopach with the
area enclosed, and the power law adjustment method, which potentially
estimates additional volumes between and beyond isopachs. The isopach maps,
published in GVP- SNMN, were created by the author of this thesis while he
worked for INSIVUMEH.
3.5. Geochemistry and petrography of rock samples
Additionally, 30 rock samples were collected during the 2009 field campaign,
which correspond to units emplaced between 2000 and 2009. Chemical analysis
for major and trace elements were done for 14 of these samples, using X Ray
Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Couple Plasma- Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) at the geochemistry laboratory in Michigan State University (see table A3 on
the appendix A3). These new chemical analyses were combined with previous
whole rock geochemical analyses from a variety of published sources to allow a
comparison of rocks erupted throughout the 1962-2009 period.
26 4. RESULTS
4.1. Geological map of Pacaya 1961-2009
A total of 248 lava flow units were identified and digitized, as well as 6 pyroclastic
flow units, 2 scoria units, 2 undifferentiated pyroclastic units (proximal and distal),
1 aeolian sediment unit and 1 alluvium unit. Additionally, 337 eruptive vents
associated with mapped units, emplaced between 1961 and 2009, were
identified and digitized (see table A2 in appendix A2). Table A2 in appendix A2
shows the locations and activity dates for the eruptive vents.
A volcanological map of units exposed on the surface in 2009 is presented in
Appendix A4, along with versions of the same map compiled at approximate
decadal intervals from 1970 to 2000. The 2009 map includes 34 lava flow units,
of Aa and Pahoehoe type, all porphrytic basalt. Of these, 26 were emplaced
before the September 18, 1998 eruption, and are covered by a layer of ash fall
and fine grained aeolian deposits, up to 30 cm thick, whereas the lava flows
emplaced between 2004 and 2009 are not covered by tephra. Most of the 248
lava flows that occurred in the 1961-2009 eruption are now covered by younger
units.
The 2009 map also includes geologic units that are not lava flows. Three
pyroclastic flow units, emplaced in 1993, 1995 and 2009 were included. The
pyroclastic flows deposits from 1993 and 1995 are partially exposed at their distal
facies. The map includes one aeolian deposit generated by reworking of the ash
fall and other pyroclastic deposits. There is one alluvium unit mapped in the
channel of El Chupadero River, tributary to the Metapa River.
27 4.2. Spatio-temporal variation of lava flows
Table A1 in appendix A1 and Figures 4 through 7 shows the results obtained
from calculating planimetric lengths, planimetric and surface areas, volumes and
eruption rates corresponding to the lava flow units. The lava flows have lengths
that range from 30 m to 5.5 km, areas between 80 and 1 x 106 m3, volumes
between 200 and 1 x 107 m3, and estimated mean thicknesses between
minimum 0.5 m and maximum 7 m.
The lava flows are diverse, ranging from Aa to Pahoehoe. The total cumulative
volume of lava flows is 8 x 107 m3 (Figure 5).
The lava flows at Pacaya are all similar in their form and geometry. The lengths
of the Pacaya lava flows are usually less than 4 km, except in 1961, and the
tendency is that the maximum length is decreasing with time (see Figure 4).
The shorter length of the flows from 2006 onwards may result because flow
extension was restricted by the topographic depression that existed then to the
north of the Mackenney cone and south of the scarp. The flows of these dates
are thicker for the same reason (they locally reach a thickness of ~ 30 m).
Figure 4. Lengths and time of emplacement of the lava flows.
28 The cumulative volume of the lava flows with time is plotted in Figure 5. This
graph shows jumps or discontinuities associated with the emplacement of large
volume flows or flow fields during larger eruptions.
Figure 5.Cumulative volume of lava flows and date of emplacement.
4.3. Pyroclastic deposits
The pyroclastic flow deposit from 2009 was of the “block and ash flow” type, and
was covered by a 2-5 cm layer of very fine ash, possibly associated with an ash
cloud surge. Two agglutinated scoria units associated with the eruptions of
January 16, and February 29, 2000, were also mapped; these units border the
flanks of the Mackenney and Pacaya cones.
Two of the mapped units were classified as “undifferentiated”, and divided into
proximal and distal facies. These undifferentiated units are associated with the
explosive eruption of February 29, 2000, and include hot avalanche, pyroclastic
flow and tephra/bomb fall deposits.
29 Tephra volumes of three explosive eruptive events were also calculated (see
table 4). These events dispersed tephra over hundreds of square kilometers and
to distances of tens of kilometers.
Table 4. Tephra volumes produced by larger explosive eruptions.
July 27 to 31, 1991
Volume by the
incremental method (m3)
1.0 x 107
Volume by the power
law fitting method (m3)
7.6 x 107
November 11, 1996
6 x 106
1.8 x 106
May 20, 1997
3 x 106
1.6 x 106
Eruption date
A Figure 6. Isopach maps associated to the events of July 27 to 31, 1991 (A), November 11, 1996
(B), and May 20, 1998 (C). The values of the isopachs (in yellow) are given in millimeters. The
names of other volcanoes and populated centers (in pink), as well as the lakes (in blue) are also
given.
30 B C Figure 6 (cont.). Isopach maps associated to the events of July 27 to 31, 1991 (A), November 11,
1996 (B), and May 20, 1998 (C). The values of the isopachs (in yellow) are given in millimeters.
The names of other volcanoes and populated centers (in pink), as well as the lakes (in blue) are
also given.
31 4.4. Vent distribution
The location of the majority of the eruptive vents is within a few hundred meters
of the summit and only a few are distributed on the flanks of the volcano (less
than 5 wt% are at elevations below 2200 masl (meter above sea level), but these
lower elevation vents include the ones that have produced many of the most
voluminous flows, as can be seen in Figure 7.
Figure 7.Volume of the lava flows and elevation of the eruptive vent.
32 4.5. Geochemistry of lavas
The Pacaya lavas are high alumina basalts. The rocks are geochemically
monotonous, with SiO2 contents between 50 and 52.5 % weight, and MgO
contents between 3 and 5 % weight (see Figures 8 and 9). The lavas usually
host plagioclase, olivine and opaque phenocrysts (Bardinzeff and Deniel, 1992).
The composition has remained relatively similar during the present eruptive
period, since 1961, and this composition is also similar to previous lavas from
this volcano (Eggers, 1971). There is a slight variation of CaO in this group of
lavas (see Figure 10), which suggests a phenocryst enrichment and depletion.
This could also explain some subtle variations in trace elements (see Figure 11).
Figure 8. SiO2 wt % content of the lavas through time. The colors of the symbols
correspond to the time intervals over which they were erupted. Precision for
these XRF analyses are similar to the size of the points, while accuracy is less
than 1 wt % of the amount determined (see http://geology.msu.edu/xrf_lab.html)
33 Figure 9. MgO wt % in rock content of the lavas through time. The colors of the
symbols correspond to the time intervals over which they were erupted.
Figure 10. SiO2 vs. CaO wt % correlation diagrams.
34 Figure 11. SiO2 vs. Zr ppm correlation diagrams.
35 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1. A 3D map of Pacaya activity
Mapping of geological units emplaced between 1961 and 2009 was undertaken
to reconstruct the history and quantifying of eruptive events and products
generated by the eruptive activity of the Volcán de Pacaya. Aerial photographs
(orthorectified and non orthorectified), Landsat satellite images, field notes,
sketches, maps, reports and bulletins generated and gathered systematically and
occasionally by various people and institutions during this period of activity were
data sources for the work. The information was processed and integrated in a
geographic information system (GIS), which facilitated quantitative geometric and
morphological parameters of the emplaced units, as well as their location, in a
context of temporal evolution.
The mapping of units emplaced due to the activity of the Volcán de Pacaya
between 1961 and 2009, includes 248 units and 337 associated eruptive vents.
The eruptive styles of the activity that resulted in the emplacement of these units,
ranges from purely effusive to moderately explosive strombolian. The
predominant type of mapped units is basaltic lava flows (248 mapped units),
which vary in their typology from Aa to Pahoehoe; this reflects the predominantly
effusive activity style of this volcano, although the volume of tephra fall during the
same period is similar in overall magnitude. The low level strombolian “open
vent” activity of Pacaya can evidently be maintained over prolonged periods of
time, due in part to the physical and chemical characteristics of the magmas. The
magmas have similar composition since 1961, i. e. high alumina basalts.
In addition to the units produced by the effusive activity, units associated with
explosive strombolian activity were also mapped, including 6 pyroclastic flow
units, 2 scoria-spatter units, and 2 undifferentiated units. Non volcanic processes
36 have resulted in deposits during this period of time, in particular one aeolian
sediments unit and one alluvial unit.
5.2. Volume of the deposits
Based on two DEM’s generated from aerial photographs taken in 1954 and 2001,
Durst (2008) estimated a volume change of 0.21 ± 0.05 km3 of material deposited
on the Pacaya volcano edifice, resulting from eruptive activity from 1961 to 2001.
This value is almost three times the value of the cumulative volume (0.078 km3)
calculated from the lava flows measured in this work (Figure5). Multiple factors
could explain this difference. First, although it is believed that the majority of the
units emplaced since 1961 were mapped, it is possible that a significant number
of these units were missed by observers and remain unmapped. Second, there is
some uncertainty in the extension of the units, and more importantly, in their
estimated thickness. The cumulative volume presented here presented does not
include some pyroclastic products derived from the lava flows, as well as the
scoria and ash volume that could have accumulated during the strombolian
activity, on the cone and other areas of the edifice considered by Durst (2008).
Although the error estimation by Durst (2008) is much smaller than the difference
between her results and the results presented here, the possibility that her
estimates don’t reflect the real change in volume should also be considered.
Although we have isopach maps compiled for only three explosive events (see
table 4), we can use these events to have an idea of the volumes of material that
has been dispersed as tephra since 1961. The volumes of the events given in
table 4 vary over an order of magnitude, from 106 to 107 m3. There are 87
significant tephra dispersion events reported during this period at Pacaya; if we
assume an erupted volume of 106 m3 for each observed day of ash fall activity
(including many which had several days of activity), we obtain the graph of
cumulative ash fall volume shown in Figure 12. This estimation is very crude and
37 the associated error could be very large, but it shows that the difference in
estimated volumes between this work and that of Durst (2008) may be in large
part due to unmapped tephra deposits.
Figure 12. Estimated cumulative volume of tephra since 1961.
A potential interpretation of why the flows produced from eruptive vents located
at lower elevations on the flanks of the volcano can reach larger volumes and
lengths would be the existence of a very shallow feeding magma chamber,
located within the Mackenney cone, which can leak more completely from lower
vents, fed by gravity.
5.3. Volcanic hazards
Considering the issue of volcanic hazards, some generalizations of the activity
can be relevant. It can be observed that during the eruptive cycle from 1961 to
2009, the eruptions were restricted to the collapse amphitheatre from the Old
Pacaya; this suggests that such a pattern may continue in the future. With the
38 exception of a few short flows in 1775 (Eggers, 1971), it wasn’t until 2006 that the
first lava flows were able to cross the rim of the collapse structure from the Old
Pacaya, moving northwards on the plain known as “La Meseta”. If this effusive
tendency continues for the long term towards the north – northwest flanks, the
lavas could eventually threaten the communities of San Francisco de Sales, San
José Calderas and El Cedro, and San Vicente Pacaya.
With respect to the populated centers to the south and southwest, if a flow like
the one that was emplace in 1961, known as “from the Cachajinas”, would be
issued from the base of the southwest – south flanks, it could reach the towns of
El Patrocinio, El Rodeo, and the El Caracol.
In view of the numerous lavas that have been measured in this study, it is
important to consider the potential hazards of lava flows for communities such as
El Patrocinio, El Caracol, and San Francisco de Sales, and San José Calderas. It
is clear that for lavas to reach these places, lava flows will have to extend much
farther than they have previously done. This condition could possibly occur if
vigorous eruptions were to occur from vents low on the volcano, but are not
highly likely.
The possibility of the generation of pyroclastic flows and similar processes (e. g.
incandescence avalanches) associated with explosive activity from the volcano,
especially during the most violent strombolian eruptions, could also be hazardous
for the people who are located closest to the eruptive vent.
It is also important to be aware of the possibility of cone collapse of Pacaya. The
current Mackenney cone and the remnants of modern Pacaya may be fed by a
high level magma chamber. The possibility of collapse, enhanced by the
presence of such a shallow magma body must be considered in future hazard
research.
39 7. REFERENCES
Bandintzeff, J. –M., and Deniel C., 1992, Magmatic evolution of Pacaya and
Cerro Chiquito volcanological complex. Guatemala, Bulletin of Volcanology. 54 v.
54 (4): 267-283.
Bohnenberger, O. H., 1969, Los focos eruptivos Cuaternarios de Guatemala:
Publicaciones Geológicas del ICAITI, Guatemala, p. 23-24.
Braden, B., 1986, The Surveyor’s Are Formula. The College Mathematics
Journal, v. 17, pp. 326 – 337.
Conway, F. M. 1995, Construction patterns and timing of volcanism at the Cerro
Quemado, Santa Maria, and Pacaya volcanoes, Guatemala. Ph.D. thesis,
Michigan Technological University.
Conway, F. M., Diehl J.F. and Matías O., 1992, Paleomagnetic constraints on
eruption pattern at Pacaya composite volcano, Guatemala. Bulletin of
Volcanology. v. 55, p. 25-32.
Durst, K.S., 2008, Erupted Magma Volume Estimates at Santiaguito and Pacaya
Volcanoes, Guatemala Using Digital Elevation Models [M.S. thesis]: Houghton,
Michigan Technological University, 38 p.
Eggers, A. A. 1971, The geology and petrology of the Amatitlán quadrangle.
Guatemala, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire, 221 p.
Kitamura S., and Matías O., 1995. Tephra stratigraphic approach to the eruptive
history of Pacaya volcano, Guatemala. Science Reports – Tohoku University,
Seventh Series: Geography. 45 (1): 1-41.
Mann, P., R. Rogers, and L. M. Gahagan, 2007, Overview of plate tectonic
history and its unresolved tectonic problems, in Bundschuh, J., and Alvarado, G.,
eds., Central America: Geology, Resources and Hazards (volume 1): Taylor &
Francis, London, 201-237 pp.
Peterson, P., and W. Rose, 1985, Explosive eruptions of the Ayarza calderas,
southeastern Guatemala. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v.
25, pp. 289 – 307.
40 Vallance J. W., Siebert L., Rose W. I., Girón J. R. and Banks N. G., 1995, Edifice
collapse and related hazards in Guatemala. Journal of Volcanology &
Geothermal Research. 66 (1-4): 337-355.
Venzke E, Wunderman R W, McClelland L, Simkin, T, Luhr, JF, Siebert L,
Mayberry G, and Sennert S (eds.) 2009. Global Volcanism, 1968 to the Present.
Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series,
GVP-4 (http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/).
Wunderman R. L. and Rose W. I., 1984, Amatitlán, an actively resurging
cauldron 10 km of Guatemala City. Journal Geophysical. Res., v. 89, p. 85258539.
41 Appendix 1: Table A1. Lava flow parameters derived from the shapefile
polygons and recorded times.
42 Table A1. Lava flow parameters derived from the shapefile polygons and the
recorded times.
Unit
Hb61
Hb61a
Hb61b
Hb61c
Hb61d
Hb65
Hb65a
Hb65b
Hb66
Hb66a
Hb66b
Hb67
Hb67a
Hb67b
Hb67c
Hb67d
Hb67e
Hb67f
Hb67g
Hb68
Hb68a
Hb68b
Hb68c
Hb68d
Hb69
Hb69a
Hb69b
Hb70
Hb70a
Hb70b
Hb70c
Hb70d
Hb70e
Hb70f
Hb70g
Hb71
Hb72
Hb72a
Hb72b
Hb72c
Hb72d
Hb72e
Hb74
Hb74a
Hb74b
Hb74c
Hb75
Hb80
Hb80a
Hb80b
Hb81
Hb82
Hb83
Length Thickness Date begin
Date final Duration
(m)
(m)
(yyyymmdd) (yyyymmdd) (days)
5510
270
132
276
115
20
20
1205
1140
1335
1410
580
75
60
65
1950
2375
1280
1306
1440
1024
980
1500
1165
1060
425
1425
906
826
500
502
330
375
790
1530
690
350
3300
40
159
84
2277
1397
1560
3100
985
3620
810
158
107
690
1875
87
3
3
3
3
3
2.5
2.5
3
3.5
3
3
3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.7
3
3
3
3
2.5
3.5
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
4
2.5
2.5
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
5
5
4
4.5
3.5
3
3.5
2
2
2.7
5
2.5
19610310
19610310
19610310
19610310
19610310
19650808
19651212
19651210
19660109
19660426
19660521
19670105
19670226
19670226
19670226
19670409
19670702
19670902
19671130
19680101
19680103
19680211
19681020
19681124
19690607
19691014
19691124
19700906
19700906
19700906
19700906
19700906
19700906
19700906
19701212
19711114
19720102
19720202
19720306
19721006
19721006
19721022
19740120
19740209
19740224
19741110
19750718
19801005
19801102
19801102
19811009
19820214
19830904
19610530
19610310
19610310
19610310
19610310
19650808
19651212
19651212
19660110
19660427
19660522
19670108
19670227
19670226
19670226
19670409
19671114
19691231
19711114
19680303
19680103
19680222
19681027
19681124
19690607
19691021
19700206
19700915
19700915
19700915
19700915
19700915
19700915
19700915
19710509
19711117
19720202
19720227
19720306
19721015
19721015
19730708
19750630
19740714
19740707
19750628
19750910
19810610
19801102
19801102
19811020
19830206
19830904
81
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
2
1
1
1
3
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
135
120
1445
62
0.5
11
7
0.5
0.5
7
74
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
148
3
31
25
0.5
9
9
259
526
155
133
230
54
248
0.5
0.5
11
357
0.5
Eruption
rate
-1
(ms )
2.3.E+06 6.79E+06 9.70E-01
7.4.E+03 2.21E+04 5.11E-01
2.5.E+03 7.36E+03 1.70E-01
7.2.E+03 2.15E+04 4.97E-01
3.3.E+03 9.81E+03 2.27E-01
2.5.E+02 6.27E+02 1.45E-02
2.2.E+02 5.61E+02 1.30E-02
4.7.E+04 1.42E+05 8.24E-01
5.6.E+04 1.96E+05 2.27E+00
5.9.E+04 1.78E+05 2.06E+00
4.7.E+04 1.41E+05 1.63E+00
6.6.E+02 1.98E+03 7.63E-03
7.4.E+02 1.56E+03 1.81E-02
6.3.E+02 1.32E+03 3.05E-02
6.4.E+02 1.34E+03 3.11E-02
1.4.E+05 3.72E+05 8.62E+00
4.0.E+05 9.90E+05 8.49E-02
5.7.E+04 2.00E+05 1.93E-02
1.6.E+05 5.64E+05 4.51E-03
5.0.E+04 1.73E+05 3.24E-02
3.6.E+04 9.64E+04 2.23E+00
4.7.E+04 1.40E+05 1.47E-01
8.0.E+04 2.41E+05 3.98E-01
1.1.E+05 3.37E+05 7.80E+00
4.7.E+04 1.41E+05 3.26E+00
1.3.E+04 3.14E+04 5.18E-02
4.2.E+04 1.48E+05 2.31E-02
1.8.E+04 4.84E+04 6.22E-02
1.5.E+04 4.01E+04 5.16E-02
6.4.E+03 1.73E+04 2.23E-02
4.9.E+03 1.32E+04 1.70E-02
3.4.E+03 9.09E+03 1.17E-02
5.1.E+03 1.39E+04 1.79E-02
1.9.E+04 5.02E+04 6.46E-02
8.0.E+05 3.20E+06 2.51E-01
2.2.E+04 5.45E+04 2.10E-01
9.5.E+03 2.38E+04 8.87E-03
6.6.E+05 1.98E+06 9.18E-01
3.1.E+02 7.79E+02 1.80E-02
1.0.E+03 2.52E+03 3.25E-03
2.6.E+02 6.43E+02 8.26E-04
9.1.E+05 4.57E+06 2.04E-01
3.5.E+05 1.77E+06 3.90E-02
3.5.E+05 1.39E+06 1.04E-01
2.4.E+06 1.06E+07 9.21E-01
2.0.E+05 6.92E+05 3.48E-02
1.4.E+06 4.08E+06 8.75E-01
1.9.E+05 6.82E+05 3.18E-02
4.9.E+03 9.78E+03 2.26E-01
1.4.E+03 2.70E+03 6.25E-02
5.1.E+04 1.37E+05 1.45E-01
1.5.E+06 7.52E+06 2.44E-01
1.0.E+03 2.55E+03 5.90E-02
Area
2
(m )
Volume
3
(m )
Cumulative
volume
3
(m )
6.79E+06
6.81E+06
6.81E+06
6.84E+06
6.85E+06
6.85E+06
6.85E+06
6.99E+06
7.19E+06
7.36E+06
7.50E+06
7.51E+06
7.51E+06
7.51E+06
7.51E+06
7.88E+06
8.87E+06
9.07E+06
9.64E+06
9.81E+06
9.91E+06
1.00E+07
1.03E+07
1.06E+07
1.08E+07
1.08E+07
1.09E+07
1.10E+07
1.10E+07
1.10E+07
1.11E+07
1.11E+07
1.11E+07
1.11E+07
1.43E+07
1.44E+07
1.44E+07
1.64E+07
1.64E+07
1.64E+07
1.64E+07
2.10E+07
2.27E+07
2.41E+07
3.47E+07
3.54E+07
3.95E+07
4.02E+07
4.02E+07
4.02E+07
4.03E+07
4.79E+07
4.79E+07
43 Continuation of table A1…
Unit
Hb83a
Hb83b
Hb83c
Hb83d
Hb83e
Hb83f
Hb83g
Hb83h
Hb83i
Hb83j
Hb83k
Hb83l
Hb83m
Hb84
Hb84a
Hb84b
Hb84c
Hb84d
Hb84e
Hb84f
Hb85
Hb85a
Hb85b
Hb85c
Hb85d
Hb85e
Hb85f
Hb85g
Hb85h
Hb85i
Hb86
Hb86a
Hb86b
Hb86c
Hb86d
Hb86e
Hb86f
Hb87
Hb87a
Hb87b
Hb87c
Hb87d
Hb87e
Hb87f
Hb87g
Hb87h
Hb87i
Hb87j
Hb87k
Hb87l
Hb87m
Hb87n
Hb87o
Hb87p
Hb88
Hb88a
Hb88b
Hb88c
hb88d
Date final Duration
(m)
(m)
472
30
590
388
275
545
800
224
257
283
165
192
203
700
470
519
584
536
820
72
110
75
86
60
37
1275
33
106
688
870
260
197
265
795
428
320
415
920
1437
545
2490
469
216
782
786
2145
810
387
70
1190
500
680
170
52
97
105
220
68
276
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
5
6.5
2.2
2
2
2
2
2.5
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
2
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.5
3
3
2.5
3.5
3
2
2.2
2.2
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
19830911
19830911
19830915
19830922
19830922
19831120
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19840303
19840311
19840311
19840323
19840509
19840525
19841219
19850119
19850119
19851019
19850119
19850210
19850224
19850303
19850314
19850630
19850728
19860116
19860116
19860116
19860202
19860302
19860309
19861116
19870121
19870125
19870504
19870505
19870518
19870518
19870605
19870605
19870614
19870726
19870806
19870815
19870821
19870827
19870902
19871201
19871213
19880102
19880107
19880128
19880130
19880201
19830924
19830924
19830922
19830930
19830930
19831120
19840226
19840226
19840226
19840226
19840226
19840226
19840226
19840311
19840324
19840324
19840429
19840516
19850206
19841223
19850126
19850126
19850126
19850126
19850210
19850323
19850310
19850314
19850710
19850806
19860119
19860119
19850119
19860205
19860307
19860309
19861123
19870121
19870125
19870610
19870531
19870525
19870525
19870610
19870610
19870617
19870809
19870812
19870815
19871130
19870902
19871105
19880102
19871230
19880106
19880127
19880229
19880130
19880221
13
13
7
8
8
0.5
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
8
13
13
37
7
257
4
7
7
7
7
0.5
27
7
0.5
10
9
3
3
3
3
5
0.5
7
0.5
0.5
37
26
7
7
5
5
3
14
6
0.5
101
6
64
32
17
4
20
32
0.5
0.5
Eruption
rate
-1
(ms )
4.5.E+04 1.56E+05 1.39E-01
2.7.E+02 6.70E+02 5.97E-04
3.8.E+04 9.62E+04 1.59E-01
1.6.E+04 3.52E+04 5.10E-02
9.8.E+03 2.16E+04 3.13E-02
3.1.E+04 7.72E+04 1.79E+00
3.2.E+04 9.66E+04 1.33E-02
1.3.E+03 1.28E+03 1.76E-04
1.4.E+03 1.36E+03 1.87E-04
1.5.E+03 1.53E+03 2.11E-04
8.2.E+02 8.19E+02 1.13E-04
1.1.E+03 1.07E+03 1.48E-04
1.3.E+03 1.29E+03 1.77E-04
3.3.E+04 3.26E+04 4.72E-02
9.3.E+03 2.33E+04 2.07E-02
7.3.E+03 1.82E+04 1.62E-02
1.3.E+04 3.36E+04 1.05E-02
1.7.E+04 5.17E+04 8.54E-02
2.9.E+05 1.46E+06 6.58E-02
1.8.E+03 1.16E+04 3.36E-02
4.7.E+03 1.03E+04 1.70E-02
2.3.E+03 4.51E+03 7.45E-03
1.1.E+03 2.17E+03 3.59E-03
1.2.E+03 2.47E+03 4.09E-03
8.0.E+01 1.61E+02 3.72E-03
5.9.E+04 1.49E+05 6.37E-02
3.7.E+02 1.11E+03 1.83E-03
7.5.E+02 2.26E+03 5.24E-02
3.3.E+04 8.29E+04 9.59E-02
3.2.E+04 7.98E+04 1.03E-01
9.6.E+03 1.91E+04 7.38E-02
7.3.E+03 1.46E+04 5.61E-02
8.1.E+03 1.62E+04 6.25E-02
2.8.E+04 6.97E+04 2.69E-01
1.4.E+04 3.04E+04 7.04E-02
1.1.E+04 2.25E+04 5.20E-01
1.0.E+04 2.51E+04 4.14E-02
2.6.E+04 7.68E+04 1.78E+00
5.2.E+04 1.55E+05 3.60E+00
8.8.E+03 2.20E+04 6.89E-03
9.0.E+04 3.15E+05 1.40E-01
1.3.E+04 3.98E+04 6.58E-02
1.1.E+04 2.15E+04 3.56E-02
1.6.E+04 3.42E+04 7.92E-02
1.4.E+04 3.05E+04 7.05E-02
7.6.E+04 2.27E+05 8.75E-01
1.8.E+04 4.44E+04 3.67E-02
1.0.E+04 2.61E+04 5.03E-02
1.5.E+03 3.78E+03 8.75E-02
3.8.E+04 1.13E+05 1.30E-02
1.5.E+04 3.67E+04 7.08E-02
2.0.E+04 5.08E+04 9.19E-03
6.5.E+03 1.62E+04 5.87E-03
9.6.E+02 1.92E+03 1.30E-03
2.3.E+03 5.63E+03 1.63E-02
2.4.E+03 6.02E+03 3.48E-03
1.0.E+04 2.58E+04 9.33E-03
1.5.E+03 3.75E+03 8.67E-02
7.9.E+03 1.98E+04 4.59E-01
Area
2
(m )
Volume
3
(m )
Cumulative
volume
3
(m )
4.80E+07
4.80E+07
4.81E+07
4.81E+07
4.82E+07
4.82E+07
4.83E+07
4.83E+07
4.83E+07
4.83E+07
4.83E+07
4.83E+07
4.83E+07
4.84E+07
4.84E+07
4.84E+07
4.85E+07
4.85E+07
5.00E+07
5.00E+07
5.00E+07
5.00E+07
5.00E+07
5.00E+07
5.00E+07
5.01E+07
5.01E+07
5.01E+07
5.02E+07
5.03E+07
5.03E+07
5.03E+07
5.04E+07
5.04E+07
5.05E+07
5.05E+07
5.05E+07
5.06E+07
5.07E+07
5.08E+07
5.11E+07
5.11E+07
5.11E+07
5.12E+07
5.12E+07
5.14E+07
5.15E+07
5.15E+07
5.15E+07
5.16E+07
5.17E+07
5.17E+07
5.17E+07
5.17E+07
5.17E+07
5.17E+07
5.18E+07
5.18E+07
5.18E+07
Unit
Hb88e
Hb88f
Hb88g
Hb88h
Hb88i
Hb88j
Hb88k
Hb88l
Hb88m
Hb88n
Hb88o
Hb88p
Hb88q
Hb88r
Hb88s
Hb88t
Hb88u
Hb88v
Hb88w
Hb88x
Hb88y
Hb88z
Hb88aa
Hb88ab
Hb88ac
Hb88ad
Hb88ae
Hb88af
Hb88ag
Hb88ah
Hb88ai
Hb88aj
Hb88ak
Hb88al
Hb88am
Hb88an
Hb88ao
Hb88ap
Hb88aq
Hb88ar
Hb88as
Hb88at
Hb88au
Hb88av
Hb88aw
Hb88ax
Hb88ay
Hb88az
Hb88ba
Hb88bb
Hb88bc
Hb88bd
Hb88be
Hb88bf
Hb88bg
Hb88bh
Hb88bi
Hb88bj
Hb88bk
Date final Duration
(m)
(m)
103
997
70
32
35
33
49
154
215
79
78
94
88
74
80
97
70
92
70
60
108
55
46
145
85
107
94
154
167
166
175
145
148
250
181
144
126
221
200
116
205
168
198
191
165
164
183
166
162
148
285
148
102
50
95
84
30
312
202
2.5
3
2
2.5
2.5
2
2
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.1
2
2
2.1
3
2.5
19880223
19880301
19880302
19880311
19880315
19880316
19880319
19880526
19880527
19880527
19880607
19880607
19880608
19880608
19880608
19880610
19880610
19880611
19880611
19880612
19880614
19880617
19880618
19880619
19880620
19880623
19880623
19880624
19880626
19880626
19880627
19880627
19880627
19880628
19880628
19880629
19880701
19880702
19880703
19880723
19880901
19881001
19881005
19881005
19881007
19881009
19881011
19881012
19881103
19881105
19881106
19881108
19881111
19881112
19881114
19881115
19881116
19881118
19881118
19880227
19880322
19880302
19880313
19880318
19880316
19880320
19880529
19880529
19880607
19880609
19880609
19880809
19880609
19880609
19880610
19880610
19880611
19880611
19880613
19880616
19880617
19880618
19880622
19880620
19880623
19880623
19880625
19880627
19880627
19880628
19880627
19880628
19880628
19880628
19880630
19880701
19880702
19880707
19880723
19880918
19881004
19881005
19881006
19881008
19881010
19881012
19881014
19881103
19881105
19881112
19881110
19881113
19881113
19881114
19881115
19881117
19881130
19881130
4
21
0.5
2
3
0.5
1
64
2
11
2
2
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
2
0.5
0.5
3
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5
4
0.5
17
3
0.5
1
1
1
1
2
0.5
0.5
6
2
2
1
0.5
0.5
1
12
12
Area
2
(m )
Volume
3
(m )
2.7.E+03 6.73E+03
2.9.E+04 8.80E+04
1.4.E+03 2.80E+03
4.7.E+02 1.18E+03
3.9.E+02 9.82E+02
4.1.E+02 8.28E+02
6.0.E+02 1.20E+03
1.8.E+03 4.45E+03
2.9.E+03 6.28E+03
1.0.E+03 2.53E+03
2.0.E+03 4.92E+03
1.3.E+03 3.14E+03
2.9.E+03 6.12E+03
1.2.E+03 2.61E+03
1.2.E+03 2.48E+03
2.6.E+03 5.40E+03
1.1.E+03 2.37E+03
1.4.E+03 2.91E+03
1.2.E+03 2.60E+03
7.5.E+02 1.58E+03
1.5.E+03 3.86E+03
7.7.E+02 1.61E+03
9.7.E+02 2.04E+03
3.8.E+03 9.60E+03
1.7.E+03 3.61E+03
2.6.E+03 5.54E+03
2.4.E+03 4.96E+03
5.7.E+03 1.20E+04
9.6.E+03 2.02E+04
5.2.E+03 1.10E+04
1.1.E+04 2.23E+04
4.0.E+03 8.38E+03
5.2.E+03 1.10E+04
7.4.E+03 1.55E+04
6.1.E+03 1.29E+04
4.8.E+03 1.00E+04
6.7.E+03 1.40E+04
6.6.E+03 1.39E+04
6.2.E+03 1.31E+04
3.7.E+03 7.69E+03
8.6.E+02 2.32E+03
3.7.E+03 7.87E+03
5.5.E+03 1.16E+04
6.4.E+03 1.35E+04
3.6.E+03 7.49E+03
4.6.E+03 9.63E+03
3.8.E+03 7.97E+03
2.6.E+03 5.44E+03
4.0.E+03 8.36E+03
5.3.E+03 1.12E+04
5.7.E+03 1.55E+04
2.7.E+03 6.79E+03
3.4.E+03 8.56E+03
5.5.E+02 1.16E+03
1.7.E+03 3.39E+03
3.3.E+03 6.57E+03
2.2.E+02 4.69E+02
3.8.E+03 1.13E+04
4.3.E+03 1.07E+04
Eruption
rate
-1
(ms )
1.95E-02
4.85E-02
6.49E-02
6.83E-03
3.79E-03
1.92E-02
1.39E-02
8.05E-04
3.64E-02
2.66E-03
2.85E-02
1.82E-02
7.09E-02
3.02E-02
2.87E-02
1.25E-01
5.48E-02
6.74E-02
6.01E-02
1.82E-02
2.23E-02
3.73E-02
4.72E-02
3.71E-02
8.35E-02
1.28E-01
1.15E-01
1.39E-01
2.33E-01
1.27E-01
2.58E-01
9.70E-02
1.27E-01
3.58E-01
2.98E-01
1.16E-01
3.25E-01
3.23E-01
3.78E-02
1.78E-01
1.58E-03
3.04E-02
2.69E-01
1.56E-01
8.67E-02
1.11E-01
9.22E-02
3.15E-02
1.94E-01
2.58E-01
2.99E-02
3.93E-02
4.96E-02
1.35E-02
7.86E-02
1.52E-01
5.42E-03
1.09E-02
1.03E-02
Cumulative
volume
3
(m )
5.18E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.19E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.20E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.21E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.22E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
Unit
Hb88bl
Hb88bm
Hb88bn
Hb88bo
Hb88bp
Hb88bq
Hb88br
Hb88bs
Hb88bt
Hb89
Hb89a
Hb90
Hb90a
Hb90b
Hb90c
Hb90d
Hb90e
Hb91
Hb91a
Hb91b
Hb91c
Hb91d
Hb91e
Hb91f
Hb91g
Hb91h
Hb91i
Hb91j
Hb92
Hb92a
Hb92b
Hb92c
Hb92d
Hb92e
Hb92f
Hb93
Hb93a
Hb93b
Hb93c
Hb94
Hb94a
Hb94b
Hb94c
Hb94d
Hb95
Hb95a
Hb96
Hb96a
Hb96b
Hb97
Hb98
Hb98a
Hb98b
Hb98c
Hb98d
Hb98e
Hb98f
Hb98g
Hb98h
Date final Duration
(m)
(m)
100
138
84
161
52
95
54
61
104
3220
1420
522
158
140
203
332
1050
456
300
150
248
60
121
526
53
880
1680
1783
354
185
682
777
264
1530
308
1705
1032
719
1019
1238
424
862
930
906
691
450
1677
2074
713
524
2460
715
732
580
292
523
1390
2220
461
2.5
2.5
2
3
2
2.1
2
2.5
2.5
4
3
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.5
3
2.5
2.5
2
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2
2.5
3.5
2.7
2.2
2.1
2.5
2.5
2
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.2
2
2
2.2
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.1
2
3.5
3.1
3.5
2.5
2
3
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.1
3.5
3
2.5
19881118
19881201
19881206
19881208
19881220
19881221
19881224
19881226
19881229
19890307
19890307
19900402
19900714
19900714
19900820
19900915
19901103
19910104
19910104
19910104
19910104
19910206
19910511
19910611
19910614
19910727
19911027
19911110
19920501
19920501
19920506
19920822
19920822
19920906
19920906
19930110
19930111
19920921
19931108
19940205
19940316
19941012
19941012
19941012
19950614
19950621
19961010
19961111
19961113
19970730
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980918
19980918
19980918
19881130
19881205
19881207
19881219
19881220
19881223
19881225
19881228
19881231
19890311
19890311
19900402
19900714
19900714
19900820
19900915
19910410
19910115
19910115
19910115
19910115
19910210
19910515
19910616
19910615
19910731
19920108
19911118
19920507
19920507
19920507
19920823
19920823
19920915
19920915
19930111
19930112
19930921
19931115
19940212
19940316
19941017
19941017
19941017
19950614
19950908
19961012
19961112
19961115
19970804
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980919
19980919
19980919
12
4
1
11
0.5
2
1
2
2
4
4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
158
11
11
11
11
4
4
5
1
4
73
8
6
6
1
1
1
9
9
0.5
1
0.5
7
7
0.5
5
5
5
0.5
79
2
1
2
5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
Eruption
rate
-1
(ms )
8.3.E+02 2.08E+03 2.01E-03
4.4.E+03 1.09E+04 3.15E-02
8.3.E+02 1.66E+03 1.92E-02
1.7.E+03 5.11E+03 5.37E-03
7.9.E+02 1.57E+03 3.64E-02
1.1.E+03 2.28E+03 1.32E-02
8.1.E+02 1.63E+03 1.88E-02
7.4.E+02 1.85E+03 1.07E-02
7.8.E+02 1.94E+03 1.12E-02
3.6.E+05 1.45E+06 4.20E+00
1.3.E+05 3.77E+05 1.09E+00
8.9.E+03 2.23E+04 5.17E-01
1.1.E+03 2.32E+03 5.37E-02
9.9.E+02 2.07E+03 4.79E-02
2.2.E+03 5.43E+03 1.26E-01
3.5.E+03 8.77E+03 2.03E-01
2.6.E+04 7.95E+04 5.82E-03
8.9.E+03 2.22E+04 2.34E-02
2.4.E+03 5.97E+03 6.28E-03
7.5.E+02 1.51E+03 1.59E-03
1.7.E+03 3.49E+03 3.68E-03
5.9.E+02 1.48E+03 4.29E-03
8.0.E+02 2.00E+03 5.80E-03
4.9.E+03 1.23E+04 2.85E-02
8.3.E+02 1.67E+03 1.93E-02
1.9.E+04 4.63E+04 1.34E-01
2.1.E+05 7.49E+05 1.19E-01
3.6.E+04 9.63E+04 1.39E-01
3.5.E+03 7.69E+03 1.48E-02
2.2.E+03 4.64E+03 8.96E-03
9.8.E+04 2.45E+05 2.84E+00
1.4.E+04 3.40E+04 3.93E-01
2.3.E+03 4.52E+03 5.23E-02
3.4.E+04 8.57E+04 1.10E-01
1.9.E+03 4.15E+03 5.34E-03
3.7.E+04 9.26E+04 2.14E+00
3.4.E+04 7.47E+04 8.64E-01
1.0.E+04 2.05E+04 4.73E-01
2.7.E+04 5.33E+04 8.81E-02
2.2.E+04 4.76E+04 7.88E-02
9.1.E+03 2.00E+04 4.63E-01
1.7.E+04 4.30E+04 9.96E-02
1.9.E+04 4.77E+04 1.10E-01
2.0.E+04 4.13E+04 9.56E-02
1.3.E+04 2.70E+04 6.24E-01
6.1.E+04 2.14E+05 3.14E-02
1.2.E+05 3.79E+05 2.19E+00
9.6.E+05 3.36E+06 3.89E+01
2.3.E+04 5.68E+04 3.29E-01
7.4.E+03 1.47E+04 3.41E-02
4.3.E+05 1.28E+06 2.97E+01
2.7.E+04 9.59E+04 2.22E+00
2.6.E+04 8.95E+04 2.07E+00
2.1.E+04 7.21E+04 1.67E+00
9.2.E+03 2.29E+04 5.31E-01
8.4.E+03 1.75E+04 4.06E-01
2.0.E+05 6.94E+05 8.03E+00
5.6.E+05 1.68E+06 1.94E+01
2.0.E+04 5.09E+04 5.89E-01
Area
2
(m )
Volume
3
(m )
Cumulative
volume
3
(m )
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.23E+07
5.38E+07
5.41E+07
5.42E+07
5.42E+07
5.42E+07
5.42E+07
5.42E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.43E+07
5.44E+07
5.51E+07
5.52E+07
5.52E+07
5.52E+07
5.55E+07
5.55E+07
5.55E+07
5.56E+07
5.56E+07
5.57E+07
5.58E+07
5.58E+07
5.58E+07
5.59E+07
5.59E+07
5.59E+07
5.60E+07
5.60E+07
5.61E+07
5.63E+07
5.67E+07
6.00E+07
6.01E+07
6.01E+07
6.14E+07
6.15E+07
6.16E+07
6.16E+07
6.16E+07
6.17E+07
6.24E+07
6.40E+07
6.41E+07
Unit
Hb98i
Hb99
Hb00
Hb00a
Hb00b
Hb00c
Hb00d
Hb00e
Hb04
Hb04a
Hb05
Hb06
Hb06a
Hb06b
Hb06c
Hb08
Hb09
Date final Duration
(m)
(m)
1430
299
1123
1250
1223
2410
1640
2586
145
1223
370
72
38
990
1650
950
181
2.5
2.1
2.7
4
3.5
3
2.2
2.5
2.7
2.2
3
2.5
2.5
3.4
7.5
5.5
2.7
19980918
19991223
20000104
20000110
20000116
20000116
20000122
20000229
20040612
20041223
20050508
20060401
20060401
20060404
20060413
20080723
20090124
19980919
19991231
20000110
20000116
20000116
20000116
20000125
20000229
20040615
20050817
20050515
20060404
20060404
20060407
20080630
20090218
20090130
1
8
6
6
0.5
0.5
3
0.5
3
237
7
3
3
3
78
210
6
Eruption
rate
-1
(ms )
2.6.E+05 6.48E+05 7.50E+00
3.2.E+04 6.72E+04 9.72E-02
2.7.E+04 7.31E+04 1.41E-01
1.6.E+05 6.36E+05 1.23E+00
1.7.E+05 6.01E+05 1.39E+01
1.6.E+05 4.80E+05 1.11E+01
2.8.E+05 6.25E+05 2.41E+00
4.2.E+05 1.05E+06 2.42E+01
5.2.E+03 1.41E+04 5.44E-02
5.2.E+05 1.14E+06 5.56E-02
1.1.E+04 3.37E+04 5.57E-02
1.5.E+03 3.75E+03 1.45E-02
3.4.E+02 8.39E+02 3.24E-03
4.1.E+04 1.39E+05 5.35E-01
8.5.E+05 6.41E+06 9.51E-01
3.3.E+05 1.82E+06 1.00E-01
8.3.E+03 2.24E+04 4.32E-02
Area
2
(m )
Volume
3
(m )
Cumulative
volume
3
(m )
6.47E+07
6.48E+07
6.49E+07
6.55E+07
6.61E+07
6.66E+07
6.72E+07
6.83E+07
6.83E+07
6.94E+07
6.94E+07
6.95E+07
6.95E+07
6.96E+07
7.60E+07
7.78E+07
7.78E+07
47 Appendix 2: Table A2. Eruptive vent locations and times of activity.
48 Table A2. Eruptive vent locations and the recorded times.
Lava Flow Simbology
19610310
19610310a
19610310b
19610310c
19610310d
19650808
19651212
19660109
19660426
19660521
19670226
19670226
19670226
19670409
19670702
19670902
19671130
19680101
19680103
19680222
19681020
19681124
19690607
19691124
19700906
19691014
19700906
19790906
19711114
19720201
19720202
19720306
19721006
19721006
19721022
19721022
19721022
19721022
19721022
19721022
19740120
19740120
19740120
19740120
19740120
19740120
19740120
19740209
19740209
19740209
19740209
19740224
19741110
19750718
19801005
19801005
19801005
19801005
Hb61
Hb61a
Hb61b
Hb61c
Hb61d
Hb65
Hb65a
Hb66
Hb66a
Hb66b
Hb67a
Hb67b
Hb67c
Hb67d
Hb67e
Hb67f
Hb67g
Hb68
Hb68a
Hb68b
Hb68c
Hb68d
Hb69
Hb69b
Hb70
Hb69a
Hb70a
Hb70b
Hb71
Hb72
Hb72a
Hb72b
Hb72c
Hb72d
Hb72e
Hb72e
Hb72e
Hb72e
Hb72e
Hb72e
Hb74
Hb74
Hb74
Hb74
Hb74
Hb74
Hb74
Hb74a
Hb74a
Hb74a
Hb74a
Hb74b
Hb74c
Hb75
Hb80
Hb80
Hb80
Hb80
Date begin
(yyyymmdd)
19610310
19610310
19610310
19610310
19610310
19650806
19651210
19660109
19660426
19660521
19670226
19760426
19670226
19670409
19670702
19670902
19671130
19680101
19680103
19680211
19681020
19681124
19690607
19691124
19700906
19691014
19700906
19700906
19711114
19820201
19720202
19720306
19721006
19721006
19721022
19721121
19721228
19730203
19730401
19730505
19740120
19740416
19740204
19740722
19750206
19751207
19760424
19740209
19740228
19740312
19740426
19740223
19741110
19750718
19801005
19801210
19810122
19810503
Date final
(yyyymmdd)
19610530
19610310
19610310
19610310
19610310
19610808
19651212
19660110
19660427
19660522
19670227
19670226
19670226
19670409
19671114
19671231
19671201
19680303
19680103
19680222
19681027
19681124
19690607
19700206
19700915
19691021
19700915
19700915
19711117
19720201
19720227
19720306
19721015
19721015
19721120
19721227
19730202
19730331
19730504
19730708
19740203
19740721
19740415
19750205
19751207
19760423
19760630
19740227
19740311
19740425
19740714
19740707
19741215
19750820
19801209
19810124
19810503
19810610
Easting in m
(UTM 15 NAD 27)
488530
488520
488600
488740
488750
488900
488890
488840
488840
488810
488930
488900
488900
488740
488810
488930
488890
488910
488890
488900
488900
488880
488900
488890
488940
489010
488930
488880
488780
488880
488080
488910
488940
488930
487960
488100
487780
487980
487890
487760
488900
488770
488890
488860
488690
488860
488840
488920
488710
488670
488540
488330
488850
489140
488910
488960
488990
488910
Northing in m
(UTM 15 NAD
27)
1589000
1588600
1588500
1588500
1588400
1590300
1590300
1590200
1590200
1590200
1590300
1590300
1590200
1590200
1590200
1590300
1590300
1590300
1590300
1590300
1590200
1590300
1590300
1590300
1590200
1590400
1590200
1590300
1590300
1590300
1590700
1590200
1590300
1590300
1589800
1589800
1589800
1589800
1589800
1589800
1590400
1590500
1590500
1590600
1590600
1590700
1590500
1590400
1590400
1590500
1590500
1590500
1590400
1589100
1590400
1590500
1590500
1590600
Elevation
(masl)
1667
1541
1531
1541
1535
2378
2375
2333
2334
2312
2410
2415
2385
2266
2311
2412
2384
2386
2379
2382
2388
2379
2385
2387
2423
2419
2417
2378
2316
2418
2005
2407
2421
2414
1783
1812
1749
1764
1755
1732
2384
2283
2339
2269
2211
2206
2335
2405
2269
2225
2154
2049
2358
1811
2415
2422
2408
2345
Lava Flow Simbology
19801102
19801102
19811009
19820214
19820214
19820214
19820214
19820214
19830904
19830911
19830915
19830911
19830922
19830922
19831120
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19840303
19840311
19840323
19840509
19840311
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19841219
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
Hb80a
Hb80b
Hb81
Hb82
Hb82
Hb82
Hb82
Hb82
Hb83
Hb83a
Hb83c
Hb83b
Hb83d
Hb83e
Hb83f
Hb83g
Hb83h
Hb83i
Hb83j
Hb83l
Hb83k
Hb83m
Hb84
Hb84a
Hb84c
Hb84d
Hb84b
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
HB84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84f
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Hb84e
Date begin
(yyyymmdd)
19801102
19801102
19811009
19820214
19820405
19820510
19820726
19821104
19830904
19830911
19830915
19830911
19830922
19830922
19831120
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19831204
19840303
19840311
19840323
19840509
19840311
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840525
19840610
19840610
19840618
19840625
19840709
19840716
19840718
19840718
19840812
19840722
19840820
19840830
19840827
19840909
19840924
19841004
19841012
19841031
19841102
19841107
19841115
19841202
19841209
19841227
19841219
19850120
19850120
19850202
19850202
Date final
(yyyymmdd)
19801102
19801102
19811020
19820404
19820509
19820725
19821103
19830206
19830904
19830924
19830922
19830915
19830930
19830930
19831120
19840226
19831210
19831229
19840128
19840128
19840128
19850226
19840311
19840324
19840429
19840516
19840324
19840529
19840602
19840610
19840605
19840614
19850617
19840624
19840708
19840715
19840718
19840721
19840722
19840819
19840811
19840827
19840909
19840902
19840923
19841028
19841030
19841031
19841125
19841128
19841202
19841202
19841231
19841231
19850105
19850120
19850130
19850202
19850206
19850206
Easting in m
Northing in m
Elevation
(UTM 15 NAD 27) (UTM 15 NAD 27)
(masl)
489040
1590000
2341
489070
1589900
2296
488970
1590300
2475
488300
1590600
2082
488020
1590800
2015
488390
1590300
2098
488140
1589900
1884
488150
1590400
1988
488920
1590200
2447
488880
1590300
2424
488910
1590300
2442
488930
1590300
2455
488960
1590300
2475
488930
1590300
2453
488920
1590400
2443
488950
1590300
2466
489030
1590600
2355
489000
1590400
2474
489050
1590400
2468
488980
1590400
2470
489020
1590700
2316
488990
1590600
2348
488920
1590100
2374
488930
1590100
2377
489040
1590400
2500
488820
1590300
2381
488920
1590100
2374
488600
1591100
2185
488680
1591100
2176
488850
1591200
2198
488750
1591200
2178
488740
1591200
2176
488770
1591200
2187
488780
1591100
2174
488880
1591100
2176
488880
1591200
2194
488940
1591200
2194
489010
1591100
2194
489050
1591100
2197
488930
1590900
2182
488930
1591000
2176
488850
1590900
2170
488930
1591000
2175
488740
1591000
2168
488860
1591000
2169
488730
1590700
2206
489160
1590800
2268
489050
1590800
2250
489100
1590700
2310
489030
1590600
2331
488930
1590600
2330
488810
1590700
2267
488890
1591000
2171
488940
1591100
2178
488600
1590800
2156
489060
1590800
2235
489060
1590800
2243
489050
1590900
2206
489030
1590800
2224
489050
1590800
2242
Lava Flow Simbology
19850119
19850119
19850119
19850119
19850210
19850224
19850303
19850314
19850630
19850728
19860116
19860116
19860116
19860202
19860302
19860309
19861116
19870121
19870125
19870504
19870505
19850518
19870518
19870605
19870605
19870614
19870726
19870806
19870815
19870821
19870827
19870902
19871201
19871201
19880102
19880107
19880128
19880130
19880201
19880223
19880301
19880302
19880311
19880315
19880316
19880319
19880526
19880527
19880601
19880605
19880605
19880608
19880608
19880608
19880610
19880610
19880611
19880611
19880612
19880614
Hb85
Hb85a
Hb85b
Hb85c
Hb85d
Hb85e
Hb85f
Hb85g
Hb85h
Hb85i
Hb86
Hb86b
Hb86a
Hb86c
Hb86d
Hb86e
Hb86f
Hb87
Hb87a
Hb87b
Hb87c
Hb87d
Hb87e
Hb87f
Hb87g
Hb87h
Hb87i
Hb87j
Hb87k
Hb87l
Hb87m
Hb87n
Hb87o
Hb87p
Hb88
Hb88a
Hb88b
Hb88c
Hb88d
Hb88e
Hb88f
Hb88g
Hb88h
Hb88i
Hb88j
Hb88k
Hb88l
Hb88m
Hb88n
Hb88o
Hb88p
Hb88q
Hb88r
Hb88s
Hb88t
Hb88u
Hb88v
Hb88w
Hb88x
Hb88y
Date begin
(yyyymmdd)
19850119
19850119
19850119
19850119
19850210
19850224
19850303
19850314
19850630
19850728
19860116
19860116
19860116
19860202
19860302
19830309
19861116
19870121
19870121
19870504
19870505
19870518
19870518
19870605
19870605
19870614
19870726
19870806
19870815
19870821
19870827
19870902
19871201
19871213
19880102
19880107
19880128
19880130
19880201
19880223
19880301
19880302
19880311
19880315
19880316
19880319
19880526
19880527
19880527
19880607
19880607
19880608
19880608
19880608
19880610
19880610
19880611
19880611
19880612
19880614
Date final
(yyyymmdd)
19850126
19850126
19850120
19850126
19850210
19850323
19850310
19850314
19850710
19850806
19860119
19860119
19860119
19860205
19860307
19860309
19861123
19870121
19870125
19870610
19870531
19870527
19870718
19870610
19870610
19870617
19870809
19870812
19870815
19871130
19870902
19871105
19880102
19871230
19880106
19880127
19880229
19880130
19880221
19880227
19880322
19880302
19880313
19880318
19880316
19880320
19880529
19880529
19880607
19880609
19880609
19880609
19880609
19880609
19880610
19880610
19880611
19880611
19880613
19880616
Easting in m
Northing in m
Elevation
(UTM 15 NAD 27) (UTM 15 NAD 27)
(masl)
488970
1590400
2472
488990
1590100
2396
488980
1590200
2481
489060
1590200
2485
488980
1590300
2489
488910
1590100
2372
488990
1590300
2489
488970
1590300
2486
488930
1590300
2458
488880
1590200
2398
488970
1590300
2489
488940
1590300
2466
488960
1590200
2464
488900
1590200
2440
488940
1590200
2423
488860
1590400
2407
488450
1590300
2147
488920
1590200
2452
488970
1590200
2470
489000
1590300
2502
489010
1590400
2492
488300
1590700
2102
488910
1590200
2447
489010
1590300
2506
489000
1590300
2503
488920
1590200
2450
488920
1590300
2459
488880
1590300
2438
488910
1590300
2453
488910
1590200
2448
488910
1590300
2453
488910
1590200
2445
488950
1590300
2480
488970
1590200
2478
488960
1590200
2462
488960
1590200
2462
488960
1590200
2462
488920
1590200
2455
488970
1590200
2445
488890
1590300
2442
488950
1590200
2459
488920
1590200
2452
488940
1590200
2466
488920
1590200
2455
488940
1590200
2466
488950
1590200
2471
488920
1590300
2462
488940
1590300
2475
488940
1590300
2475
488960
1590300
2489
488940
1590300
2474
488960
1590300
2488
489000
1590300
2505
488940
1590300
2474
488960
1590300
2488
489000
1590300
2505
488960
1590300
2488
489010
1590300
2507
489000
1590300
2505
488930
1590400
2469
Lava Flow Simbology
19880617
19880618
19880619
19880620
19880623
19880623
19880624
19880626
19880626
19880627
19880627
19880627
19880628
19880628
19880629
19880701
19880702
19880703
19880823
19880901
19881001
19881004
19881005
19881007
19881009
19881011
19881012
19881103
19881105
19881106
19881108
19881111
19881112
19881114
19881115
19881116
19881118
19881118
19881118
19881201
19881206
19881208
19881220
19881221
19881224
19881226
19881229
19890307
19890307_a
19890307_a
19890307_a
19890307_a
19900110
19900402
19900714
19900714
19900820
19900915
19901103
19910104
Hb88z
Hb88aa
Hb88ab
Hb88ac
Hb88ad
Hb88ae
Hb88af
Hb88ag
Hb88ah
Hb88ai
Hb88aj
Hb88ak
Hb88al
Hb88am
Hb88an
Hb88ao
Hb88ap
Hb88aq
Hb88ar
Hb88as
Hb88at
Hb88au
Hb88av
Hb88aw
Hb88ax
Hb88ay
Hb88az
Hb88ba
Hb88bb
Hb88bc
Hb88bd
Hb88be
Hb88bf
Hb88bg
Hb88bh
Hb88bi
Hb88bk
Hb88bj
Hb88bl
Hb88bm
Hb88bn
Hb88bo
Hb88bp
Hb88bq
Hb88br
Hb88bs
Hb88bt
Hb89
Hb89a
Hb89a
Hb89a
Hb89a
Ll90
Hb90
Hb90a
Hb90b
Hb90c
Hb90d
Hb90e
Hb91
Date begin
(yyyymmdd)
19880617
19880618
19880619
19880620
19880623
19880623
19880624
19880626
19880626
19880627
19880627
19880627
19880628
19880628
19880629
19880701
19880702
198800703
19880723
19880901
19881001
19881005
19881005
19881007
19881009
19881011
19881012
19881103
19881105
19881106
19881108
19881111
19881112
19881114
19881115
19881116
19881118
19881118
19881118
19881201
19881206
19881208
19881220
19981221
19881224
19881226
19881229
19890307
19890307
19890307
19890307
19890307
19900110
19900402
19900714
19900714
19900820
19900915
19901103
19910104
Date final
(yyyymmdd)
19880617
19880618
19880622
19880620
19880623
19880623
19880625
19880627
19880627
19880628
19880627
19880628
19880628
19880628
19880630
19880701
19880702
19770707
19880723
19880918
19881004
19881005
19880506
19881008
19881010
19881012
19881014
19881103
19881105
19881112
19881110
19881113
19881113
19881114
19881115
19881117
19881130
19881130
19881130
19881205
19881207
19881219
19881220
19981223
19881225
19881228
19881231
19890311
19890311
19890309
19890308
19890308
19900110
19900402
19900714
19900714
19900820
19900915
19900410
19910115
Easting in m
Northing in m
Elevation
(UTM 15 NAD 27) (UTM 15 NAD 27)
(masl)
488930
1590300
2468
488990
1590300
2502
488930
1590400
2466
488910
1590400
2458
488950
1590400
2476
488920
1590400
2463
488920
1590400
2463
488910
1590300
2458
488910
1590400
2458
488910
1590300
2458
488910
1590400
2458
489010
1590300
2507
488910
1590300
2457
488980
1590300
2498
488970
1590300
2493
488910
1590300
2458
488900
1590400
2452
488970
1590300
2495
488950
1590300
2482
488800
1590400
2388
488960
1590300
2490
488460
1590200
2136
488910
1590300
2457
488990
1590300
2503
488750
1590300
2352
488830
1590300
2409
488690
1590000
2201
488850
1590300
2419
488860
1590300
2426
488860
1590300
2426
488860
1590300
2426
488860
1590300
2426
488860
1590300
2427
488860
1590300
2426
488870
1590300
2432
488860
1590300
2427
488860
1590300
2426
488860
1590300
2427
488870
1590300
2434
488870
1590300
2435
488780
1590300
2367
488870
1590300
2432
488840
1590300
2411
488880
1590300
2469
488900
1590300
2453
488850
1590300
2419
488900
1590300
2453
489080
1590800
2255
487470
1587700
1346
487600
1587800
1359
487610
1587700
1356
487570
1587700
1352
488920
1590300
2467
488900
1590300
2457
488920
1590300
2468
488920
1590300
2468
488920
1590300
2468
488910
1590300
2464
488920
1590400
2472
488930
1590300
2477
Lava Flow Simbology
19910104
19910104
19910104
19910206
19910511
19910611
19910614
19910727
19911027
19911110
19920501
19920501
19920506
19920822
19920822
19920906
19920906
19930111
19930921
19930111
19931110
19940205
19930316
19941012
19941012
19941012
19950614
19950621
19950621
19950621
19950621
19950621
19950621
19961010
19961111
19961113
19970730
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980918
19980918_a
19980918_b
19980918_c
20000104
20000110
20000116
20000116_a
20000122
20040612
20040612
20041223
20041223
20041223
20041223
20050508
20060404
Hb91a
Hb91b
Hb91c
Hb91d
Hb91e
Hb91f
Hb91g
Hb91h
Hb91i
Hb91j
Hb92
Hb92a
Hb92b
Hb92c
Hb92d
Hb92e
Hb92f
Hb93
Hb93b
Hb93a
Hb93c
Hb94
Hb94a
Hb94b
Hb94c
Hb94d
Hb95
Hb95a
Hb95a
Hb95a
Hb95a
Hb95a
Hb95a
Hb96
Hb96a
Hb96b
Hb97
Hb98
Hb98a
Hb98b
Hb98c
Hb98d
Hb98e
Hb98f
Hb98g
Hb98h
Hb98i
Hb00
Hb00a
Hb00b
Hb00c
Hb00d
Hb04
Hb04
Hb04a
Hb04a
Hb04a
Hb04a
Hb05
Hb06b
Date begin
(yyyymmdd)
19910104
19910104
19910104
19910206
19910511
19910611
19910614
19910727
19911027
19911110
19920501
19920501
19920506
19920822
19920822
19920906
19920906
19930110
19930121
19930111
19931108
19940205
19940316
19941012
19941012
19941012
19950614
19950621
19950621
19950715
19950728
19950728
19950831
19961010
19961111
19961113
19970730
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980918
19980918
19980918
19980918
20000104
20000110
20000116
20000116
20000122
20000612
20000612
20041223
20041223
20041223
20041223
20050508
20060404
Date final
(yyyymmdd)
19910115
19910115
19910115
19910210
19910515
19910616
19910615
19910731
19920108
19911118
19920507
19920507
19920507
19920823
19920823
19920915
19920915
19930111
19930121
19930112
19931115
19940212
19940316
19941017
19941017
19941017
19950614
19950717
19950728
19950820
19950830
19950830
19950908
19961012
19961112
19961115
19970804
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980520
19980919
19980919
19980919
19980919
20000110
20000116
20001016
20000116
20000125
20000615
20000615
20050817
20050817
20050817
20050817
20050515
20060407
Easting in m
Northing in m
Elevation
(UTM 15 NAD 27) (UTM 15 NAD 27)
(masl)
488930
1590300
2477
488920
1590300
2472
488930
1590300
2477
488920
1590200
2449
488930
1590300
2476
488900
1590300
2458
488910
1590300
2463
488910
1590300
2464
488890
1590300
2455
488940
1590300
2482
488850
1590400
2437
488930
1590200
2462
487390
1587600
1327
488880
1590300
2455
488910
1590300
2467
488910
1590300
2466
488880
1590300
2454
488920
1590300
2475
488920
1590300
2475
488960
1590300
2500
488970
1590300
2507
488920
1590300
2475
488940
1590300
2491
488930
1590300
2488
488900
1590300
2471
488940
1590300
2492
488940
1590300
2494
489030
1590800
2278
489110
1590700
2316
489140
1590800
2273
489050
1590800
2282
489060
1590800
2278
488990
1590800
2264
488920
1590300
2486
488930
1590400
2500
488920
1590300
2487
488910
1590400
2491
488930
1590400
2505
488920
1590400
2496
488950
1590400
2511
488960
1590400
2511
489030
1590400
2516
488960
1590300
2516
489030
1590400
2532
488910
1590400
2497
489140
1590500
2482
488120
1589800
1892
488950
1590300
2519
489020
1590400
2520
489000
1590400
2532
488960
1590400
2524
489000
1590300
2533
488630
1590600
2282
488630
1590600
2278
488970
1590300
2539
488990
1590300
2543
489010
1590300
2546
489030
1590300
2553
488740
1590600
2344
489320
1590200
2477
Lava Flow Simbology
20060401
20060401
20090124
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20060413
20080723
20080723
20080723
20080723
20080723
20080723
20080723
20080723
19651212
19670108
19700906
19700906
19700906
19700906
19701212
19740224
19740224
19740224
19740224
19741110
19741110
19750718
20000229
19991223
Hb06
Hb06a
Hb09
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb06c
Hb08
Hb08
Hb08
Hb08
Hb08
Hb08
Hb08
Hb08
Hb65b
Hb67
Hb70c
Hb70d
Hb70e
Hb70f
Hb70g
Hb74b
Hb74b
Hb74b
Hb74b
Hb74c
Hb74c
Hb75
Hb00e
Hb99
Date begin
(yyyymmdd)
20060401
20060401
20090124
20060503
20060413
20061001
20060601
20070401
20060515
20061016
20080301
20080601
20070801
20081130
20080401
20080723
20080915
20081012
20081118
20081205
20090117
20081215
20091119
19651210
19670105
19700906
19700906
19700906
19700906
19701212
19740310
19740415
19740523
19740610
19750529
19741213
19750817
20000229
19991223
Date final
(yyyymmdd)
20060404
20040404
20090130
20060831
20060930
20061231
20060901
20070731
20061015
20080228
20080531
20080718
20080430
20091224
20080930
20081031
20081131
20081231
20081225
20090106
20090122
20090115
20090218
19651212
19670108
19700906
19700915
19700915
19700906
19710509
19740418
19740525
19740611
19740707
19750628
19750528
19750910
20000229
19991231
Easting in m
Northing in m
Elevation
(UTM 15 NAD 27) (UTM 15 NAD 27)
(masl)
489030
1590200
2525
489020
1590300
2531
487820
1590400
1908
489170
1590700
2358
489400
1590600
2336
489490
1590500
2361
489290
1590700
2302
489300
1590500
2386
489150
1590700
2314
489070
1591000
2232
488850
1590900
2215
488680
1591100
2205
489240
1590500
2445
489120
1590400
2560
489250
1590300
2517
488510
1590300
2249
488410
1590400
2190
488510
1590400
2247
488620
1590200
2306
488480
1590500
2236
488490
1590200
2209
488610
1590400
2336
488600
1590400
2331
488870
1590300
2355
488820
1590200
2319
488880
1590300
2378
488880
1590300
2378
488880
1590300
2376
488870
1590300
2370
488870
1590200
2369
487730
1590300
1816
488080
1590300
1932
488170
1590100
1918
488180
1590300
1963
488810
1590500
2308
488840
1590600
2278
488780
1588700
1594
488950
1590400
2521
488950
1590300
2519
54 Appendix 3: Table A3. Geochemistry of volcanic products.
55 Table A3. Major and trace elements compositions from eruptive products emplaced between.
Sample
PA-27 PA-28
Age
2000
2000
Major elements (wt %)
SiO2
50.0
51.0
TiO2
1.1
1.2
Al2O3
20.3
19.0
Fe2O3
9.3
9.5
MnO
0.15
0.16
MgO
3.21
3
CaO
10.24
9.56
Na2O
3.42
4.08
K2O
0.79
0.98
P2O5
0.24
0.28
Trace elements (ppm)
V
276
275
Cr
6
7
Cu
162
220
Zn
75
80
Rb
10
12
Sr
621
605
Y
17
18
Zr
70
86
Ba
414
515
La
10
12
PA-30
2000
PA-14
2000
PA-13
2005
PA-12
2005
PA-2
2006
PA-7
2007
PA-1
2007
PA-10
2008
PA-15
2008
PA-23
2008
PA-25
2008
PA-4
2009
50.3
1.1
20.6
9.0
0.15
3.08
10.35
3.45
0.79
0.24
51.1
1.3
17.9
10.8
0.18
4.09
8.71
3.7
1.05
0.33
51.1
1.2
18.6
10.0
0.17
3.7
9.29
3.72
0.96
0.29
50.8
1.2
18.1
10.3
0.17
4.08
8.99
3.61
0.97
0.28
50.2
1.2
18.0
10.8
0.18
4.43
9.19
3.54
0.93
0.28
50.9
1.2
18.3
10.5
0.18
4.15
9.15
3.57
0.97
0.29
50.6
1.2
18.2
10.6
0.18
4.23
9.18
3.57
0.95
0.28
50.5
1.2
18.1
10.8
0.18
4.52
9.17
3.52
0.92
0.27
51.4
1.2
18.2
10.3
0.18
3.83
9.07
3.7
1.02
0.29
51.1
1.0
19.8
8.9
0.15
3.37
9.61
3.8
0.88
0.24
50.8
1.2
18.1
10.5
0.17
4.14
9.13
3.63
0.95
0.28
51.2
1.2
17.8
10.8
0.19
4.33
8.74
3.64
1.05
0.32
266
6
111
73
10
633
16
69
415
10
277
13
128
90
15
542
21
107
504
14
285
17
110
81
14
570
20
92
474
12
284
17
103
84
15
549
20
94
466
12
300
21
110
86
13
550
19
90
445
12
281
18
114
85
14
557
20
95
476
13
286
19
104
84
14
558
19
92
463
12
276
19
104
85
13
550
19
88
449
11
296
17
115
84
16
552
20
99
492
13
240
15
137
87
12
615
17
75
454
11
287
19
97
85
13
556
19
91
470
12
273
17
151
88
15
537
21
105
499
13
56 Appendix 4: Volcanological Maps of Volcán de Pacaya 1961-2009,
Guatemala.
57

VOLCANOLOGICAL MAP OF THE 1961 – 2009 ERUPTION OF

Transcription

Similar documents

full catalogue

Canvas Products

Aktion Ferienspaß 2016 Internetversion