J. MELESHKO

AFPP – 3rd CONFERENCE ON MAINTENANCE OF AMENITIES AREA
TOULOUSE – 15, 16 AND 17 OCTOBER 2013
TO THE FAUNA OF WEEVILS (CURCULIONOIDEA) ON THE INTRODUCED
TREES AND SHRUBS IN MINSK
J. MELESHKO
Nezavisimisty Ave., 4. The Faculty of Biology. Belarussian State University. The Faculty of Biology, 220030, Minsk , Repablic of Belarus
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION
The study of species of animals living in the city has roused increasing interest in recent years.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Artificial green plantations (parks, public gardens) and preserved natural complexes like urban forests
Collections of weevils from introduced plants in different parts of the city (parks, public
and grasslands are an important component of the urban area. As large green areas have a positive
gardens, National Botanic Garden of the Central Botanical Garden of the NAS of Belarus,
impact on the climate of the city (regulate rainfall, are the reservoirs of clean air, etc.), they are
singly growing plants on the green area) of many years (2000-2012) served as material
constantly being updated and expanded. However, the green areas of the city attract many species of
for the research. Insects were collected by hand, with a pooter, were shaken off
animals that find food and shelter here. From a practical point of view the information on
vegetation onto a white sheet of paper or in an entomological net. In total 1635 beetles
phytophagous insects is most important. Weevils (Curculionoidea) are one of the largest superfamily
belonging to 35 species, 22 genera, 2 families (Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999) were
from Coleoptera order. Many species are associated with a wide range of plants and are known as
collected. We examined 27 species of introduced plants from 13 families: Pinaceae – Larix
grave pests. These beetles both larvae and adults cause great damage. In addition to aboriginal species
deciduas Mill., L. sibirica Ldb., Picea pungens Engelm; Salicaceae – Populus deltoides
a number of introduced species are cultivated to diversity the urban landscape.
Marsh., Populus pyramidalis Borkh.; Juglandaceae
– Juglans manshurica Maxim.;
Fagaceae – Quercus rubra L.; Berberidaceae – Berberis vulgaris L.; Saxifragaceae –
Philadelphus latifolius Schrad.; Rosaceae – Cotoneaster lucida Schlecht., Cydonia
oblonga Mill., Padus maackii (Rupr.) Kom., Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br., Spiraea
salicifolia L.; Fabaceae – Caragana arborescens Lam., C. frutex (L.) C. Koch, Cladrastis
lutea (Michx. fil.) C. Koch; Rutaceae – Phellodendron amurense Rupr.; Aceraceae – Acer
campestre L., A. negundo L.; Hippocastanaceae – Aesculus hippocastanum L.; Oleaceae –
Forsythia intermedia Zab., Syringa josikaea Jacq. f., S. vulgaris L., Ligustrum vulgare L.;
RESULTS
Weevils registered on the introduced plants :
1. Otiorhynchus raucus (Fabricius, 1777) – a common species, not often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al.,
1981). Damage inflicted (injuries): gnaw needles on the lower branches of Picea pungens; gnaw petiole and leaf blade nibble o f
Caragana frutex; crop flowers of Sorbaria sorbifolia. The species was also collected on Caragana arborescens and Syringa vulg aris,
but the feeding has not been observed.
2. Otiorhynchus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – a common species often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: gnaw needles of Larix sibirica and Picea pungens; damage bark on young twigs of Picea pungens; feeding on
leaves and flowers of Cydonia oblonga; feeding on flowers of Spiraea salicifolia, almost completely destroyed them on young s hrubs
on the edge of the forest-park. The species was also collected on Caragana arborescens and Phellodendron amurense, but the feeding
has not been observed.
3. Otiorhynchus tristis (Scopoli, 1763) – a not numerous species, recorded only in a few places in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980;
Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw buds and leaves on young seedlings of Acer campestre and A. negundo; gnaw leaves and
blossoming buds of Cydonia oblonga.
4. Omiamima mollina (Boheman, 1834) – a rare species in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981). Collected on
Philadelphus latifolius, where there was little nibble, but the moment of feeding has not been observed.
5. Phyllobius brevis Gyllenhal, 1834 – is not often found in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
gnaw leaves of Caragana arborescens, C. frutex and Syringa josikaea; damage flowers of Forsythia intermedia.
6. Phyllobius oblongus (Linnaeus, 1758) – a common species often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann L., 1980; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: gnaw leaves, buds, catkins of Populus deltoides and P. pyramidalis; gnaw leaves of Lonicera tatarica; flowers of
Sorbaria sorbifolia.
7. Phyllobius arborator (Herbst, 1797) – a common mass species often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: gnaw leaves, buds, flowers buds of Caragana arborescens, C. frutex, Cladrastis lutea, Syringa josikaea, S. vulgaris,
Ligustrum vulgare; gnaw the young leaves of Acer campestre.
8. Phyllobius glaucus (Scopoli 1763) – a common species, not often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann L., 1980; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: gnaw leaf blade of Cydonia oblonga, Quercus rubra. The species was also collected on Syringa vulgaris, but the
feeding has not been observed.
9. Phyllobius pomaceus Gyllenhal, 1834 – a common mass species often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al.,
1981). It feeds on herbaceous plants, rarely on trees and shrubs. Damage inflicted: gnaw on young leaf blade of Cydonia oblonga. The
species was also collected on Spiraea salicifolia, but the feeding has not been observed.
10. Phyllobius maculicornis (Germar, 1824) – a common species, not often found in the city. Oligophage ((Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al.,
1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw young leaves of Quercus rubra. The species was also collected on Philadelphus latifolius, but the feeding
has not been observed.
11. Phyllobius argentatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – a common mass species often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al.,
1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw leaf blade of Quercus rubra, gnaw young needles of Larix deciduas in early spring, gnaw leaves, rarely
flowers of Syringa josikaea and S. vulgaris.
12. Polydrusus aeratus (Gravenhorst 1807) – not often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981). Damage
inflicted: gnaw needles of Picea pungens.
13. Polydrusus cervinus (Linnaeus, 1758) – a common species, not often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al.,
1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw buds and young leaves, and thin bark of Quercus rubra, needles of Larix deciduas in early spring.
14. Polydrusus tereticollis (De Geer, 1775) – is not often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann L., 1980; Freude et al., 1981). Damage
inflicted: gnaw needles of Picea pungens, Larix deciduas and L. sibirica.
15. Brachyderes incanus (Linnaeus, 1758) – rare in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw
needles of Picea pungens.
16. Eusomus ovulum Germar, 1824 – is not often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
gnaw lamina of young leaves of Acer negundo and Populus deltoides. The species was also collected on Aesculus hippocastanum, but
the feeding has not been observed.
17. Brachysomus echinatus (Bonsdorff, 1785) – a rare species in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981). Damage
inflicted: gnaw flowers of Sorbaria sorbifolia. The species was also collected on the bottom of the trunk of Quercus rubra, but the
feeding has not been observed.
18. Strophosoma capitatum (Degeer, 1775) – a common species, found locally in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1980; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: gnaw buds and leaves of Cladrastis lutea, Cotoneaster lucida, Ligustrum vulgare; gnaw needles of Larix deciduas
and L. sibirica.
19. Tanymecus palliatus (Fabricius, 1793) – the common mass species often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al.,
1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw buds, leaves, flowers of Caragana arborescens, Cydonia oblonga; gnaw lamina of Aesculus
hippocastanum, Padus maackii, Quercus rubra; flowers of Spiraea salicifolia. The species was also collected on Phellodendron
amurense, but the feeding has not been observed.
20. Chlorophanus viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) – a common species, found locally in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: gnaw leaves of Cotoneaster lucida, Padus maackii, Phellodendron amurense, Populus deltoides; observed feeding on
young leaves of Philadelphus latifolius.
21. Hylobius abietis (Linnaeus, 1758) – a rare species in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
gnaw needles, buds, bark of young Larix deciduas, Picea pungens.
22. Magdalis ruficornis (Linnaeus, 1758) – a rare species in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
gnaw leaves, flowers of Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster lucida.
23. Pissodes pini (Linnaeus, 1758) – a rare species in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw
needles, young bark of Larix deciduas.
24. Curculio glandium Marsham, 1802 – a rare species in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
gnaw leaves of Quercus rubra.
25. Anthonomus phyllocola (Herbst, 1795), – a common species, not often found in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al.,
1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw needles of Larix deciduas and L. sibirica.
26. Anthonomus rubi (Herbst, 1795) – a rare species in the city. Oligophage (?) (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
feed on flowers of Cotoneaster lucida, Sorbaria sorbifolia; gnaw leaves and flowers of Spiraea salicifolia.
27. Anthonomus pomorum (Linnaeus, 1758) – a common mass species often found in the city. Oligophage (?) (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et
al., 1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw buds, leaves, flowers of Spiraea salicifolia, Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster lucida, Padus maackii,
Sorbaria sorbifolia; larvae found in buds of Cotoneaster lucida and Cydonia oblonga. The species was also collected on Berberis
vulgaris and Caragana frutex, but the feeding has not been observed.
28. Furcipus rectirostris (Linnaeus, 1758) – a common species in the city, but found locally. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al.,
1981). Damage inflicted: gnaw flowers and leaves of Padus maackii.
29. Dorytomus longimanus (Forster, 1771) – a common species in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage
inflicted: gnaw leaves and catkins of Populus deltoides and P. pyramidalis.
30. Dorytomus tremulae (Fabricius, 1787) – a species not often found in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: gnaw leaves of Populus pyramidalis.
31. Tychius junceus (Reich, 1797) – a rare species in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted: feed on
flowers of Caragana arborescens.
32. Ellescus scanicus (Paykull, 1792) – a rare species in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
skeletonize leaves of Populus pyramidalis and possibly gnaw catkins.
33. Tachyerges stigma (Germar, 1821) – a common species in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Feed and
develop on the species of the genus Salix. Collected on Populus deltoides, but the the feeding has not been observed.
34. Isochnus sequensi (Stierlin, 1894) – a common species in the city. Oligophage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981). Damage inflicted:
skeletonize leaves of Populus pyramidalis and P. deltoides.
35. Protapion fulvipes (Geoffroy, 1785) - a common mass species often found in the city. Polyphage (Dieckmann, 1983; Freude et al., 1981).
Damage inflicted: skeletonize leaves and flowers of Caragana frutex.
Caprifoliaceae
–
Lonicera
tatarica
L.,
Symphoricarpos
rivularis
Suksdorf.
examination of the plants the damage inflicted by the weevils was recorded.
DISCUSSION
Most species of weevils were recorded on Larix deciduas (7), Cydonia oblonga (7), Quercus
rubra (7), Picea pungens (6), Populus deltoides (6), Caragana arborescens (6). On Populus
pyramidalis, Cotoneaster lucida, Sorbaria sorbifolia, Spiraea salicifolia, Caragana frutex –
5 species were registered. On Larix sibirica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris – 4 species
were registered, on Philadelphus latifolius, Phellodendron amurense, Acer campestre,
Syringa josikaea – 3 species; Berberis vulgaris, Cladrastis lutea, Acer negundo, Ligustrum
vulgare – 2 species, on Aesculus hippocastanum, Forsythia intermedia, Lonicera tatarica – 1
species. On Juglans manshurica and Symphoricarpos rivularis weevils were not recorded.
But more than 1-2 species of weevils have not been observed simultaneously on one species
of trees or shrubs.
The weevils registered in the examined plants on trophic specialization are polyphages – 21
species and oligophages – 14 species. Mostly oligophages damaged P. deltoides, P.
pyramidalis, C. lucida, P. maackii, polyphages damaged – Picea pungens, Cladrastis lutea,
Phellodendron amurense, Acer campestre, A. negundo, Aesculus hippocastanum, Syringa
vulgaris, Lonicera tatarica. Both polyphages and oligophages were recorded on the other
plants.
Many of them are grave pests of agricultural, forest and ornamental plants (Arnoldi et al.,
1974). Imago damage seedlings, saplings in nurseries, they eat buds, flowers, ovaries, etc.
Most of the larvae develop in the soil on the roots of grass, rarely trees and shrubs. The
larvae of M. ruficornis and P. pini develop in trunks and branches of host plants.
Anthonomus larvae development occurs in buds; Dorytomus – in inflorescences; C.
glandium – in acorns; Ellescus scanicus – in mines on leaves.
Great damage was caused by Otiorhynchus ovatus on Cydonia oblonga and Spiraea
salicifolia; Phyllobius arborator on Syringa josikaea and S. vulgaris; Phyllobius argentatus
on Quercus rubra, Syringa josikaea and S. vulgaris; Strophosoma capitatum on Larix
deciduas; Tanymecus palliatus on Quercus rubra and Cydonia oblonga; Anthonomus
pomorum on Cydonia oblonga, growing in parks and gardens with native vegetation. Other
species caused minor damage, which didn`t reduce the ornamental value of plants, probably
due to the fact that there were natural for these species forage plants around, or their
feeding was temporary, as many species of weevils get extra food from flowering plants
before breeding in the spring. Plants growing in lawns or separately far away from native
plants usually were not damaged.
CONCLUSION
Introduced plants are not damaged first, or only slightly damaged by the local
insects. The longer an introduced plant is grown in the new territory, the more
vulnerable it becomes to local phytophagous insects, especially if it grows near
large green areas. The first to be recorded on plants are polyphagous insects,
which in case of mass reproduction can significantly reduce the decorative and
aesthetic value of plants. It is necessary to take this into account in landscape
gardering.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author expresses her sincere gratitude to the authorities of the Central Botanical Garden of
the NAS of Belarus, for the opportunity to collect insects, and to Valery N. Tikhomirov, Ph.D. in
Botany, Associated professor, Department of Botany, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State
University, for the advice and assistance in identification of plants.
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On