conservarea identității culturale în mediile de imigranți români din

 Adrian OTOVESCU CONSERVAREA IDENTITĂȚII CULTURALE ÎN MEDIILE DE IMIGRANȚI ROMÂNI DIN EUROPA CONSERVAREA IDENTITĂȚII CULTURALE ÎN MEDIILE DE IMIGRANȚI ROMÂNI DIN EUROPA Autor: Adrian OTOVESCU Conducător ştiințific: Prof.univ.dr. Nicolae PANEA Lucrare realizată în cadrul proiectului „Valorificarea identităților culturale în procesele globale”, cofinanțat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013, contractul de finanțare nr. POSDRU/89/1.5/S/59758. Titlurile şi drepturile de proprietate intelectuală şi industrială asupra rezul‐
tatelor obținute în cadrul stagiului de cercetare postdoctorală aparțin Academiei Române. Punctele de vedere exprimate în lucrare aparțin autorului şi nu angajează Comisia Europeană şi Academia Română, beneficiara proiectului. Exemplar gratuit. Comercializarea în țară şi străinătate este interzisă. Reproducerea, fie şi parțială şi pe orice suport, este posibilă numai cu acordul prealabil al Academiei Române. ISBN 978‐973‐167‐179‐6 Depozit legal: Trim. II 2013 Adrian OTOVESCU Conservarea identității culturale în mediile de imigranți români din Europa Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române Colecția AULA MAGNA
Cuprins INTRODUCERE ..................................................................................................... 9 Capitolul 1: COMUNITĂȚILE DE ROMÂNI DIN STRĂINĂTATE ............ 15 1. Importanța studierii comunităților de români din diaspora ....................................................................................... 15 2. Conținutul şi sfera noțiunii de comunitate în gândirea sociologică şi antropologică...................................................... 16 3. Principalele tipuri de comunități româneşti din diaspora ....................................................................................... 17 4. Tipuri de emigrație a românilor ............................................... 21 5. Distribuția geografică a diasporei româneşti.......................... 23 6. Distribuția numerică a românilor din străinătate .................. 26 7. Concepte operaționale în cercetarea ştiințifică a migrației şi a identității culturale............................................ 35 Referințe bibliografice .................................................................... 43 Capitolul II: IMIGRAȚIA ÎN EUROPA SAU DRUMUL SPRE O NOUĂ IDENTITATE................................................................ 44 1. Repere globale şi europene ale evoluției populației .............. 44 2. Structura şi originile populației imigrante din Europa ......... 53 3. Caracteristici sociodemografice ale populației emigrante din România............................................................ 60 1. Emigrația internațională recentă a românilor (2008‐2010) .............................................................................. 60 2. Dinamica emigrației internaționale a românilor în perioada 1990‐2010 ............................................................. 65 Referințe bibliografice .................................................................... 72 Capitolul III: FACTORI CONSTITUTIVI AI IDENTITĂȚII NAȚIONALE ŞI DIMENSIUNI ALE IDENTITĂȚII ROMÂNEŞTI ............................................................................. 73 5
1. Noțiunea de identitate şi problema crizei de identitate în societățile contemporane ...................................................... 73 2. Identitatea etnică......................................................................... 75 3. Identitatea națională................................................................... 77 4. Identitatea românească: dimensiuni reprezentative şi indicatori de analiză .................................................................. 82 5. Identitatea europeană................................................................. 97 Referințe bibliografice .................................................................... 99 Capitolul IV: COORDONATE TEORETICO‐METODOLOGICE DE ANALIZĂ A IDENTITĂȚII CULTURALE ......................... 101 1. Identitatea culturală şi identitatea socială: delimitări conceptuale şi abordări teoretice ........................................... 101 2. Tipuri de identitate culturală .................................................. 109 3. Premise teoretice şi exigențe metodologice de studiere a identității culturale ............................................................... 112 4. Preocupări actuale de cercetare a identității culturale ........ 133 Referințe bibliografice .................................................................. 136 Capitolul V: COMUNITATEA IMIGRANȚILOR ROMÂNI DIN ITALIA ŞI PRINCIPALELE CARACTERISTICI ALE IDENTITĂȚII LOR CULTURALE ........................................ 139 1. Precizări introductive ............................................................... 139 2. Identitatea sociodemografică a comunității românilor ....... 144 1. Evoluția volumului populației de origine română şi distribuția acesteia în plan teritorial....................................... 144 2. Structura imigranților români (pe grupe de vârstă, sexe, stare civilă) ............................................................................. 148 3. Etapele emigrației pentru muncă şi regiunile de plecare din România ................................................................ 149 4. Motivele opțiunilor pentru Italia şi emigrația/retromigrația potențială a românilor .................. 152 5. Evaluarea identității culturale a imigranților români prin intermediul anchetei de opinie ...................................... 157 6. Studii de caz şi biografii de imigranți români ...................... 178 6
7. Instituții italiene de promovare a culturii române. Contribuțiile Universității din Torino................................... 193 1. Activități universitare la Torino, de valorificare a culturii literare şi a identității româneşti ............................................ 194 2. Cercetări ale antropologilor italieni asupra imigranților români..................................................................................... 197 3. Cerințe teoretico‐metodologice de investigare a fenomenului de migrație şi a identității culturale ....................................... 200 4. Structuri instituționale de promovare a identității româneşti în Italia.................................................................................... 202 Referințe bibliografice .................................................................. 204 Capitolul VI: CONSERVAREA IDENTITĂȚII CULTURALE ÎN COMUNITATEA ROMÂNILOR DIN ANGLIA ................ 206 1. Informații statistice privind imigrația pe teritoriul englez......................................................................................... 206 2. Obiectivele şi ipotezele cercetării de teren ............................ 207 3. Motivele venirii românilor în Anglia şi problemele întâmpinate ............................................................................... 213 4. Caracteristici ale comportamentului cultural ....................... 216 5. Gândurile şi aprecierile unui student român plecat să muncească la Londra............................................................... 227 Referințe bibliografice .................................................................. 234 Capitolul VII: INSTITUȚII, PROGRAME ŞI ORGANIZAȚII DE PROMOVARE A IDENTITĂȚII ROMÂNEŞTI ÎN STRĂINĂTATE ....................................................................... 235 1. Institutul Limbii Române......................................................... 235 2. Programul şi strategia Ministerului Afacerilor Externe ...... 244 3. Programe ale Institutului Cultural Român ........................... 252 4. Asociații româneşti din Italia şi evenimente culturale la Torino .................................................................................... 255 5. Organizații româno‐britanice din Regatul Unit ................... 258 Referințe bibliografice .................................................................. 262 7
Capitolul VIII: INTERIORIZAREA SCHIMBĂRILOR DE CĂTRE IMIGRANȚII ROMÂNI ŞI EVALUAREA PROPRIILOR EXPERIENȚE INTERCULTURALE ............ 263 1. Date preliminare ....................................................................... 263 2. Românii din Franța – între acceptarea identității socioculturale mixte şi asimilarea totală............................... 264 3. Din România în Kuwait – între tradiție şi aculturație ......... 269 4. Bursier la Salamanca – ”o experiență de neuitat” ............... 273 5. Bursier Erasmus la Universitatea din Madrid sau ”cum poți demonstra că România există”....................................... 275 BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIVĂ............................................................................ 279 ANEXE Anexa 1: ASOCIAȚII ROMÂNEŞTI DIN ITALIA.......................... 292 Anexa 2: ORGANIZAȚII ROMÂNEŞTI ÎN MAREA BRITANIE ........................................................................... 309 Anexa 3: GALERIE FOTO ‐ IMIGRANȚI ROMÂNI ÎN SPAȚIUL PUBLIC EUROPEAN ...................................... 319 ADDENDA SYNTHESIS .................................................................................. 323 TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................. 329 8
ADDENDA Synthesis The main objective of this present paper work is to familiarize us with the process of preserving cultural identity in the environments of Romanian immigrants who over the past two decades, have left their country and settled in other European countries, especially Western Europe. The starting point of our research is the individual, in his quality as a member of the immigrant groups, and thus, by association, the examination of these groups of individuals who share their home abroad (whether is temporarily or permanently). We are taking into consideration only adults, whose presence in other countries are motivated by the need to work, to complete their family, to study or to perform professionally in various fields. Besides, the main objective we also followed other specific ones, such: elaborating a model of analysis of the individual identity, of the national and cultural identity, capturing the defining features of the cultural ʺportraitʺ of Romanian immigrants. Deciphering the social and cultural transformations generated by the residence changing, from one country to another and characterization of types found; the degree of compliance with Romanian folk traditions in the context of multicultural cosmopolitan urban communities (such as Turin, London, Paris); the awareness and assimilation of specific elements of the new culture; adoption of the new society, the formation of mixed cultural identities in immigrant groups, etc. Since Romanian immigrants are found in over 30 European countries and more than 20 others around the world, we have selected for our field research two groups of people: one from among the Romanian citizens 323
located in Italy (145 people) and the other group, among those who are based in England (180 people). Choosing the Romanian group of immigrants from Italy happened because among all other countries here lives the biggest Romanian immigrant community. In addition, the Romanian and Italian idioms have a common Latin origin, and in between the two cultures and countries, there has been a constant and prolonged interaction. It is well known that, in general, Romania and Italy belong to the same spiritual space. In addition to this fact, the internship documentation and research took place at the University of Turin. The option to investigate the Romanians based in England also emerged as a need to understand the identity changes of our fellow citizens in a social and cultural environment so different from the Romanian one. The UK is far away from Romania, a fact that has left its mark on the historical and spiritual ties between the two cultural areas and the movement of people especially in between 2007‐2013 when the employment restrictions and establishing domicile in the United Kingdom for Romanian and Bulgarian citizens were imposed. This paper work was structured into two parts. One theoretical, conceptual and knowledge necessary to clarify the various concepts and theories of migration, social identity, cultural identity and so on, and a second part as an application that allows the deciphering of some true facts ,the accumulation of the necessary evidence of information to develop public policies to support the identity of the Romanian communities abroad. This way, we have obtained through public surveys and individual biographies sufficient unpublished data, providing the undertaken project a scientific impact and selective use of patterns to develop a strategic line of action to promote the Romanian identity in the world. 324
The opinions and the valuable options of the studied population, the views and appreciative judgments made by the immigrants who have been the subject of the case study and individual biographies, forces us to rethink the criteria and the indicators that can redefine, currently our national and cultural identity. In the same time, the proportion of Romanian emigration in the world and the problems faced by the Romanian communities in different countries draw the attention to the way in which responsibilities are fulfilled by the official institutions in charge of promoting our national interests in the foreign policy. The first chapter highlights the geographic distribution and Romanian migrants worldwide. The types of the Romanian Diaspora communities and the types of the emigration of the Romanians are set. There are also mentioned the indispensable research concepts specific to the external migration and cultural identity issues Although the specific data that we collected is estimative, they give us an overview of the social phenomenon of migration from Romania. In this context, we point out that, currently, there is no accurate record of persons leaving other countries and, therefore, a rigorous control fluctuating external migration is inexistent. In the case of France, for example it is being estimated that they are in between 50,000 or 200,000 Romanian people, although both figures are source of the official Romanian institutions. The poor collaboration and the non‐correlation in between the institutions dealing with the Romanians immigrants in the Diaspora lead to unjustified statistical discrepancies. It is fact that such a difference in estimating is singular, and it cannot be seen in the case of other states in whose territory there are Romanian communities. In the second chapter we examine the evolution of the population in general and the immigrant population using the statistic method especially 325
in Europe, highlighting the growing trend of international migration extending under the economic crisis. Data presented is filled with historical and quantitative analysis of socio‐demographic characteristics of the population emigrated from Romania. In the third chapter, we defined the concepts of ethnic identity, national identity and European identity, Romanian identity, in parallel with the indicators on which can be operational with the concepts of Romanian national identity and national identity. We continue the cognitive approach in Chapter IV by defining the cultural identity and social identity and presenting existing theoretical guidelines about this issue of study. From an anthropological and sociological perspective are drawn and characterized four types of cultural identity. Simultaneously, there are reliefs the constitutive factors of the national culture and highlight the importance of literature, art, philosophy and tradition for setting the cultural identity of a given society. The same chapter describes quantitative and qualitative methods of the field research achievement, the content of the questionnaire and the interview guide. A special attention to reveal methodological requirements for studying the cultural identity and the description of the current concerns research in Romanian cultural identity, especially to the group of the Romanian migrants abroad. The chapters V and VI are devoted to the conservation of the cultural identity of the Romanians immigrants in Italy and England, mainly based on data collected via survey, case studies and individual biographies. The results confirm the hypothesis of the field research and cultural behavior and reflect the main characteristics of the Romanian immigrants. However, the information collected provides unique nature of the investigation and becomes a documentary basis of real importance for achieving comparative research. 326
In chapter VII, we highlight the contributions of some of the official Romanian institutions and some non‐government organizations to promote the Romanian cultural identity abroad, which offers good examples of practice and action models to sustain the Romanian Diaspora communities. Although in this respect it is recognized the major role of some religion cults, however, in the present study, we did not developed the subject as it is considered to be too complex and deserves separate treatment in detail. We cannot help though to emphasize the substantial contribution of the Romanian churches in the Diaspora to maintain the community spirit among the immigrants and cultural setting their dialogue with the country they live in and the country that they left. Only in Germany, for example, in 2010 there were 41 Romanian Orthodox parishes (according to the Romanian Government information). In many other countries (such as Spain), Romanian Orthodox Church is officially recognized (in the Iberian Peninsula is a Romanian Orthodox Episcopate with 20 parishes), while in other countries is not recognized by the authorities (as in Italy, where jobs are celebrated in places of worship offered by the Catholic Church). Generally, Romanian churches in other countries organize educational and cultural projects systematically carried or social programs to strengthen the Romanian communities. The last chapter reveals, by means of individual biographies and direct expression, the internalization of cultural changes made by some Romanian immigrants, their own assessments and thoughts about the experience of migration to other countries, such as France, Spain, Greece, the Netherlands, and Kuwait. These “life stories” put us in front of young people who were forced to build a different life strategy, taking into account another society and culture, either to work and live in line with other institutional rules of social life either to study in Western universities with other educational and communication rules and professional training. 327
Their testimonies are disturbing, original and worthy to be known by other young people left in the country. As shown in the revelations of some young people interviewed, their life became a mix of accomplishments and sad thoughts, hopes and personal nostalgia. “The satisfactions of an emigrant” ‐ a young, unmarried recently licensed lady’s confession trying to make a future in Italy ‐ are primarily generated by the family and health, followed by friends, living conditions and money . Among the issues that can trouble the Romanians are, on one hand, homesickness for their native places and home, and on the other hand, the fact that they can often accept jobs, other than those who specialize, sometimes exhausting and even humiliating for their preparation. With whom I spoke showed that the main reason they chose to leave the country are pecuniary complaints. “The sense of longing” is specific Romanian felling, of joy and sorrow, expression of an aspiration for spatial proximity that it is call ʺhomeʺ. 328
Table of contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER I: THE ROMANIAN COMMUNITIES ABROAD ...................... 15 1. The importance of studying the Romanian communities from Diaspora..................................................... 15 2. The content and the concept of the community in sociological and anthropological thinking ............................. 16 3. The main types of Romanian communities from the Diaspora ...................................................................................... 17 4. The types of migration of the Romanians .............................. 21 5. The geographical distribution of the Romanians ................... 23 6. Operational concepts in the scientific research of the migration and cultural identity................................................ 35 References ....................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER II: THE MMIGRATION TO EUROPE OR THE ROAD TO A NEW IDENTITY.................................................................... 44 1. The global and European highlights of the evolution of the population ............................................................................ 44 2. The structure and the origins of the immigrant population in Europe ................................................................ 53 3. The socio ‐ demographic characteristics of the population emigrated from Romania .................................... 60 References ....................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER III: THE CONSTITUTIVE FACTORS OF THE NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE DEMENSIONS OF THE ROMANIAN IDENTITY................................................. 73 1. The notion of the identity and the problem of the identity crisis in the contemporary societies.......................... 73 329
2. The ethnic identity ..................................................................... 75 3. The national identity ................................................................ 77 4. The Romanian identity the representative dimensions and the analysis indicators ....................................................... 82 5. The European Identity ............................................................. 97 References ....................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER IV: THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL COORDINATE ANALYSIS OF THE CULTURAL IDENTITY ................................................................................ 101 1. The cultural and social identity. Conceptual delimitations and theoretical approaches............................. 101 2. The cultural identity types ...................................................... 109 3. The theoretical premises and methodological requirements for studying the cultural identity .................. 112 4. Current researches concerning cultural identity ................ 133 References ..................................................................................... 136 CHAPTER V: THE ROMANIAN IMMIGRANTS COMMUNITY IN ITALY AND MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY 1. Introductory notes ................................................................... 139 2.The socio‐demographic identity of the Romanian community ............................................................................... 139 1. The evolution of the Romanian population and its distribution in the territorial plan ......................................... 144 2. The structure of the Romanian immigrants (by age, sex and marital status) ........................................................................ 148 3. Migration steps for starting jobs and regions of Romania of where the immigrants started........................... 149 4. The main reasons in choosing Italy and migration options and the potential of the Romanian population ..... 152 5. The evaluation of the Romanian cultural identity of immigrants through opinion survey .................................... 157 330
6. Case Studies............................................................................... 178 7. The Italian institutions to promote Romanian culture. The contributions of the University of Education from Turin .......................................................................................... 193 CHAPTER VI: THE PRESERVATION OF THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE ROMANIAN COMMUNITY IN ENGLAND............................................................................... 206 1. The statistical information regarding immigration within English territory........................................................... 206 2. The objectives and hypotheses of the field research............ 207 3. The reasons of the Romanian arrivals in Britain and problems that occurred later .................................................. 213 4. The characteristics of the cultural behavior ......................... 216 5. The thoughts and opinions of a Romanian student went to work in London ........................................................ 227 CHAPTER VII: DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATION ABROAD TO PROMOTE ROMANIAN IDENTITY........................................................ 235 1. The Romanian Language Institute ........................................ 235 2 .The Foreign Affaire Ministry’s program .............................. 244 3. The Romanian Cultural Institute............................................ 252 4. The Romanian Associations in Italy and cultural events in Turin ..................................................................................... 255 5. Romanian‐British organization in the United Kingdom .... 258 SELECTED REFERENCES ............................................................................... 279 APPENDIX: RESEARCH REPORT AND STATISTICAL CORRELATIONS ................................................................... 292 331
Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române CNCS PN ‐ II ‐ ACRED ‐ ED ‐ 2012 – 0374 Coperta colecției: AULA MAGNA Machetare, tehnoredactare şi prezentare grafică: Luminița LOGIN, Nicolae LOGIN Logistică editorială şi diseminare: Ovidiu SÎRBU, Radu AMAN Traducerea sumarului şi sintezei, corectură şi bun de tipar asigurate de autor ISBN 978‐973‐167‐179‐6 Apărut trim. II 2013