NEED TO KNOW

Ignition
Issue 1 June 2012
Brought to you by FleetNews
ON TEST: MERCEDES-BENZ A-CLASS
Radical A-Class
primed for fight
Mercedes lays down gauntlet to rivals ●
GO
Sales rise 35% for
GO
Hyundai & Kia ●
Skoda, Ford also perform well,
but Renault fleet woes continue
All the latest
GO
cars tested ●
Reports include Jag XF, Volvo
V40 and Toyota Yaris Hybrid
Subscribe to
Ignition
Download
Ignition
Click here to
contact us
W H AT 'S NE W
MAKING
THE RIGHT
IMPRESSION
Radical A-Class is well-equipped to challenge its established rivals
MERCEDES A-CLASS
NEED TO KNOW
n Manual diesel
has CO2 emissions
from 98g/km
n More
conventional rival
for Audi A3 and
BMW 1 Series than
old A-Class
n Available
December 2012
n Diesels priced
from £21,200
A200 CDI SPORT 7G-DCT
By Simon Harris
Mercedes-Benz has taken a radical step with its new A-Class, but in doing so
has given it a far more conventional shape.
The previous A-Class was a kind of oddball premium-badged alternative to cars
like the Vauxhall Meriva, while the new model has its sights focused on the highvolume lower-medium sector, and is an obvious alternative to the BMW 1 Series.
It is arguably one of the better-looking cars it its sector, managing to carry off
its sporty styling in a more elegant way than the 1 Series or Lexus CT.
Of particular interest to fleet operators will be the manual version of the new
A180 CDI SE, which has CO2 emissions of 98g/km, making it exempt from Vehicle
Excise Duty, entitled to a full discount on the London congestion charge, and falling
into the lowest BIK tax band for diesel company cars of 13%.
A Renault 1.5-litre engine powers manual versions of the A180 CDI, but they have
the same power output of 109bhp as the in-house 1.8-litre diesel in automatic
versions of the A180 CDI.
For those whom a sub-100g/km Mercedes-Benz is less important, the A-Class
comes in Sport, AMG Sport and Engineered by AMG equipment grades (the latter
currently petrol only, but a C220 CDI version will eventually be introduced).
WHAT'S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
Petrol variants use a 1.6-litre engine in A180 and A200 models, while the A250
uses a 2.0-litre. Power outputs range from 122-211bhp with CO2 ranging from
129-148g/km. All versions come with stop-start.
The A-Class also comes with several new features as options, including hi-tech
safety features. A pop-up bonnet helps reduce the risk of serious injury for pedestrians unfortunate enough to be hit by the new A-Class, but there is also a collision
mitigation system to help avoid crashes in traffic by alerting the driver if sensors
detect he or she isn’t responding quickly enough to a potential collision.
Mercedes-Benz is keen to emphasise the sporty nature of the new model and
cut ties with its predecessor. The driver sits quite low and the steering feels
remarkably responsive.
The 1.6-litre 136bhp diesel engine in our auto-equipped test car was smooth and
responsive, while the optional sports suspension rarely caused the car to feel
unsettled, while noise intrusion was also low.
Interior materials are of the quality you’d expect in a modern Mercedes-Benz,
and are very close to the class benchmark for fit and finish set by Audi.
Mercedes-Benz has already done well to create a more youthful image for the
A-Class through its advertising campaign, and the fact that there is a new choice
in the sector with established prestige should make it attractive to some drivers
who want to make a change from the default premium badge choices.
That it should tick all the important boxes for fleet running costs makes the
decision of the organisation paying for the car a little easier.
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
COSTS
P11D price £24,665
BIK tax band 16%
Annual BIK tax (20%) £789
Class 1A NIC £545
Annual VED £0, then £30
RV (4yr/80k) n/a
Fuel cost (ppm) n/a
AFR (ppm) n/a
Running cost (4yr/80k) n/a
SPEC
Engine (cc) 1,598
Power (bhp) 136
Torque lb-ft 221
CO2 (g/km) 114
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 65.7
Max speed (mph) 118
0-62mph (sec) 9.3
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
F L EE T S A L E S F IGURE S
Fleet share of new car sales
falls in strong retail market
New Focus helps Ford to extend its lead at the top of the new sales table
T
By Jay Nagley, Redspy Automotive
he fleet market grew slightly in May (up
4.8%), but the non-fleet market grew by
11.7%, so the overall fleet proportion
slipped from 55.3% to 53.7%. Year-todate, the fleet proportion is down around
two percentage points to 50.1% – very close to its
pre-financial crisis level.
There was some surprise in the market that retail
sales were so strong in May, but that may have been
due to consumer optimism earlier in the year. After
all, relatively few people decide it is time to splash out
Skoda
could well be
the brand to watch
Toyota is up
23% YTD,
thanks to the
new Yaris
on a new car and then register the car within the
same month. It will be interesting to see if the recent
Euro crises leads to a drop in the rate of growth.
At a manufacturer level, Ford extended its lead. This
was partly because the new Focus is now wellestablished, but mostly because of cutbacks at Vauxhall, which has said it is reducing fleet discounts.
However, with the same number of cars coming out
if its factories, it will be interesting to see if Vauxhall
really can hold the line until factory closures take
effect around 2014.
One of the most interesting fleet battles is between
Toyota, Hyundai and Kia. You might expect that to
read that it is a battle between Toyota and HyundaiKia, but Hyundai and Kia appear to have their own
fight for maximum bragging rights. They look at each
other’s figures before looking at any other competitor.
Toyota is up 23% YTD, thanks to the new Yaris, but
both Hyundai and Kia are up more than 35%, which
means they are all within 1,000 units of each other.
By the end of the year, any one of the three could be
on top in their own little war.
A little way behind Hyundai and Kia, rival value brand
Skoda is also doing well. With the new Citigo and the
forthcoming Rapid lower-medium model, Skoda
could well be the brand to watch in this market.
One of the strangest developments is that, if present
trends continue, Land Rover could overtake Renault
in the fleet market. It is possible that, if Land Rover
could make enough Evoques to meet demand, it
already would have. Sister brand Jaguar is also
enjoying rising sales although, with the new
XF 2.2D, one might have expected an even
bigger rise.
WHAT''S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
Manufacturer
May
2012
May
2011
Ford
Vauxhall
Volkswagen
Audi
BMW
Peugeot
Nissan
Mercedes
Toyota
Hyundai
Kia
Citroën
Skoda
Honda
Volvo
Seat
Mini
Renault
Fiat
Land Rover
Chevrolet
Mazda
Jaguar
Suzuki
Lexus
Alfa Romeo
Chrysler Jeep
Mitsubishi
Smart
Subaru
MG
Porsche
Other
Bentley
Aston Martin
SsangYong
Total
15,938
13,834
8,725
5,185
5,929
5,333
3,414
3,688
2,453
2,031
2,896
2,530
2,174
1,299
1,683
1,630
1,402
1,172
1,159
1,090
990
413
602
214
411
267
107
210
113
13
4
62
59
58
20
20
87,128
13,858
13,930
9,486
4,599
6,231
4,622
3,549
3,291
1,827
1,868
1,749
2,658
1,746
1,023
1,792
1,398
1,962
2,987
535
557
385
715
438
117
140
606
67
313
106
105
32
51
304
42
34
0
83,123
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
% change
YTD
2012
YTD
2011
% change
15.01%
-0.69%
-8.02%
12.74%
-4.85%
15.38%
-3.80%
12.06%
34.26%
8.73%
65.58%
-4.82%
24.51%
26.98%
-6.08%
16.60%
-28.54%
-60.76%
116.64%
95.69%
157.14%
-42.24%
37.44%
82.91%
193.57%
-55.94%
59.70%
-32.91%
6.60%
-87.62%
-87.50%
21.57%
-80.59%
38.10%
-41.18%
0.00%
4.82%
72,266
54,681
45,200
29,967
28,507
25,571
21,119
19,848
14,989
14,025
13,905
12,816
10,390
8,781
8,771
8,479
7,055
6,713
5,508
5,502
5,006
3,155
2,928
2,090
2,032
1,641
859
856
792
545
416
383
235
198
146
136
435,511
67,327
70,092
45,238
28,798
29,139
23,420
19,617
18,797
12,187
10,314
10,108
12,818
8,655
8,521
8,942
7,607
7,110
16,129
3,595
4,997
2,455
5,918
2,615
405
1,583
3,204
405
1,614
708
480
44
282
2,139
188
194
1
435,646
7.34%
-21.99%
-0.08%
4.06%
-2.17%
9.18%
7.66%
5.59%
22.99%
35.98%
37.56%
-0.02%
20.05%
3.05%
-1.91%
11.46%
-0.77%
-58.38%
53.21%
10.11%
103.91%
-46.69%
11.97%
416.05%
28.36%
-48.78%
112.10%
-46.96%
11.86%
13.54%
845.45%
35.82%
-89.01%
5.32%
-24.74%
13500.00%
-0.03%
T E S T ED T HIS MON T H
Mazda CX-5
Gareth Roberts
“The 150bhp, manual, 2WD 2.2-litre Skyactiv-D
with CO2 emissions of 119g/km and fuel economy
up to 61.4mpg on the combined cycle is sure to
appeal.”
“Both engines responded with plenty of torque,
while the steering seemed quite light.”
“Every Mazda CX-5 is equipped with ‘Smart City
Brake Support’ (SCBS), which helps a driver to
avoid a low speed (up to 19mph) frontal collision
by activating the brakes and reducing the engine
output.”
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Jaguar XF
Simon Harris
“Jaguar has recently launched a 163bhp version of
the 2.2 D as well as some new equipment
grades.”
“Based on the SE, with part-leather seats, climate
control and the usual executive car base
equipment, it also features satellite navigation and
Bluetooth as standard.”
“The 163bhp XF still feels adequate on the road
with a 0-62mph time of 10.5 seconds and it isn’t
surprising that it doesn’t feel as responsive as the
190bhp variant, although it’s smooth and refined.”
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Seat Ibiza
Debbie Wood
“The subtle design changes are similar to the
Toledo hatchback concept that was unveiled at the
Geneva Motor Show in March.”
“The Ibiza is spacious in the front with sufficient
space in the back for three adults, albeit at a
squeeze.”
“With CO2 emissions unchanged at only 92g/km, it
continues to offer a competitive fleet package.”
"The Ibiza is a good-looking, well-equipped and
eco-friendly package that looks set to keep
drivers coming back for more."
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
WHAT'S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
Toyota Yaris Hybrid
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
Matt Joy
“Repackaging a downsized version of the hybrid
system already seen in the Auris gives the Yaris
a key advantage over diesel-powered high
economy rivals.”
“Significant engineering work means that, from
the inside at least, there is very little to distinguish
the hybrid Yaris from its conventional siblings.”
“A larger lower grille and slimmer upper grille
bring more personality to the front end, while
there are unique headlights with LED daytime
running lights too.”
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Volvo V40
Stephen Briers
“Volvo is arguably the most underrated brand in
the fleet sector.”
“The V40 becomes the first model to eschew the
DrivE branding in a move that all future Volvos
will follow.”
“The V40 brings new technology to the sector for
the first time.”
"It's the most attractive car in the small family
sector, with striking looks from the front, coupélike side profile and rear – a rare achievement."
"Further body styles will follow."
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Mercedes B-Class
Sarah Tooze
“Mercedes has developed new engines,
transmissions and a new platform to be shared
with future models.”
“From the outside, the B-Class is nothing special
to look at, but inside it offers the kind of luxury
you would expect from Mercedes.”
"The B-Class marks the start of a range of nextgeneration cars."
“The premium-badge B-Class illustrates the
benefit of looking beyond the initial purchase price
to work out the most cost-effective model.”
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Advertisement Feature
A PIONEERING SPIRIT
Vauxhall: one of the UK’s most pioneering fleet manufacturers.
Astra Tech Line offers many enhanced benefits for Company Car Drivers and Fleet Decision Makers. Despite
starting with P11D values as low as £16,415, they come with satellite navigation and 7-inch colour monitor,
air conditioning, 17-inch 10-spoke alloy wheels, DAB digital radio, cruise control and mobile phone system
with Bluetooth®. And as those highly desirable features are included as standard – rather than dipping into
the options list – the all-important P11D values are kept low. This impressive specification makes Astra Tech
Line the definitive choice for businesses. Says James Taylor, Fleet Sales Director at Vauxhall, “Eye-catching
features matched to exceptional P11D values make the new Astra Tech Line models really stand out from the
crowd. Low CO2 emissions and efficient ecoFLEX engines deliver substantial savings to both Fleet Decision
Makers and Company Car Drivers alike.”
INNOVATIVE IDEAS ARE NOTHING WITHOUT REAL-LIFE BENEFITS.
Although we see ourselves as pioneers,
Vauxhall are completely aware that eurekamoment ideas need to translate into real
benefits for real drivers. For example, these are
the potential savings to be made with the Astra
130PS Tech Line ecoFLEX hatchback when
compared to the equivalent Ford Focus Zetec
over four years:
• Save over £2,900 in Whole Life Costs1
• Save over £900 in Benefit-in-Kind2
• Save over £2,400 in fuel costs3
These savings were calculated using Vauxhall
Fleet’s Whole Life Cost Calculator which
allows you to compare the costs of running a
single vehicle with up to four others from across
the market or calculate the costs of an entire fleet.
For more information call 0870 010 0651* or go to www.vauxhall.co.uk/fleet
If you have specific needs, you can find a dedicated member of the Vauxhall Fleet team HERE
All models shown feature metallic paint, Insignia hatchback model shown features Adaptive Forward Lighting, all optional at extra cost. Lifetime Warranty covers lifetime ownership of first car owner, 100,000 mile limit, annual check
2012). Astra Tech Line models from £16,470 on-the-road (P11D from £16,415). Astra Tech Line savings quoted are based on comparison of Astra hatchback Tech Line 1.7CDTi 16v (130PS) ecoFLEX Start/Stop versus Ford Focus hatchback
(P11D from £18,825). Information source: www.vauxhallfleet.co.uk/toolbox (28 May 2012). General Motors UK Limited does not offer tax advice and recommends that all Company Car Drivers consult their own accountant with regards to
Vauxhall £6,911.52 – a saving of £2,422.08. 4 = The range achievable in battery mode with a fully charged battery under typical everyday driving conditions, modest use of engine performance and in average weather conditions (without
according to regulation R (EC) No.715/2007 (in the version respectively applicable). The figures for fuel consumption, electrical consumption, range and CO2 emissions do not relate to a specific vehicle and are not part of an offer. They
time. The published performance figures assume a 75kg driver plus 125kg load. 6 = The “Combined/weighted” fuel consumption/CO2 figures calculated from two test results: one with the battery fully charged and the other when the
tax year. 8 = On payment of £10 annual registration fee. Correct at time of publication and based on paying full price charge (June 2012). 9 = Astra hatchback 1.7CDTi 16v ecoFLEX Start/Stop models: Combined economy of 76.3mpg
10 = Combined figure for 2.0CDTi 16v (160PS) ecoFLEX Start/Stop hatchback/saloon. * = Telephone lines open Monday-Friday, 8.00am to 5.30pm excluding Bank Holidays. Calls may be recorded or monitored for quality and/or
Advertisement Feature
AN ELECTRIFYING FIRST. BUILT TO LAST.
The Vauxhall Ampera is an Extended-Range
Electric Vehicle: the first of its kind on sale in
Europe where it has already been named
European Car of the Year 2012. It’s an all-new
propulsion system which delivers up to 50 miles4
of battery electric driving, plus an extendedrange of up to 310 miles using its on-board
petrol-powered generator with its 35-litre
fuel tank. This means an anxiety-free, nonstop range of up to 360 miles5. Combine this
impressive technology with fuel economy of up
to 235.4mpg6, CO2 emissions of just 27g/km
and BiK tax of just 5%7, and it all adds up to the
Ampera being a forward thinking choice for
Company Car Drivers. When asked for a
quote about it, Quentin Willson said, “It is no
exaggeration to say that it is quite simply the
car of the century.”
Look out for our special Ampera feature in the
June Fleet News Electric, Hybrid & Alternative
Fuels Magazine.
See the Ampera’s fuel savings for yourself by
visiting Vauxhall Fleet’s Fuel Cost Calculator
PIONEERS ON THE ROAD AND OFF IT.
RoadTrip is Vauxhall’s free, flexible, smartphone
app that makes calculating mileage expenses
easier, faster and less taxing. An inventive idea
for business drivers, it’s simple, saves time, is
free to download on iPhone and is coming soon
on Android.
RoadTrip combines navigational tools with
smart calculation software to provide an
invaluable app for business drivers on the
road – and saving them a huge amount of time
when back at the office. You can save locations
and journeys, without having to enter the same
information twice and you can then email
reports as CSV files and import them into Excel.
Simple.
Download the FREE RoadTrip iPhone app
from the App Store
ecoFLEX: ON A MISSION TO LOWER EMISSIONS.
Vauxhall’s pioneering ecoFLEX technology has
brought CO2 emissions down to 99g/km on the
Astra and 115g/km on the Insignia.
The Astra 1.7CDTi 16v (110PS and 130PS)
ecoFLEX Start/Stop hatchbacks enjoy 100%
Writing Down Allowance7 in the first year, are
exempt from the London Congestion Charge8
and pay nothing in Vehicle Excise Duty (first
year and standard rate)7.
The facts speak for themselves when fuel
economy of a staggering 76.3mpg (Combined)
delivers a tank range of up to 938 miles – nearly
40 miles more than VW’s Golf BlueMotion
1.6TDI (105PS)9.
Opt for the prestigious Insignia ecoFLEX
models and CO2 emissions are still less than
120g/km for both the 130PS and 160PS engines,
delivering up to an impressive 65.7mpg10 –
that’s a lot of car for just 17% BiK taxation7.
Discover ecoFLEX for yourself – book one
of Vauxhall Fleet’s industry-leading FREE†
3 Day Test Drives HERE
required. Ampera battery is subject to a separate eight-year/100,000 mile warranty, subject to the conditions outlined in the Ampera service booklet. Terms and conditions apply. Prices and information correct at time of publication (June
Zetec 2.0 TDCi (140PS) for 80,000 miles over 48 months, with no free fuel allowance. The Ford returns 56.5mpg, the Vauxhall 76.3mpg (Combined cycle). Diesel fuel costed at £1.45/litre. Insignia Tech Line models from £19,000 on-the-road
their particular tax position. 1 = Whole Life Costs: Ford £37,316.72, Vauxhall £34,367.15 – a saving of £2,949.57. 2 = Benefit-in-Kind (20% tax payer): Ford £3,276.84, Vauxhall £2,337.58 – a saving of £939.26. 3 = Fuel costs: Ford £9,333.60,
use of additional electrical consumers). The range is substantially influenced by the driving style. 5 = Cumulated range from battery electric and range-extender operation, based on the respective official combined consumption figures
are provided only for the purpose of comparison between different vehicle variants. Additional equipment may increase the weight of the vehicle when empty, which may lead to a reduction in top speed and increased acceleration
battery is discharged. The two test results are a weighted average, taking into account mileage range on battery power only, providing a representative figure for the vehicle used in a variety of battery charge conditions. 7 = 2012-13
with fuel tank capacity of 12.3 gallons, to give potential range of 938 miles. VW Golf 3- and 5-door hatchback 1.6TDI BlueMotion: Combined economy of 74.3mpg with fuel tank capacity of 12.1 gallons, to give potential range of 899 miles.
training purposes. † = Excludes fuel & lubricants; congestion charges; parking and speeding fines and the £250 insurance excess (if applicable). 3 Day Test Drive vehicles are subject to availability, click here for full terms and conditions.
OUR F L EE T
HONDA JAZZ
1.3 I-VTEC IMA HS HYBRID CVT
It may be small, but Jazz comes with a lot of room and great visibility
NEED TO KNOW
n Great all-round
visibility
n Fuel economy
often exceeds
60mpg on journeys
n Hard plastics in
interior disappoint
COSTS
P11D price £16,100
BIK tax band 11%
Annual BIK tax (20%) £369
Class 1A NIC £295
Annual VED £0, then £20
RV (4yr/80k) £4,800
Fuel cost (ppm) 9.77
AFR (ppm) 15
Running cost (4yr/80k) 29.13ppm
SPEC
Engine (cc) 1,339
Power (bhp) 100
Torque lb-ft 147
CO2 (g/km) 104
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 62.8
Max speed (mph) 109
0-62mph (sec) 12.1
Test mpg 49.7
Current mileage 7,412
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
The Jazz has often
exceeded 60mpg
T
By Sarah Tooze
he Jazz may be a small car on the outside but behind the steering
wheel it could be mistaken for a much bigger car, thanks to its high
seating position which is not dissimilar to sitting in a compact SUV.
That means the Jazz has great all-round visibility – helped also by
the fact it features plenty of glass.
When I first drove the Jazz I likened it to being in a greenhouse. And that’s despite
the fact the version we’re testing doesn’t have a panoramic glass roof. This visibility
is making it a delight to park and manoeuvre round town.
I’m also pleased to say that six months on from taking delivery of the Jazz, the
mpg is improving. The official combined figure is 63mpg and on several journeys
our long-termer has exceeded the 60mpg mark. The overall average is still below
50mpg at 49.5mpg, but it may be time to reset the trip computer.
On the negative side, I’m starting to wish I had something with a little more power
for motorway journeys. Acceleration with the CVT gearbox is pretty smooth, but
I dislike the Hoover-like noise the engine makes if I accelerate heavily.
I’ve also had a few grumbles from front-seat passengers. If they open the glove
box they are almost guaranteed to bash their knee.
The plastics are also of the hard variety. It’s disappointing after the plush furnishings inside the Audi A1, my previous long-termer.
However, the A1 we tested did come with a £20,000-plus price tag compared to
the £15,000-plus for the Jazz.
WHATS
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
NISSAN QASHQAI
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
1.6 DCI N-TEC+
Nissan's award winning SUV lives up to its expectations
T
By Debbie Wood
he latest version of the Nissan Qashqai, was designed, engineered and built in the UK and you cannot help but feel patriotic
about it, especially considering its success since its 2005 launch.
The SUV sector has seen rapid growth over the past couple
of years and the Qashqai has become a best seller in the UK.
It won Best Crossover at this year’s Fleet News Awards, beating the
acclaimed Range Rover Evoque and Kia Sportage, so I was excited to see
for myself what all the fuss is about. Was it a worthy winner?
Definitely. It's a joy to drive with responsive handling. The 130bhp provides
ample performance and the 1.6 DCi engine has returned surprising fuel
economy. I have easily surpassed the official figure of 62.8mpg on several
occasions and even gone above 70mpg on a trip involving motorway driving.
Our long termer comes with the new N-Tec+ equipment grade which
includes satellite navigation, which for me, is a very welcome addition. The
Qashqai also includes 18-inch alloy wheels, 360 degree-camera system
and a panoramic glass roof, an added bonus when the sun does shine.
I have initially been surprised and impressed by the Qashqai and, as an
all-round fleet package, would be quick to recommend it. With BIK tax at
17% and CO2 emissions of 119g/km, it offers a competitive package.
The only negative so far is you cannot seem to drive down a street without
seeing another one.
NEED TO KNOW
n Sporty extras
broaden appeal
n MPG test
surpasses official
figures
n All-round
package ideal for
fleets
COSTS
P11D price £23,090
BIK tax band 17%
Annual BIK tax (20%) £785
Class 1A NIC £542
Annual VED £0, then £30
RV (4yr/80k) £6,100/26%
Fuel cost (ppm) 10.46
AFR (ppm) 13
Running cost (4yr/80k) 35.32ppm
SPEC
Engine (cc) 1,598
Power (bhp) 130
Torque lb-ft 236
CO2 (g/km) 119
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 62.8
Max speed (mph) 118
0-62mph (sec) 10.3
Test mpg 58.0
Current mileage 4,611
The Qashqai
offers fleets a
competitive package
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
OUR F L EE T
AUDI A5 SPORTBACK
2.0 TDI S
Congested roads prove too much when it comes to improving mpg
NEED TO KNOW
A 600-mile trip
failed to achieve
Audi's claimed mpg
performance
n Economy falls
far short of
claimed 61.4mpg
n CO2 emissions of
120g/km
COSTS
P11D price £31,145
BIK tax band 18%
Annual BIK tax (40%) £2,242
Class 1A NIC £773
Annual VED £0, then £30
RV (4yr/80k) £8,598
Fuel cost (ppm) 12.10
AFR (ppm) 18
Running cost (4yr/80k) 50.33ppm
SPEC
Engine (cc) 1,968
Power (bhp) 177
Torque lb-ft 280
CO2 (g/km) 120
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 61.4
Max speed (mph) 142
0-62mph (sec) 8.5
Test mpg 44.3
Current mileage 11,050
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
M
By Gareth Roberts
uch has been written about the claimed mpg performance of
vehicles from manufacturers and what they actually achieve in
real world conditions. A 600-mile round trip to Scotland gave us
the perfect test of the credentials of the revamped A5 Sportback
2.0 TDI S Line.
It boasts CO2 emissions of 120g/km and a claimed combined of 60mpg, so how
would it perform on a trek with a mix of motorway driving and rural roads?
Fleets are resigned to not being able to achieve quoted fuel economy figures
from manufacturers and Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) even
reflects the anticipated 15% shortfall in its advisory fuel rates (AFRs). Applying the
Government’s own expectations, you would expect to achieve 51mpg in the A5.
Most of my time in the Audi has been in an urban environment, achieving around
43.2mpg, but I was hopeful that the Scotland trip would lift it closer to 50mpg
I was to be left disappointed. Cruising at 70mph on the motorway, the fuel economy started to look hopeful as I headed northwards, but the stop start style of
driving on congested stretches started to take its toll when traffic levels increased.
An early reading told me I was achieving 53.4mpg, but my initial optimism was
short-lived as it fell away and by the end of my outward leg was 47.6mpg.
Determined to make amends, I doubled my efforts, using every eco-driving tip
ever bestowed upon me. However, while I did manage to improve the mpg, a final
figure of 47.9mpg was closer to a 20% shortfall on Audi’s quoted figures.
WHAT'S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
SEAT EXEO ST
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
2.0 TDI SPORT TECH MULTITRONIC
Spanish carmaker raises its image with user-choosers
S
By Simon Harris
eat has made significant inroads into the corporate sector, thanks
in no small part to its costs and CO2 emissions.
Ecomotive versions of the Leon and Ibiza in particular have been
key to winning new business, but our latest arrival is more
about improving the brand's image with user choosers.
The Exeo is Seat’s upper-medium sector contender with its roots in the
previous Audi A4 which allows it to offer an upmarket and engaging feel.
The Exeo was introduced in 2009, and allowed Seat to compete in an
important sector with a car that essentially had already been developed.
There are some minor revisions for 2012, including styling changes and
a distinctive LED daytime running light pattern.
We’ve chosen the 2.0 TDI, producing 143bhp and ST estate over the Exeo
saloon. Seat says most buyers select the estate. We’ve also gone for the
Sport Tech equipment grade. Based on Sport with its 18inch wheels and
firmer suspension compared with the SE, Tech adds features such as
satellite navigation and Bluetooth.
I also opted for the automatic gearbox at a premium of £1,495. On the
diesel Exeo it’s a Multitronic CVT, which aren’t everyone’s idea of a good
auto transmission although always very smooth.
But for the mileage I cover I’d rather the higher P11D value and BIK tax
bill from the slightly higher CO2 emissions for the comfort and convenience.
NEED TO KNOW
n Exeo has its roots
in the previous Audi
A4 model
n 2012 revisions
include styling
changes
n Multitronic
automatic gearbox
adds £1,495
COSTS
P11D price £26,010
BIK tax band 23%
Annual BIK tax (20%) £1,196
Class 1A NIC £826
Annual VED £135
RV (4yr/80k) £5,558
Fuel cost (ppm) 12.43
AFR (ppm) 15
Running cost (4yr/80k) 42.24ppm
SPEC
Engine (cc) 1,968
Power (bhp) 143
Torque lb-ft 236
CO2 (g/km) 146
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 51.4
Max speed (mph) 125
0-62mph (sec) 9.6
Test mpg 45.3
Current mileage 1,100
Most Exeo fleet
customers
choose the ST
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
OUR F L EE T
VAUXHALL INSIGNIA
2.0 CDTI EXCLUSIV ECOFLEX
Insignia gets off to an impressive start with its economy and comfort
NEED TO KNOW
n Vauxhall wants
more upmarket
showroom status
n Insignia offers
claimed 62.4mpg
n Relaxed cruising
gait and economy
impresses
Tailor-made
for fleets wanting
good specification
and competitive
running costs
COSTS
P11D price £22,195
BIK tax band 17%
Annual BIK tax (20%) £755
Class 1A NIC £521
Annual VED £0, then £30
RV (4yr/80k) £4225
Fuel cost (ppm) 9.95
AFR (ppm) 15
Running cost (4yr/80k) 35.95ppm
SPEC
Engine (cc) 1,956
Power (bhp) 130
Torque lb-ft 221
CO2 (g/km) 116
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 64.2
Max speed (mph) 129
0-62mph (sec) 10.4
Test mpg 47.3
Current mileage 1,000
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
T
By Maurice Glover
housands fewer Vauxhall cars will be driven away from forecourts this year as part of a move aimed at giving the brand
greater kerbside appeal.
After more than a decade of fighting registration plate battles
with Ford, it is reducing its concentration on volume leadership
and setting its sights on a more upmarket showroom status. It’s a surprise
change of tack which is expected to cost it a full 1% fall in market share.
However, executives believe the beneficial effect on residuals will add
substantial amounts to the value of cars with the griffin badge in future.
Volume manufacturers have long envied the higher values enjoyed by the
premium brands and put a lot of effort into lifting the quality of their products.
Vauxhall’s biggest advance so far in this respect has been with the model
that has just joined our test fleet – and in Exclusiv 2.0 CDTi Ecoflex form,
the Insignia seems to be tailor-made for operators looking for a blend of
high value, competitive running costs and good specification.
First impressions are that the car ticks all the right boxes with regard to
efficiency and comfort and after the first 1,000 miles at the wheel, we’re
impressed with its economy and relaxing cruising gait.
WHAT'S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
MERCEDES E-CLASS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
E220 CDI AUTO EXECUTIVE SE
E-Class has been doing the business with a minimum of fuss
N
By Stephen Briers
o faults were recorded on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class during
its six months with us. Stress-free motoring came as standard
– literally so, as it delivered driver and passengers to meetings and social occasions with minimum fuss.
That period included almost four months with winter
tyres – albeit the weather was not conducive for a true test.
They did have a minor impact on fuel efficiency, however, to the tune
of one or two mpg on average.
Fuel efficiency was something of a let-down. Officially capable of
57.6mpg, we all-to-often languished in the low to mid 40s. Employing
some green driving techniques saw that figure lift to 50mpg and with
a fair wind and a feather right foot we topped out at 53mpg – still
down by 8%.
Six months on, and the car is holding up reasonably well on residuals
versus its rivals. Back in November, it outperformed the sat-navequipped BMW 520d SE auto by almost 2p per mile; now the BMW
– which has a good track record of holding its value - is almost a
penny cheaper. Against the Audi A6, it has dropped from almost 1p
per mile advantage to be more or less on a par.
NEED TO KNOW
n Sporty extras
broaden appeal
n MPG test
surpasses official
figures
n All-round
package ideal for
fleets
COSTS
P11D price £32,345
BIK tax band 19%
Annual BIK tax (20%) £1,229
Class 1A NIC £848
Annual VED £120
RV (4yr/80k) £9,856
Fuel cost (ppm) 11.09ppm
AFR (ppm) 18
Running cost (4yr/80k) 44.94ppm
SPEC
Engine (cc) 2,143
Power (bhp) 170
Torque lb-ft 295
CO2 (g/km) 132
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 57.6
Max speed (mph) 141
0-62mph (sec) 8.4
Test mpg 44.3
Current mileage 8,200
The E-Class has
given six months of
trouble-free motoring
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
WHAT'S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
KIA OPTIMA
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
1.7 CDRI 2 TECH
A gold-medal winning performance in the fuel stop marathon
I
By John Maslen
n the rankings of tragic hobbies, the fuel stop marathon may be near
the top of the list, but it is still one I can’t help engaging in with every new
test car – and my commitment has paid off with a new record.
For the uninitiated, the marathon is a basic challenge of seeing how far
you can go between fill-ups.
The only rules are that you can’t run out of fuel, can’t be late for meetings
and have to keep up with traffic, so getting out and pushing isn’t an option.
The Kia Optima just topped 800 miles on a single tank by hitting 54mpg
in mixed driving, which is a great effort considering how much fuel is being
lugged around in the tank to give it that range (just over 15 gallons).
It is also a valuable lesson, because another roadtest I read recently said
the same car was achieving 35.8mpg. They must be idling it overnight or
transporting elephants to do so poorly, but it shows what a massive impact
the driver can have and how much extra they can cost (in this case, 740
extra gallons costing more than £4,500 at current prices over 80,000 miles).
Another important achievement came after a kindly soul at Kia got in touch
to help me turn off the ‘convenience’ function on the driver’s seat, so it
doesn’t automatically move backwards when you take the key out of the
ignition. I made the change by hold down the ‘trip’ button on the steering
wheel to activate the vehicle options menu and two seconds later the inconvenience of the convenience function was forgotten forever. Bliss.
NEED TO KNOW
n Seven-year,
100,000-mile
warranty
n CO2 emissions
of 128g/km
n Price puts it
head-to-head with
Ford Mondeo
Business Edition
COSTS
P11D price £21,640
BIK tax band 19%
Annual BIK tax (20%) £822
Class 1A NIC £567
Annual VED £0 then £100
RV (4yr/80k) £5,425
Fuel cost (ppm) 11.09ppm
AFR (ppm) 18
Running cost (4yr/80k) 35.77ppm
SPEC
Engine (cc) 1,685
Power (bhp) 134
Torque lb-ft 239
CO2 (g/km) 128
Fuel efficiency (mpg) 57.6
Max speed (mph) 125
0-62mph (sec) 10.2
Test mpg 54.0
Current mileage 6,700
Optima
travelled 800 miles
on a single tank of fuel
*Running cost data supplied
by KeeResources (4yr/80k)
35% MORE AFFORDABLE
THAN A DIESEL*.
TIME TO SWITCH.
With diesel prices at an all-time high, isn’t it time you switched? The 100% electric Renault Kangoo Van Z.E. is
now eligible for the new Plug-in-Van government grant, meaning prices start from just £12,912 excluding VAT
and On The Road charges. And with lower running costs, zero road tax and exemption from the Congestion
Charge, it’s up to 35% more affordable to own than an equivalent diesel van (10% if you operate outside
London). Oh, did we mention it’s also International Van of the Year and What Van? Van of the Year 2012?
To find out more, please turn the page.
DRIVE THE CHANGE
Business users only
*Saving is based on 4 years and 10,000 miles per year. For full details of saving calculation please refer to renault.co.uk/kangooze Battery hire cost for 4 years and 10,000 miles per annum at £67 per month (excluding VAT). Official range of 106 miles
according to the NEDC combined cycle. From price, after 20% Plug in Van grant deduction, starts from £12,912.40 plus VAT, delivery (£595) and first registration fee (£55).
Terms and exclusions apply. Warranty up to 4 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first. Service 48,000 miles. See Renault.co.uk/4+ for details. For Finance, guarantees and indemnities may be required. Finance, subject to age and status,
provided by RCI Financial Services Limited, PO Box 149, Watford WD17 1FJ.
ROU T INE CHECK S
WHAT'S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TO DO W NLOA D T HI S GUIDE , CL ICK HERE
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
Maintaining your vehicle
To minimise the risk of their cars breaking down, drivers should carry out
frequent checks on their vehicles to make sure it remains roadworthy, not only
to reduce breakdowns, but also for driver safety and vehicle upkeep.
TYRES
COOLANT
WINDSCREENS
OIL
Check tyre
pressures at least
once a week. Low
tyre pressure
increases both tyre
wear and fuel
consumption, so
make sure they are
inflated to the
pressures stated by
the vehicle
manufacturer. Too
high tyre pressure
results in uneven
wear and impaired
grip. Also check
tread depth –
1.6mm is the legal
minimum – and
take a close look to
make sure there
aren’t any cracks,
bulges or areas of
excessive wear.
Make sure the
engine coolant is
topped-up. Always
fill with anti-freeze
to stop water
freezing and
expanding during
colder months.
Check the
windscreen for any
cracks or chips.
Damage up to 10mm
can be repaired.
The engine needs to
have stopped running
for at least 15
minutes. Remove the
dipstick, wipe and
then re-insert.
Remove the dipstick
once more to see
how much oil is left.
LIGHTS
WINDSCREEN WASHER
Lift the bonnet and
check the level of
screen wash. Fill if
necessary.
Ensure the lights are
clean. Switch on the
ignition and turn on
all the vehicle lights.
Then you can step
out of the car and
have a quick walk
around to check.
What to do if
you break down
n Pull as far off the
road as possible
n Turn on the
hazard warning lights
n Make sure
everyone gets out of
the vehicle by the
left-hand door
n Keep a safe
distance away
100% MORE ACCESSIBLE
ON THE RENAULT Z.E. TOUR.
RENAULT FLUENCE Z.E.
ON SALE NOW
RENAULT TWIZY
ON SALE NOW
RENAULT KANGOO VAN Z.E.
ON SALE NOW
RENAULT ZOE
ON SALE LATE 2012
Between now and 31st October, you and your drivers can experience the Renault Kangoo Van Z.E.,
Renault Fluence Z.E. and Renault Twizy at venues across the UK. To find out why the UK is buzzing about
Renault’s 100% electric vehicles, book your place at renault.co.uk/ze-tour
DRIVE THE CHANGE
Terms and exclusions apply. Warranty up to 4 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first. Service 48,000 miles. See Renault.co.uk/4+ for details. For Finance, guarantees and indemnities may be required. Finance, subject to age and
status, provided by RCI Financial Services Limited, PO Box 149, Watford WD17 1FJ.
DEF L EE T ING
Fleet car values see biggest ris
Prices now expected to remain relatively flat over the summer months
S
BCA’s Tony Gannon said: “While May posted signifiBy Gareth Roberts
ince the middle of March there has been cantly improved figures compared to April, the market
a gradual and typically seasonal slow- is now moving into a period over the summer months
down in trading conditions in the used where we expect values to remain relatively flat.”
That was the case at Manheim, which reported that
car market, reports the National Association of Motor Auctions (NAMA). average used car values in the fleet sector had fallen
by 1.2% (£78 to £6,634) in May. Average age
Although there was a 9% increase in sales
remained the same at 50 months and
during May, this was largely due to vendors
average mileage increased by 644 miles to
accepting that market conditions are
BCA's May
unlikely to improve soon and therefore it is average fleet and 59,687.
sensible to accept the best bids offered.
lease car values Although the overall average value fell
by 1.2%, there were some significant
However, due to resilient sales prices,
movements in values within some
vendors were not having to accept bids
vehicle segments. Superminis fell 3.6% (£153
well below the reserve. In fact, fleet and
lease cars averaged £7,934 in May, up May increase in to £4,083), compact executives were down
3.8% and the highest average monthly coupés' values at 4.8% (£439 to £8,723) and MPVs were down
Manheim
10.3% (£693 to £6,011). Meanwhile 4x4s
valuerecordedsincePulsebeganreporting
increased in value by 3.9% (£424 to £11,391)
in 2005, according to BCA.
CAP performance was marginally down at 95.73% and coupés were up 6.5% (£727 to £11,832).
Daren Wiseman, valuation services general manwith the average age and mileage barely changing.
Performance against original manufacturers' retail ager at Manheim Auctions, said: “This fall in values
price was level at 39.6%. Year-on-year, the fleet and represents no more than the seasonal norm and
lease sector saw a 7.9% value uplift, with CAP must be seen as a positive in such a challenging
trading environment.”
comparisons up by 1.5 points.
£7,934
6.5%
£6,634
£7,934
May
£6,712
£7,640
Apr
£6,427
Mar
£6,270
£7,714
Feb
£6,157
£7,435
Jan
£5,561
Dec
£5,794
£7,388
£7,658
Manheim
Nov
£5,939
Oct
£6,154
£7,287
£7,557
Sept
£5,945
£7,222
Aug
£5,905
£7,000
July
£6,100
Jun
May
£6,255
£7,071
£7,349
BCA
£7,795
Average fleet and lease used values
WHAT''S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
se for more than seven years
The Vehicle Remarketing Association (VRA) says that
a “good steady balance” of used stock has been
consistently entered for sale which has helped fleet
vendors in particular report healthy conversion rates
as well as consistent prices both when selling to the
trade and to retail buyers.
However, it reported that any car that hasn’t sold on
its first attempt is struggling to find a new owner,
reinforcing that used buyers are very focused on what
they will buy and at what price.
It also warned that there are signs that the aggressive new deals being offered by manufacturers are
putting a downward pressure on prices of nearly new
cars and vans.
A 'good steady balance' of stock has been
consistently entered for sale, says the VRA
Unsold stock is an oppportunity – not a threat
The challenge of unsold stock in the wholesale
van market must be addressed head on, says
Manheim.
Stock should be subjected to pro-active auction
house and vendor pricing to ensure optimum
values are returned in the quickest possible time.
Vans that fail to sell, or even attract a bid first
time, should be considered on a case-by-case
basis. Mileage, condition, specification and stock
duplication, or worse still a combination of all
four, will result in bids below the guide values.
The solution is not simply to reduce reserve
prices, but to see what the market is doing by
tracking the activities of other vendors and pricing
stock accordingly, says Manheim.
Its latest market analysis for vans reveals that
average wholesale used van values fell by 4%
(£172 to £4,123) in May.
Overall average age fell by one month to 59
months and average mileage was up by just 93
miles to 80,515. When compared with May 2011,
average values were 7.3% (£282) higher, average
age was two months higher and mileage was up
4,453. Average values for car derived vans, which
now account for 33% of total volume, up from
28% in April, remained static with an increase of
just 0.5% (£13 to £2,781) while small panel vans
increased by 6.8% (£284 to £4,441).
The remaining volume vehicle segments all
experienced falls in average values; large panel
vans under three tons down 3.2% (£134 to
£4,026), large panel vans over three tons down
3.5% (£156 to £4,356) and 4x4 values fell 7.8%
(£581 to £6,892).
Meanwhile, BCA reports that values remained
virtually static in the fleet and lease LCV sector in
May, rising by just £5 compared to April.
Performance against CAP dropped by a point to
98.1%, while retained value against manufacturer
recommended price over 44 months and 70,000
miles, was 32.76%, up slightly on last month.
Duncan Ward BCA’s general manager,
commercial vehicles, said: “Now is the time for
volume sellers to really get back to basics and
ensure their vans are given the best opportunity
to sell the first time they are offered.”
C A RM A K ER NE W S
Astra refresh brings
new hot diesel GTC
Sainsbury’s operates electric fridge van versions
for home deliveries within the M25.
Smith, which was reformed following the buyout,
has yet to turn a profit – not unusual for a start-up.
But it lost $52.5 million (£33.5m) last year and an
amendment to its filing with the United States
Securities and Exchange Commission in May raises
serious questions about its future.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Vauxhall has given five-door versions of the Astra
a new look, and added a potent new diesel to the
GTC range.
Available to order now, with first deliveries in
September, the refreshed design of the Astra
hatchback and Sports Tourer – both of which are
built at Vauxhall’s Ellesmere Port – gives the cars a
more bold and aggressive appearance.
Both body styles get a new grille, with repositioned
logo-bar in the upper section and a re-styled lower
section too. New front indicator lamps and a new
design of fog lamp (where fitted) complete the
front-end revisions.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Smith Electric Vehicles future in
doubt as it bids to raise funds
The future of Smith Electric Vehicles is in doubt as it
attempts to raise vital funds through a share
offering on the US stock market.
The company, which started as a builder of electric
delivery vehicles in Newcastle in the 1920s and still
has a manufacturing facility in the area, is now
based in Kansas City after a US buyout in 2010.
It counts Coca-Cola, Staples, Fedex, Sainsbury’s
and Gateshead Council among its customers for its
electric vans, which include the Ford Transit-based
Smith Edison.
Mercedes targets top spot
as fleet manufacturer
Head of fleet Nick Andrews has set out an
ambitious strategy for Mercedes-Benz: to be the top
premium manufacturer in fleet for market share
and sales, customer experience and retail
profitability.
“Are we number one today?” he asked, rhetorically.
“No, we’re not. But we have set out our strategy to
achieve this.”
Mercedes-Benz is going through a “product
revolution” over the next few years, according to
Andrews, beginning with the B-Class which was
launched earlier this year. A key priority was to
reduce CO2 emissions.
In June, the C-Class is to undergo a change to the
line-up. Replacing the SE, Elegance and Sport trim
levels will be Executive SE, AMG Sport and AMG
Sport Plus.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Saab sold to Chinese-Swedish
electric vehicle company
Administrators for Swedish brand Saab have sold
the business to National Electric Vehicle Sweden
(NEVS) for an undisclosed sum.
The business will start a “new operation” which
WHAT'S NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
will be focused on developing and producing
electric vehicles in Sweden.
In a joint statement NEVS and the administrators
said: “NEVS and the receivers of the Saab
Automobile bankruptcy estate today signed a
purchase agreement which covers the main assets
of Saab Automobile AB, Saab Automobile
Powertrain AB and Saab Automobile Tools AB.”
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
SsangYong develops paramedic
ambulance conversion
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
UK automotive industry targets
all-time manufacturing records
UK automotive manufacturers have set their sights
on breaking all-time manufacturing records by the
end of 2015. The confidence is fuelled by
multi-billion pound investments committed to the
country over the past 18 months that will see
production expanded, new models introduced and
thousands more people employed.
According to figures announced ahead of the
SMMT International Automotive Summit, the UK
could surpass the 1972 record of 1.92 million cars
produced, with more than two million units rolling
off domestic manufacturing lines in 2015. This relies
on eurozone stability and ongoing government
support and collaboration.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
Contract hire offer on Mazda6
‘business line’ model
One of SsangYong’s dealers – Firs SsangYong at
Hook Norton in Oxfordshire – has developed a
paramedic ambulance conversion for the
four- wheel drive Rodius EX.
David Marson, of SES Ambulance Services,
provides paramedic support at equestrian and
other potentially dangerous country sports events,
where the need to reach injured competitors or
visitors across difficult terrain can present a real
challenge.
He needed a 4x4 that also had sufficient interior
space to carry even the tallest patient lying down
and in comfort, while also providing room for a
paramedic to attend to the patient while being
swiftly transported away from the scene.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
The corporate-focused Mazda6 ‘business line’
model is now available through Mazda Contract
Hire at a special rate of £229.99 a month.
Vehicles are available for delivery within 14 days for
the 2.2-litre MZR-CD 129ps diesel five-door
hatchback, which has emissions of 133g/km,
combined cycle fuel economy of 55.4mpg and
carries an on-the-road price tag of £18,305.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
EL EC T RIC F L EE T SUP P L EMEN T
Pure electric, hybrid, range-extender, plug-in – all are electricbased technologies that are offering fleets alternatives to the
conventional diesel engine.
With mainstream manufacturers investing millions of pounds
bringing alternatively-fuelled cars and vans to market, the
Electric Fleet supplement – published with the July 19 issue of
Fleet News – considers the arguments for and against the
various options, and a few less conventional ones as well.
Key features include:
n Role of incentives in electric vehicle uptake among
company car drivers
n How future developments in battery technology
could mean a 500-mile range
n Fleet case studies on electric vehicles and hybrids
n Other alternatives and their uses, including CNG, LPG
and biofuel
n The cars and vans coming to market this year
ELECTR
FLEE
A FleetNews publica
tion
LOOK OUT
FOR THE
JULY 19
ISSUE OF
Fleet News
IN T R ODUC T ION
NEW MODELS
BOOST SALES
Citroën C-Zero:
fleet interest
Nissan Leaf:
higher residual
values than a
Golf
Fleets drive EV growth, as charging network continues to play catch-up
I
n the past year, electric vehicles (EVs)
have become a more familiar sight on
British roads and a more viable
proposition for fleets. The choice has
widened beyond quadricycles, the Tesla
Roadster and aftermarket conversions to
factory-built models from mainstream
manufacturers. Meanwhile, the recharging
infrastructure is improving and feedback
from field trials has been encouraging.
Many issues still stand in the way of more
widespread adoption, however, and – in a
time of general economic difficulty – taking
on a relatively unproven technology with
operational limitations is a risk not many
fleets will take. That said, progress has
been made and, despite the Government’s
Kangoo ZE: Renault’s main fleet product
Budget announcement that EVs will be
liable for BIK from 2015 (thus removing
one of the major financial incentives), there
is reason to remain positive about the
future of e-mobility in the UK.
STEADY SALES
Citroën launched the C-Zero in April 2011
and nearly 70 have now been registered.
“Purchases are mainly coming from a mix
of public sector organisations and the
private sector, with defined usage in a
relatively contained geographical area and
regular movement between two or more
sites,” says spokesman John Handcock.
“C-Zero continues to attract fleet interest
and is helping us to open up discussions
with a range of new companies.”
Peugeot delivered 124 Ion EVs last year,
mainly to local government and business,
though sales have slowed in 2012.
“Initially, there was a race to get
them in parallel with the
Government funding,” says
spokesman Kevin Jones.
He describes the market
as
“challenging”,
but
insists that “electric is
here for the long game”.
So far in 2012 (to
May), Renault has sold
358 EVs: 133 Kangoo ZE
vans, 60 Fluence ZE saloons
and 165 Twizy two-seaters.
Vauxhall Ampera:
122 on UK roads
4 Summer 2012 fleetnews.co.uk
“Twizy has been a surprise as we envisaged
it as an almost exclusively retail product”,
says Andy Heiron, Renault UK’s head of
Electric Vehicle Programme.
“We have a two-month waiting list for fleet
demonstrators. In London, they will be used
as a mobile wi-fi platform by TfL. Most
customers are looking to capitalise on
Twizy’s striking looks as a marketing tool
around cities, but we are supplying six to
the Eco Travel Network for tourists in the
Brecon Beacons National Park.”
Nonetheless, the Kangoo ZE is Renault’s
main fleet product.
“In terms of customer mix they are evenly
split between small business and larger
accounts, private/public sector, contract
hire and outright purchase,” Heiron says.
“It’s difficult to identify a specific usage
profile other than the fact that they are
predominantly urban or metropolitan, with
the notable exception of Center Parcs.”
Of the other EVs on sale in the UK,
Chevrolet has now put 40 range-extender
Volts on the road since launch in May, and
Vauxhall has registered 122 Amperas;
Nissan delivered 137 Leafs in 2011 and
192 in January-May this year.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Given that most EVs have a typical range
of 90-120 miles, access to charging
facilities is crucial.
Though the majority of EV charging tends
to be at workplace facilities or domestic
sockets, drivers are demanding the
reassurance of a national network.
This provision is diversifying from public
points erected by local councils to private
networks and chargers in shopping centre
car parks; at the start of the year, there
were 2,500 charging points in the UK and
this number has been steadily growing.
Many are membership-only, though
charging equipment-maker Pod Point is
creating a national database of facilities to
enable drivers to use points from different
suppliers and membership schemes in
different locations – like mobile phone
‘roaming’ – as well as running its own
pay-as-you-go network.
The Polar network, meanwhile, is aiming
to install 4,000 charging points by the end
of 2012, while Elektromotive has linked up
with ChargeYourCar and is promising to
establish the UK’s largest pay-as-you-go
network of 10,000 charge points.
Further regional schemes include Source
East, Source London and Chargemaster.
Schemes such as the EV Network, which
encourages members to pool resources
and share access to private or businesspremises equipment, and Zero Carbon
World, which provides free-to-use charging
points at hotels, restaurants and tourist
sites, are further adding to the tally.
And the fast-chargers being installed at
Welcome Break motorway service stations
over the next year or so will inspire further
confidence for long-distance electric travel.
Chevrolet Volt:
40 on the road
since launch
RESIDUAL CONCERNS
The fleet sector remains cautious, not least
due to concerns over residuals. CAP puts
the three-year, 24,000-mile cost of running
a Nissan Leaf at just over £16,000, versus
less than £14,500 for a closely-equivalent
Volkswagen Golf 1.6 TDI 105 Match DSG.
And while predicted residual values are
actually higher for the Leaf – £10,800, to
the Golf’s £10,050 – “in practice”, says
chief editor Christopher Crow, “it’s very
easy to sell a Golf, but I suspect it’s going
to be harder to sell a Leaf because the
market for it is so limited.”
Of course, the numbers returning to
market will also be very limited, which
should offset this concern.
“The big issues are price and length of
battery warranty,” adds Andy Cutler, of
Glass’s Guide, who sees Renault’s separate
battery-leasing system as “a big advantage,
if you’re going to keep the car a long time”.
FUTURE LAUNCHES BUILD AWARENESS
The launch next year of practical models such as the electric Citroën Berlingo and
Peugeot Partner vans, as well as the Ford Focus Electric, should help to build
awareness in the fleet sector, as will feedback from the many trials under way.
Peugeot’s Kevin Jones says: “You have to get the cars out on assessment before
they can be sold on merit”. And John Handcock, of Citroën, adds: “The evaluation
and consideration period continues to be quite long as businesses look at how
electric vehicles will fit within their commercial operations. The desire to include
electric vehicles to underpin ‘green’ credentials remains a key driver. The market
will grow as EV technology becomes more accepted by consumers, more
manufacturers enter the market and the charging infrastructure develops.”
Renault, which has staked a lot on EV adoption, is more bullish as it gears up to
launch the Zoe electric supermini. “At the moment the EV car market appears to
be stable”, says Andy Heiron, “but the arrival of Zoe with its mass market appeal
will provide new impetus. The picture is brighter for commercial vehicles as fleet
users already have a good understanding of the technology and issues.”
Renault Zoe:
“mass market
appeal”
fleetnews.co.uk Summer 2012 5
WILL ELECTR
WORK FOR Y
n Hybrid n Plug-in n
Range
All the options and iss
ues addressed, plus
a f
RIC
FleetNews
JULY 19 I S SUE
B AT T ER Y T ECHNOLOGY
Summer 2012
500-MILE
RANGE ON
THE HORIZON
Battery developments offer further range and quicker charging
ET
RIC VEHICLES
YOUR FLEET?
e-ex tenders n Full el
ectric
few unconventional alt
ernatives to consider
NEED TO KNOW
n Range of current batteries is 90-100 miles
n Lithium-air could be best long-term option
n Lithium-ion to dominate for a decade
B
atteries are the weakest
components in the electric
vehicle proposition. Even the
latest lithium-ion batteries
give a typical range between
recharges of only 90-100 miles and this
can fall further in low temperatures and
adverse conditions.
Repeated cycles of charge/discharge
take their toll on long-term durability.
Meanwhile, batteries are heavy and
bulky, and difficult to package without
compromising legroom
or luggage space.
Charging takes time,
too, and while the
latest quick-chargers
can zap a battery back
up to full capacity in
30 minutes or so, this
is still inconveniently
longer than refuelling
from a pump when
you’re on the move.
Journey planning is therefore essential,
with overnight charging a must.
Battery-swap stations such as those
pioneered by Better Place have their
place in certain fixed-route scenarios –
bus operation, for example – but are
unlikely to take off in the UK unless
sufficiently widespread, while wireless
induction charging on ‘e-roads’ with
embedded chargers is a long way off.
Batteries are also expensive, though
recent research from Bloomberg New
Energy Finance found that the costs of
an average lithium-ion battery have fallen
30% since 2009.
The estimated ‘break-even’ point –
making an EV no more expensive than a
diesel vehicle – is thought to be achievable
by 2020.
Developing better batteries is of
paramount importance to the industry.
Lithium-ion is generally seen as a
significant step forward from lead-acid
and nickel-metal hydride. Yet it has its
drawbacks: lithium is difficult and
expensive to extract from the earth; it
can be toxic; and the performance of
lithium-ion batteries tends to suffer over
time with repeated charges. As such,
lithium-ion may only be an interim solution.
ALTERNATIVE CHEMISTRIES
Longer-term lithium-air batteries are “the
most promising technology in terms of
energy density”, according to research by
British battery-maker Axeon.
Axeon studied issues
of cost and performance of lithium-ion
batteries to 2030,
from where lithium-air
appears the most
viable.
IBM is working on a
lithium-air cell battery
which could give EVs a
range of 500 miles,
and has solved issues of chemical
instability when recharging, New Scientist
magazine has reported.
Meanwhile, a breakthrough in lithiumsulphur batteries – said to store five
times as much energy as lithium-ion, with
cheaper and less toxic materials, and
operating better at lower temperatures
– has been made by LMU Munich and
the University of Waterloo (Canada).
It has overcome sulphur’s relatively
poor conductivity by adding a thin layer
of sulphur atoms to a carbon cathode
material coated with silicon oxide.
Axeon has developed a battery using
nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) in place
of lithium phosphate in its cells, which are
packaged in modules; a 35% improvement
“Developing
better batteries
is of paramount
importance to
the industry”
in range is claimed without a weight
increase. Korean firm Leo Motors is
focusing on lithium-polymer for its
stability, durability and ease of charging,
while the Electric RaceAbout, a prototype built at the Helsinki Metropolitan
University of Applied Sciences, features
lithium-titanate batteries.
It is the record-holder for road-legal EVs
at the Nurburgring Nordschliefe.
ELIMINATING ELECTROLYTES
‘Solid-state’ batteries, meanwhile, are
said to have higher energy density than
traditional batteries with electrolytes,
and to offer the prospect of more than
600 miles between recharging. Toyota is
hoping to bring these to production
between 2015 and 2020.
Many small start-up labs are coming up
with clever solutions as well, which could
be licensed to larger players. Prieto
Battery, for example, says its approach
offers 400-mile range, full charging in
10-20 minutes from 240 volts and safe,
stable longevity.
Semi-solid flow batteries, on the other
hand, have their positive and negative
electrodes suspended in particle form
within a liquid electrolyte, which is then
pumped through the cell.
A team at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology claims that this results in
batteries that are lightweight, cheap to
make and around half the size of present
units. It could make recharging an EV as
fast as refuelling a petrol car.
Advances in production techniques
such as 3D printing are bringing down
the cost of making such batteries, as are
developments
in
the
world
of
nanotechnology.
However, while Prieto says it could
commercialise its battery within 12
months, it will be a long time
before we see such products
in mainstream vehicles.
In the meantime, there is
10 Summer 2012 fleetnews.co.uk
fleetnews.co.uk Summer 2012 11
T HE ROL E OF T ECHNOLOGY
SMART CAR
CONNECTIONS
From finding EV points to checking charge, technology has a key role
I
n-car communications technology is
becoming more widely available beyond
high-end executive and luxury cars.
Internet connectivity and wireless
phone integration is commonplace,
while smartphone apps are fast turning into
primary sources of information for drivers.
Communications technology is particularly
appropriate for electric vehicles – not least
because of the more limited infrastructure
currently available to support them.
Here, we look at some of the key software
applications relevant to electric vehicles.
CHARGE POINT LOCATOR APPS
The number of publicly-accessible EV
recharging points in the UK is
growing and finding somewhere to
plug in is being made easier by
smartphone apps now available.
The Polar network, a pay-permonth membership scheme which
includes a card giving access to
public points, has a free app for
iPhone or iPad which gives real-time
information on charging bay location
and navigation to get there.
The Pod Point registry, a national
database of charging facilities, will
also be accessible via sat-navs and
mobile apps, with apps for both
iPhone and Android due to be
launched soon.
The independent user-generated
database OpenChargeMap.org is
giving app developers access to
its data and smaller regional
membership and shared-access
schemes such as Plugsurfing and
the free-for-all Zero Carbon World
network are creating their own apps.
18 Summer 2012 fleetnews.co.uk
COMBINING EVS WITH
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
APPS FOR BATTERY CHARGING
Mobile apps can work in conjunction
with the vehicle’s own telematics
system. Nissan’s Carwings for the
Leaf is accessible via smartphone,
computer or dashboard interface.
It links up to a global database to
tell drivers their battery range and
nearest charging point; it can send
text message notifications and turn
on climate control to pre-cool or
pre-heat the cabin. Leaf owners are
also using unofficial apps such as
Leaf Control for Android (available
from Google Play), which uses the
OpenChargeMap data.
Chevrolet Volt owners in the UK
have a similar mobile app, but in
North America one called RemoteLink adds reservation of charging
points, scheduling of charging and
vehicle diagnostics. GM is opening up
its API (application programming
interface) to developers for creation
of independent products, and the
OnStar team is also working with
Google, which runs a fleet of 17
Volts, on an app using cloud-based
data to prioritise the use of
renewable-source electricity.
Smartphone apps are playing an
important role in EV field trials too.
Volkswagen is testing a fleet of 20
electric Golfs in the USA and all
participants are being issued with an
iPhone with an app to feed back
information on temperatures,
charging and other data.
Volvo is testing an app in five of its
C30 Electric prototypes as part of
the ELVIIS (electric vehicle intelligent
infra-structure) programme to
develop mobile connectivity for EVs:
the system uses GPS data for
car-to-grid communications.
Connectivity enables easy use of car
clubs, car-shares and short-term
rental schemes such as Daimler’s
rapidly-expanding car2go, the Paris
Autolib’, and Deutsche Bahn’s DB
Rent (Berlin), all running EVs. Car2go
has all-electric fleets in Amsterdam
and San Diego, is about to launch in
the UK and offers Android and
iPhone apps for reservation of its
pay-by-the-minute Smart Fortwos.
Smartphone apps, in combination
with EVs, will play an important role
in the next generation of ‘mobility
management’ schemes. They typically
give access to a range of eco-friendly
vehicles as well as incentivising
members to use public transport or
cycle and walk, tallied up and costed
out on a points-based system.
Though yet to gain traction in the
UK, some organisations in mainland
Europe are starting to consider such
ideas a viable alternative to pool cars
or a proportion of their fleets.
BMW, meanwhile, has previewed
the app it plans to offer with its i3
electric car (on sale 2013): this
builds on its existing ConnectedDrive
services to advise drivers on how to
integrate their car journey with other
forms of transport, whether by train
for a long-distance trip out of battery
range or by parking up (perhaps in a
congested city centre) and finishing a
journey on foot. It’s notable that
BMW has set up a division called
iVentures specifically to invest in
mobility services.
CHOOSING THE BEST
TIME TO RECHARGE
SMART HOMES THAT CHOOSE
WHEN TO CHARGE EVS
Electricity providers need to ensure
they have sufficient power to meet
EV demands, and drivers may want
to prioritise charging at particular
times to take advantage of off-peak
electricity tariffs. Vehicle-to-grid
(V2G) communication is key to this.
Various trials are looking at the
demands which e-mobility will place
on the grid, including a partnership
between Audi, energy supplier E.on,
public utility Stadtwerke München
and TUM. A fleet of 20 Audi A1
e-tron prototypes is exploring the
transfer of data between drivers,
cars and recharging stations, using
smartphones as a control interface,
to study usage patterns.
TUM is also working with BMW’s
Forschung und Technik division to
study next-generation networked
vehicle technology.
The eMobility Together programme
at the Fraunhofer Institutes (an
organisation of more than 80
industrial research units in
Germany) aims to develop solutions
such as wireless induction charging
alongside cloud communication to
aid car-sharing and mobility
schemes, looking into feeding
surplus energy from induction
charging back to the grid, as well
as from it.
The car itself can act as an
energy storage device and help to
even out fluctuations in demand in a
process called ‘grid-balancing’, all
controlled via the data cloud and
smartphone technology.
Though many early adopters are
running EVs from their domestic
solar panels or wind turbines,
vehicle-to-home (V2H) communication
is becoming more sophisticated.
BMW is working with cloudcomputing experts Tendril to build a
show home in California to support
the launch of the ActivE. This demo
smart house will feature a cloudbased energy management system
controlling and monitoring the
car-charging equipment, solar
panels, water heaters, appliances
and communications with the grid.
Honda’s Smart Home System
technology (HSHS) manages the
building’s consumption and
generation of electricity and could
support the charging of EVs or
plug-in hybrids, while Toyota is
testing a V2H system which works
with the Prius Plug-In Hybrid, storing
excess solar-generated electricity in
the car’s batteries.
These have been designed to be
self-sufficient in the event of a
natural disaster or grid outage: the
cars’ batteries can act as an energy
source to power the house, and the
Prius’s engine as a generator.
Nissan’s ‘Leaf-to-Home’ charging
system in Japan formed part of its
NSH-2012 concept, a shockresistant house designed to be
energy-independent in the event of
an earthquake or other emergency.
Mitsubishi has similarly considered
EV batteries as a source of power
with its Miev House concept.
OPTIMUM JOURNEY PLANNING
Next-generation telematics and
telecommunications systems can
combine navigation and intelligent
mapping with powertrain control
for forward planning of a route.
This will optimise the engine or
motor for maximum efficiency or,
in the case of a hybrid or rangeextended electric vehicle, enable
zero-emissions operation.
Engineering consultancy Ricardo
has fitted its Sentience technology
into the Emerald t-001, a prototype
range-extended electric van.
“You can schedule the powertrain,
for example if a zero-emissions zone
is coming up,” explains project
director Nick Tebbutt.
“You can look at the journey profile,
rearrange the strategy to deploy the
engine earlier to ensure you have
sufficient charge to go through the
EV zone. You can work out the most
fuel-efficient delivery route and
pre-programme it.
“The usual fleet tracking and
distribution software looks to do
minimum mileage, but this has the
potential to put an extra level on
that: the most efficient way to
drive it.”
Sentience could further incorporate
control of acceleration and
deceleration to smooth out progress
and maximise energy recuperation
from regenerative braking, as well as
autonomous braking and crash- or
pedestrian-sensing, speed or motor
output control, and even driver
curfews, plus vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2X)
communication.
Ultimately, once security issues are
resolved, programming via a
smartphone app will be possible.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES THAT DRIVE THEMSELVES
Whether or not we welcome this as
individual drivers, visions of the future of
motoring invariably involve networked
vehicles which are autonomously controlled.
GM’s Chevrolet EN-V, an upright,
low-speed two-seater EV, continues to
evolve and is to be trialled in China; its
driver will simply programme in a
destination, sit back and enjoy the ride.
It could travel in speed-controlled ‘road
train’ convoys, known as platooning: Volvo
recently carried out the first public highway demonstration of this, using Ricardo’s
SARTRE (Safe Road Trains for the
Environment) tech.
Chinese manufacturer Chery showed a
less developed but similar concept at the
Beijing Motor Show, called Ant – because
ants work in a colony – and theoretically
cloud-networked. It’s a taste of the many
solutions being proposed for the predicted
‘megacities’ of the future.
fleetnews.co.uk Summer 2012 19
C OMING S OON
COMING SOON...
BMW has finally hopped on to the luxury four-door coupé bandwagon with the 6 Series Gran Coupé,
parking alongside the pioneering Mercedes-Benz CLS and Audi A7 Sportback. Based on the 6 Series
Coupé, the Gran Coupé is slightly longer and taller so that a pair of usable rear seats can be liberated;
with a rear bench in place. Occupants sit a little higher than in the two-door 6 Series for improved
visibility, although the Gran Coupé’s dashboard architecture remains.
BMW
6 SERIES
GRAN
COUPÉ
On sale: July
With a lighter body, more frugal engines, bolder styling, improved quality and more space, the A3 is
about to become a far better fleet prospect. A raft of body styles are planned: three- and five-door
hatchbacks, a convertible and a four-door saloon. The most frugal A3, the TDIe, will use the A1’s
1.6-litre diesel engine, and will scrape under the 100g/km CO2 mark.
AUDI
A3
On sale: Autumn
WHAT'S
NEW
SALES
FIGURES
TESTED THIS
MONTH
OUR
FLEET
ROUTINE
CHECKS
DEFLEETING
CARMAKER
NEWS
COMING
SOON
The new models you need to know about for the next 3 months
When the electric Fluence ZE comes to market it will become the Nissan Leaf’s first proper rival, but considerably cheaper. Priced from £17,850, after the £5,000 Government grant is taken into account, the zero emissions Fluence will be £8,000 cheaper than the Leaf. Renault leases the battery to buyers, from £75 per month.
The Fluence’s main disadvantage is that it’s a saloon, whereas the Leaf is, of course, a hatchback. The actual
boot capacity of the two are around the same, though the Fluence’s practicality is hindered somewhat by a
battery pack sandwiched behind the rear seats.
FLUENCE
Z.E
On sale: Summer
HONDA
JAZZ
On sale: Now
Honda is catching up with some of its small car rivals by introducing idling stop-start on 1.2-litre
versions of the Jazz SE. It helps reduce CO2 emissions from 123g/km to 120g/km meaning this version
of the Jazz now qualifies for annual road tax at £30 after its first year.
7iÃÌ ˆ`>˜`à “LՏ>˜Vi -iÀۈVi ˆÃ œœŽˆ˜} ̜ ÃÌÀi˜}̅i˜ ˆÌà i>`iÀň« >˜`
“>˜>}i“i˜Ì ܈̅ˆ˜ ̅i VÀˆÌˆV> iiÌ -iÀۈVià i«>À̓i˜Ì° /…i /ÀÕÃÌ œ«iÀ>Ìià > yiiÌ
œv ££ää Ûi…ˆViÃ] «ÀœÛˆ`ˆ˜} ̅i VœÀi ÌÀ>˜Ã«œÀÌ L>Ãi vœÀ ̅i ˆ“«œÀÌ>˜Ì œ«iÀ>̈œ˜>
`iˆÛiÀÞ ii“i˜Ìà q “iÀ}i˜VÞ >˜` œ˜ “iÀ}i˜VÞ “LՏ>˜Vi -iÀۈVið
/…i >}i «Àœwi œv ̅i `ˆÛiÀÃi iiÌ >ÃÃiÌà ܈ “œÛi ̜ > “>݈“Õ“ œv x Þi>Àà ˆ˜
Óä£Î >˜` ̅i `i«>À̓i˜Ì ÕÃià > Vœ“Lˆ˜>̈œ˜ œv Ãiv “>ˆ˜Ì>ˆ˜i` >˜` ̅ˆÀ` «>ÀÌÞ
“>ˆ˜Ìi˜>˜Vi «ÀœÛˆ`iÀð /…iÃi ˜iÜ «œÃÌà «ÀœÛˆ`i >˜ iÝVˆÌˆ˜} œ««œÀÌ՘ˆÌÞ vœÀ iiÌ
«ÀœviÃȜ˜>Ã œœŽˆ˜} ̜ `iÛiœ« ̅iˆÀ ΈÃ ˆ˜ ̅i `ޘ>“ˆV i˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜Ì œv >˜
“iÀ}i˜VÞ -iÀۈVi°
i˜iÀ> >˜>}iÀ q iiÌ -iÀۈViÃ
>˜` nV Ëx{]{x{ ‡ ËÈÇ]£Î{ «Õà i>Ãi V>À Li˜iwÌ
/…ˆÃ «iÀܘ ܈ …>Ûi ̅i œÛiÀ> “>˜>}i“i˜Ì œv ̅i iiÌ i«>À̓i˜Ì ՘`iÀ ̅iˆÀ Vœ˜ÌÀœ°
7i >Ài œœŽˆ˜} vœÀ >˜ ˆ˜Ã«ˆÀ>̈œ˜> i>`iÀ] ܅œ V>˜ œÀ}>˜ˆÃi É “>˜>}i É >˜` `ÀˆÛi Vœ˜Ìˆ˜ÕœÕÃ
ˆ“«ÀœÛi“i˜Ì ܈̅ˆ˜ > `i«>À̓i˜Ì° ˜ÃÕÀˆ˜} ̅i >ÃÃiÌ L>Ãi ˆÃ “>˜>}i` ivviV̈ÛiÞ >˜` ˆ˜ >
VœÃÌ ivviV̈Ûi “>˜˜iÀ ܈ Li ŽiÞ ÃŽˆÃ œv ̅i «œÃÌ …œ`iÀ° /…i «œÃÌ …œ`iÀ ܈ ˜ii` È}˜ˆwV>˜Ì
iۈ`i˜Vi >˜` iÝ«iÀˆi˜Vi ˆ˜ “>˜>}ˆ˜} > Vœ“«iÝ >˜` >À}i yiiÌ >ÃÃiÌ L>Ãi ˆ˜ iˆÌ…iÀ ̅i «ÕLˆV
œÀ «ÀˆÛ>Ìi ÃiV̜À°
««Þ >Ì ÜÜÜ°œLð˜…ðՎ Àiv 6 äÓӇ£Ó‡£Î
i>` œv iiÌ ˜}ˆ˜iiÀˆ˜} q iiÌ -iÀۈViÃ
>˜` nL Ë{x]Óx{ ‡ Ëxx]™{x «Õà i>Ãi V>À Li˜iwÌ
/…ˆÃ «iÀܘ ܈ …>Ûi Ài뜘ÈLˆˆÌÞ vœÀ > “>ÌÌiÀà œv “>ˆ˜Ìi˜>˜Vi >˜` Ài«>ˆÀ œv ̅i ££ää
ÃÌÀœ˜} yiiÌ° /…iÞ Üˆ i˜ÃÕÀi ̅i >ÃÃiÌà >Ài “>ˆ˜Ì>ˆ˜i` ̜ ̅i ÛiÀÞ …ˆ}…iÃÌ ÃÌ>˜`>À` iÝ«iVÌi`
œv œÕÀ ÃiV̜À] ܅ˆÃÌ i˜ÃÕÀˆ˜} VœÃÌ ivviV̈Ûi˜iÃà >˜` …ˆ}… ivwVˆi˜VÞ° /…ˆÃ ܈ ÀiµÕˆÀi }œœ`
œÀ}>˜ˆÃ>̈œ˜ œv ̅i ܜÀŽÃ…œ« i˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜Ìà >˜` ÃÌÀœ˜} “>˜>}i“i˜Ì œv ̅ˆÀ` «>ÀÌÞ «ÀœÛˆ`iÀð
/…i «œÃÌ …œ`iÀ ܈ ˜ii` ̜ «ÀœLi“ ܏Ûi >˜` Ài뜘` ̜ > `ޘ>“ˆV>Þ V…>˜}ˆ˜} œ«iÀ>̈œ˜
ˆ˜ > ˆÛi i˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜Ì° -ˆ}˜ˆwV>˜Ì iÝ«iÀˆi˜Vi œv LœÌ… i˜}ˆ˜iiÀˆ˜} >˜` yiiÌ “>ˆ˜Ìi˜>˜Vi
œ«iÀ>̈œ˜Ã >Ài ŽiÞà ΈÃ œv ̅ˆÃ «œÃÌ …œ`iÀ°
««Þ >Ì ÜÜÜ°œLð˜…ðՎ Àiv 6 Ó·£Ó‡£Î
œÀ >˜ ˆ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜ «>VŽ ˆ˜VÕ`ˆ˜} œL `iÃVÀˆ«Ìˆœ˜] Vœ˜Ì>VÌ Õà ˆ˜ œ˜i œv ̅i vœœÜˆ˜} Ü>ÞÃ\
œ“«iÌi >˜ >««ˆV>̈œ˜ vœÀ“ œ˜ ˆ˜i >Ì ÜÜÜ°œLð˜…ðՎ ‡ «ÕÌ Ì…i œL ̈̏i ˆ˜ ̅i Ãi>ÀV… LœÝ
7ÀˆÌi ̜ ,iVÀՈ̓i˜Ì /i>“] >}}iÀˆ`}i œÕÃi] ˆÀ -ÌÀiiÌ] œÃ«i ˜`] Õ`iÞ] 9Î {
œÀ µÕiÀˆià œÀ vÕÀ̅iÀ ˆ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜ V>\ ,iVÀՈ̓i˜Ì /i>“ œ˜ ­ä£™äÓ® nnÈ{x™