Filter Testing and Specifications

Transcription

presented by the
National Air Filtration Association
Promoting the Clean Air Industry –
Worldwide
Alan C. Veeck, CAFS
Executive Director
Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V6 2010
 Understand
Air Filtration Principles
 Learn About Air Filter Testing Methods
• ASHRAE 52.1
• ASHRAE 52.2 – MERV
• DOP for HEPA Filters
 Sustainability
and Energy Savings-LEED
 Straining
 Impingement
 Interception
 Diffusion
 Electrostatic
Attraction
Airflow
Airstream
Particle
Fiber
Airflow
Very large particles
are captured
between two fibers.
Particle
Airflow
Airstream
Fiber
Airflow
Larger particles
do not move around
the fiber with the
airstream and are
carried into the
fiber due to their
momentum.
Airflow
Particle
Airstream
Fiber
Airflow
Midsize particles
move along with
airstream lines
and contact a
Fiber. Fiber and
Particle size
dependent
Airflow
Airstream
Particle
Fiber
Airflow
Smaller particles
move randomly
across airstream
lines and contact
fibers by Brownian
Motion. Optimum
at lower airflows.
Airflow
Particle
Airstream
+-
Fiber
Airflow
Particles are pulled
to the fiber due to
electrostatic
attraction (charge)
of the fiber, that is
opposite of the
particle charge.
Particle Sizes
(Microns)
Settling Velocity
100.00
59.2 feet per minute
50.0
14.8 feet per minute
10.0
7.1 inches per minute
5.0
2.5 inches per minute
1.0
5.1 inches per hour
0.5
1.4 inches per hour
0.1
1.13 inches per day
<0.1
negligible
Aerodynamic Diameter
(micrometer)
Likely Region of Deposit
> 9.0
Filtered by nose
6.0 to 9.0
Pharynx
4.6 to 6.0
Trachea / Primary Bronchi
3.3 to 4.6
Secondary Bronchi
2.15 to 3.3
Terminal Bronchi
0.41 to 2.15
Alveoli
< 0.41
May be exhaled *
* Ultrafine particles may be removed by diffusion mechanism
Sizes of Specific Indoor Contaminants
Electron Microscope
0.001 µ
0.01 µ
Microscope
0.1 µ
0.5 µ
Naked Eye
1.0 µ
10 µ
100 µ
Bacteria
Viruses
Plant Spores
Tobacco Smoke
Cooking Smoke / Grease
Dander
Hair
Dust
Fertilizer
Insecticide Dust
Coal Dust
 ASHRAE
52.1 – (retired)
 ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 52.2
 HEPA/ULPA
• Dioctylphthalate (DOP) MIL STD 282
• Poly-alpha olefins (PAO) Institute of
Environmental Sciences & Technology
ASHRAE 52.1 was retired in January of
2009, and is no longer recognized an
ASHRAE Test Standard. It joins all other
52 Standards that have been retired
including:
ASHRAE 52-68
ASHRAE 52-76
ASHRAE 52-91
A destructive test to measure minimum
efficiency reporting value (MERV)
 Efficiency
test aerosol is Potassium Chloride
(KCl) particles, 0.3 to 10 micrometers
 Dust
loading aerosol is ASHRAE Standard
Test Dust:



Size classified Arizona Road Dust
Cotton linters
Carbon black

Initial Resistance
Pressure required to move air through filter
at a certain air flow written in inches water,
Pascal or millimeters water

Final Resistance
Pressure at which the filter would be
considered fully loaded
Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V 2010
ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2
Test Duct Configuration
Outlet
Filters
Exhaust
ASME
Nozzle
Downstream Mixer
Room Air
Inlet
Filters
Blower
Flow
Control
Valve
Aerosol
Generator
Upstream
Mixer
OPC
Device
Section
Backup Filter
Holder (Used
When Dust loading)
Fractional Efficiency (%) at Resistance (in H20)
Size Range
(micrometers)
0.28
0.32
0.46
0.64
0.82
1.00
Composite
Minimum
0.3 to 0.4
2.7
6.7
17.2
29.4
37.1
37.9
2.7
0.4 to 0.55
7.8
15.9
27.7
43.3
53.2
54.6
7.8
0.55 to 0.7
11.2
30.2
46.0
60.7
70.5
71.6
11.2
0.7 to 1.0
17.6
42.6
59.3
73.7
81.3
81.8
17.6
1.0 to 1.3
20.4
51.6
70.3
80.8
83.7
85.2
20.4
1.3 to 1.6
23.9
58.2
76.5
84.7
86.1
87.2
23.9
1.6 to 2.2
28.3
69.6
84.1
89.1
90.2
91.0
28.3
2.2 to 3.0
36.3
83.9
91.9
94.2
94.4
93.2
36.3
3.0 to 4.0
39.4
89.4
93.7
95.8
96.4
94.9
39.4
4.0 to 5.5
42.8
90.6
95.3
96.5
97.9
95.6
42.8
5.5 to 7.0
46.5
92.3
97.1
98.0
98.4
97.9
46.5
7.0 to 10.0
50.4
94.8
97.5
98.3
100
99.2
50.4
Composite
Average
E1 = 9.8
E2 = 27.2
E3 = 44.8
Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value is 6 at 492 fpm
Minimum
Efficiency
Reporting Value
Composite Average Particle Size Efficiency (%)
0.3 to 1.0
E1
1.0 to 3.0
E2
3.0 to 10
E3
1
n/a
n/a
E3 < 20
2
n/a
n/a
3
n/a
4
Average
Arrestance by
ASHRAE 52.1
Minimum Final Resistance
Pa
In Water
Aavg < 65
75
0.3
E3 < 20
65 ≤ Aavg < 70
75
0.3
n/a
E3 < 20
70 ≤ Aavg < 75
75
0.3
n/a
n/a
E3 < 20
75 ≤ Aavg
75
0.3
5
n/a
n/a
20 ≤ E3 < 35
n/a
150
0.6
6
n/a
n/a
35 ≤ E3 < 50
n/a
150
0.6
7
n/a
n/a
50 ≤ E3 < 70
n/a
150
0.6
8
n/a
n/a
70 ≤ E3 < 85
n/a
150
0.6
9
n/a
E2 < 50
E3 ≥ 85
n/a
250
1.0
10
n/a
50 ≤ E2 < 65
E3 ≥ 85
n/a
250
1.0
11
n/a
65 ≤ E2 < 80
E3 ≥ 85
n/a
250
1.0
12
n/a
E2 ≥ 80
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
250
1.0
13
E1 < 75
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
350
1.4
14
75 ≤ E1 < 85
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
350
1.4
15
85 ≤ E1 < 95
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
350
1.4
16
E1 ≥ 95
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
350
1.4
Minimum
Efficiency
Reporting Value
Composite Average Particle Size Efficiency (%)
0.3 to 1.0
E1
1.0 to 3.0
E2
3.0 to 10
E3
1
n/a
n/a
E3 < 20
2
n/a
n/a
3
n/a
4
Average
Arrestance by
ASHRAE 52.1
Minimum Final Resistance
Pa
In Water
Aavg < 65
75
0.3
E3 < 20
65 ≤ Aavg < 70
75
0.3
n/a
E3 < 20
70 ≤ Aavg < 75
75
0.3
n/a
n/a
E3 < 20
75 ≤ Aavg
75
0.3
5
n/a
n/a
20 ≤ E3 < 35
n/a
150
0.6
6
n/a
n/a
35 ≤ E3 < 50
n/a
150
0.6
7
n/a
n/a
50 ≤ E3 < 70
n/a
150
0.6
8
n/a
n/a
70 ≤ E3 < 85
n/a
9
n/a
E2 < 50
E3 ≥ 85
n/a
10
n/a
50 ≤ E2 < 65
E3 ≥ 85
n/a
11
n/a
65 ≤ E2 < 80
E3 ≥ 85
n/a
12
n/a
E2 ≥ 80
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
13
E1 < 75
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
14
75 ≤ E1 < 85
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
15
85 ≤ E1 < 95
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
16
E1 ≥ 95
E2 ≥ 90
E3 ≥ 90
n/a
150
E1 = 9.8%
250
0.6
1.0
250
E2 = 27.2%
1.0
250
E3 = 44.8%
350
1.0
250
350
MERV
350 6
350
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Added
for ability to test lower
efficiency filters (MERV 1-4) with
an arrestance and dust holding
capacity percentage.
Arrestance – ability of an air cleaning
device with efficiencies less than 20% in
the size range of 3.0 to 10.0 micrometers
to remove loading dust from test air.
Average Arrestance - Difference between
the weight of the dust fed versus dust
passing through the device to final filter
calculated as dust captured by test
device.
Dust Holding Capacity – total weight of
the synthetic loading dust captured by
the air cleaning device over all of the
incremental dust loading steps tested to
a final resistance of 1.4” wg or specified
final resistance.
 Optional
method of Conditioning a
filter using fine KCl particles (0.04 to
0.08 micrometers) on electrically
charged (electret) media
Minimum efficiency in some types of
may be less than the initial efficiency
Pleated Panel Filter
Summary of Conditioning Tests
100
ASHRAE Dust
Filtration Efficiency (%)
80
60
40
20
10 wks. Ambient
Initial
0
0.1
1
10
Particle Diameter (micrometers)
 MERV
–A - Added to determine the
amount of the efficiency loss a filter may
realize in field application
 Depending
on the critical nature of the
application, owner may want to ask for
optional Appendix J testing
A
non-destructive penetration test
 Dioctylphthalate
(DOP) or poly-alpha
olephins (PAO) aerosolized to 0.3
micrometers
• Instrument measures overall intensity of light scattered by
aerosol both upstream and downstream
 Polystyrene
latex spheres (PSL) –
fractional efficiency measured with
particle counter
 Physical
– Adsorption
• Activated carbons
 Chemical
- Chemisorption
• Chemically treated activated carbons
• Potassium permanganate impregnated
media
 Adsorption
- The process by which one
substance is attracted and held onto the surface of
another.
• It is a surface phenomena.
• Capacity is independent of particle size
• Adsorption rate is inversely proportional to
particle size.
Molecular Filtration
Copyright-National Air Filtration Association V 2010
 Chemisorption
- The result of chemical
reactions on and in the surface of the adsorbent.
• Fairly specific and depends upon chemical
nature of media and the contaminant
• Irreversible and essentially instantaneous
 Standard
145.1
• Gaseous contaminant standard developed by
ASHRAE
• Standard 62 includes recommendations for
particle and molecular contaminant removal –
especially Ozone O3
• Outdoor Air – too many to list
• Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide,
Sulphur Dioxide
• Vehicle Exhaust
• Same as above
• Office Equipment
• VOC’s, Formaldehyde, Carbon Black,
Ammonia, Ozone
• People
• Building Materials and Furnishings
• VOC's, Formaldehyde
• Cleaning Agents
• VOC's,
• Environmental Tobacco Smoke
• Hundreds
 Particles
captured by Straining, Impingement
Interception, Diffusion, and Electrostatic
Attraction
 ANSI/ASHRAE
52.2 Test Standard is Fractional
Efficiency test
 MERV
and composite curve provides particle
size removal efficiencies
 Gaseous
contaminants removed with Activated
Carbon and/or Potassium Permanganate
“Looking beyond initial cost factors towards the total cost
throughout life of operation”
Benefits to the Facility:
 Lower energy use
 Lessen impact on the environment
 Lower use of resources – raw materials and human
 Increases Productivity and Improves Environment
Impacting Health and Productivity of Building
Occupants
0.5%
18.5%
Inv. + Mant.
Energy
Disposal
81%
Carlsson, Thomas; “Indoor Air
Filtration: Why Use Polymer Based
Filter Media”, Filtration+Separation,
Volume 38 #2, March 2001, pp 30-32.
Energy required to overcome filter system
resistance
Energy
Consumption
(kWh)
=
Q x ΔP x t
η x 1000
Q = Air Flow (m3/sec)
t = Time in Operation (hrs)
ΔP = Avg. Pressure Loss (Pa)
η = Fan/Motor/ Drive Efficiency
Typical versus Fictitious Curves
1.00000
Pressure Drop
0.90000
0.80000
0.70000
Series1
0.60000
Series2
0.50000
0.40000
0.30000
1
334 667 1000 1333 1666 1999 2332 2665 2998 3331 3664 3997 4330
Time
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
INPUT DATA
Segment #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Current
Initial
Final
Energy
Resistance Resistance Hours of Consumption
("WG)
("WG)
Operation (kWh)
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1000
1250
750
550
450
350
250
152.20858
228.31287
167.42944
145.10551
136.98772
120.75214
96.39877
0.35
1.00
4600
1260.28705
Energy
Cost
This
Period
$12.18
$18.27
$13.39
$11.61
$10.96
$9.66
$7.71
$83.78
Energy
Cost per
1000
hours
$100.82
$21.92
$12.18
$14.61
$17.86
$21.11
$24.35
$27.60
$30.85
INPUT DATA
Option 1
Filter Type
Option 2
Pleat
Pleat
XXXXX
XXXXX
Std Cap
Hi Cap
$3.25
$4.00
Number of Filters Per Case
12
12
Shipping Cost Per Case ($)
$5.00
$5.50
5%
5%
30
30
3
4
60
60
$25.00
$25.00
$0.50
$0.50
0.34
0.28
1.2
1.2
Filter Model
Model #
Filter Price ($ per filter)
Estimated Damage Loss (%)
Number of Filters in Bank
Estimated Filter Life (months)
Changeout time required - full bank (min)
Changeout Labor Cost ($/hour fully loaded)
Disposal Cost ($/filter)
Initial Resistance ("WG)
Recommended Final Resistance ("WG)
System Airflow Rate (cfm)
60,000
60,000
Days in Operation
365
365
Hours in Operation Per Day
24
24
Energy Cost ($/kWH)
Fan/Blower/Drive Efficiency (%)
$0.080
$0.080
80%
80%
OUTPUT DATA
Initial Investment Costs
Number of Filters
Filter Price
Estimated Filter Life (months)
Number of Changeouts/Year
Subtotal Annual Filter Costs
Inventory Costs
# Filters Used/Year
# Filters/Case
Number of Cases Used/Year
Actual # Cases Purchased
"Extra" Filters Purchased/Year
Filter Cost
Subtotal Annual Inventory Cost
Std Cap
30
$3.25
3
4
$390.00
Std Cap
120
12
10.00
10.00
0
$3.25
$0.00
Hi Cap
30
$4.00
4
3
$360.00
Hi Cap
90
12
7.50
8.00
6
$4.00
$24.00
Shipping Costs
Shipping Cost/Case
# cases Purchased/Year
Subtotal Annual Shipping/Storage costs
Std Cap
$5.00
$10.00
$50.00
Hi Cap
$5.50
$8.00
$44.00
Damage/Storage Loss
Estimated % Damage Loss
# filters Used/Year
Cost/Filter
Subtotal Annual Damage/Storage Loss
Std Cap
5%
120
$3.25
$19.50
Hi Cap
5%
90
$4.00
$18.00
Installation/Removal Costs - Full Cycle
Time Required/Changeout (minutes)
Time Required/Changeout (hours)
# Changeouts/Year
Fully Loaded Labor Cost
Subtotal Annual Installation/Removal Costs
Std Cap
Hi Cap
60
1
4
$25.00
$100.00
60
1
3
$25.00
$75.00
Disposal Costs
Disposal Cost/Filter
# Filters Disposed/Year
Subtotal Annual Disposal Costs
Std Cap
$0.50
120
$60.00
Hi Cap
$0.50
90
$45.00
Energy Costs
Initial Resistance (Pa)
Recommended Final Resistance (Pa)
Average Resistance (Pa)
System Airflow (m3/sec)
Filter Airflow (m3/sec)
Filter Life
Energy Consumption (kwh)
Energy Cost Per Filter ($)
Energy Cost Per Changeout ($)
Subtotal Annual Energy Cost ($)
Std Cap
85
299
192
28.30
0.94
2190
495
$39.63
$1,188.79
$4,755.18
Hi Cap
70
299
184
28.30
0.94
2920
635
$50.78
$1,523.30
$4,569.91
Initial Investment Costs
Inventory Costs
Shipping Costs
Damage/Storage Loss
Installation/Removal Costs - Full Cycle
Disposal Costs
Energy Costs
Total Life Cycle Cost
Savings
$390.00
$0.00
$50.00
$19.50
$100.00
$60.00
$4,755.18
$5,374.68
$360.00
$24.00
$44.00
$18.00
$75.00
$45.00
$4,569.91
$5,135.91
$238.77
Overall Cost is Reduced with Life Cycle Costing
Cleaner Equipment and Indoor Environment with Higher
MERV Filter
Savings in Shipping, Storage, Labor, and Disposal Costs
 EA
Credit 6 - 1 point - Document
sustainable building cost impacts.

NAFA Life Cycle Costing Formula can
document sustainable impact on existing
building
www.nafahq.org
 Energy
& Atmosphere
• Preq.-Existing Building Commissioning
 Prepare a commissioning plan for carrying out the
testing of all building systems to verify that they
are working according to the specifications of the
building operation plan.
“Verify and ensure that fundamental building elements and
systems are installed, calibrated and operating as intended so
they can deliver functional and efficient performance. “
ASHRAE Guideline 26-2007 – “Guideline for Field Testing of
General Ventilation Filtration Devices and Systems for Removal
Efficiency In-situ by Particle Size and Resistance to Airflow “
 EA
Credit 3.1 - Staff Education – 1 point
“Support appropriate operations and
maintenance of buildings and building systems
so that they continue to deliver target building
performance goals over the long term.”
 NAFA Certified Technician (NCT) certifies
individuals who study the text, “Installation,
Operation and Maintenance of Air Filtration
Systems,” and pass the national exam
 Preq. -
Establish minimum indoor air
quality (IAQ) performance to enhance
indoor air quality in buildings, thus
contributing to the health and well-being
of the occupants.
 Increased Ventilation
- + 30% over
ASHRAE 62.1…??
 IEQ Credit 3 – 1 Point –
MERV 8 at each return grill

Possible use of carbon filtration after construction
during “bakeout” phase

IEQ 4.1 – Absenteeism and Healthcare Costs – 1
point
Document decrease in absenteeism by increasing
efficiency of air filtration system
IEQ 4.2 Other Improvements 1 Point –
“Documentation of the other productivity impacts
(beyond those identified in IEQ Credit 4.1) of
sustainable building performance improvements.

 IEQ
Credit 5.1 – 1 point – “Reduce
exposure of building occupants and
maintenance personnel to potentially
hazardous particle contaminants, which
adversely impact air quality, health,
building finishes, building systems and the
environment. Establish and follow a regular
schedule for maintenance and replacement
of these filters. ”

MERV 13 filters on occupancy
 IEQ
Credit 10.6 – 1 point
“Reduce exposure of building occupants and
maintenance personnel to potentially hazardous
chemical, biological and particle contaminants, which
adversely impact air quality, health, building finishes,
building systems and the environment.”
 HEPA
filtered cleaning equipment
IUOM Credit 1 – 1 point
“To provide building operation and upgrade teams
with the opportunity to be awarded points for
additional environmental benefits achieved beyond
those already addressed by LEED for Existing
Buildings Rating System.”
 Clean and re-circulate bathroom exhaust air
 Clean outdoor air of ozone (prevalent during “rushhour” traffic, temperature inversions, etc. with
bypass OA ducting
 Source removal of copying and printing equipment
through HEPA & HEGA filters

 Energy
& Atmosphere – 2 Point
• Staff Education
• Sustainable impact
 Indoor Environmental Quality – 4 points
• MERV 8 during construction
• Molecular filtration instead of “bakeout”
• MERV 13 filters after construction
• HEPA filtered cleaning equipment
 Innovations in Upgrade, Operations &
Maintenance - >?
limited only by your mechanical creativity
 Sustainability
is a combination of savings
of many items & many efforts
 Air filters can be part of your overall
sustainability directive
 Using life cycle costing is Green Conserving energy, resources and the
environment
 Less Ventilation?
 Life Cycle Costing gets the highest
efficiency filter for $$
The mission of NAFA is to conduct education and
certification programs for members and end-user
personnel;
To provide forums for the exchange of information
about technical standards, government regulations,
and product information;
To educate consumers about the importance of air
filtration and NAFA's certifications; to certify air
filtration products; to set field performance standards
for products.
 NAFA
Certified Air Filter Specialist -
CAFS
 NAFA Certified Technician – NCT
 NAFA Certified Technician – Level II
 NAFA Product Certification
 NAFA “Best Practice” Guidelines
 How
we can help you…
• Over 200 air filtration manufacturers and
distributors
• United States and 14 foreign countries
• www.nafahq.org

Filter Testing and Specifications

Transcription

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