Bullock, Christine. UNEP/ IPID REGIONAL PROJECT Planning

Transcription

UNEP/ IPID REGIONAL PROJECT
Planning & Environmental Management
of Heavily Contaminated Bays & Coastal
Areas in the Wider Caribbean
Case Study: Point Lisas, Trinidad & Tobago
Christine Bullock
Institute of Marine Affairs
Trinidad & Tobago, W.I.
Project Planning & Execution

Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA)

Centro de Ingeneria y Manejo Ambiental de Bahias y
Costa (CIMAB)

Point Lisas Industrial Port Development Corporation
(PLIPDECO)
Institute of Marine Affairs, Trinidad & Tobago, W.I.
2
Overview

Introduction

Goals & Objectives

Approach

Methodology

Main Findings

Recommendations

PLIPDECO’s Management Plan

Lessons Learnt
3
Location of Point Lisas Industrial Estate
4
Map of Point
Lisas
Industrial
Estate
5
Point Lisas Industrial Estate
6
Goals

To gather information on the environmental quality of
the bays & water courses adjacent to & within the Point
Lisas Industrial Estate

To determine the potential sources of pollution

To provide recommendations
7
Objectives

Assess the main pollutant sources to the Point Lisas
coastal area

Diagnose the environmental quality of adjacent bays &
water courses which flow through the estate

Conduct oceanographic surveys (pollutant transport)

Describe the practices utilized for the management of
maritime and port wastes at Point Lisas

Review the institutional & legal framework that could
regulate environmental management at Point Lisas

Provide recommendations for pollution control
8
Approach

Phase 1 (1994-1996)- Assessment of environmental
pollution & pollution sources

Phase 2 (1998)- Physical oceanographic surveys of the
bays adjacent to the Point Lisas Industrial Estate

Integration of the environmental quality & physical
oceanographic observations

Present environmental management recommendations
for the industrial estate
9
Methodology- Phase 1
10
Assessment of Main Pollutant Sources

Industrial effluents
Gas
processing plant
Urea
& ammonia
plants
Methanol
Iron
plant
& steel plant
Chlor-alkali
plant

Rivers & outfalls
Couva
River
Brechin
Castle effluent
channel
Savonetta
“LNG”
River
River
Urea
& ammonia plant
outfall
Methanol
plant outfall
11
Selected Industries in Point Lisas Study
Area
Iron & Steel Plant
Chlor-alkali Plant
Methanol Plant
Gas Processing Plant
Urea & Ammonia Plant
12
Rivers in Point Lisas Study Area
Brechin Castle Effluent Channel
Savonetta River
“LNG” River
Couva River at Weir
13
Assessment of the Marine Environment

Marine water & sediment samples
Transect
1- north of Carli Bay
Transect
2- off the Couva River mouth
Transect
3- off Savonetta Point
Transect
4- off Point Lisas Point
Transect
5- in Claxton Bay
14
Location of Marine Sampling Stations
15
Water Quality Analyses

Nutrients (dissolved nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, total
phosphates)

Total suspended solids (TSS)

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

Heavy metals (Al, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg)

Dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons (DDPH)

Physical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity,
salinity, dissolved oxygen)
16
Sediment Quality Analyses

Non-residual heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb)

Adsorbed/absorbed petroleum hydrocarbons (AAPH)

Total petroleum hydrocarbons
17
Main Findings- Phase 1
18

Effluent Outfalls
Station
Season
pH
Temp
BOD
TSS
oC
mg/L
mg/L
Dry
8.0 - 9.0
41 - 43
-
72 – 356
plant
Wet
7.8 - 8.9
38 - 40
-
10 - 15
Methanol
Dry
-
33 - 35
4 000 - 33 000
-
Wet
-
39 - 41
54 - 345
-
Urea
ammonia
plant
19

Rivers
Station
Couva
Season
Dry
pH
3.7 – 5.2
DO
BOD
TPO4-P
TSS
mg/L
mg/L
µM
mg/L
0.4 - 0.7
500 –
99.2 -
-
5 000
241.2
River at
weir
Brechin
Wet
6.2 – 7.4
5.2 - 7.6
93 - 219
3.2 - 10.1
-
Dry
4.2 – 5.1
0.2 - 0.5
1 003 -
82.4 -
210 –
10 000
166.2
256
13 - 159
13.1 -
11 -
20.4
165
Castle
Wet
6.2 – 7.2
4.3 - 5.8
20

Effluent Outfalls- Heavy Metals
Station
Urea Ammonia Plant
Effluent Outfall
Brechin Castle
Effluent Channel
Methanol Plant
Effluent Outfall
Season
Pb
Fe
Zn
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
Dry
3.21 – 6.23
0.24 – 0.45
-
Wet
1.59 – 4.36
1.56 – 4.13
-
Dry
-
-
1.14 – 2.68
Wet
-
-
2.51-4.32
Dry
-
0.23 – 0.38
-
Wet
-
2.31 – 4.25
-
21

Rivers- Heavy Metals
Station
Couva River at weir
Savonetta River
“LNG” River
Season
Pb
Fe
Zn
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
Dry
1.54 – 4.23
10.25 – 53.21
1.22 – 3.56
Wet
3.21 – 6.23
10.36 – 35.12
2.33 – 5.23
Dry
-
2.14 – 3.45
0.60 – 2.10
Wet
-
2.46 – 5.16
1.14 – 3.12
Dry
-
1.16 – 2.62
0.65 – 1.14
Wet
-
3.21 – 4.10
1.64 – 2.31
22

Marine Water Quality

Physical Parameters of the Bays of the Point Lisas Area
Parameter
Dry
Wet
Salinity ppt
24 - 35
13 - 24
Temperature oC
27.5 – 30.0
27.2 – 31.5
pH
7.8 – 8.5
8.0 – 8.2
DO mg/L
5.40 – 8.75
2.60 – 8.54
23

Marine Water Quality

Chemical Parameters of the Bays of the Point Lisas Area
Parameter
Dry
Wet
NH3-N µM
0.14 – 4.06
0.04 – 12.10
TPO4-P µM
0.40 – 6.56
0.19 – 13.00
Zn µg/L
DDPH µg/L
20.12 – 114.23 20.12 – 51.23
0.30 – 5.98
0.48 – 20.43
24

Marine Sediment Quality
Parameter
Dry
Wet
Cu µg/g
0.89 – 5.93
3.64 – 7.16
Zn µg/g
19.31 – 50.93
27.29 – 70.84
AAPH µg/g
0.98 – 119.34
4.22 – 115.55
25
Estimated Total Loading of Pollutants into the Couva River &
Marine Area
Parameter
Pollutant loading into
Pollutant loading from Couva
Couva River (kg/day)
River into sea (kg/day)
BOD5
534
869
COD
4415
-
TPO4-P
22
42
Nitrates
104
146
Nitrites
5
7
Ammonia
241
255
Suspended solids
-
22 000
Total oil & grease
< 149
< 182
DDPH
1.0
1.3
26
Estimated Total Loading of Pollutants into the Couva River &
Marine Area
Parameter
Pollutant loading
Pollutant loading from
into Couva River
Couva River into sea
(kg/day)
(kg/day)
Cadmium
0.11
0.13
Chromium
< 0.40
< 0.15
Copper
1.42
1.64
Mercury
< 0.20
< 0.04
Nickel
0.94
1.36
Lead
0.98
1.11
Vanadium
0.02
0.04
27
Fraction (%) of Load to Couva River Contributed by
Monitored Industrial Effluents
Parameter
% Load to the Couva River
BOD5
61
COD
-
TPO4-P
52
Nitrates
71
Nitrites
71
Ammonia
94
Suspended solids
-
Total oil & grease
< 82
DDPH
76
28
Fraction (%) of Load to Couva River Contributed by
Monitored Industrial Effluents
Parameter
% Load to the Couva River
Cadmium
85
Chromium
27
Copper
87
Mercury
50
Nickel
69
Lead
88
Vanadium
50
29
Recommendations

Pollutant Sources
Companies
must monitor effluent as part of
voluntary compliance with T &T effluent standards
Point
sources of pollution should be characterized
where effluent outfalls discharge directly into the
marine environment
30
Recommendations
Environmental Quality- follow-up studies

Assess impacts of water quality on aquatic ecology of Couva
River

Conduct microbiological surveys of rivers & bays in study area

Conduct benthic surveys in the bays adjacent to the industrial
estate

Conduct phytoplankton & zooplankton surveys in the bays
adjacent to the industrial estate

Establish stations further offshore (>5km) to determine seaward
extent of the impacts of pollution

Determine the presence of toxins in finfish & shellfish
31
PLIPDECO’s Environmental Management Plan

Inventory of existing environmental data & information

Environmental incident response

Pollution inventory

Ambient environmental monitoring

Establishment of ambient criteria & standards

Environmental management system

Public awareness

Disaster preparedness

Programme evaluation & update
32
Lessons Learnt

Funding for projects of this type must continue until the
management plan is designed & implemented

A country must have ambient criteria & standards for
objective assessment of environmental performance e.g.
industrial estates

Ambient environmental monitoring is essential to
provide data for the development of a management plan

Continuous evaluation is needed during the
implementation of an environmental management
programme, update programme as required
33
Lessons Learnt

Conduct pollution inventory to determine the type &
source of pollutants to the receiving environment

For industrial estates- need to know which industries
will have the greatest potential impact on the
environment

For industrial estates- need establishment of monitoring
programmes for both industries & receiving
environment to determine when there is degradation of
the environment; be ready to act
34
Lessons Learnt

For industrial estates- need to encourage/ mandate
industries to implement the ISO 14000 Environmental
Management System or an equivalent system

In the development of industrial estates, need to develop
models for proposed effluent discharge points of the
various industries to prevent development of hotspots in
the receiving environment

Consider the development of “eco-industrial parks”
where one industry’s output is used as another
industry’s input- prevents wastage (e.g. energy) on
industrial estates
35
Acknowledgements

UNEP

IPID

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

Centro de Ingeneria y Manejo Ambiental de Bahias y
Costa

Point Lisas Industrial Port Development Corporation

Environmental Management Authority of Trinidad &
Tobago

Staff of the Institute of Marine Affairs
36
Muchas Gracias!
Thank You!
37
UNEP/ IPID REGIONAL PROJECT
Planning & Environmental Management
of Heavily Contaminated Bays & Coastal
Areas in the Wider Caribbean
Case Study: Point Lisas, Trinidad & Tobago
Christine Bullock
Institute of Marine Affairs
Trinidad & Tobago, W.I.