Calcareous Plankton in the Tortonian/Messinian Transition Series of

ISSN 0378-0864
ISBN 3-900312-54-0
Abh. Geol. B.-A.
Band 39
S. 6 7 - 8 4
Wien, März 1987
Calcareous Plankton in the Tortonian/Messinian Transition Series
of the Northwestern Edge of the Guadalquivir Basin
By J O S E - A B E L F L O R E S & F R A N C I S C O - J A V I E R
SIERRO*)
With 15 Figures
Spain
Guadalquivir Basin
Tortonian-Messinian
Calcareous nannoplankton
Planktonic foraminifera
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Zusammenfassung
Abstract
Introduction
Techniques and Methods
Etching and Overgrowth
Resedimentation
Taxonomic Notes
General Lithological Sequence
Events defined with Calcareous Nannoplankton
Analyses of the Sections
8.1. Chronostratigraphy
8.2. Paleoecology
References
67
67
68
68
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69
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69
83
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Zusammenfassung
Diese Arbeit vergleicht die kalkigen Nannoplanktonvergesellschaftungen mit den wichtigsten „Events" in der
planktonischen Foraminiferenfauna des NW-Randes des
Guadalquivir-Beckens. Folgende Profile wurden untersucht:
Guillena, Cantillana - Arroyo Trujille, Beas - Trigueros, Gibraleön, Arroyo Galapagar und Carmona. Die beiden
letztgenannten Profile wurden von PERCONIG (1966, 1974) als
Stratotypen des Andalusiens definiert.
Die quantitative Verteilung der kalkigen Nannoplanktonarten
wurde ermittelt und die Resultate in zwei Abbildungen für
jedes Profil dargestellt. Anstatt der üblichen stratigraphischen
Begebenheiten wie dem ersten Auftreten von f. quinqueramus
und A. primus werden hier das erste regelmäßige Auftreten von
E. berggrenii und das erste Auftreten der Gattung Amaurolithus für
die Korrelation verwendet. Dem totalen Verschwinden von E.
quinqueramus, das in DSDP Sites, jedoch nicht in den aufgeschlossenen Profilen beobachtet wurde, geht ein deutlicher
Häufigkeitsabfall voraus. Weiters wurden folgende Inversionen
der Häufigkeitsverhältnisse beobachtet und für die Korrelation
verwendet: /?. haqii/R. minutula vs. „kleine Placolithen", G. jalarii
planktonic foraminifera in six sections situated on the northwestern edge of the Guadalquivir Basin, SW-Spain. The sections chosen were: Guillena, Cantillana - Arroyo Trujillo, Beas
- Trigueros, Gibraleön, Arroyo Galapagar and Carmona. In
the latter two sections PERCONIG (1966, 1974) defined the Andalusian stratotype.
For the study of the calcareous nannoplankton a series of
quantifications were conducted on the same reference pattern,
thus elaborating two types of plots for each section and hence
obtaining information regarding the relative variation of each of
the species composing a series and also with respect to the
absolute variations of the groups which were considered to be
significant , as in the case of asteroliths, several "groups" and
species of "Reticulofenestrids" (these are discussed in a
chapter on taxonomy) and others.
The biostratigraphical model developed for the calcareous
nannoplankton establishes as events which should be taken
into account the first regular record of Eudiscoaster berggrenii and
the first record of the genus Amaurolithus. The conventional biostratigraphic scales are not employed because the boundaries
used, even though they are similar to some of these scales,
cannot be fitted perfectly to those examined in this study.
vs. G. rotula und C. pelagicus vs. D. antarcticus. Diese Inversionen
Together with these events, others hitherto not used are dewerden als Ergebnis einer Abkühlung der Wassermassen interpretiert. Das erste und das letzte Auftreten von E. berggrenii, termined; this is the case of the abrupt inversion of the domiE. quinqueramus, Amaurolithus und T. rugosus scheinen
hingegen
von bathymetrischen Parametern kontrolliert zu werden.
Die Torton/Messiniano-Grenze, wie sie anhand von
planktonischen Foraminiferen definiert wurde, liegt nur wenig
über dem ersten Auftreten von Amaurolithus.
•
Abstract
The present work compares the assemblages of calcareous
nannoplankton to the principal events recorded in the fauna of
*)
Author's
address:
JOSE-ABEL
FLORES,
FRANCISCO-JAVIER
SIERRO, Departamento de Paleontologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
nance of the Reticulofenestra haqii/R. minutula "group" over that of
the "small placoliths", an event which in turn was accompanied by the inversion of the dominance of Geminilithella jafarii
over G. rotula and of Coccolithus pelagicus over Dictyococcites an-
tarcticus which can also be used as references.
Furthermore it is shown that in the interval prior to the inversion in the dominance of the R. haqii/R. minutula "group" over the
small placoliths relatively warmer conditions than in the upper
level existed in the water masses. The disappearance and first
record of E. berggrenii, E. quinqueramus, together with that of
Amaurolithus und Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus seem to be mainly con-
trolled by bathymetric parameters.
With the joint use of calcareous nannoplankton and
planktonic foraminifera the Tortonian/Messinian boundary falls
slightly above the first record of Amaurolithus.
67
136
»
416«
415
Fig. 1: Geographical location of the DSDP Sites and of the sections studied.
1. Introduction
The study area is situated on the NW edge of the
Guadalquivir basin in the provinces of Huelva and
Sevilla, Spain (Fig. 1). Here the sedimentation during
the Neogene comprised an upper Tortonian - lower
Pliocene interval but in this paper we shall mainly refer
to the sections in which the Tortonian/Messinian boundary can be determined. The following sections were
chosen: Gibraleön, Cantillana, Beas - Trigueros, Arroyo Galapagar, Guillena and Carmona. The latter has
been included in view of the interest in presenting the
complete section defined as the stratotype of the Andalusian.
For the defined area the following papers issued after
the definition of the Andalusian stratotype by PERCONIG
(1966, revised in 1971) are referred to: MARTINI (1971),
BERGGREN & HAQ (1973), Bossio et al. (1977), BENSON
(1976), BERGGREN & VAN COUVERING (1975), CRESCENTI
et al. (1973), SIERRO (1985) and SIERRO et al. (1985).
2. Techniques and Methods
Following FLORES (1985) two kinds of analyses were
carried out with the light microscope using a magnification of 1,250. Observations were performed on slides
prepared with a constant volume of suspension and a
constant observation area.
The first step was to perform a routine scanning operation for the determination of the components of the
assemblage; at the same time approximations to the relative abundance were performed (Fig. 2); to do so, between 15,000 and 20,000 specimens (= nannoliths)
were handled. The aim of this was to obtain information
regarding those taxons whose recorded frequency was
situated between 0.01 % and 0.005 %. Groups of taxons or morphotypes with a representation greater than
0 . 1 - 0 . 5 % are considered to be dominant and were
quantified. The number of individuals (= nannoliths)
counted in each sample ranged between 200 and 600,
the number varying as a function of the minimum frequency of the elements considered. In the same way,
counts of the presumably "autochthonous asteroliths"
68
were performed, starting out from a number between
200 and 2,500 individuals.
The scanning electron microscope was only used to
obtain precise informations on the morphology of the
specimens and to determine their conservation status.
3. Etching and Overgrowth
Analyses were made of the preservation status of the
nannoliths, taking into account both the forms which
were considered to be easy to dissolve and those which
were believed to be resistant. An appreciative scale
was employed based essentially on the works of BUKRY
(1973), ROTH & THIERSTEIN (1972), ROTH (1973) and
BUKRY et al. (1973) as well as on observations by the
author (FLORES, 1985).
With the joint use of the data obtained from the
counts and conservation status, together with sedimentary characteristics taken from the column, our aim was
to obtain a scheme in which each of the samples would
be comparable in absolute terms, thus allowing us to
mark the pertinent differences and similarities for later
interpretations.
4. Resedimentation
In each of the samples studied a count was made of
the
"evidently
resedimented" individuals
whose
chronostratigraphic distribution did not coincide with the
age of the sediments in which they were found. To do
so, as a function of the regularity of appearance of
such individuals, between 200 and 2,500 nannoliths
were counted depending on their frequency of between
5 - 6 % and 0.04 %.
5. Taxonomic Notes
Our studies focus on the "Reticulofenestrids". Essentially, with these taxons the differentiation protocol
fOTAL
ABUNDANCE
RELATIVE
ABUNDANCE
I
©
30 ind./v.f.
20%
©
20 ind./v.f.
4%
©
10 ind./v.f.
1%
1
0.1%
CONSERVATION
Sand
** Good
*
Moderadly
good
°
Poor
+
Overgrowth
-
Etching
Calcarenite
Clay
©
©
steri1
0.001%
1 ind./10 v.f.
1 ind./20 v.f.
v. f. = visual
fields
Asteroliths
S
Sphenoliths
Q/r* Qem-ln-LJ.Ltke.J..J.a
§. /iotu-la\Q.
^ajta/ii.:
P
Ponto/iphae/ia
©
ino./v.f.
A
1250x
H
Helicoliths
C
Ca-lcLdi,Acu4
D
O-Lcty.ococc-lte.4
Cp
Cocco-iltfiu-i
Up
8.
an.ta/ictlcu-4
pe.J.ag-Lcusi
R
paeadoumbH-ica
large c o l l e r / s . s .
fi.h.Gqii/'R.
minutu.la'group
SP
Smal"
"
palcoliths
Others
Fig. 2: Legend for figures 3 to 15. Between 15,000 and 20,000 specimens of each sample were analyzed.
Neogene calcarenitic deposits, accompanied by
proposed by BACKMAN (1980) using biometric and morabundant organic fragments usually lie directly over
phological data (s.l.) was employed. Accordingly, it is
possible to distinguish between Dictyococcites and Re-Paleozoic layers. The second unit comprises mediumticulofenestra as a function of whether they possess a to fine-grained sand with occasional layers of silt and/or
clay, together with lenticular accumulations of molluscs.
closed or open central area. In turn, as a function of
Abruptly or progressively there is a change to clays
size and/or relative surface occupied by the collar of
which include greater portions of sandy material tothe central area (or having it open), the following were
differentiated: D. antarcticus more than 3 . 5 - 4 \im) and R. wards the top. A transgressive cycle is visible from the
ßseudoumbilica (more than 5 urn, including the mor- bottom to the first few metres of clays and is followed
photype „/?. gelida"), R. minutula and R. haqii (more than by a regressive cycle. The absolute abundance of nannoplankton together with the variations in the
3 . 5 - 5 urn, with the central area more or less open) and
planktonic/benthic foraminifera ratio (SIERRO, 1984) are
D. productus and R. minuta (less than 3.0-3.5 iim).
consistent with this interpretation.
Though often differentiation is possible, working with
the light microscope sometimes makes it difficult to disThe Beas - Trigueros section is more litoral than the
tinguish between two taxons; therefore all specimens
other sections due to its situation closer to the edge of
smaller than 3 - 3 . 5 ^ were labelled "small placoliths". R.
the basin.
haqii/R. minutula form another "group" with the name of
both taxons. This differentiation is essentially due to the
differences observed regarding the existing distribu7. Events Defined
tions, compared with those recorded in other taxons or
morphotypes. The fact that all the intermediate cases
with Calcareous Nannoplankton
are recognized, from completely open forms to those
The following events are considered for the Guadalpossessing a closed central area, and in all sizes, leads
quivir basin and nearby DSDP sites:
us to question their true biological identity as species.
For the moment we are unable to propose another solu- The start of a regular record of Eudiscoaster berggrenii.
tion. However, it is possible to infer that to a large ex- The first record of Amaurolithus.
tent such differences have something to do with enOthers, similar to those employed on other occavironmental variations.
sions in classic biozones by BUKRY (1973, 1975),
OKADA
& BUKRY
(1980), ROTH (1973), MAZZEI et al.
(1979), MAZZEI (1977) will be added to these.
6. General Lithological Sequence
8. Analysis of the Sections
The stratigraphical succession defined in the area is
generally uniform, though the overall scheme may vary
locally.
The first event defined with the calcareous nannoplankton seems to be visible in the basal sand unit of
69
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Fig. 3: Abundance, conservation and relative abundance of species in the Cantillana - Arroyo Trujillo section.
70
«p.
Fig. 4: Abundance of some taxons, morphotypes or groups of taxons, and "evidently resedimented" specimens in the Cantillana - Arroyo Trujillo section
(legend see Fig. 2).
the Cantillana section. E. quniqueramus appears before E.
berggrenii. The relatively low proportion of asteroliths and
their low diversity compared with the upper levels
throws doubt on the notion that the first true record is
found at that site. Studies by FLORES (1985) in DSDP
Site 135 (Core 3, Sections 1 and 2) and Site 415 (Core
2) show a clearly different assemblage of asteroliths
and irregular occurrences of the two species below
where one would expect to find them. We do not
exclude the possibility that the absence of the pen-
taradiated asteroliths E. berggrenii and E. quinqueramus
might be directly related to ecological reasons such as
relatively shallow water. G. jafarii does not appear in
similar proportions in the oceanic sites as in our outcrops.
Once the continuous presence of E. berggrenii and £
quinqeramus has been established and prior to the appearance of Amaurolithus an interval is found in which the
plankton shows the following characteristics: The dominance of the R. haqii/R. minutula group over the "small
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Fig. 5: Abundance, conservation and relative abundance of species in the Guillena section.
72
sp.
100
0
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Fig. 6: Abundance of some taxons, morphotypes or groups of taxons, and "evidently resedimented" specimens in the Guillena section (legend see Fig. 2).
placoliths" is outstanding until a point very close to the
place at approximately the same time as the events deupper limit. The relative abundances of G. jafarii and G. fined by SIERRO (1985) as 1 and 2 which correspond to
rotula, C. pelagicus and D. antarcticus are inverted from the
point referred to. The helicoliths start to decrease in ab1) the abrupt disappearance of group 1 of "Globorotalia
solute terms (Figs. 3 - 1 4 ) .
menardii" (sinistral)
This event prior to the first record of Amaurolithus took
and
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Fig. 7: Abundance, conservation and relative abundance of species in the Arroyo Galapagar section.
74
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Fig. 8: Abundance of some taxons, morphotypes or groups of taxons, and "evidently resedimented" specimens in the Arroyo Gaiapagar section
(legend see Fig. 2).
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Fig. 9: Abundance, conservation and relative abundance of species in the Beas-Trigueros section.
76
sp.
it
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Fig. 10: Abundance of some taxons, morphotypes or groups of (axons, and "evidently resedimented" specimens in the Beas-Trigueros section
(legend see Fig. 2).
2) the abrupt appearance of the second group of "G.
menardii" (dextral) (after an interval in which the
keeled Globorotalids are practically absent), respectively.
This horizon (synchronic and hence usable in the
area for biostratigraphic references) is seen at the sections of Cantillana - Arroyo Trujillo, Guillena, Beas Trigueros and Arroyo Galapagar. With respect to the
last section, where the base of the Andalusian is defined, it should be noted that E. berggrenii and E. quinqueramus have been found a few meters below the place
where MARTINI (1974) and BERGGREN & HAQ (1973) recorded their first appearance. BACKMAN (1978), in a
comparative study carried out on the sediments of the
Vera Basin and certain DSDP sites, reported a strong
increase in Dictyococcites minutus, a taxon which could
correspond to our "small placoliths".
Above the first Amaurolithus the assemblage is different
from a quantitative point of view. Between the appearance of A. primus and A. delicatus where their first record
appears at different levels, the replacement of the second group of "G. menardii" by that of Globorotalia miotumida
was observed. This limit coincides with that of the
biozones of Turborotalia humerosa and G. miotumida and of
the Tortonian/Messinian boundary according to the definition of D'ONOFRIO et al. (1975). These events, and
the limit they define, can be observed in the Gibraleön,
Beas - Trigueros, Guillena, Cantillana and Arroyo
Galapagar sections.
In the Beas - Trigueros section the inversion horizon
of the dominance of the R. haqii/R. minutula group over
that of the "small pacoliths" and the first record of
Amaurolithus, compared with events defined with
foraminifera are anomalous due to litorality. A princi77
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Fig. 12:
Abundance of some taxons,
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Fig. 15: Correlation of the sections based on the events defined with calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera.
pally ecological disappearance occurs in E. berggrenii and
E. quinqueramus towards the top of the sequence.
top of the Beas - Trigueros section and of the Carmona section is a result of the bathymetric changes
MARTINI (1971), BUKRY (1973) and MAZZEI et al.
and the sedimentation related (in the second case) to
(1979) used the disappearance of E. quinqeramus as a the next olistostrome (BENSON, 1976).
zonal boundary. In our studies of the Atlantic DSDP
Between the first record of Amaurolithus and the top of
sites 136, 118 and 416A we have been able to deterthe Carmona and Beas - Trigueros sections event 4
mine a systematic reduction in E. berggrenii and £ quin- and 5 of planktonic foraminifera are visible; these coinqueramus, before their complete disappearance. This has cide exactly with the change in coiling direction from
thrown serious doubt on whether the representatives of
sinistral to dextral of the Turborotalia acostaensis group and
these species recorded later are really resedimented
the first record of Globorotalia margaritae s.S., respectively.
(see e.g. MAZZEI et al. 1979, p. 380). For this reason
Regarding the previous data of the Carmona section
we have again not adopted the conventional biozones,
it should be noted that the establishment at the base of
but approximated the point at which the reduction of the what was called "caliza tosca" (calcarenites of the top
two species occurs. Their disappearance towards the
of the section) of the upper limit of the zone of D. quin82
queramus (or equivalents) by M A R T I N I (1971), B E R G G R E N
and H A Q (1976) and B o s s i o et a l . (1977) is questionable.
The distribution of T. rugosus also seems to be affected by the regressive process.
8.1.
Chronostratigraphy
In the sections studied, the Tortonian/Messinian
boundary, with respect to the data provided by the
foraminifera, comparing their variations with the definition in the stratotype, would be equivalent to event 3
( S I E R R O , 1984). Thus the boundary is slightly above the
first record of Amaurolithus.
8.2. Paleoecology
The abrupt variations taking place in the interval and
region studied seem to be mainly due to changes in the
temperature of the respective mass of water. In this
sense, the interval before the definitive dominance of
the "small placoliths" is considered by us to pertain to
relatively warmer climatic conditions. This agrees with
the data provided by the planktonic foraminifera and in
particular with respect to the Globorotaliids. In the
biozone of T. humerosa S I E R R O (1984) reported the
existence of a great abundance of G. cultrata (s.l.), G.
plesiotumida and G. merotumida, all characteristic of tropical
and subtropical waters. The gastropod fauna is also
characteristic of warmer waters ( G O N Z A L E Z D E L G A D O ,
personal communication).
Later, following the inversion of the proportions of the
taxons or groups of taxons referred to above, the
characteristic "Globorotaliids" (characteristic of tropical
or subtropical waters) cease being recorded (after
event 3). The small diachronism which m a y be observed between the variations in the nannoplankton
and the planktonic foraminifera can be explained by assuming that the reaction time of one and the other is
different in the face of the changing conditions.
The asteroliths, which have always been used as indicators of relatively higher temperatures w h e n they appear in greater proportions in the Guadalquivir Basin,
are not indicative, since their frequency a n d variations
(with the exception of very localized points, such as in
the
Gibraleön
section)
are more
controlled by
bathymetry. In nearby DSDP sites FLORES (1985) reports that this relationship is in fact satisfied.
The assemblage of nannoplankton examined is considered to pertain to clearly transitional waters with a
mixture of representatives of sets from low latitudes, t o gether with others which in high proportions are characteristic of higher latitudes, and also a clear predominance of the "Reticulofenestrids" over other forms.
References
BACKMAN, J.: Late Miocene - Early Pliocene nannofossil biochronology and biogeography in the Vera Basin, SE Spain.
- Act. Univ. Stockholmensis. Stockholm Contrib. Geol., 32/
2, 9 3 - 1 1 4 , Stockholm 1978.
BACKMAN, J.: Miocene-Pliocene nannofossils and sedimentation rates in the Hatton-Rockall Basin, NE Atlantic Ocean. Act. Univ. Stockholmensis. Stockholm Contrib. Geol., 36/1,
1 - 9 1 , Stockholm 1980.
BENSON, R. H.: Miocene deep-sea ostracodes of the Iberian
portal and Balearic Basin. - Marine Micropaleontology, 1/3,
249-262, Amsterdam 1976.
BERGGREN, W. A. & VAN
COUVERING,
J. A.:
The
terminal
Miocene event: Biochronology of the Andalusian and Messinian stages. - Proceed. VI. Congress on Mediterranean
Neogene Stratigraphy, 8 5 - 8 9 , Bratislava 1975.
BERGGREN, W. A. & HAQ, B. U.: The Andalusian stage (late
Miocene). Biostratigraphy, Biochronology and Palaeoecology. - Palaeogeol. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol., 20, 6 7 - 1 2 9 ,
Amsterdam 1976.
Bossio, A., GIANELLI, L., MAZZEI, R., SALVATORINI, G., EL-BIED
RAKICH, K. & Russo, A.: Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of some stratigraphic sections from western Andalusia (Spain) including the stratotype of the Andalusian
stage. - Resümenes de las comunicaciones, Seminario
sobre el Messiniense, Malaga 1977.
BUKRY, D.: Low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation. In: EDGAR, N. T., SAUNDERS, J. B. et al.: Initial Reports of the
Deep Sea Drilling Project, 14, 685-703, Washington (US
Government Printing Office) 1973.
BUKRY, D.: Coccolith and Siliocoflagellate stratigraphy, Northwestern Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 32. In: LARSON, R. L. MOBERLY, R. et al.: Initial Reports of the
Deep Sea Drilling Project, 32, 6 7 7 - 7 0 1 , Washington (US
Government Printing Office) 1975.
BUKRY, D., DINKELMAN, M. G. & KANEPS, A.: Biostratigraphy of
the Equatorial East Pacific Rise. - In: VAN ANDEL, T. H.,
HEATH, G. R. et al.: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project, 16, 915-935, Washington (US Government Printing
Office) 1973.
CRESCENTI, U., GIANELLI, L., MARTINEZ DIAZ, D. & SALVATORINI,
G.: Tentative di correlazione tra i piani Andalusiano e Messininano. - Atti Soc. Tose. Sei. Nat. Mem., ser A, 80,
1 7 - 3 9 , Pisa 1973.
D'ONOFRIO, S., GIANELLI, L., IACCARINO, S., MORLOTTI,
ROMEO, M., SALVATORINI, G., SAMPO, M. & SPROVIERI,
E.,
R.:
Planktonic foraminifera of the upper Miocene from some Italian sections and the problem of the lower boundary of the
Messinian. - Boll. Soc. Paleont. lt., 14, 177-196, Modena
1975.
FLORES, J. A.: Nanoplancton calcäreo en el Neögeno del
borde noroccidental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir (S.O. de
Espaha). - Tes. Doct. Univ. Salamanca, 1 - 7 1 4 (inedit.),
Abstract: Ed. Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca 1985.
FLORES, J. A. & SIERRO,
F. J.: Variations in the calcareous
plankton of the Tortonian-Messinian transition of the
Guadalquivir Basin (Spain), INA Newsletter, 7, 6 2 - 6 4 , Utrecht 1985.
MARTINI, E.: Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous
nannoplankton zonations. In: FARINACCI, A. (Ed. Tecnoscienza) II. Plankt. Conf. Proc. Roma, 739-785, Roma 1971.
MARTINI, E.: Calcareous nannoplankton from the type Andalusian and some other Neogene areas in Spain. - V. Congr.
Neog. Med. Lyon 1971, Mem. B.R.G.M., 78/1, 421-426,
Paris 1974.
MAZZEI, R.: Biostratigraphy of the Rio Mazzapiedi Castellania
(Type-section of the Tortonian) based on Calcareous nannoplankton. - Atti. Soc. Tose. Sei. Nat. Mem. A., 84,
1 5 - 2 4 , Pisa 1977.
The differences to the DSDP sites in which the d o minant "Reticulofenestrid" is R. pseudoumbilica, may be
due to pecularities of the hydrodynamics of the area, to
the paleogeography of the area, or perhaps to both factors.
Finally, we find the "status" of C. pelagicus as an indiMAZZEI, R., RAFFI, I., Rio, D., HAMILTON, N. & CITA, M. B.:
cator of relatively lower temperature when it occurs in
Calibration of late Neogene calcareous plankton with the
greater numbers is questionable. It is more c o m m o n in
paleomagnetic record of Site 397, and correlation with
the lower, warmer interval, than above, where D. antMoroccan and Mediterranean sections. - In: von RAD, U.,
RYAN, W. B. F. et al.: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
arcticus increases in the cooler interval.
83
Project, 47/1, 375-389, Washington (US Government Printing Office) 1979.
OKADA, H. & BUKRY, D.: Supplementary modification and introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation (BUKRY, 1973, 1975). - Marine Micropaleontology. 5/3. 321-325, Amsterdam 1980.
PERCONIG, E.: Sobre la posicion del nuevo termino estratigräfico "Andaluciense" para indicar la fase terminal del
Mioceno de facies marina. - Notas y Comunicaciones Inst.
Geol Min. Esp., 9 1 , 1 3 - 4 0 , Madrid 1966.
PERCONIG, E.: Mise au point du stratotype de l'Andalousien. V. Congr. Neog. Med. Lyon 1971, Mem B.R.G.M., 78/2,
663-673, Paris 1974.
ROTH, H. P.: Calcareous nannofossils - Leg 17 Deep Sea Drilling Project. - In: WINTERER, E. L., EWING, J. L. et al.: Initial
Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 17, 695-795,
Washington (US Government Printing Office) 1973.
ROTH, H. P. & THIERSTEIN, H.: Calcareous nannoplankton: leg
14 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. -
84
In: HAYES, D. E.,
PIMM, A. C. et al.: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project, 14, 421-485, Washington (US Government Printing
Office) 1972.
SIERRO, F. J.: Foraminiferos planctönicos y bioestratigrafia
del Mioceno superior-Plioceno del borde Occidental de la
Cuenca del Guadalquivir (S.O. de Espaha). - Tes. Doct.
Univ. Salamanca, 1-391 (inedit.), Abstract: Ed. Univ.
Salamanca, 1-34, 1984.
SIERRO, F. J.: The replacement of the "Globorotalia menardii"
group by the Globorotalia miotumida group: an aid to recognizing the Tortonian-Messinian boundary in the Mediterranean
and adjacent Atlantic. - Marine Micropaleontology, 9/6,
525-535, Amsterdam 1985.
SIERRO, F. J., FLORES, J. A.,
C M S , J. & GONZALEZ DELGADO,
J. A.: New criteria for the establishment of a correlation between the Andalusian and Messinian stages. - Abstracts
VIII. Cong. Reg. Comun. Med. Neog. Strat., 514-516,
Budapest 1985.