Massawippi

The Massawippi
Winter 2012
Lake Massawippi Water Protection Association Journal
AYER'S CLIFF ACTS!
MAYOR VAN ZUIDEN MOVES FORWARD, CALLING FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF RIPARIAN ZONE REGULATIONS. HE
ALSO ENTHUSIASTICALLY SUPPORTS THE TOMIFOBIA MASSAWIPPI WATERSHED-FILTER PROJECT.
impose the letter of the law.
On the other hand, he added,
“the lake question is essential
for Ayer's Cliff. We can't
unequally treat taxpayers,
where the work of some is
undermined by the
indifference or bad faith of
others.”
Ayer’s Cliff shorelines
A
yer's Cliff will become
the first lakeside
municipality to levy
fines on property owners who
continue to refuse to comply
with regulations pertaining to
the riparian zone. The tolerant
approach of the five Parc
regional Massawippi partners
made the law-respecting
citizens somewhat impatient.
Ayer's Cliff has taken control
of the situation. This is a big
win for activists - among them
Everblue Massawippi - who
have tried to raise awareness
and convince both elected
officials and lakeside
residents for almost five
years.
Since 2008
We should recall that
regulations pertaining to the
riparian zone have been in
place since 2008 in all five
municipalities bordering Lake
Massawippi, and it is
forbidden to cut all vegetation
within a five-metre band from
the high water mark. For the
past three summers, Everblue
Massawippi seasonal
employees have crisscrossed
the lake to distribute
information, measure
compliance, and explain rules.
Beyond the saying “no one
can ignore the law,” perhaps
more appropriately in this
case, we could say “very
clever the ones who have not
heard.”
Unable to get through to those
resisting the rules, Everblue
Massawippi officially
petitioned each municipality to
apply the fines the regulations
call for.
Interviewed in his office,
Mayor Van Zuiden told us that
normally he is not one to
LAKE LEVEL
PAGE 5
BILL C-45
PAGE 6
WATERSHED-FILTER
PAGE 7
Pressure from citizens
Alec Van Zuiden explained
that pressure from citizens
played a big role in increasing
his awareness of the issue.
“Since my election, besides
your organization, there are
many other citizens who have
not given up: meeting after
meeting I received questions
listened to, reinforced his
growing conviction. “I was
impressed by the
presentations and the
willingness of all these people
to come up with concrete
solutions. I like efficiency, the
concrete.”
Without a doubt, the mayor of
Ayer's Cliff exudes a natural
energy, and, from first glance,
is one to chomp at the bit to
get to the finish line.
Inexhaustible when on a
project, his dreams for his
village go from suitable lake
access to free Wi-Fi. Nothing
run-of-the-mill here. For the
mayor, anything is possible, it
is only a question of taking the
right action.
Taking the right action
Alec Van Zuiden
on this topic. I had to act, but
not alone: the whole council
had to act.”
The creation of the Table de
concertation sur la Tomifobia,
and the presentations he
As for the regulations, the
means were simple, but they
had to be applied: an
enlarged mandate for the
inspector, a nuanced
Continued on page 3:
Ayer ’s Cliff
[email protected] 819.238.4410 www.lacmassawippi.ca
1
On the Board
EverBlue Massawippi Members of the Board
The Board of Directors of Everblue Massawippi is always on the job. A new page
will be dedicated to the members in our newsletter. They have a lot to say…
hen I was offered the
position of VP
Communications and
Public Relations, I was told
the organization wanted to
make its position on various
issues better known, and
establish a constructive
relationship with different
environmental actors.
W
This intention to spread the
message and promote
collaboration has
materialized through our
newsletter, presentations to
the Lake Massawippi
watershed municipalities,
and work with other
environmental groups.
Currently, I represent
Everblue Massawippi on
the Comité consultatif en
environnement of the
Jacques Foisy
Spread the message
Memphrémagog MRC,
which plays an important
role in the protection of the
environment in our region.
As well, I was elected to the
board of the executive
committee of the Conseil
régional de l'environnement
de l'Estrie, which follows all
environmental concerns,
including water, and which
took an active role in the
controversy last autumn
when a mining project was
being considered in the
area.
Finally, the Conseil régional
assigned me the role of
representative at the
COGESAF, the organization
assigned by the
government to draw up and
manage the Plan directeur
de l'eau de la rivière SaintFrançois (the Massawippi
watershed being considered
a sub-basin of the SaintFrançois).
There are many
environmental actors today,
and Everblue Massawippi
is often the organization
that can most effectively
bridge them in order to
better work towards
common goals. This is true
for the mandate that I was
given and for most of the
actions and projects
undertaken by Everblue
Massawippi.
I
am proud to be part of the team of
volunteers and a member of Everblue
Massawippi's board. Our newsletter
outlines clearly the range of marvellous
projects we have undertaken to maintain the
health of our lake. My role is as director of
the member-recruitment committee.
In 2011 we achieved, and even surpassed,
the magic 500-member level, and this year
we are targeting 580.
It is a technical and difficult task - each year
Josette Gauvin we have to start from scratch. Yet, it is the
members that guide our actions.
Membership
I
Your support as members
is crucial if we are to have weight when
dealing with the different levels of government. Strength lies in
numbers, but a participating membership is vital, too. We count
on your continued support. Please make your membership
cheque out to Everblue Massawippi, CP 2703, North Hatley,
QC, J0B 2C0. Thank you!
Massawippi is not only about protecting water quality,
Everblue
although the issue is key. We are also concerned about
conserving and improving the beauty of the land surrounding
the lake. In order to do this, we have to consult, so we began a
series of informal meetings to gather feedback from the greatest
number of people. We not only want to get the pulse of folks who
folks who use the lake, but also hear from
Yves Gérin of
those who live in the region. Dozens of small
Front lines
associations exist: from lakeside and bay
residents; to campers, fishers, and boaters. We
will strive to bring them all together to make this
project one they can be proud of. If the federal
government indicates that it is ready to leave
lake management in the hands of the province,
the province will probably like to transfer more
powers to local and regional municipalities. We
must be on the front lines to meet the challenge
and take the future of our beautiful environment
in our own hands.
EverBlue Massawippi wishes to
express its gratitude to Hatley Nature
and Blanchard Litho for their
generosity in financing the printing of
the Journal
2
[email protected] 819.238.4410 www.lacmassawippi.ca
of cyanobacteria (blueaccumulation.
green algae) in our lake
during the summer season. But, since mid-October, we
have seen an increase in
We have been able to count the proliferation of these
on the support of volunteers algae, as shown in a photo
(the lake guardians) to
from Ripplecove Bay (page
make frequent visual
4). On some days, the
inspections and report
concentrations were very
bloom sightings using a
high. Representatives from
guide prepared by the
the Ministry took samples
ministry. Photos and
and are currently analyzing
samples are taken and sent them.
Louise Roux
to the ministry in order to
Lake Guardians
verify if toxins are present. In the meantime, we assure
you that your association is
verblue Massawippi
No
significant
blooms
were
on the lookout - alerting
teamed up with the
reported
this
summer,
given
authorities
with every bloom
COGESAF and the
that
low
rain
levels
and
low
and
increasing
pressure.
Ministry of Environment in
lake
levels
led
to
poor
We'll
keep
you
informed
as
order to track the presence
conditions for phosphate
the matter develops.
E
M
y work with
Everblue
Massawippi
began in the spring of
2012. With a varied work
experience including
business management,
education, and sociology,
I was convinced I could
contribute to the mission
of Everblue Massawippi.
To be a member of this
highly dynamic team is a
stimulating and
challenging experience.
My goal is to help where
needed. With this in
mind, I bring my
enthusiasm to the editing
of the texts for our
newsletter.
I have also started
working on the
development of a park
owned by Everblue
Massawippi with the view
of turning it into a site for
learning and raising
awareness about the
protection of lake shores
and the environment.
This undertaking is still in
Paule Obermeir
Raising awareness
its early stages and will be
a long-term project.
MARCHÉ GUY PATRY INC.
1185 rue Main, Ayer ’s Cliff / 819.838.4949
Season’ s Greetings
Continued : Ayer’s Cliff
approach with lakeside
residents, preparing
agreements, and, as a final
option, fines. “We've given our
citizens the necessary tools so
they can conform to regulations.
We are flexible when we see a
collaborative spirit, but in the
end, it has to work; it's not
complicated – no more
violations will be tolerated.”
Most violators have relented
since realizing that the
municipality was serious.
Several agreements for work
have been signed (planting of
shrubs) within a respectable
time-frame. And for the few
stubborn violators remaining,
warrants have been entrusted
to the municipal prosecutor.
Asked about his other
environmental concerns, the
mayor immediately mentioned
municipal ditches. “We don't
have many, as our municipality
is primarily urban, and smaller
than the others. But I believe in
that project. Not only will we
collaborate, but we will also
promote responsible action in
neighboring municipalities.” All
in all, quite promising for the
Tomifobia Massawippi
Watershed-Filter Project.
This journal is
distributed 3 times a
year, free of
charge,to 6000
residents within the
Lake Massawippi
watershed
3
How Do We Measure the
Health of Lake
Massawippi?
November 18th, 2012, Ripplecove Bay
photo Hubert Lavigne
The high number and severity of cyanobacteria blooms
that occurred this fall worried many. What is
happening? Nothing new. No more or less worrisome,
but serious nonetheless. Michel Clairoux explains the
science behind our evaluation of the lake's health.
The aging of a lake is a gradual process that evolves slowly
over a long period of time. This process consists of an
enrichment of the nutritional substances that stimulate the
growth of microscopic algae in the water and aquatic plants
in the littoral. Phosphates are the major cause of this
growth.
Aging of a lake can be sped up by the influx of nutrients
associated with human activity: waste water, fertilizers and
erosion.
The trophic state of a lake is evaluated by charting
phosphate concentration, chlorophyll concentration
(indicator of a high level of algae), as well as transparency
(measured by using a Secchi disk). Results indicate that the
concentration of chlorophyll rises proportionately to that of
phosphates, and that the transparency of the water
diminishes following a higher production of algae.
We can then get values that rank a lake as being weak in
phosphates (ultra-oligotrophic) to one that is very strong
(hypertrophic) . Although it is a continuous process, the use
of these measures allows for the definition of classes of
trophic states (ultra-oligotrophic, oligotrophic, mesotrophic,
eutrophic and hypertrophic) and the transition zones (oligomesotrophic and meso-eutrophic). Our lake was ranked
oligo-mesotrophic in 2009.
Some signs must be heeded, such as the presence of bluegreen algae over the past several years, and the high
number of aquatic plants on the littoral of the lake. And
other factors require consideration: the waters of Lake
Massawippi are alkaline with a high concentration of
calcium, thus an ideal place for the development of zebra
mussels; the lake's watershed is very large with a high
concentration of agricultural activity (erosion is likely enemy
number one for the lake); and the Tomifobia River remains
the main source of nutritive elements (phosphates and
sediment).
Everblue Massawippi, in collaboration with the
Memphrémagog MRC and the Quebec Ministry of the
Environment, tests the lake and its tributaries (rivers and
creeks) several times each year. It is the only way to follow
the evolution of the lake's health. But it is only a diagnosis.
For remedies, we need to look much further and consider
numerous solutions, from small individual actions to more
exacting social choices.
4
The mayor of Hatley, Jacques De
Léséleuc, announced his resignation,
though as of press time official
procedures had not yet begun. The
process to replace the mayor until the
official November 2013 elections should
start in the coming weeks. This is an
item to follow for those who would like to
see more environment-sensitive
municipal officials in office.
The Memphrémagog MRC announced a
$35,000 grant for the Parc régional
Massawippi to hire a development
agent. Everblue Massawippi sincerely
hopes the PRM will emphasize the water
management aspect of its mission when
drawing up the position's mandate and
selecting its candidate.
Lake Massawippi Conservation Club
continues its work. As of October, nearly
6,000 new brown trout now call the lake
home thanks to the efforts of CCM
volunteers. Over 1,500 rainbow trout
took the same road last spring.
Ste-Catherine-de-Hatley completed its
inventory of shores. Educational efforts,
by way of letters sent to lakeside
residents, will continue, ensuring further
improvements. The project will continue
next summer, and, as with its neighbor
Ayer's Cliff, we are optimistic SteCatherine-de-Hatley will eventually reach
its ultimate goal.
The third meeting of the Table de
concertation sur la Tomifobia was held
in Ayer's Cliff on November 27. The
interim report on the watershed-filter
project was unanimously endorsed and
continuation of the project next year
appears assured.
LAKE LEVEL: No Miracles!
maximum: Black
minimum: Pink
average : Blue Green
2012 : Red
The Everblue Massawippi team wanted to learn more, and two delegates - Jacques Bernier and
Jacques Foisy - went to the source.
ear one of the new dam was historical. The lake
was maintained at its minimum level from spring
to fall. As a result, several bays remained
inaccessible for long periods of time, and many boaters,
as well as lakeside residents (especially in Bacon's
Bay), experienced major inconveniences. Everblue
Massawippi's team wanted to learn more, so two
delegates - Jacques Bernier and Jacques Foisy - went
to the source.
We should recall that management of the dam was
granted to Léonard Castagner, engineer and general
manager of the village of North Hatley. He bases his
decisions on guidelines established by the Management
Committee1 of the Massawippi Dam:
Y
remained between the median and minimum until June.
This is acceptable. In June, water was allowed to flow
out a little too rapidly. A heavy rain returned the lake to
its median level by the end of the month.
2. From early July on, however, the lake level dropped
and remained low…very low, due to a lack of rain.
August was particularly dry and the lake was at its
lowest level in 41 years.
3. On September 4th, 116 mm of rain (as measured at
the Coaticook weather station) only temporarily raised
levels enough to allow boats to float normally in a few
bays.
4. This fall, the lake reached a new historic low…even
with Hurricane Sandy, it almost never rained.
1. The first requirement of the Ministère de la Faune is
imperative. The flow of water through the dam must be
maintained at 2 cubic meter per second in order to
protect spawning areas of the Massawippi River.
2. During lake trout spawning, around mid-October, the
lake elevation should remain between 160.5 m and
160.7 m, and cannot be lowered for a minimum period
of several weeks.
3. Some members of the committee wanted to see the
future average lake level around 160.2 m in order to
take advantage of sand beaches, but the committee
ruled by majority (including the Everblue Massawippi
representative) that the desirable average elevation, in
the interest of all users, be set at 160.5 m.
What should our experience this summer teach us
about managing the dam?
Where are we today? What happened to our lake
this summer?
An examination of the daily data
(http://www.lacmassawippi.ca/en/node/45) leads to the
following conclusions:
1. After the rain and thaw in March, the lake level
Maintaining the level between 160.7 m and 160.5 m
between May and October is ideal, as it addresses two
concerns: permit circulation and allow access to
shorelines on the one hand, and protect shorelines from
damage caused by heavy downpours on the other.
Léonard Castagner readily admits that these objectives
were not met this summer. Once the first obligation
satisfied (minimum water flow into the Massawippi
River), the exceptional weather conditions did not allow
for maintenance of adequate water levels in the lake.
We should not expect miracles in the face of extreme
weather conditions, whether drought or heavy rains. We
can, however, use the experience to manage the dam
with greater care in the future, keeping a keener eye on
day-to-day changes. And despite these efforts, we will
continue to be at the mercy of mother nature's
vicissitudes, who, in the end, is the real manager of the
lake.
1. The committee met twice: on August 8, 2011, and June 19, 2012.
Ann Stafford
Chartered Broker
1041 Main, Ayer’s Cliff
[email protected]
819.838.4678
Season ’s Greetings to the residents of the Lake Massawippi area
5
For ten years now snow geese have been abandoning the
sandbars of the St. Lawrence River. Attracted by nearby
corn crops and by its watershed, several thousand now
make Lake Massawippi a stop on their fall migration route.
For about fifteen days each November, clouds of snow
geese crisscross the west end of the lake as they recharge
before continuing on their voyage. Passersby are compelled
to stop to take in the impressive spectacle, and the shores of
the Plage des Pères and Camping Massawippi fill with
photographers. Although their increasing number could
become worrisome, there is no substitute for the sense of
freedom and beauty evoked by the sight of thousands of
these elegant birds flying under the autumn sun.
The Return of the Snow Geese: A Spectacle Not to Miss
In collaboration with Caroline Girard
The snow goose population increased from 3000 to more than
800,000 between the start and the end of the last century. Some
studies indicate that, since the eighties, expansion of the
permitted hunt, both in Canada and the US, has stemmed their
population growth. Sources: Faune et flore du pays,
http://www.hww.ca/en/species/birds/greater-snow-goose.html,
Environnement Canada, Service de la Faune
Did you know that the snow goose :
Is unique to North America and Greenland
Flies more than 4000 km between its summer and
winter homes
Can fly more than 1000 km at a stretch
Can walk 30 km soon after hatching
Takes a mate… for life!
Can maintain a 55 km/h flight speed, but can reach
95 km/h
Lives between 6 and 16 years
Massawippi Removed from Navigable Waters
Bill C-45, the omnibus budget
bill presented by the federal
government in October, stirred
waters in Quebec. And with
reason. The government
decided to limit the jurisdiction
of one of the oldest pieces of
environmental legislation in
Canada (created in 1882).
First, the name is changed: the
Navigable Waters Protection
Act becomes the Navigation
Protection Act. A worrying
development in the very name
of the law. In one foul swoop,
and almost surreptitiously,
thousands of rivers and lakes
in Canada once covered by the
law are no longer. A quick look
at Annex 2 of the law highlights
the extent of the change. In
Quebec, only four lakes are
now covered by the law,
including Lake
Memphrémagog. All
waterways not mentioned in
6
Annex 2 are no longer
protected by the federal law.
Good or Bad News?
government is abandoning its
jurisdiction over thousands of
lakes in Quebec. This is not
Too early to tell
the case, at least not yet.
The only protection we have
Is this a good or bad thing for lost, for the moment, deals
Lake Massawippi? In principle, solely with the construction of
it looks like bad news, but in
permanent structures in
reality, it is too early to tell.
waterways. Federal law
The problem of federal
requires permits in certain
jurisdiction over lakes remains cases.
the same. If the changes
brought were only a precursor Does this mean that if
to the complete abandonment someone wants to build a
of lake management by the
permanent cement dock in the
federal government (except for water across from your
those in Annex 2), this could be residence, they have the right
seen as excellent news. But
to do so? No, of course not.
this is not the case: the
The Quebec law on
Canada Shipping Act and its
environmental quality and
regulations regarding the use certain municipal regulations
of buildings still has jurisdiction remain in place, and those
in our bays.
regulations (in the absence of
Discussions concerning this bill federal jurisdiction) are valid.
are ongoing and too often
In other words, you are in a
journalists lead us to believe
better position now than if
(falsely) that the federal
Ottawa accorded a permit that
a provincial or municipal
organization could not revoke.
Puzzle
No need to panic, then. But
lake management, already a
complex issue, becomes a
puzzle rife with gray areas.
The federal government still
manages boats, speed, and
events; The province
manages the littoral, water
quality, blue-green algae, and
the over-all quality of the
environment; Municipalities
manage shores, noise, and
other nuisances. The new
status of the majority of
Quebec's lakes will bring,
without a doubt, judicial
challenges.
Conservative politicians claim
they want to simplify things. If
so, they should clarify their
views and abandon lake
management altogether.
[email protected] 819.238.4410 www.lacmassawippi.ca
1500 Acres for «Watershed-Filter»
Jocelyn and Patricia Girard, from the Guylin Farm,
embrace the Tomifobia Massawippi Watershed-Filter
Fifteen hundred acres of farmland around
the summit of the 143 is pretty impressive.
In this bucolic countryside - worth its
scenery in gold for those looking to build a
country home - the farm of Jocelyn and
Patricia Girard offers never-ending views
of the Eastern Townships.
The farm was one of the first sites visited
by Patrick Désislets in the context of the
Watershed-Filter Project. Rather hesitant
at the outset, Jocelyn Girard quickly came
around to Patrick's approach: “When it
comes to the environment, we're always
ready for the worst: someone shows up
without warning, criticizes our way of
Situated between Burrough's Falls and
doing things, and then leaves. For those
Massawippi, the Girard family property is people, solutions aren't what matters; it's
part of the immediate Lake Massawippi
the criticizing that does.”
watershed. And for this family, farming is And yet, Jocelyn Girard is an open
an all-out passion. A couple of hundred
person. His goal is self-sufficiency. A
dairy cows, large acreages in crops and a procession of machinery is lined up
hobby sugar bush - Jocelyn Girard is more outside his buildings, ready to harvest at a
than busy on a huge property where, he
moment's notice. No outsourcing here. At
says, he has not admired the countryside the Guylin Farm, they are equipped to do
in a very long time.
the job when the job is necessary.
Profitability and time constraints
Without a doubt, with such a huge area to
cover, problems are numerous.
Profitability comes into conflict with time
constraints. “We have very little time.
Never-ending dealings with ministries
followed by application after application:
we would frequently quickly give up and
push off the problem. I've tried for years
to deal with the problem of the ditch on the
143 that causes erosion in my fields. At
the Ministry of Transport I'm totally
ignored, and not included in their plans. If
Patrick is able to succeed, it will be a
miracle.”
Bring solutions
Ferme Guylin
The Girards don't have a lot of time to
read up or attend conferences, but are
Patrick spoke to him about riparian zones, always willing to discuss practicalities in
picketing and cover crops. “For the first
the field. This approach attracts them to
time, someone brought me simple, cheap the project. As long as it is interesting and
solutions. Why not? I started right away, realistic, they are ready to listen.
without hesitation. I discussed with him
problems that I couldn't solve myself.
Next Spring, the Girards will start
Patrick suggested the necessary steps to experimenting with ground cover crops in
take. We finally were able to work with
their fields. This example from a flagship
somebody who works for us, not against
local farm is likely worth more than a
us. How could we not listen?”
dozen information sessions in helping
change mentalities in the watershed.
WATERSHED-FILTER PROJECT OVERVIEW:
PROJECT STATUS, PHASE 1 : Day 148 of 239
Phase 1 began June 11, 2012 and will finish May 31, 2013, with a
106 day break during winter.
Identification of the Riparian Zone : phase 1 goal : 85%, to date, 75%
Ditch Maintenance :
phase 1 goal : 30 %, to date,15 %
Cover Crops :
phase 1 goal : 10%, to date, 10%
Hydro-Agricultural Projects :
phase 1 goal 6: to date : 1, underway : 3
?
320 km of roads checked for compliance
and calculated, thanks to the Quantum
GIS program (with photos)
?
34,000 m of waterways and ditches
walked and staked out with GPS
?
40,000 ha covered
?
57 agricultural producers met
?
Presentations to three ministries
?
Direct work with three municipalities
?
1630 hours worked in the watershed
?
Investment to date: $89,000
7
Massawippi: A Colorful, Legendary Hamlet
assawippi is a lake, a river, and also
Mone
of the oldest hamlets of the
region. Located at the intersection
of routes 208 and 143, Massawippi
earned its name; offering some of the
most spectacular views of the lake.
expressed it well: “through the confirmed
influence of strong drink, many of the
early settlers sunk to the most abject
poverty…”
development ended there. Hatley
village archives show that the population
never surpassed 200. There is little left
today of the economic activity seen in
the 19th century.
« North Hatley can be hardly called a
village »
In addition to the undeniable splendor of
the countryside, both on the 208 and the
It was between 1840 and 1890 that
143, must-sees are the neo-classical
Legend has it that the first route to
Massawippi would know its glory years. church (1861), its cemetery, and, in a
Massawippi was opened in 1800 by the In his text of 1874, in which he declared country décor fit for another age, the
mythic Stephen Burroughs (Connecticut, that “North Hatley can hardly be called a town hall and school across the street.
1766 - Trois Rivières, 1840). A notorious village”, Hubbard reported that
One should also stop to take in the mill,
fraudster and counterfeiter; frequent
Massawippi had 175 residents, a
immediately on your left on 143 as you
prisoner and escapee in both the US
church, a tavern, two stores, a tannery,
leave the 208. Built on a cliff face on the
and Canada, he arrived in the area in
two mills, a post office, two furniture
Brooks creek, the stone tower
1798. Burroughs repented his ways
makers, two blacksmiths, a dressmaker, resembles a cathedral and is a
after his escape in 1806 and gave his
a grocery store, a cobbler and forty
testament to the incredible savoir-faire of
name to the famous falls on the Niger
houses.
the first settlers.
(called the Negro at the time, according
to some authors).
Evidence suggests that the village's
Sources :
J Little, American Sinner, Canadian Saint, the
further adventures of the Notorious Stephen
Burroughs, Journal of the Early Republic, vo27,
no 2, Summer 2007
Before long, a road following the east
side of the lake was extended northward
from the falls. Circa 1810, Appleton
Plumley (Bristol, Vermont, 1783-1859,
buried in the Massawippi cemetery) built
a sawmill on Brooks creek. A flour mill
soon followed. Despite this
infrastructure, the village's prosperity
remained modest. Legend tells of the
appearance of several stills which led to
the demise of a number of pioneers.
The author Benjamin Hubbard
The Journal Team :
Michel Clairoux, Jacques Foisy, Jacques A Bernier, Louise Roux,
Josette Gauvin, Yves Gérin, Paule Obermeir, Caroline Girard, Helmut
Obermeir, Louise Gérin-Duffy. William Hogg (translation) and
Michèle Gérin (texts and photos)
Paul Bourassa, Érudit, « Héros et malfaiteur»
http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/7610ac
Benjamin Hubbard, The History of Stanstead
County, Forests and Clearings, www.ourroots.ca
Matthew Farfan, Massawippi Village, Townships
Heritage Web magazine, townshipsheritage.com
BD 2012-2013
Michel Clairoux, president, Jacques Bernier, vp, management, Jacques
Foisy, vp public relations, Louise Roux, treasurer, Yves Gérin, secretary, Paule
Obermeir, Josette Gauvin, Roberto Toffoli, Jean-Marie Lefebvre, Thomas Pick
Season’s Greetings
Thank you for your support.
8
[email protected] 819.238.4410 www.lacmassawippi.ca
Printed on 100% recycled paper
The legendary Stephen Burroughs