Presentation slides - IPNI

BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Chris Donough
IPNI Southeast Asia
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
Profitable, Eco‐efficient
Oil Palm
Kg ha‐1 / USD ha‐1
USD ton‐1
5000
500
Production (kg/ha)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Gross margin (USD/ha)
600
Cost of production (USD/t)
6000
400
300
200
100
0
Oil palm
Soybeans
Zimmer et al (2009)
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Rapid expansion in planted area – driven by SE Asia
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Oil palm BMPs
• 1 century of commercial cultivation
• Decades of field experimentation 
summarized in good books • Visit http://www.ipni.net/publications
to browse or download catalogue
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Yield increase at commercial scale with better practices 6.00
CPO t ha‐1
1991  5.4 t/ha
Davidson (1991)
+8%
5.00
+9%
+84%
4.00
E kam
Intro
3.00
2.00
1.3 t/ha
1.00
Water
Mgt
+92%
Complete
NPKMg
Tenera
↑
Dura+
Polybag
nursery
Mill
Eff+
+ Fert
+ Breed
+ Agron
+ Mill
0.00
1951
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Stagnant yield – since 1990s
Oil Palm Yield 1961-2012
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Sub‐optimal BMPs  Yield Gaps
100
YIELD
GAP
80
60
YIELD
GAP
SiteYield
Potential
Attainable
Yield
40
ActualYield
20
Mature phase BMPs
Establishment & Immature phase BMPs
0
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
Planting material, soil & climate limits
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Better BMP implementation
Better Yield: Indonesia 35.0
30.0
FFB t ha‐1
+5%
BMP
REF
+10%
+24%
25.0
+25%
+10%
+22%
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 5
Site 6
Donough et al (2011)
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Oil palm needs fertilizers
• High fruit bunch (FFB) yield 
removes nutrients from fields
• Nutrients needed for palm growth
• Low soil fertility  insufficient to meet crop demand
• Recycling of nutrients (post‐mill)
 insufficient for all cropped areas
 insufficient for all crop needs
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Nutrient BMPs based on 4R principles
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Nutrient content in tenera FFB Kg ton‐1
6.0
5.0
N
K
P
Mg
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
‐
Kalimantan
Donough et al
(2014)
Johore
Tarmizi & Tayeb
(2006)
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
Sumatra
Prabowo et al
(2006)
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Field trials:
Yield response to fertilizers Malaya: Commercial cultivation since 1911
Many field trials since post‐WW2, many results presented
• Example:
FFB Yield (t ha‐1) Tarmizi et al (1992)
Soil type Control
Maximum Response
Inceptisol 18 – 34
24 – 36
1– 9%
Ultisol
9 – 28
26 – 37
5 – 24 %
Oxisol
12 – 26
28 – 35
2 – 23 %
•
•
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Field trials:
Yield response to fertilizers •
•
•
•
•
Sabah: Commercial cultivation started 1958
Less field trials, fewer results reported
Jabatan Pertanian Sabah – Betty Kwan Sawit Kinabalu – Boris & Hoong
FELDA – Foong et al
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Weakness in info base
70000
70000
Number of hits from 60000Google scholar search Number of hits from for “Fertilizer trial” Google 50000
scholar for each crop search for 60000
50000
40000
“Fertilizer trial” for 40000
30000
30000
20000
20000
10000
10000
0
0
Rice
Wheat
Rice
Soy
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
Wheat
Soy
Oil palm
Oil palm
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Fertilizing margin narrowing 2,000
1,750
1,500
Fert cost (USD/ha)
FFB value (USD/ha)
Gross Margin
1,250
1,000
750
500
250
‐
1999
2008
2013
Adapted from Mutert (2001)
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Labour & logistics
Skilled labour in short supply •
•
over 200 million tons of fruit is collected each year by hand
almost all fertilizer applied by hand
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
“New Business Model”
• Learn from commercial data
• Not just trials
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Plantation Intelligence
Observe
Decide
Plantation Intelligence Process
Analyse
Evaluate
Cook et al (2014)
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE) • Kg Yield per Kg Fertilizer applied
• In commercial practice, ‘cost’ is a key issue
• Use FUE as performance indicator?
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
FUE  a new KPI
Apparent FUE  Actual Yield (kg) per kg fertilizer applied in last 3 years
Break‐even FUE  based on FFB price & cost of fertilizer applied
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Yield Taking & Yield Making BMPs in Mature Oil Palm
Canopy
management
Yield taking
Yield making
Crop recovery
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
Nutrient management
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
FFB Yield (t ha‐1)
SOIL A
SOIL B
34
30
B=0.004
B=0.005
B=0.018
B=0.019
22
2010
26
18
14
34
30
2011
26
22
18
14
34
B=0.013
30
B=0.010
2012
26
22
18
14
150 250
350
450
550
650
750
150 250
350
450
550
650
750
NPKMg added over this year and previous 2 yrs (kg/ha, weighted 25:50:25) Options from analysis
• Focus fertilizers  responsive soils
• Reduce yield expectation in poorer areas
• Manage labour  maximize benefits from fertilizer Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency
Thanks to Seminar Organizers
& Thank You All for Listening
Managing Oil Palms in the Sabah Interior Region
Seminar & Soil Tour, Keningau, 12‐14 August 2014
BMP and
Fertilizer
Use
Efficiency