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Einführung in die ökologische
Morphologie und Physiologie
der Tiere – SS 2015
Vorlesung 3
Comparative methods
White and Seymour 2005. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1611-1619
White and Seymour 2005. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1611-1619
• […] adaptation in a trait can be perceived
as a deviation from the basic sizedependent allometry pattern. […]
Wahrer Sachverhalt: H0
(Es gibt keinen
Unterschied)
Wahrer Sachverhalt: H1
(Es gibt einen Unterschied)
durch einen
statistischen Test
fällt eine
Entscheidung für:
H0
richtige Entscheidung
(Spezifität)
Wahrscheinlichkeit: 1-α
Fehler 2. Art
Wahrscheinlichkeit: β
durch einen
statistischen Test
fällt eine
Entscheidung für:
H1
Fehler 1. Art
Wahrscheinlichkeit: α
richtige Entscheidung
Wahrscheinlichkeit: 1-β (Power,
Sensitivität)
The Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 3015-3035
White and Seymour 2005. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1611-1619
fig. 10.3 in: Starck and Ricklefs 1998. Avian Growth and Development. OUP, New York
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
• (1) adaptation should not be casually inferred from
comparative data
• (2) the incorporation of phylogenetic information increases
both the quality and even the type of inference from
comparative data alone.
• (3) because all organisms are differentially related to each
other, taxa cannot be assumed to be independent of each
other for statistical purposes.
• (4) statistical analyses of comparative data must assume
some model of character evolution for effective inference.
• (5) taxa used in comparative analyses should be chosen in
regard to their phylogenetic affinities as well as the area of
functional investigation
• (6) even phylogenetically based comparisons are purely
correlational and inferences of causation drawn from them
can be enhanced by other approaches, including
experimental manipulations.
Garland et al. 2005. JEB 208: 3015-3035
Star phylogeny
fig. 5.1 in: Harvey and Pagel 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. OUP Oxford, UK
Implizite Annahmen über die
Eigenschaften von Daten in
vergleichenden Analysen
Garland et al. 2005. JEB 208: 3015-3035
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
Garland et al. 2005. JEB 208: 3015-3035
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
© Dolph Schluter and Thor Veen 2009-2014: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio501/R/
the real phylogeny
Harvey and Pagel 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. OUP Oxford, UK
Garland et al. 2005. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 3015-3035.
Harvey and Pagel 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. OUP Oxford, UK
Random walks of evolution
Garland et al. 2005. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 3015-3035.
White et al. 2009. EVOLUTION 63(10):2658-2667
PIC analysis
585 mammalian species
PIC analysis
585 mammalian species
Heat adaptation in birds
Body mass
Aridity index
Williams and Tieleman 2005. BioScience 55, 416-425.
Vergleichende Methoden
• Phylogenie muss genau bekannt sein
• Astlänge des Phylogramms muß bekannt
sein
• Klar definierte Hypothesen über die Modus
der Evolution (z.B. random walk)
• Wichtig! Auch phylogenetisch ignorante
Methoden haben implizite Annahmen über
Phlyogenie (z.B. Stern-Phylogenie)