file - Kawasan Bappenas

INTEGRITAS
Disampaikan pada Workshop Nasional
“Kupas Tuntas Kebijakan Asimetris di
Perbatasan Negara”, diselenggarakan oleh
Kementerian PPN/Bappenas
JAKARTA. 10 AGUSTUS 2016
PROFESIONAL
INOVATIF
PEDULI
“the universe is asymmetric”
– Louis Pasteur –
Asymmetric Human Body
Asymmetric Universe
Konsep Symmetry & Asymmetry
Symmetry: the level of conformity and commonality in the relations of
each separate political unit of the system to both the system as a whole
and to the other component units.
(Ronald L. Watts, Asymmetrical Decentralization: Functional or Dysfunctional,
“Indian Journal of Federal Studies”, No. 1/2004).
Asymmetric (Fiscal) Decentralization: different fiscal arrangements
between the central government and different groups of, or individual,
lower level governments, may be justified from an economic efficiency
perspective.
(Teresa Garcia- Milà and Therese J. McGuire, Fiscal Decentralization in Spain: An
Asymmetric Transition to Democracy, 2004).
Asymmetric Governance Worldwide
RUSIA (Jorge MartinezVasques, 2002)
JERMAN (Arthur Benz, 1999)
CANADA (Edelgard
Mahant, 2006)
INDIA (Govinda Rao and
Nirvikar Singh, 2004)
BELGIA (Wilfried
Swenden, 2002)
THAILAND (Kanokpan
Lao-Aray, 2002)
Great Britain
“… although there are some pressures for
further changes, a system of asymmetric
devolution appears to be the only
constitutional structure capable of
enjoying public support throughout Great
Britain”.
(John Curtice, A Stronger or Weaker Union? Public Reactions
to Asymmetric Devolution in the United Kingdom, in Publius:
The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 32 No. 3, 2006)
Macedonia
“… how a sustainable local development
might be achieved while different local
areas have different economic,
administrative, technical, personal
capacities and requirements. The answer
might be found in the model of asymmetric
decentralization …”.
(Aleksandra Maksimovska Veljanovski, The Model of the
Asymmetric Fiscal Decentralisation in the Theory and the Case
of Republic of Macedonia)
Kosovo
“The so-called asymmetrical
decentralization has been considered as a
key and a highly political issue for the
resolution of the final status of Kosovo
since the launching of the Kosovo’s final
status talks in early 2006”.
(Roland Gjoni. 2007, Decentralization as a Conflict
Transformation Tool: The Challenge in Kosovo, Paper
presented for the Institute of Federalism University of
Fribourg)
Japan
Degree of decentralization will be given based on 2 indicators:
population AND economic base (employment center).
3 category of Cities:
o Designated Cities: population of 500,000 or more.
o Core Cities or Chukaku-shi: population 300,000-500,000
and land areas of over 100 sq km.
o Special Case Cities or Tokurei-shi: population over 200,000.
Asymmetric Decentralization: the bigger the size of
population and the economic base of a city, the bigger
authority will be transferred by central govt.
Eg: Designated cities are authorized to administer the same
level of governmental jurisdiction as prefectures.
France
La Corse (Corsica) memperoleh desentralisasi yang
lebih luas dibanding 21 Region lainnya.
Dari latar sejarah, Corsica adalah wilayah mandiri
berbentuk republik. Pada masa pra-sejarah, Corsica
sempat dibawah kolonisasi Yunani kuno.
Selanjutnya, ketika Corsica diduduki Roma, Corsica
berubah menjadi provinsi dibawah Roma.
Setelah keruntuhan Roma, Corsica diperebutkan
oleh Republik Pisa dan Republik Genoa. Genoa
menguasai Corsica pada 1347-1729, sempat
diintervensi oleh Perancis pada tahun 1553,
kemudian muncul gerakan kemerdekaan, yang
akhirnya lahirlah Republik Corsica tahun 1755
dibawah Pasquale Paoli.
1764, Corsica dibeli secara rahasia oleh France dari
Republik Genoa. Dan setelah perang sipil 1768-69,
Corsica secara resmi menjadi bagian dari France
pada 1770.
China
2 special administrative regions: Hongkong &
Macau.
5 autonomous region: Guangxi, Inner Mongol,
Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Xizang (Tibet).
Tahun 1978 ditetapkan 4 kawasan ekonomi khusus,
yakni Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou & Xiamen.
Kebijakan ini diikuti pemberian otonomi sangat luas
kepada Guangdong & Fujian, misalnya untuk
menyetujui investasi bernilai lebih dari USD 30 juta.
Hingga 1984 telah ditetapkan 14 kota-kota pantai &
beberapa kota di pedalaman (sepanjang DAS Yangtze
& perbatasan dengan Russia) yg diberikan kewenangan
luas serupa dengan kawasan ekonomi khusus
(Montinola, Qian & Weingast, dalam Basuki, 2006).
Indonesia?
Done !!
Done !!
Done !!
Ongoing?
Conclusion (?)
Reviewing of literature on decentralization from many countries,
leads to the conclusion that asymmetrical decentralization is more
effective than symmetrical decentralization (James Katorobo, 2005).
Adopting a model of asymmetrical autonomy could open a process
of catch-up whereby regions with less demand parity with those
that have more devolved responsibilities and competencies
(Giordano and Roller, 2004: 2180, in Angustias Hombrado Martos,
2001).
The most important organizational expressions of the principle of
autonomy: from homogenous regionalism to asymmetric
regionalism (Giancarlo Rolla).
Asymmetric Policy sbg Inovasi
Asymmetric policy dan Inovasi memiliki karakter yang serupa, yakni
contextual, anti-mainstream, out-of-the-box, not business as usual !!
Asymmetric policy dan Inovasi sama-sama mempunyai tujuan
memecahkan masalah serta menawarkan kemanfaatan baru bagi
stakeholder internal maupun internal.
Salah satu teknik dalam Inovasi adalah Modifikasi. Esensi asymmetric
policy adalah modifikasi terhadap pola symmetry.
Jadi, asymmetric policy pada hakekatnya merupakan Inovasi sektor
publik.
Asymmetric Policy utk Perbatasan
Secara alamiah, daerah perbatasan memiliki Urusan Rumah Tangga
Material (materiele huishoudingen) yang membedakan dengan wilayah
non-perbatasan.
Daerah-daerah yang memiliki karakteristik spesifik (seperti Perbatasan)
semestinya tidak diberlakukan sistem Urusan Rumah Tangga Formil
(konkurensi urusan), seperti pada Lampiran UU No. 23/2014.
Asimmetric policy merupakan strategi politik dalam bentuk transfer
wewenang/kekuasaan, strategi ekonomi melalui perimbangan
keuangan & fiskal, serta strategi kultural untuk merealisasikan prinsip
diversity in unity atau unity in diversity.
Menerapkan kebijakan yang simetris antara wilayah perbatasan dengan
wilayah lain adalah sebuah kebijakan yang ahistoris dan anakronistik.
Inovasi sbg Asymmetric Policy di Perbatasan
Sekolah Tapal Batas
Masalah: ketiadaan sekolah untuk
anak2 TKI yang tinggal di kamp
perusahaan.
Diinisiasi oleh masyarakat, dan
memberi materi Calistung,
pengajaran agama, dan
keterampilan.
Sekolah Filial
Masalah: kondisi geografis yang
berat & kondisi infrastruktur yang
parah shg tidak bisa mengakses
sekolah di kecamatan.
Penguatan Asymmetric Policy di Perbatasan
Asimetrisme dalam pembentukan DOB (pengecualian syarat
teknis dan fisik, tipologisasi perangkat daerah);
Asimetrisme dalam kewenangan (pinjaman, kerjasama
perdagangan internasional, diskresi pemberian skala perijinan
investasi);
Asimetrisme dalam pengelolaan sumber daya (kelonggaran
formasi pegawai, keluasan hak atas retribusi dan sumber
pendapatan lain).
Referensi
Jorge Martinez-Vasques, 2002, Asymmetric
Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison, working paper
03-04, International Studies Program, Andrew Young
School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
M. Govinda Rao and Nirvikar Singh, 2004,
Asymmetric Federalism in India, working paper #048, Santa Cruz Center for International Economics,
University of California at Santa Cruz
Arthur Benz, 1999, From Unitary to Asymmetric
Federalism in Germany: Taking Stock after 50 Years,
in Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 29 No. 4.
Wilfried Swenden, 2002, Asymmetric Federalism
and Coalition-Making in Belgium, in Publius: The
Journal of Federalism, Vol. 32 No. 3.
Teresa Garcia- Milà and Therese J. McGuire, 2004,
Fiscal Decentralization in Spain: An Asymmetric
Transition to Democracy.
John Curtice, 2006, A Stronger or Weaker Union?
Public Reactions to Asymmetric Devolution in the
United Kingdom, in Publius: The Journal of
Federalism, Vol. 32 No. 3.
Roland Gjoni. 2007, Decentralization as a Conflict Transformation
Tool: The Challenge in Kosovo, Paper for the Institute of Federalism
University of Fribourg.
Aleksandra Maksimovska Veljanovski, The Model of the
Asymmetric Fiscal Decentralisation in the Theory and the Case of
Republic of Macedonia.
Edelgard Mahant, 2006, Reflections on Asymmetrical Federalism in
Canada, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Rennes.
James Katorobo, 2005, Decentralization and Local Autonomy for
Participatory Democracy, 6th Global Forum on Reinventing
Government Towards Participatory and Transparent Governance,
Seoul.
Kanokpan Lao-Aray, 2002, Effect of Decentralization Strategy on
Macroeconomic Stability in Thailand, working paper series #17,
Economics and Research Department, ADB.
Angustias Hombrado Martos, 2001, Rethinking Autonomy
Demands in Asymmetrically Devolved Countries, Paper presented
at the 60th PSA Annual Conference, Edinburgh.
Giancarlo Rolla, The Development of Asymmetric Regionalism and
the Principle of Autonomy in the New Constitutional Systems: A
Comparative Approach, University of Genoa, Italy.
INTEGRITAS
Disampaikan pada Workshop Nasional
“Kupas Tuntas Kebijakan Asimetris di
Perbatasan Negara”, diselenggarakan oleh
Kementerian PPN/Bappenas
JAKARTA. 10 AGUSTUS 2016
PROFESIONAL
INOVATIF
PEDULI