- Shared Value Initiative
Transcription
- Shared Value Initiative
CASE STUDY // VERIZON Investing in Innovation Verizon’s Approach to Incubating Shared Value Investing in Innovation Verizon’s Approach to Incubating Shared Value By Stacy Neal Senior Program Manager Shared Value Initiative About the Shared Value Initiative About FSG The Shared Value Initiative is a global community of leaders who find business opportunities in societal challenges. The Initiative connects practitioners in search of the most effective ways to implement shared value. Operated by FSG, with support from a network of strategic partners, the Initiative shapes this emerging field through peer to peer exchange, market intelligence, strategy & implementation support and shared value advocacy. Learn more and join the community at www.sharedvalue.org. FSG is a nonprofit consulting firm specializing in strategy, evaluation, and research. Our international teams work across all sectors by partnering with corporations, foundations, school systems, nonprofits, and governments in every region of the globe. Our goal is to help companies and organizations achieve greater social change. Working with many of the world’s leading corporations, nonprofit organizations, and charitable foundations, FSG has completed more than 400 consulting engagements around the world, produced dozens of research reports, published influential articles in Harvard Business Review and Stanford Social Innovation Review, and has been featured in The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Economist, Financial Times, Business Week, Fast Company, Forbes, and on NPR. Learn more at www.fsg.org. As the principal of Niemes Elementary School in Artesia, California, Meg Jimenez faced a familiar set of challenges each year. Located in a low-income pocket of Los Angeles County, Niemes Elementary hosts a traditionally underserved minority student population, many of whom speak English as a second language. Like many of their counterparts across the country, Niemes students had little access to technology at home and did not use it well in the classroom, and their performance on Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)-related subjects was average at best. Jimenez wanted to determine how to best “level the academic playing field” for her students, allowing them to gain a sincere interest in STEM subjects that would be reflected in their performance and lead to future success. She knew that the education landscape was changing—and that understanding and appropriately leveraging the school’s existing technology would be the key to success for Niemes students. Approached by Verizon in 2012, Jimenez agreed that Niemes Elementary would be a pilot site for the Verizon Innovative Learning Schools (VILS) program, which provides teachers with the tools necessary to unlock the potential of classroom technology. By partnering with the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), Verizon supported technology-specific teacher professional development and in-school coaches that enabled teachers and students to better leverage mobile devices as learning enhancements, ultimately improving student outcomes on STEM subjects. Niemes, like other VILS pilot schools, faced a common problem: while the school was lucky to already have access to devices like tablets and mobile phones, too often they were relegated to the back of the classroom, collecting dust, when teachers couldn’t find ways to make them directly relevant to students. With the VILS program, teachers received dedicated resources, including an on-site technology coach and continuous training and coaching, as well as digital content that enabled them to integrate their existing technology into the classroom. By adding skills and resources to devices and access, Verizon unlocked a new formula for student success. By 2014, the results were in: Niemes Elementary and the rest of the now-24 VILS sites had experienced a significant shift in student outcomes—for the better. In the first year, math test scores for VILS students at the six schools surveyed improved by an average of more than 4%, while their peers at nonVILS schools saw an average decrease of more than 4%. In the second year, math scores for VILS students at the seven schools surveyed increased by 6.97%, while peers at non-VILS schools improved by an average of 4.23%. More than one in three VILS students improved in academic achievement, four in ten exhibited more sophisticated projects, and 60% strengthened their technology skills. What’s more, 99% of the teachers surveyed in the program evaluation reported some positive effect on student behavior and attitudes. The message was clear: integrating technology into the classroom works 1 3 MORE THAN IN VILS STUDENTS IMPROVED IN ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT 60% STRENGTHENED THEIR TECHNOLOGY SKILLS 4 IN 10 EXHIBITED MORE SOPHISTICATED PROJECTS 99% OF THE TEACHERS SURVEYED IN THE PROGRAM EVALUATION REPORTED SOME POSITIVE EFFECT ON STUDENT BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES best when paired with focused professional development. The VILS pilot demonstrates that applying technology solutions to address social challenges can uncover new opportunities for the business to achieve greater social and business impact. Verizon’s strategy illuminates a unique path to shared value: by investing in innovation through deployment of its technology in underserved communities, Verizon has paved the way to a long-term shared value strategy for one of its main business lines. Shared Value is Shared Success Verizon’s road to shared value reflects a fundamental organizational commitment to linking innovation and growth with social outcomes. The company’s journey began in 2011, when a number of factors combined to create the right environment for a shift in purpose. As with many mature companies, Verizon had found itself in 2011 at an inflection point in which many of its markets had become saturated. For Verizon, the landline telecommunications business had reached its peak in the late 20th century and was in decline. As a response, the company began to build up offerings in internet connectivity, video, and mobile telecommunications—the latter of which has been the effective engine of Verizon’s growth for several years. When consumer mobile device acquisition and ownership reaches its peak, the business needs a source for the next wave of innovation and growth. “We’ve thought all along that our technology is a key component to solving many social problems,” said Rose Stuckey Kirk, Verizon’s Chief Corporate Responsibility Officer. At the same time, the company was undergoing a leadership transition, with Ivan Seidenberg, longtime CEO of Verizon and its predecessor companies, entering retirement. His successor, Lowell McAdam, had previously served as President and CEO of Verizon Wireless, overseeing the company’s primary growth engine in the new millennium. McAdam emphasized the need to create a “One Verizon” mentality, bridging the various business and functional units and aligning them around a core purpose. During the transition, Verizon executives began a broad conversation about the future of the business. Having built and maintained an enviable array of assets (namely, its nationwide wireless network, its wireline network, its cloud business and its global IP networks), the company sought to apply them in a way that creates value for the business and the communities that it serves. A third factor was a shift in the business and society landscape, which was well timed for Verizon executives considering a fundamental shift in purpose. In early 2011, Harvard Business Review published “Creating Shared Value” by Michael Porter and Mark Kramer. The shared value framework helped Verizon to consider its social and business goals in a more strategically linked way, and inspired the leadership to move the company’s CSR strategy from pure risk management to an opportunity to innovate within the business. Verizon’s leaders concluded that the best prospects for Verizon’s business were in the fields of education, health care, and energy management. As the company entered its new era of leadership, it embraced shared value at the core of its business with the Case Study | Investing in Innovations 4 notion that Verizon would pioneer technology products and solutions that provide “powerful answers” to pressing problems facing the community and society. The company then coined its own terminology and philosophy: Verizon “Shared Success.” The Process of Securing Buy-In Rose Stuckey Kirk became President of the Verizon Foundation during McAdam’s transition to CEO and now leads Verizon’s Office of Global Corporate Citizenship (which includes both the Foundation and the corporation’s Corporate Responsibility portfolio). See Figure 1 below. She has led the internal process to develop Verizon’s Shared Success strategy. Using the “Creating Shared Value” article as an instructive guidepost, she pushed internal leaders to consider the unique strengths behind Verizon’s core business lines, and how they could be activated to incubate solutions that achieve greater social impact. With a history of working with McAdam and a demonstrated track record within the wireless business, Kirk was fortunate to begin the process with a CEO who saw the potential of Verizon’s Office of Global Corporate Citizenship as a transformative force for the business—one that could be held to similar standards as the rest of the company, which is heavily focused on success metrics and a healthy P&L. FIGURE 1—VERIZON CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FRAMEWORK (FROM THE 2014 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY REPORT) OUR CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FRAMEWORK BENEFIT TO SOCIETY Solutions that improve people’s lives. SOCIAL IMPACT MODEL BENEFIT TO BUSINESS Leverage innovative technology to address societal challenges. Creates license to operate and freedom to enter new markets. TARGETED STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ACROSS ALL FOCUS AREAS HUMAN RIGHTS SUPPLY CHAIN SUSTAINABILITY/ ENVIRONMENT PRODUCT RESPONSIBILITY Address human rights risks associated with ICT products and services. Address supply chain risks that could negatively impact Verizon. Leverage stakeholder expectations with respect to environmental citizenship. Leverage stakeholder expectations with respect to product responsibility. Case Study | Investing in Innovations 5 2014 VERIZON CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY SUPPLEMENT 6 “ WE WANTED TO MOVE AWAY FROM BEING A GRANT-MAKING ORGANIZATION TO BECOMING AN INCUBATOR FOR SOLUTIONS THAT CAN ASSIST THE BUSINESS AS IT IS CONTEMPLATING ITS FUTURE STRATEGY. THAT HAS BEEN A VERY CONSCIOUS CHANGE. “ Even with a head start in executive vision and support, the process to create the Shared Success vision was not without obstacles. “We certainly had struggles,” Kirk recalls. “It was not as easy as saying, ‘here is a vision, now let’s execute it.’ There was a lot of back and forth with the executive office and board, and a lot of moments where I thought I had it, only to have the concept rejected.” What worked was a concentrated effort to identify the company’s core strengths and focus on the key social areas that were best aligned with them. By identifying strong opportunities in three social segments—education, health care, and energy—Kirk and her team were able to lead a process that built a coherent strategy to mobilize Verizon’s assets toward both business innovation and social impact. Ultimately, a deep-seated conviction that shared value represented a tremendous opportunity to incubate solutions that helped provide insight to the business and addressed challenges in underserved communities won the day. “I think the biggest factor was that I truly believed in what I was doing,” Kirk says. “I was willing to go the distance with the board to defend what I believed was right, and I was very passionate about that.” Plotting Points on the Continuum: From Philanthropy to CSR to Shared Value Alongside the enterprise-wide orientation around Shared Success, Verizon’s Office of Global Corporate Citizenship also underwent a shift in its focus and purpose. “Starting in 2011, the desire was for our philanthropy to be more strategic,” says Kirk. “We wanted to move away from being a grant-making organization to becoming an incubator for solutions that can assist the business as it is contemplating its future strategy. That has been a very conscious change.” Evolving from a traditional grant-making model into something more complex that enabled shared value creation was an exciting shift, but one that presented the need for a new way of thinking about corporate responsibility and philanthropy very unlike the models that most corporations employ. “In the past, our philanthropy was much more about reputation management,” remarks Kirk. “While that is obviously still an aspect of this work, it is no longer the sole benefit, and the outcome is not just about community relations. It is also about helping the business.” The goal of this strategy, therefore, would no longer be to enhance corporate image through one-time gifts to the community; rather, it would serve the larger purpose of deploying technology solutions to incubate innovative approaches that target social issues that might not otherwise be addressed by the business itself. It would also provide, for lack of a better term, R&D and market intelligence to the business in the form of outcomes and analysis. “We have to make sure that everything we do is very much grounded in the objectives of the business,” Kirk emphasizes. “Where is the business going, what is it solving for, what is the vision, who are the customers we want to impact, and therefore what is the role we can play to enable that?” Now that the Global Corporate Citizenship team has a proven track record, counterparts in the business units better understand the potential role it can play as an “incubation lab” for new opportunities and approaches, and how this will ultimately lead to the development of shared value solutions at scale. See Figure 2 below. Case Study | Investing in Innovations 6 “ “ IT WAS NOT AS EASY AS SAYING, ‘HERE IS A VISION, NOW LET’S EXECUTE IT.’ FIGURE 2—CONTINUUM OF ACTIVITIES: FROM CORPORATE PHILANTHROPY TO CSR TO CSV CORPORATE PHILANTHROPY CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY SHARED VALUE “Giving back” “Minimizing harm to society and the company” “Finding business opportunities in social problems” Business should be responsible Social problems can be solved by businesses to increase profits or strengthen differentiation Business must fulfill community obligations In addition to moving to a corporate funding model, another key shift in Verizon’s approach was a new strategy to find innovative partners who could execute key components of funded programs that were outside the scope and expertise of Verizon’s core competencies. This model of partnership puts Verizon in the role of actively developing programs alongside a subject matter expert, and targeting those programs specifically around the corporate goals and social needs. Within three years (2011-2014), Verizon had transformed from a traditional philanthropic model to a citizenship model that incubates shared value, partners with innovative experts, holds itself accountable to a rigorous internal measurement scorecard, resonates internally, and shares insights in a strategic, results-oriented way with the core business. This important shift has propelled Verizon on a clear journey toward a merged shared value approach between its citizenship work and its corporate operations, and has set the stage for Verizon’s full evolution into a shared value enterprise. Identifying the Problem in U.S. Education Verizon’s new strategy was first put to the test in the field of education—one of the three core social issues identified by the Verizon executive team in the Shared Success strategy. Understanding that technology plays a critical role in facilitating knowledge access, Verizon knew it could have an important role to play in developing solutions for the ongoing crisis in U.S. education. According to the World Economic Forum’s research, in international comparisons, U.S. students rank 23rd among nations in science, and 30th in math. For low-income students, the gap is even wider. Without these basic skills, graduates are unable to access STEM jobs, which the U.S. Department of Commerce indicates are growing at a pace at least double that of jobs in other fields—today, there are more than 3 million unfilled STEM jobs in the U.S., despite an ongoing unemployment crisis. Of course, disadvantaged students are most at risk for inadequate college and career preparedness. While this learning and skills gap is a social need for the U.S. writ large, this also hits close to home for Verizon. “There are concerns about a lack of STEM graduates to drive an innovation economy—those are also potential employees and customers for us,” Kirk says. Case Study | Investing in Innovations 7 Verizon Technology is fueling entrepreneurship in courses combining app development and business The first hurdle for many schools is getting students excited about STEM subjects—a universal challenge. In these fields, technology can be a particularly helpful aid to learning. However, a second hurdle, especially for schools in underserved markets, is accessing the technology, which can be expensive to purchase and difficult to maintain. Finally, study after study has illustrated that, even in classrooms where technology is provided, it is often poorly deployed, without context or appropriate teacher training, leading to its disuse and stagnating student outcomes. Verizon chose its education strategy based on the ability to leverage its core competencies—mobile devices and wireless technology—to address these central barriers and enhance student outcomes in the STEM field. Identifying the Solution: Making Technology Relevant to Educators and Students Verizon launched Verizon Innovative Learning Schools (VILS) as the cornerstone of its corporate citizenship education programming. VILS is the most established example to date of Verizon’s innovative approach to incubating shared value and radically rethinking the role of its various functional units in creating shared value. Seeing the increased trend of school districts using technology in the classroom—whether provided by school systems or encouraged through bring-your-own-device programs—Verizon wanted to learn more about how mobile technology could enhance student learning outcomes, specifically in STEM fields. Verizon had begun to explore this territory through a program called Thinkfinity, a comprehensive digital learning platform providing free content to educators to enhance STEM learning outcomes. As Case Study | Investing in Innovations 8 With slow-motion video, kids saw physics principles in action Verizon adopted the Shared Success mindset, it quickly realized that introducing a technology delivery component—particularly one that leveraged the reach and benefits of mobile devices—would likely strengthen impact and be more aligned with Verizon’s business lines. The new strategy faced initial challenges. Due to regulations in 2012, Verizon was unable to gift its technology directly to schools, limiting its ability to gauge the effectiveness of its specific products and services. However, given the promise of the educational technology market, Verizon sought a creative solution to this restriction that would still allow it to have measurable social impact and leverage findings for the benefit of the core business. To maximize both impact and actionable intelligence for the business, Verizon’s Office of Global Corporate Citizenship staff designed VILS to leverage partnerships that would provide the appropriate professional development to educators in schools already using mobile technology in order to help them better leverage the power of mobile technology independently and over the long term. Verizon could then assess the social impact that mobile technology—when used appropriately—could have, and use the related knowledge to inform product and service development for education markets on the business side. Verizon partnered with the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), a thought leader in educational technology, to implement a “train the trainer” program with inschool teachers. ISTE’s professional development training for educators included not just initial training on device use and deployment, but also continuous personal coaching and mentoring, active collaboration among Case Study | Investing in Innovations 9 teachers, and the placement of in-school technology coaches to reinforce best practices and serve as resources for problemsolving. As part of their commitment to the VILS program, schools were required to hire an on-site technology coach who would be dedicated to enhancing teachers’ technology skills and provide continuous options for support and improvement. These supports combined to make schools self-sufficient in their deployment of mobile technology, making the enhancement sustainable and effective over the long-term. Verizon chose its VILS pilot sites based on their needs, funding a total of 24 schools over the two-year pilot period. Within this sample, Verizon specifically targeted underserved populations, achieving significant diversity in demographics (46% Caucasian, 28% Hispanic, 22% African American, 4% other), location (46% urban, 29% suburban, 25% rural), and socio-economic status (69% of students engaged in VILS programs qualify for free/ reduced lunch programs). At Verizon Innovative Learning School in Vista, Calif., Karla Cruz and every student receives a tablet and 24/7 internet access. With a recent change in regulations, Verizon is able to gift its technology to non-profit partners who in turn select and give devices and data to schools, Verizon can now assess the viability and efficacy of its own products and services. This also enables the business to run the program with corporate dollars. This shift in implementation allows Verizon to more directly assess the impact of its own technology and mobile services on educational outcomes. Since the social impact can be relevant beyond Verizon, the company also still makes its full range of results available publicly. Measuring Impact and Success Across the enterprise, Verizon values metrics and measurement to drive its strategy and operations. “What gets measured, gets managed” is the institutional mantra, and the company employs detailed internal scorecards that hold employees and business units accountable for performance on both social and business metrics. Within Global Corporate Citizenship, a dedicated manager collects data from across units and functions, enabling the company to view results with discipline. For VILS, Verizon hypothesized that the focused approach on professional development and strategic technology interventions would engage students more, and be reflected by improvements in test scores for STEM-related fields. Verizon complemented its rigorous internal measurement system with a thorough external evaluation, which provided additional perspective that supported and validated Verizon’s own results. And, per a January 2015 evaluation by ISTE that sourced data from almost 200 teachers and 11,000 students at the 24 schools, the VILS pilot appears to be a resounding success for students and schools. Case Study | Investing in Innovations 10 FIGURE 3—VERIZON PERFORMANCE DASHBOARD (2014) In its 2014 Corporate Responsibility Supplement, Verizon outlined its shared value incubation targets and strategy for an external audience. The graphic illustrates the maturity of the VILS programs: VERIZON INNOVATIVE LEARNING SCHOOLS GROWTH IN PARTICIPATION: n VILS SCHOOLS 24 Participated across three cohorts during the school year that began in 2014: 15,838 32 67% PARTICIPATING STUDENTS 32 PERCENTAGE OF VILS STUDENTS IN FREE OR REDUCEDPRICE LUNCH PROGRAMS 556 SCHOOLS PARTICIPATING TEACHERS 12 Cohorts 1 and 2 Outcomes 2012 2013 Cohort 1 included the schools that started in 2012. Cohort 2 included the schools that started in 2013. Both programs are in partnership with the International Society for Technology in Education. 2014 In 2014, we expanded by an additional 8 schools through our partnership with Digital Promise. 24 11,338 206 PARTICIPATING TEACHERS PARTICIPATING STUDENTS PARTICIPATING SCHOOLS teacher practices changed* 60% OF TEACHERS SAID THEY GAVE MORE INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION 47% SAID THEY SPENT LESS TIME LECTURING TO THE ENTIRE CLASS student behaviors changed* 98.6% OF TEACHERS REPORTED POSITIVE OUTCOMES ON EITHER STUDENT ENGAGEMENT OR LEARNING 35% SHOWED MORE ENGAGEMENT WITH THEIR SUBJECTS 39% 60% SHOWED MORE PROFICIENCY WITH TECHNOLOGY OF STUDENTS WERE COMPLETING WORK MORE PROMPTLY Student impact was assessed by examining teachers’ reports of student technology use, engagement and learning student performance improved* Math scores rise for the second year at the schools that have been surveyed n NON-VILS SCHOOLS** n VILS SCHOOLS 2014 2013 4.63% 4.23% 6.97% -4.19% 42% OF STUDENTS EXHIBITED MORE SOPHISTICATED STUDENT PROJECTS OR PRODUCTS 37% OF STUDENTS EXHIBITED HIGHER SCORES ON CLASSROOM ASSESSMENTS 37% OF STUDENTS IMPROVED OVERALL IN ACADEMICS, ACCORDING TO THEIR TEACHERS * Source: ISTE research study on cohorts 1 and 2 outcomes, January 2014 ** These are schools with similar demographics and with technology for students, but without the professional development that VILS provides Justina Nixon-Saintil, Director of CSR Program Development, recalls the excitement over the degree of positive impact the VILS program demonstrated on teachers and students. “I was personally surprised,” she says. “Based on all the studies we had seen, we had targets, but we were cautious because we understood the challenges that these schools and students faced and the other factors that could influence our intervention.” Case Study | Investing in Innovations 11 While the social impact of the VILS program is trending positively, ongoing measurement challenges include: • Increasing specificity in measuring outcomes. As does any educational intervention, VILS operates alongside a number of other school improvement programs and socio-economic contexts that affect outcomes. Verizon is honing its measurement systems to more accurately show the specific impacts of its programs, understanding the importance of isolating its impact vs. attributing the totality of student outcomes to VILS alone. •S etting clear expectations around measurement with partners and stakeholders. Verizon has found that, particularly in the nonprofit space, there often is no clarity around impact and measurement goals. It is important to set those expectations up front so that the correct metrics are set and data collected. • Accounting for unpredictable and inconsistent implementation. In education, each year varies tremendously given staff turnover. Teachers are trained through the VILS program and then may leave, which means new teachers have to be trained, effectively placing a particular school back in Year 1. This means that continuous year-over-year trends are difficult to identify, and results, as well as data comparison year over year, may be stalled. Toward the Future: From Market Intelligence to Shared Value Collaboration Verizon has taken an important step in transforming its purpose from a community grant-maker to an effective lab for testing educational technology approaches and accelerating potential shared value products and services within the business. Verizon’s giving has undergone a fundamental shift from classical corporate philanthropy to strategic corporate investments in pilot interventions that provide data and input into populations, products and services that Verizon corporate may prioritize in the future. In this way, the company can provide solid data on social impact and discover technologies, supports, and other resources that create lasting results for students and schools across the country. Verizon can learn from these insights, and VILS’ early success in positive student outcomes has illuminated a number of ways that Verizon can potentially contribute to student achievement through its product and service lines. While Verizon is in the midst of its shared value journey, its evolution and innovation along the continuum—from corporate philanthropy to corporate social responsibility to shared value—shows that the gradual approach is laying the foundation for a strong shared value approach at the enterprise level for years to come. Verizon’s business units are actively seeking data and information from experts on the Global Corporate Citizenship team as they pursue new opportunities for the business. “We are hand in glove with the business, and can inform them on what is happening in the education industry, how the tools we bring to bear—like devices and connectivity—can play in a classroom setting, and heavy analytics around those issues,” Kirk says. “Over time, we will move from providing insights and market intelligence to collaboratively building shared value opportunities.” VILS is not the only example of Verizon’s innovative approach to incubating shared value. The Global Corporate Citizenship team is also working on programs in Verizon’s other two social impact areas— healthcare and energy—that are demonstrating promise in identifying social solutions. • Healthcare: Verizon is working with non-profit partners like the Arkansas Baptist Health Program to infuse technology into the care of patients with chronic health problems. Case Study | Investing in Innovations 12 • Energy: In a pilot of low-income households in Texas, Verizon is deploying technology solutions to help residents understand and manage their energy usage. With proven success to date and a positive outlook for the program, the shared value incubation and acceleration approach will lead to positive outcomes for society and business over time. The Global Corporate Citizenship staff, meanwhile, is continually working to strengthen an innovation mindset while balancing corporate bureaucracy, and building the case for more direct collaboration with the business. Thus far, the “market intelligence” gained by Global Corporate Citizenship through its VILS work has led to some product development ideas, but given the long corporate product development cycle, Verizon hasn’t yet seen a full transfer of social program results to new product development to market and, eventually, to profit. This is expected to happen as Verizon’s incubation programs and their results grow and internal processes for knowledge transfer are continually strengthened. “I think the big learning for me is that you have to be patient,” Kirk reflects. “It is not a straight line. For the business, this is a new approach, and we need to prove its relevance. To do that, we need to be disciplined in our measurement, understand the challenges the business is trying to address and convey information and results in a way that helps the business address its challenges.” the business, this is a new approach, and we need to prove its relevance. To do that, we need to be disciplined in our measurement, understand the challenges the business is “ “ I think the big learning for me is that you have to be patient. It is not a straight line. For trying to address and convey information and results in a way that helps the business address its challenges. Case Study | Investing in Innovations 13 Sources • “ Education in 2014,” Verizon Corporate Responsibility website. Available at: <www.responsibility. verizon.com/education> (accessed June 30, 2014). • Gwynn, Lisa. “Where Business and Social Innovation Meet,” The Corporate Citizen, Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship, Issue 11 (Summer 2014), 14-21. Available at: <www.bcccc.net/pdf/magazine/ CorporateCitizenMagazine-Issue11.pdf> (accessed September 15, 2014). • Iksewski, Brandon. “Executive Briefing: VILS Student Achievement Results, 2012-13,” International Society for Technology in Education, January 31, 2014. • Kanani, Rahim. “Verizon Foundation: An Incubator for New Social Solutions,” Forbes.com, April 15, 2014. Available at: <www.forbes.com/sites/rahimkanani/2014/04/19/verizon-foundation-an-incubator-fornew-social-solutions> (accessed September 15, 2014). • Shared Value Initiative Interview with Christopher Lloyd, Executive Director, Public Policy and Corporate Relations, Verizon, July 17, 2014 (via phone). • Shared Value Initiative Interview with Angela Peluso, Director, Corporate Communications, Verizon, August 7, 2014 (via phone). • Shared Value Initiative Interview with Rose Kirk, Chief Corporate Responsibility Officer, Verizon, August 19, 2014 (via phone). • Shared Value Initiative Interview with Justina Nixon-Saintil, Director of CSR Program Development, Verizon, September 12, 2014 (via phone). • “ Sparking a Passion in Students,” Verizon Foundation website, April 23, 2014. Available at: <www. verizonfoundation.org/sparking-a-passion-in-students> (accessed June 30, 2014). • Verizon 2013 Corporate Responsibility Supplement. Available at: <www.verizon.com/about/sites/default/ files/cr-report-supplement-2013.pdf> (accessed September 15, 2014). • Verizon 2014 Corporate Responsibility Supplement. Available at: <www.verizon.com/about/sites/default/ files/2014_Verizon_Corporate_Social_Responsibility_Report.pdf> (accessed March 24, 2015). Case Study | Investing in Innovations 14