Neutrality as Independence: Great Britain, Serbia and the Crimean

Transcription

MLWUQZ)V\QË
6-=<:)41<A);16,-8-6,-6+/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV;MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
4314,"","%&.*+"/"6,"*6.&5/045*
#"-,"/0-0f,**/45*565
104&#/"*:%"8"
&%0.*3"/5*
/&653"-/045
,"0/&:"7*4/045
7&-*,"#3*5"/*+"43#*+"*,3*.4,*3"5
#&0(3"%
;-:*1)6)+),-5A7.;+1-6+-;)6,):<;
16;<1<=<-.7:*)43)6;<=,1-;
;8-+1)4-,1<176;!
ČEDOMIR ANTIĆ
NEUTRALITY
AS INDEPENDENCE
GREAT BRITAIN, SERBIA AND THE CRIMEAN WAR
*-4/:),
8]JTQ[PMLJa
1V[\Q\]\MNWZ*ITSIV;\]LQM[
;MZJQIV)KILMUaWN;KQMVKM[IVL)Z\[
*MTOZILM3VMb5QPIQTWÎ;\
MUIQT"JITSQV[\([IV]IKa]
___JITSIVQV[\Q\]\KWU
;MZQM[-LQ\WZ
,Z,]IV<*I\ISW^QË
,QZMK\WZ1V[\Q\]\MNWZ*ITSIV;\]LQM[
:M^QM_MLJa
8ZWN,Z:ILW4R]QË
8ZWN,Z?QVNZQML*I]UOIZ\
8ZWN,Z,ZIOWTR]J:sQ^WRQVW^QËKWZZM[XWVLQVOUMUJMZ;);)
8]JTQ[PMLQV;MZJQIVI[
>MTQSI*ZQ\IVQRI;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SQZI\ { 6M]\ZITVW[\SIWVMbI^Q[VW[\
*MWOZIL"BI^WLbI]LJMVQSMQVI[\I^VI[ZML[\Î
+WV\MV\[
.7:-?7:,Ja8ZWNM[[WZ?QVNZQML
?QVNZQML*I]UOIZ\
*I]UOIZ\ 8ZMNIKM !
+0)8<-:76-
;-:*1))6,/:-)<*:1<)16*-.7:-<0-+:15-)6
?):,18475)<1+:-4)<176;5)3-:; +0)8<-:<?7
)66=;51:)*141;{ <0--);<-:6+:1;1; { <PM.ITTWN/IZIIVQV )][\ZQIV7KK]XI\QWV :][[W<]ZSQ[P?IZWV\PM,IV]JM { ;MZJQII[I8W[[QJTM?IZ)TTaWN:][[QIIVL)][\ZQI ;MZJQIQV\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[P?IZWV\PM,IV]JM ;MZJQI\PM>QKM:MITU !
!
!
+0)8<-:<0:--
)66=;*-441{ <=:616/8716<16<0-?):<0-7:1-6<)<176
7.)=;<:1) <]ZVQVO8WQV\QV\PM)][\ZQIV8WTQKa <PM:][[QIV?Q\PLZI_ITNZWU?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI <PM*MOQVVQVOWN\PM)][\ZQIV;]XZMUIKa +0)8<-:.7=:
)66=;8)+)*141;{ ;-:*1)4-.<<7)=;<:1))6,<71<;-4. +WV[\Q\]\QWVIT:MNWZUIVL\PM1V\ZWL]K\QWVWN8IZTQIUMV\IZQ[U -VLWN IVL\PM6M_/W^MZVUMV\QV;MZJQI +0)8<-:.1>-
)66=;8)+1;{ !
+76;<)6<16784-+76.-:-6+-)6,<0-8):1;+76/:-;; !
+76+4=;176
<PM.WVJTIVY]M[ !
8:787;)4.7:<0-+:-)<1767.<0-;-:*1)6
>1+-:-)457. !
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM 6W^MUJMZ .7 !+WXa !
:MLKTQNNM\W+TIZMVLWV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM.MJZ]IZa .7+WXa6W !
5-57:)6,=5),,:-;;-,*A<0-;-:>1)6/7>-:65-6<
<7<0-;=*415-87:<-:-;8-+<16/<0-7++=8)<1767.<0)<
8:16+18)41<A*A)=;<:1)6<:778; !
8ZM[MV\ML\W\PM0W][MWN+WUUWV[Ja+WUUIVLWN0MZ5IRM[\a
QVX]Z[]IVKMWN\PMQZ)LLZM[[WN2]VM 4WVLWV"
0IZZQ[WVIVL;WV[ !
),,1<176; <PM)]\WVWUaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIKPZWVWTWOa
IVLJQJTQWOZIXPQKITVW\M[ <0-?):16<0--);< <0-?):76<0-,)6=*- *1*417/:)80A 6M_[XIXMZ[ 4Q\MZI\]ZM )JW]\\PM)]\PWZ 16,-@ .7:-?7:,
Ja?QVNZQML*I]UOIZ\8ZWNM[[WZWN2WPIVVM[/]\MVJMZO=VQ^MZ[Q\a5IQVb
MLWUQZ)V\QËw[[\]LaWV*ZQ\IQVIVL;MZJQIL]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV?IZQ[I
_MTKWUMILLQ\QWV\W\PMÎ[\TQ\MZI\]ZMWV\PI\_IZJM\_MMV:][[QIIVL\PM\_W
?M[\MZV8W_MZ[;MZJQIQVNIK\_I[]V\QTVW_IZIZMM`KMX\QWVQVPQ[\WZQWOZIXPa
QV[WNIZI[Q\PI[VM^MZJMMV\PMWJRMK\WNIJWWSQVIVa?M[\MZVTIVO]IOM
IJW]\\PI\KZ]KQIT_IZQV\PMUQLLTMWN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za8ZIK\QKITTaM^MZa
KW]V\ZaWZZMOQWVQV-]ZWXMNZWU;_MLMV\W;QKQTaNZWU.QVTIVLIVL8WTIVL
\W8WZ\]OITPI[JMMV\ZMI\ML{_Q\P\PMM`KMX\QWVWN\PM6M\PMZTIVL[IVL;MZJQI
{I[\WQ\[ZWTML]ZQVO\PM_IZ<PMOIXI[ZMOIZL[;MZJQIQ[VW_KTW[MLIT\PW]OP
[M^MZITI[XMK\[WN\PMKW]V\Zaw[[\IVLQVO[\QTTZMUIQV\WJMQV^M[\QOI\ML_Q\P\PM
PMTXWN\PMZQKPUI\MZQITIÎQTIJTMQVUIVa-]ZWXMIVIZKPQ^M[
)V\QËPI[[M\PQU[MTN\PM\I[SWNLM[KZQJQVO;MZJQIw[ZWTMaMIZJaaMIZNZWU
\W QV\PMTQOP\WN\PMZMXWZ\[[MV\\W4WVLWVJa\PM*ZQ\Q[PKWV[]T
OMVMZITQV*MTOZILM<PWUI[/ZMVQMZLM.WVJTIVY]M*ZQ\IQVPILM[\IJTQ[PML
IKWV[]TI\MOMVMZITQV*MTOZILMQV .WVJTIVY]MWKK]XQMLPQ[XW[\\PMZM
NZWU WV_IZL[ <P][ I\ \PM JMOQVVQVO WN \PM +ZQUMIV?IZ PM _I[ IV
M`XMZQMVKMLWJ[MZ^MZWV\PM[XW\+WV[]T[OMVMZITI\\PI\\QUMLQLVW\WVTa
TWWSIN\MZ\PMKWUUMZKQITQV\MZM[\[WN\PMXW_MZ\PMaZMXZM[MV\MLJ]\IT[WPIL
LQXTWUI\QKIVLXWTQ\QKITN]VK\QWV[IT\PW]OP;MZJQI_I[[\QTTIKWUXWVMV\XIZ\
WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM
)[)V\QËUISM[KTMIZQVPQ[JWWS;MZJQIUIVIOML\WWJ[MZ^MIXWTQKaWN
VM]\ZITQ\aL]ZQVO\PM_IZIT\PW]OPQ\_I[PIZI[[MLQV Ja:][[QIVXZM[
[]ZM\WQVKQ\MZM^WT\[IOIQV[\7\\WUIVLWUQVI\QWVIVL\WN]ZVQ[P^WT]V\MMZ[\W
\PM:][[QIVWKK]XI\QWVNWZKMQV\PMVMQOPJW]ZQVO,IV]JQIV8ZQVKQXITQ\QM[WN
?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI8ZM[[]ZM_I[IT[WM`MZ\MLJa)][\ZQI{_PQKPNIT[MTa
_I[JMTQM^ML\WJMQVKWTT][QWV_Q\P\PMOZMI\XW_MZWN\PM6WZ\P<PMLIVOMZWN
)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVWN\PM;MZJQIVXZQVKQXITQ\a_I[\PMZM[]T\"WN\PMNMIZWN
\PMXWTQKaUISMZ[QV>QMVVI\PI\:][[QIVXZMLWUQVIVKMQV;MZJQI_W]TLJMLM\
8
ZQUMV\IT\WQ\[W_VQVé]MVKM#WN\PMVW\QWV\PI\I^MZQ\IJTM_IZWV\PM,IV]JM
_W]TLITUW[\JMTM\PIT\W\PMM`Q[\MVKMWN\PM0IJ[J]ZOMUXQZM_PQKPPILJIZMTa
[]Z^Q^ML\PM[PWKS[WN\PMZM^WT]\QWVWN #WN\PMNMIZ\PI\;MZJQI_I[
\PMZITTaQVOOZW]VLWN\PMZM^WT]\QWVIZaMTMUMV\[0]VOIZQIV[8WTM[M\K\PI\
_W]TL\PZW_\PM\WZKPWNZM^WT]\QWVQV\W)][\ZQI:][[QIVQVé]MVKMPW_M^MZ
XZMÎQTMLQV;MZJQIQV I[)V\QËUISM[KTMIZJaNWZKQVO8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
\WLQ[UQ[[PQ[XZW?M[\MZV8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ1TQRI/IZIIVQV?PMV\PM\PMI\ZM
WN_IZQV UW^MLNZWU\PM,IV]JM\W\PM+ZQUMI;MZJQIPILU]KPUWZM
TMM_Ia\WXZM[MZ^MQ\[XZMKIZQW][VM]\ZITQ\a,MUIVL[NZWU+WV[\IV\QVWXTM\W
N]ZVQ[PI\TMI[\[WUMUWVMaNWZ\PMXZW[MK]\QWVWN\PM_IZIOIQV[\:][[QI_MZM
[]KKM[[N]TTaZM[Q[\ML1VNIK\;MZJQIw[I]\WVWUa_I[KWZZWJWZI\MLJaIèZUIVWN
\PM;]T\IVQV2IV]IZa QV_PQKP\PMIVKQMV\ZQOP\[WN\PMXZQVKQXITQ\a_MZM
IOIQV[XMKQèMLIVLO]IZIV\MML<PQ[I]\WVWUa_I[X]\]VLMZOMVMZIT-]ZWXMIV
XZW\MK\QWVI[IZM[]T\WN\PM8IZQ[8MIKM+WVOZM[[WN MLWUQZ )V\QË Q[ ZQOP\ QV [\I\QVO \PI\ ;MZJQIw[ VM]\ZITQ\a L]ZQVO \PM
+ZQUIV?IZ_I[IOZMI\[\MXNWZ_IZL\WPMZOIQVQVOQVLMXMVLMVKML]ZQVO\PM
VM`\OZMI\-I[\MZVKZQ[Q[WN 1\Q[\WJMPWXML\PI\)V\QË_QTTKWV\QV]M
PQ[ZM[MIZKPWV;MZJQIQV JaTWWSQVOQV\W\PMKWV[]TIZZMXWZ\[WN\PM
ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN\PMW\PMZOZMI\XW_MZ[_PQKPPILKWV[]T[QV*MTOZILMQM
:][[QI.ZIVKM)][\ZQIIVL8Z][[QI
Preface
At the end of October 2001, I attended the lecture in the magnificent
building of The British Empire and Commonwealth Museum1 within the Master’s program at the Department of Historical Studies at the Bristol University.
Since the question of the history of British imperialism is at present politically
exceptionally sensitive, the lecturer was prepared to answer certain questions
that were not directly related to the collections and museum’s archives, or to
its methodology diligently developed by the museum associates throughout
several years in an effort to establish the closest possible connections with the
Bristol University. The questions put by a student from Cyprus about the fate
of the archives from her native country and Anglo-centric perception of the
history of the British-Cypriot connections in the VQVM\MMV\P and twentieth
centuries could have seemed complex, even unpleasant, but the patient lecturer listened to them attentively and gave precise answers. He even readily
answered the question concerning the “deadline when the archives relating to
former British colonies will be returned to the native countries”, even expecting cynical comments that followed because he had listed the preservation of
the archive material and corresponding museum exhibits as one of the good
sides of the British imperialism. However, it seemed as if he had not expected
the question I put. I asked him: “Why the Balkans, where Britain was present as a mistress of the Ionian Islands (1815-1864), the protecting power of
the autonomous status of Serbia (from 1856 to 1878) and the independence
of Greece (from 1831), as well as the rescuer of the Ottoman Empire in 1853
and 1878, that is of the region sufficiently significant to become eventually the
cause of the First World War, has not been even symbolically represented in
the museum’s display or in its published program?”
1
It refers to the course Themes in Contemporary History.
10
Neutrality as Independence
The answer I received was long, disconnected and could be summarized
as the definition of the British imperialism of the VQVM\MMV\P century. In his
opinion, Great Britain implemented its colonial policy on the territories east
of Persia (Iran) and south of Sahara. This was why these distant countries were
important for illustrating British imperial policy. My remark that the Crimean
War (1853-1856), the biggest European conflict in the VQVM\MMV\P century in
which Great Britain played an important, if not the most important role, began
in fact because of the Balkans and left the deepest impact on its political future.
I argued that the relationship of Great Britain towards the Ottoman Empire,
Great Powers that threatened it and the states pretenders to its heritage was
a complex one just because the survival of the Ottoman Empire represented
both the least expensive, but the most reliable maintenance of the British predominance in Asia and Africa.
Although these arguments did not suffice for the introduction of a completely new concept by a prominent British museum, the fact remains that
the Crimean War, after which Great Britain became one of the protectors of
Serbia, did not draw particular attention until the present day even in our
country. This was the biggest European war in which Serbia and her people
failed to take part. The consequences of the Crimean War were immediately
obvious by their far-reaching effects, but its true significance and impact on
the internal policy and international status of the Principality of Serbia was
long underestimated by its contemporaries and even historians. In the historic
perception of the contemporaries and memories of the generations to come
this war has remained as something unfinished: indecision of the official Serbia was considered to be the result of the crisis of the Constitutionalist regime,
and the international isolation was explained by Serbia’s failure to stand by its
long-standing ally Russia, failing, however, to prove its loyalty to the Ottoman
Empire. The changes that took place in 1856 were seen as incidental and not
linked to the foreign political actions of Serbia. The significance of the appearance of Serbia on the international stage was not considered relevant, the
connection between the internal and external events during the Crimean War
with the changes in Serbia and the ensuing reforms was almost excluded. The
Crimean War was a neglected topic in the historiography of the Modern Serbia, and in this topic the least attention was devoted to the relations between
Great Britain and Serbia, although Great Britain was the most influential factor in the European policy of that period.
Preface
11
The course and the outcome of the Crimean War are thus of equal interest, when speaking about its influence on the Principality of Serbia, the same
as the image of this war that developed in time. Serbia managed to preserve
peace and keep her neutrality. Regardless of the fact that the peacefulness and
non-commitment were, however, the result of indecision and weakness, the
neutrality that Serbia was able to maintain during the war provided the period
of the greatest independence that this Principality had ever enjoyed, even with
international recognition. In fact, in the big war neutrality meant independence as well, and its maintenance opened the period that would end in international recognition of sovereign Serbia in 1878.
The historic sources of Serbian-British relations during the Crimean
War are numerous and abundant. In addition to the report of the British Consul General in Serbia, as well as his correspondence with the ambassadors in
Constantinople and Vienna, and the home secretary, i.e., the Foreign Office
secretary, kept in the British National Archives (The Public Records Office,
Kew), personal archives of several British politicians and diplomats, including
Aberdeen, Redcliffe, Clarendon and Fonblanque are significant for the relations of Serbia and Britain.
One of the most important problems faced by the researcher of early diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Serbia (1837–1878) is the
disproportion between contemporary British and Serbian sources. While
between one hundred and one hundred and twenty reports were dispatched
annually by the British Consulate General in Belgrade, together with special
reports (memoirs), Foreign Office instructions and consular correspondence,
Serbia not only did not have a permanent representative office in London, but
no more serious trace could be found about the semi-official missions of Jovan Marinović and Ilija Garašanin in London during these years in the fund
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Popečiteljstvo), or in Ilija Garašanin’s2 personal files. Bearing in mind that at that time foreign policy in Serbia was defined by the Prince, together with his Prime Minister (the Prince’s Predstavnik)
and Minister (Popečitelj) of Foreign Affairs (during the Crimean War this was
most frequently the same person), their communication with foreign consuls
was mainly direct and private. This is probably the reason why, contrary to
2
The exception is the letter of recommendation written by Fonblanque to Addington to receive Garašanin. Fonblanque to Addington, 3 June 1853, I.G. 913, AS (The
Ilija Garašanin Papers, The Archives of Serbia).
12
the hundreds of notes of different nature exchanged with the neighbouring
Austria, it is possible to find only about ten documents directly or indirectly
related to Great Britain and the British Consul General in the archives of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A similar situation is found with the preserved
correspondence of Serbian foreign policy makers. For instance, no trace could
be found in Konstantin Nikolajević’s papers about his contacts with Redcliffe
and Colonel Rose that can be completely reconstructed by means of British
sources contrary to Marinović’s and Garašanin’s London visits.
When speaking about contemporary newspapers, the situation is different. Quite understandably, the advantage is here on the side of Great Britain.
In the middle of the VQVM\MMV\P century several tens of important daily and
weekly newspapers were published there: in addition to The Times and The
Illustrated London News, with the circulation exceeding fifty thousand copies,
the papers such as The Morning Herald and The Manchester Guardian had a
significant impact on the public in Great Britain. At that time only two newspapers were published in the Principality of Serbia – Srbske novine (The Serbian
Newspaper) and Šumadinka, with regular but not daily editions, and their circulations hardly reached two thousand copies3. Srbske novine was a semi-official newspaper of the Serbian authorities, and Šumadinka, particularly after its
banning in 1850, was coming out fairly regularly (with the exception of 1853),
but its political columns related to foreign policy were mostly of informative
but not analytical character, while hardly anything was written about the interior policy. The comparison coming to mind with the Serbian press in Austria
is particularly interesting in case of Srbski dnevnik (The Serbian Daily) which,
although very partial to Russia, was writing more freely about the situation in
Europe, while analyzing committedly and in detail the internal situation in Serbia. However, contrary to the British papers that only occasionally and rarely
wrote about Serbia as the most important topic, the Serbian papers mainly took
over the news from Great Britain published in the Austrian and German papers4. Therefore, the news from Great Britain seemed more like curiosities than
the real press news.
3
J. Skerlić, Istorija srpske štampe, /In Serbian: The History of the Serbian Press/.
Belgrade, 1997, pp. 49.
4
In the middle of the 19th century only nine copies of the British newspapers
were available in Serbia, and that was the Vienna edition of The Times.
Preface
13
The world literature about the Crimean War is very abundant. Until
present almost ten thousand monographs and studies were published about
this period5. Nevertheless, prominent war historians have not specially studied Serbian archives or, even more interestingly, the reports of the British
Consul General from Serbia. Although some historians of the Crimean War
-Baumgart, Schroeder and Goldfranc rely mainly on published diplomatic material originating from the very highest sources of European diplomacies, they
devote dutiful attention to Serbia6.
Serbian historiography wrote about the Crimean War only incidental7
ly . Jovan Ristić, who devoted a special study to Serbia during the Crimean
War, was an exception. Nevertheless, while the Eastern Crisis from 1853-6 remained in the shadow of the Great Eastern Crisis from 1875-8 in which Serbia and Montenegro took direct part as well, the British policy towards Serbia
in this period remained overshadowed by the relations of Serbia with Russia,
Austria and, first of all, France8. Finally, out of contemporary historians of the
Serbian-British relations, only Ljubodrag Ristić paid considerably more attention to the period of the Crimean War in his monograph about Serbian-British
diplomatic relations from the Paris Congress to the Kanlidz Conference9.
The topic presented in this book has been the subject of my threeyear-long research (the period from 2000 to the end of 2002), included in my
Master’s thesis entitled Great Britain and Serbia at the Time of the Crimean
War (1853-1856). I would like on this occasion to express my gratitude to my
5
W. Baumgart, pp. 219–233.
W. Baumgart, The Crimean War 1853–1856, London, 1999, P. Schroeder,
Great Britain, Austria and The Crimean War, New York, 1972, D. Goldfranc, The Origins of Modern Wars-The Crimean War, London, 1996.
7
D. Stranjaković, Vlada ustavobranitelja – unutarnja i spoljna politika 1842–
1853, /In Serbian: The Constitutionalists and Their Rule – Internal and Foreign Policy
1842-1853/, Belgrade, 1932, S. Jovanović, Ustavobranitelji i njihova vlada 1838–1858,
/In Serbian: The Constitutionalists and Their Rule 1838-1858), Belgrade, 1933/ M.
Ekmečić, Balkan i revolucija 1848, /In Serbian: The Balkans and the 1848 revolution/,
Belgrade, 1999.
8
Dragoslav Stranjaković devoted only one paragraph to the Great Britain‘s
policy towards Serbia, stating that he did not much consult the British sources. D.
Stranjaković, p. 261
9
Lj. Ristić, Engleska i Srbija od Pariskog mira do Kanlidžke konferencije (1856
–1862) /In Serbian: England and Serbia from the Paris Peace to the Kanlidz Conference
/1866-1862/, (MA thesis), Belgrade, 1993.
6
14
mentor Radoš Ljušić, Professor of Belgrade University. I owe great gratitude
to Dr. Robert Anderson from London, for his invaluable support and priceless instructions. I also wish to thank Dr. Djordje Kostić, head of the project
Europe and Balkans in Modern Times: Common Views and Mutual Intertwinings (Project No. 2163, financed by the Ministry of Science and Environmental
Protection of the Republic of Serbia), as well as to the esteemed colleagues
from the Institute of Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and
Arts (SASA). I would also like to thank Marica Šuput and Aleksandar Fotić,
Professors of the Belgrade University for their highly valued advice and support. The experience and knowledge I gained during my master studies at the
Department of Historical Studies of the Bristol University were of great help
during my work. Therefore, my particular thanks to Dr. Nigel Brailey and
Christopher Clay, emeritus university professor. I wish especially to thank Dr.
Christian Promitzer and Dr. Karl Kaser from the Institute for South-Eastern
Europe of the Graz University for their cordial and warm reception. I also owe
special gratitude to Dr Winfried Baumgart, Professor of Johannes Gutenberg
University, Mainz.
I am personally grateful to Mirjana Popović-Lukačević and Marko D.
Leko, retired university professors, for their devoted efforts enabling me to
fulfil my great desire to go out into the world at the time when our country
was isolated and ostracized. I owe special thanks to my family – my mother
Anamaria, grandparents Andjela and Tarcizije and my wife Ivana.
CHAPTER ONE
SERBIA AND GREAT BRITAIN
BEFORE THE CRIMEAN WAR
(DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS MAKERS)
“Brothers! England is strong and mighty; its Consul is greater and more
important than the Prince of Serbia; England will be not against the Serbian
people, but against its government (Praviteljstvo), so the emperors of Russia,
our protector and our Turkish Suzerain will help it, so, my brothers we are
nothing and these Austrian Serbs (Nemačkari) and Nenadovićs would like to
make a kingdom out of Serbia.”
Ilija Garašanin predicting Vučić’s opinion during the crisis in the
relations between Great Britain and Serbia in 1850 (AS,IG,672)
The second rise of British imperialism (1815-1914) was indisputably
linked with the preservation of the Ottoman Empire showing uncontainable
declining during the entire nineteenth century1. The exception from this
policy was made only twice in the new century: during the Napoleonic wars
in the beginning of the nineteenth century when the oriental policy of the
French Empire was trying to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman possessions
in Europe, when the British diplomacy considered the possibility of dividing
European Turkey; and after the conclusion of the Anglo-Russian Alliance in
1907, when Great Britain departed from its most important principle of the
Balkans policy until then, reduced to the maintenance of the existing state
on the peninsula at any cost2. The Crimean War (1853-1856) represented the
1
Until 1850 even one half of the Sultan‘s subjects lived in the European regions
of the Ottoman Empire, although on a significantly smaller territory than the Sultan‘s
possessions in Asia and Africa. The Ottoman Empire was involved in forty three
wars in the period from 1463 to 1918, out of which even thirty one war was led with
different European states. D. Quataert, The Ottoman Empire (1700–1922), Cambridge,
2000, pp. 54, 83–4.
2
H. Temperley, History of Serbia, London, 1917, p. 202, B. Jelavich, Russia‘s
Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914, Cambridge 1991, p. 217.
16
mainstay of the British policy on the Balkans. Although this war was waged
only in its first phase (1853-1854) on the Danube, it was the first clash in this
region before the First World War in which Great Britain was directly involved.
It was relatively difficult to draw London into this clash brought about by the
attempts of France to break the Holy Alliance. As Lord Palmerston (Henry
John Temple Viscount Palmerston) had mentioned much earlier, the question
of the preservation of the Ottoman Empire, and thus the strife against the
Russian predominance on the Balkans and in the Near East was of decisive
economic interest for Great Britain. This is why during the Crimean War
Britain became the most irreconcilable opponent of Russia and the extreme
advocate of the need for Russia to be completely and irretrievably defeated3.
Such policy triumphed at the Paris Congress in 1856. Nevertheless, it isolated
Britain in the long run, because with the disappearance of the Holy Alliance
the possibility of Germany and Italy unification was opened, as well as the
establishment of Franco-Russian Alliance.
Contrary to the First World War and the Great Eastern Crisis (18751878) Serbia had not participated in the biggest European war of the nineteenth
century. What was her role in the Crimean War? Historiography, both national
and international, agreed that this small principality had had great potential
significance in the first stage of the war, but that it had not ceased playing the
role of a relatively powerless object in big diplomatic games accompanying
the Russo-Turkish war on the Danube. According to the generally accepted
standpoint, even this potential role became impossible due to the inactivity
of the Principality of Serbia and the fact that the war was moved to the Black
Sea and the Crimea at the end of 1854. This is why the achievements of the
Paris Congress, in case of Serbia, were frequently considered as incidental and
not too significant. Still, after the Paris peace, Serbia entered the international
political scene in a special way. Despite the fact that its autonomy was
established through the agreement of two Great Powers which were in war for
three years (1853-1856), Serbia managed to remain neutral, and after the war
its international position was guaranteed by six Great Powers together with
the Ottoman Empire4. The position of Serbia after the Paris Congress and the
3
L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans 1815– 1914, New York, 1953, p. 35.
It is frequently stated in the British historiography that Serbia in fact obtained
independence in 1856. A. Freeman, Historical Course for Schools, General Sketch 1874,
p. 356; C. P. Hill, J. C. Wright, British History 1815–1914, Oxford, 1981, p.129.
4
Serbia and Great Britain before the Crimean War
17
ensuing reforms carried out soon after have not still been perceived by our
historiography as one continuing process. The internal history of Serbia itself
during the three-year-long European war, otherwise very stormy and dynamic,
was considered mainly as a function of the country’s neutrality, which became
certain to be maintained only at the end of the spring in 1854. The political
torpor in Serbia and its leaving the centre of the European foreign political
entanglement contributed that the first stage of the war and Serbian role in
it was somewhat underrated. On the other hand, the significance of Serbia in
the European policy became especially evident through the prevailing belief of
the Western European diplomacies and public opinion about its big military
power5. This belief was dispelled by the Serbian inactivity, but not to such an
extent as later defeat in the First Serbian-Turkish war in 1876.
It may be said that the attitude of Great Britain towards Serbia in this
period was more an indicative than in the case of the policy of Ottoman
Empire, Russia or Austria. Namely, Great Britain had no direct interests in
Serbia. It is logical, however, as central interests of its world policy were linked
to the Ottoman Empire and Russia, that the role of Serbia extremely gained
in significance. After two decades the British policy in the field formed by
consul generals in Serbia, mainly without major impact on the British policy
and underrated in Serbia, and on the other side, influential chance travelers for
whom this small principality was only one of the stops on the way, reached its
first big international test in 1853. We speak here about the formative period
of the British policy towards Serbia, in which it is possible to perceive all its
dimensions in the forthcoming six decades.
Great Britain established diplomatic relations with Serbia on the 5th of
June 1837, when the first British Consul General, Colonel Hodges (George
Lloyd Hodges) handed over his letter of credence to Prince Miloš after his
arrival to Kragujevac6. With the arrival of foreign diplomatic representatives
5
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 11. November 1853, Copy No. 83: In
May 1851 The Times reporter from Vienna compared the relationship between the
Ottoman Empire and Serbia with the relationship between France and Burgundy at
the time of Louis IX. He stated, relying on reliable sources, that the entire Serbian
population was armed and able to arm from one hundred to one hundred and fifty
thousand infantrymen, and from seven to eleven thousands of cavalrymen. ”Austria“,
The Times, 27. May 1851.
6
M. Gavrilović, ”Velika Britanija i Srbija”, Iz nove srpske istorije, /In Serbian:
”Great Britain and Serbia”, From New Serbian History/, Belgrade, 1926, pp. 113–114; S.
K. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Serbia, 1837–1839, Paris, 1961, p. 45.
18
to Serbia at the end of the thirties in the nineteenth century, the autonomous
status of the Principality officially established by Hati-sheriffs from 1830, 1833
and 1838 received another international confirmation. British policy aimed to
strengthen Serbian independence against the all-powerful Russian protectorate.
One of the important inspirers was influential David Urquhart, one of the most
prominent advocates of the anti-Russian policy in Great Britain, who visited
Serbia in different capacities even in four missions in the period from 1832 to
1837.7 Urquhart was very well-versed in the Serbian circumstances, and he was
personally acquainted with Prince Miloš and other Serbian leaders. In fact, he
was the one to initiate, relying on his own rich experience, the appointment
of the first Consul General for Serbia. In addition to energetic Urquhart, the
British government and the public were significantly influenced by the Polish
emigration headed by Prince Adam Czartoryski, who in the emancipation of
the Southern Slavs saw the way for the liberation of their homeland8.
The instructions given to Hodges were still very moderate, entrusting
him with two important goals: one was of the economic, and the other
of political nature. The political influence of Britain in Serbia could not be
achieved, naturally, in the way in which Russia, Austria or Ottoman Empire
were implementing their predomination. “The boats”, as several decades later
7
David Urquhart (1805–1877) was the British politican, diplomat and political
writer. He participated in the Greek War for Independence and two political missions
in Constantinople in 1831 and 1833. He was the member of the British Parliament
from 1847 to 1852, opposing the foreign policy of Great Britain, and particularly
Palmetstone‘s and Redcliffe‘s actions. Distinguished historians (M. Ekmečić, Stvaranje
Jugoslavije, /In Serbian: Creation of Yugoslavia/, Belgrade, 1989, p. 473) ascribe great
influence to him on the preparation of Načertanije (1844). It is, however, evident
that at the end of the Crimean War he advocated a very conservative and restrictive
emancipation of Wallachia and Moldavia, thus leading to the conclusion that he did not
support the national principle any more in solving the question of Serbia. D. Urquhart,
”Is Mr. Urquhart A Tory or A Radical. Answered by his Constitution for the Danubian
Provinces“ (int. W. Cyples), Political Tracts 1712–1856, Sheffield, 1856, pp. 1–13.
8
From 1834 to 1846 Urquhart and Czartoryski published the journal ”Portfolio“,
devoting a significant place to the question of the British policy towards Serbia (M.
Ekmečić, p. 224). The great difference in the approach of these two politicans who
were only temporarily on the same side is, however, neglected. While Urquhart was
prepared to fight for warding off the Russian imperialism for the sake of the survival
of the ”Bosphorus patient“, the fall of the Russian Empire at the cost of the Ottoman
Empire fall did not, obviously, fit into his plans.
19
Ilija Garašanin remarked, “could not travel on dry land”, and that is why the just
awakened interest for Serbia could primarily be of economic character9. The
lack of roads and the distance between two countries made this task difficult
to achieve, and slowed its attainment. Hodges could work on suppression of
the Russian influence only in coalition with other powers, but still, from the
beginning he had not only failed to bring together his modest power with
them, but also allowed them to get united against him. He had no better luck
in selecting the allies in the Principality itself, so during the conflict of Prince
Miloš and the Constitutionalist opposition he sided with the politically more
and more isolated Serbian monarch10. Hodges’s support only led Prince Miloš
to get unrealistic expectations. Official Britain used to prompt him in turns
to enter the open conflict with the Russian diplomacy, only to discourage him
later and to withdraw itself. Owing to his close relationship with the British
Consul Prince Miloš was ready to believe that he would get sufficient support
to resist Russia, and even certain concessions from the Porte. Constitution,
the issue about which all political interests and conflicts in Serbia started to
clash from 1835 onwards, also brought together the Prince and the British
diplomacy on the same side. Great Britain, however, although advising the
Serbian ruler to remain firm, took care not to spoil its relations with Russia.
The Prince’s defeat finally and completely exposed this double game, arousing
bitterness and compromising Hodges so much that his stay in Belgrade was
not possible any more. In May 1839, having stayed in Belgrade for exactly
two years and only several months after passing of the Turkish constitution,
the British Consul General moved to Zemun. Such an outcome of the first
British mission had a very great impact on the future reputation and influence
of the British diplomacy in Serbia. Until his death Prince Miloš believed that
unreliable British assistance brought about his deposal in 183911. The British
policy towards Serbia was seriously criticized in the British Parliament itself,
and almost two decades later Hodges’s successor to the position of the Consul
General wrote how since Hodges’s departure Britain was not interfering with
9
10
D. Stranjaković, Ilija Garašanin, Kragujevac: Jefimija 2005.
S. K. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian rivalry in Serbia (1837–1839), Paris 1961,
p.158.
11
A. Rastović, Velika Britanija i Srbija (1878–1889), /In Serbian: Great Britain
and Serbia (1878-1889)/. Belgrade, 2000, p. 23.
20
the Serbian internal policy, except in principle12. It may be finally said that the
greatest mistake of the first British Consul General was really the conviction
that foreign policy was of prevailing interest to the Serbian policy makers as
well. This was why he believed that it was possible to reach a compromise
pattern of the constitutional system in Serbia, leaving absolute power to the
ruler, while the Constitutionalists could be satisfied by a guarantee of the basic
civil rights13.
The new British Consul General came to Serbia not before the spring
of 1842. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque arrived to Belgrade, even eight
months after his appointment as head the British Consulate in Serbia (on the
21st of August 1841). It seems that the British diplomacy by its very choice and
instructions attempted to stay out of the turbulent events that were shaking
Serbia at that time14. In September 1842 Vučić’s uprising took place, Prince
Mihailo was dethroned, and the Constitutionalists and Prince Aleksandar
Karadjordjević came to power. Fonblanque remained at the post of the Consul
General in Serbia longer than all his successors. His eighteen-year-long
service in Belgrade had no match in the length of the mandate of any other
foreign consul staying in Serbia during the nineteenth century. Nevertheless,
it might be said that Fonblanque’s personality and work, despite the fact that
the continuity of his long lasting activities could be very precisely followed in
available sources, remained controversial and enigmatic. As Fonblanque was
at the post of the Consul General in Serbia during the Crimean War, it was in
fact during his mandate that Great Britain, now together with France, obtained
again a significant influence on the Serbian policy, so that on this occasion
something more should be written about this interesting historical personality,
12
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 29 February 1856, F.O. 78/1097, No.10,
(PRO, Kew,, London).
13
R. Ljušić, Kneževina Srbija (1830–1839), /In Serbian: The Principality of
Serbia 1830-1839/, Belgrade, 1983, pp. 158.
14
The long journey Fonblanque took via Gibraltar, Malta and Trieste was
already extremely unusual, pointing out by its very choice to the small significance
Foreign Office attached to Serbia. The superiors were even accusing him that he
had chosen the longest route in order to avoid his creditors. Ph. Auty, ”Neobjavljeni
dokumenti engleskog ministarstva o Srbiji 1837–1911“, /In Serbian: Unpublished
Foreign Office Documents about Serbia 1837-1911/, Istorijski časopis, /In Serbian:
Historical Journal/, vol. XII–XIII, 1961–1962, Belgrade, 1963, p. 418. In one of his
speeches held in the early forties of the VQVM\MMV\P century, Benjamin Disraeli, the
future British conservative Prime Minister, singled out Thomas Fonblanque as an
example of “general lack of capability and qualifications” among the British diplomats.
Benjamin Disraeli, Benjamin Disraeli Letters, 1842-1847, 1989, p. 23.
21
whose character overshadowed his own work, at least when speaking about
the image prevailing in later historiography.
In the reviews published until present about the history of the BritishSerbian relations there is not much about Fonblanque’s biography. The
ancestors of the second British Consul General in Serbia had moved to the
region of Cornwall in the [M^MV\MMV\P century fleeing the religious persecution
in France15. During the next century they were already fully integrated, as
Fonblanque’s father entered the House of Commons as the Member of
Parliament for Camelford. Albany William Fonblanque, Thomas Fonblanque’s
brother, was a distinguished journalist and the editor of the influential
Examiner for a long time16. Thomas Fonblanque himself started his career in a
manner usual for the majority of prominent British politicians and diplomats
of the VQVM\MMV\P century, particularly if not of an aristocratic origin. In 1808,
during the Napoleonic wars, he joined the British Army in which he served
for full eight years, on the fronts in Spain, Sicily and Belgium17. As it was
customary in the Foreign Office official biographies, the date of Fonblanque’s
15
Fonblanque, Albany William, Encyclopaedia Britannica, A New Survey of
Universal Knowledge, Volume 9, London, 1957.
16
O. H. Lejard, Od Beograda do Carigrada za šest dana, /In Serbian: From
Belgrade to Constantinople in Six Days/, B. Momčilović (edit.), Britanski putopisci o
našim krajevima u XIX veku, /In Serbian: British Travel Writers about Our Regions
in nineteenth century/, Novi Sad, 1993, p. 63. British travellers, occasionally passing
through Belgrade, had much more favourable opinion of Fonblanque. Skane thus stated
that he had pleasant and interesting talks with Fonblanque not only about Serbian
topics, but also about all other topics they came upon for which he “was equally an
inexhaustible source”. Skane, The Frontier Lands of the Christian and the Turk, Vol.2,
177.
17
Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque, Foreign Office List 1859–1860. Thomas
Grenier Viscount de Fonblanque, K.H. was the descendant of the old Italian noble
family Grenieri that moved to Languedoc in the thirteenth century. The older branch
of the family bearing the title Marquess of Juliers became extinct in 1829. Pierre
Grenier, Thomans Fonblanque’s ancestor, defended the castle Cessenan from the Duke
of Montmorency in 1584. Because of this his descendants received the title of Counte
de Hautessere et de Fonblanque from Henry IV. In 1688 the title was confirmed by the
Intendant of Languedoc M. de Bezons. Anthony Fonblanque, Thomas Fonblanque’s
great-grandfather, moved to England in the beginning of the eighteenth century, where
he was naturalized by the Parliament Act of 14.4.1738. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque’s
father, John Martin de Fonblanque (de iure Comte de Fonblanque K.C. (1844), was the
Barrister-at-law of the Middle Temple (24.1.1783-4.1.1857). John Martin was the M.P.
for Camelford (1803-1806) and a personal friend of H.R.H. Prince of Wales afterwards
George IV. He actually reassumed the original surname of “de Grenier”, by the royal
22
birth was not recorded, but as he was still in
service in 1858, it could be assumed that he
had to be very young when he had joined
the army – perhaps, barely sixteen years old.
He entered the diplomatic service on the 21st
of September 1816, when he was appointed
the Consul for the region of the French coast
of the English Channel. It seems that he
distinguished himself in the service from the beginning, because before his
transfer he was decorated with the Guelphic order of the 3rd class. On the first
of January 1822 he was appointed the Consul in Eastern Prussia and remained
unassigned for four years after this Consulate was dissolved in 1832. Since
1836 he was at the post of the British Consul for Prussian Dominions. In 1838
he was transferred across the Atlantic to Philadelphia, where he remained
for more than three years. The appointment as the Consul General in Serbia
represented by all means a significant promotion for the 49-year old diplomat.
By ill fortune this was to be the last one in his career.
License on 16.5.1828. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque was John Martin’s middle son.
The eldest son, John Samuel Martin was in 21st Fusiliers, afterwards a Commissioner
for bankruptcy. Albany William, the youngest John Martin’s son, was a journalist
and a well known writer of his time. T. G. de Fonblanque married Jane-Catherine,
Sir Jonah Barrington, the judge of the High Court of Admiralty in Ireland and a M.P.
in the British Parliament, daughter. The wedding took place in 1815 and Fonblanque
was introduced as K.H., a hereditary viscount of France and the second son of the
eminent King’s counsel. John Burke, Sir Bernard, A Genealogical and Heraldic History
of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Bar, Barrington of Barrington Hall.
Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque was mentioned as the captain of the h.p.2nd Garrison
Battalion already in 1842. Arthur William Alsager Pollock (Edit.), The United Service
Magazine 1842. Thomas and Jane-Catherine had at least three children. Adelaide
Arabella married Otto Count Schllippenbach and Sckofte Chamberlain to the King
of Prussia. The wedding took place in Napoli on 1.11.1850. Adelaide Arabella died
only six years later (1.8.1856) in Basedow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, The Gentleman’s
Magazine, July 1856, Obituary, 893). Younger daughter Caroline married Rev. Richard
Croker, M.A. in 1861 (The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review by Sylvanus
Urban, Gent 1861). Thomas de Fonblaque’s son, Edward Barrington de Fonblanque,
inherited the title of viscount. Edward Barrington’s grandson and namesake had a
distinguished military career becoming a Major-General in the British army. In 1924.
he even won a golden medal on the Olympic games. Thomas Grenier de Fonblanque’s
descendant John Robert de Fonblanque (born in 1943) is currently the Director in the
office of the High Commissioner on National Minorities in Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). See p. 189.
23
It would not be too strong to say that from the very beginning Serbia
did not much attract Fonblanque. The population he met there was of different
culture and the mentality he could not stand. The politicians he was in contact
with were mostly loathsome to him. The Princes Mihailo and Aleksandar
seemed to him as sheer puppets: the former was in the power of the Russian
Consul Veščenko, while not only the Russian and Austrian diplomacies were
competing who would gain the power over the latter, but also the fractions
of the quarrelling Constitutionalist oligarchy. Burdened with Hodges’s legacy
Fonblanque was also dissatisfied with the weak British influence and his
low income which made him considerably lag behind his colleagues, even
at the time when he became the doyen of the small diplomatic corps in the
Principality.18 There were another two important turning points Fonblanque
experienced during the forties in the nineteenth century, that finally modelled
his negative attitude towards Serbia and the Serbian people. First of all, he got
dysentery from which he was treated and recovering in Zemun, having left the
Consulate building in Belgrade for quite some time. Later on the 1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution took place in which the Serbs in Southern Hungary,
with abundant help from the official Serbia and its volunteers, fought against
the Hungarians, the British favorites. Many years later Fonblanque wrote
with disgust about riotous Serbian volunteers everybody feared, even their
fellow Serbs from Austria. If Fonblanque had to seriously accuse any Serbian
politician, this had to be unavoidably corroborated by the participation of the
same in the Hungarian war.19 There is not much written in historiography
18
Fonblanque‘s annual salary amounted to 800 pounds sterling, allocating him
156 pounds for expenses. In total, the above sum was higher than the average salary
of the state counselor in the Principality of Serbia (i.e., 4,780 thalers in comparison
with the counselor‘s salary of 2,500 thalers). The British Consul, however, lagged
behind the remuneration received by the Belgrade Pasha amounting to 12,000 ducats,
i.e., 5,000 pounds sterling, or Ilija Garašanin‘s property, estimated at 2,000 pounds.
Fonblanque was constantly dissatisfied with his pay, stating that he was the least paid
of other foreign consuls, and that his salary was smaller than the pay received by some
Serbian politicians. It is true that Fonblanque‘s budget in 1855 was for more than one
third smaller than the total sum of his actual expenses in Belgrade. Fonblanque to
Clarendon, Belgrade, 19 January 1855, and Fonblanque to Wodehouse, 3 March 1855,
Turkey (Wallachia and Servia), F.O. 78/1096.
19
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 14 July 1854, F.O. 78/1009, No. 41;
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 13 April 1856, F.O. 78/1197, No. 22. He wrote that
Tripković, the Prince‘s aide-de-camp, had personally tortured old people and children
in Southern Hungary.
24
about his role in those events. However, several years later he was personally
boasting about giving shelter to Laiosh Kossuth himself, the leader of the
Hungarian Revolution, when running away from the Austrian retaliation
across the Serbian territory.20 The proud British consul claimed that the
official Austria had never forgiven him for the role he played, so that even the
Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I when travelling by boat on the Danube in
1852, personally forbade the crew of his ship to return the honours the British
flag, under which Kossuth’s rescuer defiantly stood.21
It is quite understandable that the legacy could not have been
responsible for everything. Fonblanque was truly a very difficult person.
Despite their continuous cooperation Garašanin himself described him once
as “a completely crazy person”.22 The British Consul General was frequently
the victim of circumstances in Serbia. Thus in 1851 he came into conflict
with the Serbian authorities because the gathered mob stoned the British
Consulate and burnt the hoisted British flag in front of it. The reason was that
he had omitted to have the building illuminated on the occasion of Prince
Aleksandar’s birthday. The Serbian government finally apologized and even
took over certain obligations concerning the construction of roads in order to
expand the modest British trade in Serbia. However, when at last, two years
later certain British investments were made in Serbia (the Woodword company
intended to invest several thousand pounds into the pork processing), an
unpleasant disagreement occurred with the contractors, in which Fonblanque
himself had to take part.23 The misunderstandings between the British Consul
20
Fonblanque to Canning, Belgrade, 15 January 1852, F.O. 78/896; Fonblanque
to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 30 July 1853, F.O. 78/943, No. 46
21
It seems that the other two suzerains of empires having decisive impact on the
circumstances in Serbia were aware of Fonblanque‘s activity . In the beginning of 1855
he even had to give an explanation to his superiors for the Sultan’s alleged personal wish
to decorate him, while several months later he recollected that the emperor Nikolay I
knew how to emphasize the significant role the British Consul General actually played
in Serbia in the years preceding the Crimean War saying: ”C’est donc une Conlenure
? que ce Monsieur de Fonblanque!” Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 19 February
1855, F.O. 78/1095; Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 20 February 1856, F.O.
78/1197, No. 8.
22
D. Stranjaković, Ilija Garašanin, Kragujevac: Jefimija 2005.
23
The agreement between the brothers Ljutić from Smederevo and William
Woodward from Manchester, 2./14 October 1852, Fonblanque to MID (Serbian
Ministry of Foreign Affaires), 30 September 1853, MID-I, VI-105 ( d.b. 3152);
25
General and his surroundings got in the end a fateful turn. In May 1858, while
carelessly walking he was attacked by the Turkish guards and the injuries
he sustained had lethal consequences.24 But Fonblanque was not always the
innocent victim in his complex relations with the Serbs and the Turks. During
one minor traffic accident he beat up the incautious coachman and his almost
three times younger passenger. The injured party sued him, but without much
success as the Serbian authorities took trouble not to antagonize Great Britain
even when quite banal issue was in question.25
This was, however, only one side of the British Consul General’s
personality. Although he despised Serbian politicians, he remained in sincere
friendship with Ilija Garašanin for a long time. It is true that Garašanin
sometimes used to talk unfavourably about him, but even during the greatest
crises such a negative attitude was not mutual.26
He was denying the Serbian people many qualities that any civilized
people should have, but frequently this was not made in ill will. Despite the
fact that during almost two decades of living in Serbia he did not learn to speak
the Serbian language, Fonblanque showed a great interest in its circumstances
as can be proved by this excerpt:
„…the wants of Servia abundantly supplied by keeping one-third of the rich
soil under culture. Servia could feed five millions of people and export grain
and cattle beside, but under a system tainted by indolence and vice, – her
Population has, within the last fifteen years, declined from one million to
nine hundred thousand. As there is no poverty to restrain early marriages;
this decay must be ascribed to more unusual causes and the most patent
of these, is the tolerated habit of procuring abortion – a process which
Fonblanque to MID, 30 September 1853, MID-I, VI-105 (d.b. 3152); Fonblanque to
Clarendon, 27 July 1855, F.O. 78/1096, and Fonblanque – Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
28 February 1856, MID II-190,5, No. 631.
24
Ž. Djordjević, ”Slučaj engleskog konzula Fonblanka 1858“, (In Serbian:
The Case of the English Consul Fonblanque 1858), Istorijski glasnik 1–2, /In Serbian:
Historical Herald 1-2/, Belgrade, 1978, pp. 117–120.
25
S. Magazinović – Popečiteljstvu inostranih dela, 9. avgust (21. avgust) 1856,
/In Serbian: To the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 9 August (21 August) 1856/, MID IV855, No. 2969, AS.
26
Even the British ambassador in Constantinople noticed Fonblanque‘s affinity
towards the leaders of the ”patriotic party“ in Serbia, thus also calling Garašanin
”Fonblankque‘s friend“. Redcliffe to Fonblanque, 19 February 1856, F.O. 352/43C,
Redcliffe Papers.
26
implicates great mortality amongst Females. This is not an opportune
moment for me to indulge in speculations about the fate of Servia; but
I may perhaps be allowed to admit a belief of my having established the
lemma of its’ anticipation for self– (that is, for national) government, and
to assert, as a corollary–that no social amelioration – in fine, no redemption
for an inclination to savage life on a Russian plan, or to a Russian degree can
save the Country so full of capabilities – unless an enlightened government
can be introduced, from without, under the protection of Foreign Federal
Troops – not all Austrian, and none of them Turkish – until better principles
are implanted among invisibly relapsing Natives. Foreigners of the wrong–
kind precipitated the ruin of Greece, Foreigners of appropriate description
could regenerate Servia27.“
He showed the similar insight in the beginning of December 1854 when
he described in his report to Redcliffe the strange persistence of the Serbian
authorities to install the telegraph through Serbia on their own. He argued that
they were not able or willing to build a road from the City of Belgrade to five
miles distant Topčider, concluding that “the favourite rule with Serbs is to start
building the house from the roof ”.28
In addition to this, Fonblanque was acquainted with the national
aspirations of Serbia. He was one of the rare foreign diplomats who anticipated
the significant role Serbia would play in the future, particularly in relation to
uniting of the Southern Slavs.29 Fonblanque’s proposals for the constitutional
reform of Serbia in the forthcoming decades proved as an excellent anticipation
of the Serbian institutions evolution. Even when dealing with the economic
future of the Principality, his estimate that the only profitable export article
would, actually, be the export of pork has proved to be correct.30 Fonblanque’s
observations were as much as interesting as daring, and probably therefore
were not well received by the Foreign Office. He proposed the constitutional
and state reforms in Serbia under the British protectorate, his own concept of
the reform of the Ottoman Empire by asymmetric federalization, as well as a
completely new presentation of the British economy in Serbia. Despite all his
efforts, the proposals he kept sending contained, however, a great immediate
risk, and even greater and more uncertain long-term effects. Unable to obtain
27
Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 20 November 1854, F.O. 78/1009, No.
28
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 10 December 1854, F.O. 78/1009, No. 65.
Ph. Auty, pp. 422–3.
Fonblanque to Addington, Belgrade, 13 April 1854, F.O. 78/1008.
43.
29
30
27
long-term gains at the least possible risk, the practical British foreign policy
makers opted for, as a rule, small risks and immediate effects.
The attention should also be paid here to the nature of the BritishSerbian diplomatic relations during the fifties of the nineteenth century. At
that time Serbia, alongside with some German countries and Switzerland, was
one of the rare landlocked European countries. In addition to this, it was not
independent, and the land communications were, as seen, very bad. In the
middle of the nineteenth century the population of London itself, for instance,
two and a half times exceeded the total population of the Principality of
Serbia while, according to some statistics, as much as six million people were
involved in commerce in Great Britain.31 Their institutions greatly differed
as well. Great Britain was the centre of the European liberalism, and the
parliamentary principle was so strong that already for one century the cabinets
depended on the parliamentary majority in the Westminster Palace. The role
of citizens was not only expanded in state governing in 1832, but actually the
time of the Crimean War brought about its new triumph, because for the first
time in history, the pressure of the public opinion caused the downfall of one
Cabinet.32
The diplomacy was somewhat more conservative in relation to the other
British state institutions. During the Crimean War it acted in the form already
established in the eighteenth century. Closed and oligarchic by nature, during
the nineteenth century it started only gradually to become professionalized,
but only to a limited extent.33 In the nineteenth century Serbia belonged first
to the Southern, and later to the Eastern Foreign Office Department.34 At that
time Great Britain maintained diplomatic relations at the rank of ambassador
with six European powers only: France, Spain, Russia, Austria, Prussia and the
Ottoman Empire. In about some other twenty countries in the world considered
independent at the time, Great Britain was represented by the rank of a minister
or the minister extraordinary and envoy plenipotentiary, while it had general
consuls or general agents in the countries such as Serbia. Fonblanque was the
31
”Šumadinka“, 15/27 February 1855, yr. IV, No.14.
More accurately, the writing of The Times led to the fall of the Aberdeen‘s
government. C.P. Hill and J.C.Wright, p. 128.
33
During the nineteenth century the changes at the head of the Foreign Office
were less frequent than in other ministries. Only two state secretaries (Canning and
Grey) out of seventeen heading the British diplomacy from 1815 to 1914, were not
peers: Z. S. Steiner, The Foreign Office, 1898–1914, Cambridge, 1969, p. 2.
34
Ibid., pp. 214–215.
32
28
general agent in Serbia, but notwithstanding all his attempts to get at least
one (regional) consulate opened in the Lower Danube region (with the seat
in Smederevo), not only that had been unsuccessful, but in his opinion he
was ranked a step lower in the Foreign Office hierarchy in comparison to his
Belgrade colleagues from other countries.35 A comparatively small significance
the Principality of Serbia had enjoyed in the British plans until 1853 resulted
in its policy towards the Principality being essentially determined by the
general policy towards the Ottoman Empire. As we have seen, this policy did
not basically change since 1815, although it could be said that despite entering
into the war with Russia, Aberdeen’s Cabinet (George Hamilton Gordon
Earl of Aberdeen) was much less disposed against Russia than in the case
of Palmerston’s Cabinet to succeed him in 1855. The changes in the British
policy towards the Ottoman Empire had almost no effect on its policy towards
Serbia. Serbia was hardly ever mentioned in the Parliament during the war,
and no document exclusively related to it was found in Aberdeen’s papers.
The policy towards Serbia was essentially defined by the British Ambassador
in Constantinople, Sir Stratford de Redcliffe and Fonblanque, with the final
approval of Lord Clarendon (Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th
earl of), the State Secretary (Minister of Foreign Affairs) in Aberdeen’s Cabinet.
A closer circle of Aberdeen’s Cabinet, determined much more important British
policy issues in the war whereas the issues such as the Serbian one were mainly
within the State Secretary’s complete competence.36
During this time Serbia was ruled by the Prince and the State Council in
accordance with the Turkish Constitution which, as Slobodan Jovanović very
precisely observed, was written more to restrict the ruler than to provide valid
administration to the state.37 While the ruler was made unable to perform both
by the letter of the Constitution and the fact that Porte had not recognized the
right to title succession of the Karadjordjević family, the State Council was
increasingly losing touch with the people thus becoming not only oligarchic
but a closed bureaucratic institution as well. Serbia was thus under the great
35
Fonblanque to Clarendon, 12 July 1853, F.O. 78/946, Consular No. 8.
”Inner cabinet“ consisted of Aberdeen as the Prime Minister, John Russell,
the majority leader in the House of Commons, Clarendon, State Secretary for Foreign
Affairs, Palmerston, the Home Secretary. A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in
Europe 1848–1918, London, 1994, p. 52.
37
S. Jovanović, Ustavobranitelji i njihova vlada, 1838–1858, /In Serbian:
Constitutionalists and Their Rule, 1838-1858/, Belgrade, 1933, pp. 187– 8.
36
29
influence of the Ottoman Empire, its Suzerain, Russia, its Protector and Austria
to which it was militarily and economically oriented.
As an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire the Principality
had no established relations with foreign states. The Serbian Agent at the Porte
– Kapou-kehaja and occasional agents in Wallachia and Moldavia were the
exceptions. Serbia felt the need to expand its diplomatic activities during the
Crimean War. Jovan Marinović was thus sent to Paris in an unofficial mission,
Ilija Garašanin
30
and he remained there for one year only, maintaining regular contacts with
the French and British Ministries of Foreign Affairs.38 Aleksa Janković was
later sent to Vienna with a similar task.39 Although Serbia was often under
the prevailing influence of Russia during the Crimean War, mainly Russian
diplomats used to come to Serbia (Fonton, Mouchin, Popov and others).
Anastas Nikolić’s mission dispatched to the Russian General Headquarters in
Wallachia, remained a rather isolated case of direct diplomatic activity of the
official Serbia in this respect.40 Contrary to other Great Powers which sent
their special envoys to Serbia, particularly in the period of the great crisis from
the summer 1853 to the spring of 1854, Great Britain did not send additional
diplomats in Serbia.41
Fonblanque was the highest diplomatic representative of Great Britain
during the Crimean War. In Serbia, in addition to the Prince, his Prime Minister
(Predstavnik) was in charge of the foreign policy, who also carried out the
duty of the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Popečitelj). Apart from these two men,
Fonblanque maintained contacts with several members of the State Council,
although this institution had not the mandate for foreign policy affairs. The
British Consul General even claimed that he had to be given credit for admitting
to the State Council four members partial to Great Britain and France after
1851. Still, it could be said that the majority of Serbian politicians he cooperated
with had cold, probably even hostile relations with him. We have seen how he
considered the Prince to be a weak and extremely unreliable person. In several
instances he even claimed that his deposal was a prerequisite for the progress
of Serbia. Understandably, he despised the “Russian party”, and his contacts
38
J. Ristić, ”Srbija i Krimska vojna“, Istorijski spisi, (In Serbian: ”Serbia and the
Crimean War“, Historical Writings), Belgrade, 1940, p. 150. Fonblanque to Redcliffe,
Belgrade, 20 September 1854, F.O. 78/1009., No. 47.
39
J. Ristić, p. 113.
40
J. Ristić, p. 121. Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 12 May 1854, F.O.
78/1008.
41
Fonton‘s and Mouchin‘ Russia, Maierhoffer‘s Austria, Bure‘s France and
Merroni‘s Prussia. G. Jakšić, D. Stranjaković, Srbija od 1813. do 1858, /In Serbian:
Serbia from 1813 to 1855/, Belgrade, p. 148; Lj. Aleksić, ”Francuski uticaj u spoljnoj i
unutrašnjoj politici Srbije za vreme Krimskog rata“, /In Serbian: French Influence in
the Foreign and Internal Policy of Serbia during the Crimean War/, Istorijski časopis
(IČ), /In Serbian: Historical Journal of the Historical Institute of the SASA, vol. IX
for 1960, Belgrade, 1961, pp. 62–3. Even the possibility of the opening of the U.S.
Consulate in Belgrade was mentioned at the beginning of the war. Fonblanque to
Redcliffe, Belgrade, 30 July 1853, F.O. 78/943, No. 46.
31
with its leaders Toma Vučić Perišić and Stefan Stefanović-Tenka were rare
and limited, filled with distrust. He shrank from the Austrophiles, particularly
after 1848, but he remained in regular connections with them. Except from
Garašanin, he did not deem it necessary to say a good word about the Prince’s
Prime Ministers until the end of the Crimean War. Avram Petronijević,
Constitutionalist leader, influential and relatively independent was, according
to him, an irreconcilable opponent of the West and incorrigible demagogue,
Aleksa Simić – a Russophile and accomplice in the ruler’s incapacity, Aleksa
Janković – Austrophile who, bribed by his appointment for the Prime Minister
completely changed his political attitude.42 Garašanin had personally good
relations with him, primarily because of the political orientation he adopted
after his visit to Paris in 1852 and the unswervigness he showed as one of the
first victims of Menshikov’s mission already in March 1853. In addition to
their political similarity which was probably the greatest in the period from
1852 to 1858, one cannot neglect the impact of the fact that Fonblanque and
Garašanin were able to communicate without any bigger problems in the
German language which apparently the British Consul General spoke better
than the French language.43 Although language barriers were not important for
Fonblanque in general, as the politicians he communicated with were speaking
one of the European languages, the lack of knowledge of the Serbian language
isolated him a lot. This fact was especially manifested in the affair with the
1854 Memorandum and the articles in Srbske novine at the end of 1855, when
he delatedly reacted just because he had had no opportunity of getting their
official translation in time.44 Still, despite the fact that the British policy towards
the Balkans was defined and directed primarily by Clarendon and Redcliffe, its
inspirer in great extent, in case of Serbia, was certainly Fonblanque himself. In
the narrow circle of the above mentioned British diplomats and a somewhat
42
Fonblanque to Redcliffe, Belgrade, 29 December 1855, F.O. 78/1095, Copy No.
60; J. Ristić, Propast oligarhije 1856–1858, Spoljašnji odnošaji Srbije III, (In Serbian: The
Fall of Oligarchy 1856-1858, Foreign Relations of Serbia III), Belgrade, 1886, p. 238.
43
Garašanin‘s life was significantly changed by his visit to Paris. In fact, it
awakened Garašanin‘s increased interest in foreign policy. For the first time then
he started to wear the Western civilian clothes. D. Stranjaković, Ilija Garašanin,
Kragujevac: Jefimija 2005, pp. 244, 481. During the Crimean War he visited Paris and
London twice, about which his biographers (Stranjaković and D. MacKenzie, Ilija
Garašanin: Balkan Bismarck, (New York: East European Monographs, Boulder, 1985)
did not especially write. Fonblanque to Addington, 3 June 1853, IG, 913, AS.
44
Fonblanque to Clarendon, Belgrade, 12 December 1855, O 78/ 1095, No. 42.
32
Malakhov, Franz Roubaud. Detail of his panoramic painting
The Siege of Sevastopol
greater number of Serbian politicians, it is possible to recognize the makers of
the British-Serbian relations during the Crimean War.
The study of the relations between Great Britain and Serbia during the
Crimean War obviously deserves a special attention for many reasons. It has
been mentioned that during the entire nineteenth century London showed
much greater interest for the circumstances in Serbia only during the Crimean
War (1853-1856) and Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878). But while during the
Great Eastern Crisis Great Britain was negatively disposed towards Serbia
from the beginning and had no direct military participation in the crisis, the
conditions were basically different during the Crimean War. The interests Great
Britain had for Serbia were twofold. The attitude of Serbia should without fail,
according to the British belief, define the position of all Balkan Christians,
and particularly South Slavs. On the other hand, the total number of British
45
W. Baumgart, The Crimean War (1853– 1856), London, 1999, p.78.
33
soldiers submitted to the Parliament in the summer of 1854 amounted to
183,000, together with the troops in the colonies. Only 30,000 British soldiers
were, however, sent to the East.45 By the end of 1853 the estimates of the
number of the Serbian armed troops, reaching the British public, were in the
range of sixty to eighty thousand soldiers. Although these estimates were later
denied both by the diplomats and observers, as well as by the official Serbia,
they ascribed it great significance at the climax of the crisis in 1853-1854. Later,
particularly in the beginning of 1856, Serbia remained completely neglected
in the plans of Great Britain and Western allies. The reform of the Ottoman
Empire was carried out without visible connection with the reforms of the
Danube principalities and Serbia which, notwithstanding, took place. The
reasons for such a policy of Great Britain and its allies were disregarded in
the historiography until present, exactly because of the prevailing belief that
limited Russo-Turkish war on the Danube showed not only the weakness of
Russia but also the small significance of the Balkans in the forthcoming conflict.
The impact of the decisions of the Paris Congress on further development
of political circumstances and the determination of the status of Serbia was
underestimated owing to the inappropriate comparison of Serbia with the
Danube principalities and Piedmont. The study that follows is an analysis of
chronologically presented British-Serbian diplomatic relations, with special
topical reviews of their important segments which have not even until present
drawn the attention of the historians.
+0)8<-:<?7
)66=;51:)*141;{ <0--);<-:6+:1;1; { x1V\PMPQ[\WZaWN\PM-I[\MZVY]M[\QWV\PMZMPI[VW\JMMVIKZQ
[Q[J]ZLMVML_Q\P[WUIVaKWUXTM`Y]M[\QWV[I[\PQ[WVM#VM^MZ
JMNWZMPIL\PMP]UIVUQVL[\ZIQVML[WPIZL\WMV\IVOTMIVL]V
\IVOTM\PMUI[\PMVy
2WÎV:Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVI;MZJQIIVL
\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
<PMLMJIKTMWN\PM !ZM^WT]\QWV[MMUMLKWUXTM\MQV "\PM
WTL[a[\MU_I[ZMM[\IJTQ[PMLQVITT+MV\ZIT-]ZWXMIVKW]V\ZQM[IVLQV.ZIVKM
4W]Q[6IXWTMWV_I[KZW_VML_Q\PQUXMZQITKZW_V6M^MZ\PMTM[[ !KW]TL
VW\ PI^M JMMV \PM [IUM I[ IVL \PM KZQ[Q[ \PI\ [\IZ\ML QV PIL \W
XZW^M\PMNIK\\PI\\PMZM^WT]\QWVLMJIKTMLQLVW\UMIV\PM^QK\WZaWN\PM0WTa
)TTQIVKM I[ _MTT <PM KZQ[Q[ W^MZ \PM 0WTa 8TIKM[ IVL 5WV\MVM
OZW ZMXZM[MV\MLQVMNNMK\IKPITTMVOMNWZ\PM[a[\MUM[\IJTQ[PMLQV _PQKP _I[ []KKM[[N]TTa \M[\ML QV \PM -I[\ WN -]ZWXM IVL 4MÎV\ QV !
IVL !
<PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMJITIVKMJM\_MMV\PM-]ZWXMIVXW_MZ[LQLVW\LQ
ZMK\TaINNMK\;MZJQI;\ZQK\Ta[XMISQVOJW\P[QLM[PILVWQV\MV\QWVWNKPIVOQVO
Q\[[\I\][0W_M^MZ_Q\P\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PMKWVéQK\IVL\PMW]\JZMISWN\PM
-]ZWXMIV_IZQ\[MMUML\PI\\PM^MZa[]Z^QÎTWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_I[M`
XW[ML\WLIVOMZ<PM[W^MZMQOV\aWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQVM^Q\IJTaWXMVML]X
\PMM\MZVIT\WXQKWN\PM[\I\][WN;MZJQI?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI <PMJMOQV
VQVOWN\PMKZQ[Q[J]Z[\W]\Y]Q\M]VM`XMK\MLTaQVIVMNNWZ\WN\PMVM_TaXZW
KTIQUML.ZMVKPMUXMZWZ6IXWTMWV111\WQVKZMI[MPQ[XZM[\QOMJaLMUIVLQVO
8?;PZWMLMZ)][\ZQI/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ{<PM,M[\Z]K\QWV
WN\PM-]ZWXMIV+WVKMZ\4WVLWV!X{?*I]UOIZ\X
Annus mirabilis – 1853
35
NZWU\PM8WZ\M\WZMKWOVQbM\PMZQOP\WN\PM+I\PWTQK[\WSMa[WN\PMUW[\QU
XWZ\IV\KP]ZKPM[QV2MZ][ITMU<PM0WTaXTIKM[KZQ[Q[I[Q\ZMUIQVMLSVW_V
[WWVOW\\ZIV[NWZUMLQV\WIKWVéQK\WNXZQVKQXTMW^MZ\PMZQOP\WN:][[QI\W\PM
XZW\MK\QWVWN\PM+PZQ[\QIV[]JRMK\[WN\PM8WZ\M\W_PQKPJW\P.ZIVKMIVL:][
[QIPILXZM\MV[QWV[<PM3]KP]S3IQVIZLRQ<ZMI\aNZWU\W_PQKP:][[QI
ZMNMZZML\WPILOQ^MV:][[QIIUJQO]W][ZQOP\WNXZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ\PM7\\WUIV
+PZQ[\QIV[1V\PMQV\MZXZM\I\QWVWN<[IZ6QSWTIa1\PMKTI][M[WN\PMUMV\QWVML
<ZMI\aKWVèZUMLIVLM`\MVLMLJa\PMXZW^Q[QWV[WN\PM=VSQIZ;SMTM[[Q<ZMI
\aWN OI^M;\8M\MZ[J]ZOVW\WVTa\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWNZMXZM[MV\QVO\_MT^M
UQTTQWV7\\WUIV-UXQZM+PZQ[\QIV[J]\IT[WWNZ]TQVO\PMU:][[QIVNWZMQOV
XWTQKaKWVKMX\UIQVTaKZMI\MLI[IVQVLMXMVLMV\)K\WN\PM<[IZw[_QTT_I[\PM
[]JRMK\WNKWV\ZW^MZ[aQVTI\MZPQ[\WZQWOZIXPa_PQTMQ\PILJMMVITUW[\JMaWVL
]VLMZ[\IVLQVONWZPQ[KWV\MUXWZIZQM[1\Q[KMZ\IQV\PI\\PMZM[MV\UMV\\W_IZL[
.ZIVKMIVL\PMKWVéQK\IZQ[QVOW^MZ\PM0WTaXTIKM[X]\\PM0WTa)TTQIVKM\W\M[\
\PI\PIL_I\KPMLW^MZ\PMKWV[MZÎ\Q^M[a[\MUWV\PMKWV\QVMV\NWZITUW[\NW]Z
LMKILM[6WVM\PMTM[[R][\I[QV !:][[QILM^QI\MLNZWU\PMXZQVKQXTM
WNTMOQ\QUIKaQVKI[MWN\PM/ZMMSY]M[\QWV\PM[Q\]I\QWVQV\PM7\\WUIV-U
XQZMWXMVML]XVM_LW]J\[WV\PQ[WKKI[QWV[W\PI\VQVMaMIZ[IN\MZ\PMèZ[\
[XMK]TI\QWV[ IJW]\ Q\[ LQ^Q[QWV WN XW_MZ \PM :][[QIV Z]TMZ XZM[MV\ML IOIQV I
[QUQTIZXZWXW[IT\PQ[\QUM\W\PM*ZQ\Q[PIUJI[[ILWZ;MZ0IUQT\WV;MaUW]Z
<PQ[ Q[ PW_ I NIQZTa TWOQKIT J]\ VW\ U]KP XZQVKQXTML KWVKMX\ KIUMIJW]\\W
6M_MZ I]\PWZ[ XWQV\ W]\ \PI\ \PM Y]M[\QWV WN \PM ZQOP\ WN :][[QI \W \PM
XZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ\PM7Z\PWLW`KPZQ[\QIV[QV\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMPI[VW\JMMVKTMIZTa
LMèVMLM^MVJa\PM3]KP]S3IQVIZLRQ<ZMI\a)KKWZLQVO\W,I^Q[:WLMZQK\PM^MZ[QWV[
WN\PM<ZMI\aQV\PM<]ZSQ[PIVL:][[QIVTIVO]IOM[_MZMMIKPNWZU]TI\MLQVNI^W]Z
WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM\PI\Q[WN:][[QIJ]\\PM^MZ[QWVQV\PM1\ITQIVTIVO]IOM\PM
WNèKQITTIVO]IOMWNVMOW\QI\QWV[QV\MZXZM\ML\PMXZW\MK\WZI\MXZW^Q[QWV[QVNI^W]ZWN
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQV\MZM[\[,0:WLMZQKi:][[QIV;SQTTIVL<]ZSQ[P1UJMKQTQ\a"
<PM<ZMI\aWN3]KP]S3IQVIZLRQ:MKWV[QLMZMLx;TI^QK:M^QM_>WT6WXX!{
)28<IaTWZX
;WUMPQ[\WZQIV[I[KZQJMLX]ZMTaMKWVWUQKKI][M[\W\PQ[_IZ<PMIÎQTIJTM
[W]ZKM[PW_M^MZXWQV\W]\\PI\MKWVWUQKZMI[WV[PILVW[QOVQèKIV\WZQVXIZ\QK]TIZ
I SMa ZWTM QV \PM KZMI\QWV WN \PM :][[QIV NWZMQOV XWTQKa WN \PI\ \QUM 4R )TMS[QË
i.ZIVK][SQ]\QKIR][XWTRVWRQ]V]\ZIVRWRXWTQ\QKQ;ZJQRMbI^ZMUM3ZQU[SWOZI\Ix
1V;MZJQIV".ZMVKP1Vé]MVKMQV\PM.WZMQOVIVL1V\MZVIT8WTQKaWN;MZJQIL]ZQVO\PM
+ZQUMIV?IZ1[\WZQR[SQÍI[WXQ[11V;MZJQIV"0Q[\WZQKIT2W]ZVITWN\PM0Q[\WZQKIT
1V[\Q\]\MWN\PM;);)^WT1@NWZ!*MTOZILM!X
)28<IaTWZXX{
36
_PQKP \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUIKa ILPMZML" :][[QI I[ \PM UW[\ LM^W\ML IL^WKI\M
WNTMOQ\QUIKaLMNMVLML\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQV\MOZQ\aZMILa\WILUQVQ[\MZQ\
\WOM\PMZ_Q\P\PM8WZ\MWZJM\\MZ[IQL\PZW]OP\PM8WZ\MJ]\[\ZQ^QVO\WJZQVO
IJW]\ Q\[ QUUMLQI\M LW_VNITT QV KI[M WN IVa SQVL WN LQ[WJMLQMVKM 0W_M^MZ
_PQTMQVW\PMZKI[M[\PMWNèKQIT:][[QI\ZQML\WSMMX\PM[IUMMVMUQM[Q\PIL
PILI\\PM\QUMWN\PM0WTa)TTQIVKMKZMI\QWVQV\PMUQLLTMWN\PMVQVM\MMV\P
KMV\]Za/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVKW]TLVW\LM[XQ\MM`XMK\I\QWV[WN:][[QIJMQ\[ITTaQV\PM
LQ^Q[QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM<PM*ZQ\Q[PKWUUMZKQITQV\MZM[\[QUXW[ML\PM
XZM[MZÎ\QWVWN\PMM`Q[\QVO[\I\MQV\PM-I[\[QVKM\PMIXXMIZIVKMWNIVW\PMZ
XW_MZQV\PM[\ZI\MOQKITTaQUXWZ\IV\ZMOQWVWN\PM5QLLTM-I[\_W]TLMVLIVOMZ
Q\[KWTWVQITQV\MZM[\[<PMX]JTQKWXQVQWV_I[QVé]MVKMLJa[]KPKWVLQ\QWV[[W
\PI\Q\KPQMéaI[[]UUMLIPW[\QTMI\\Q\]LM\W_IZL[:][[QIITZMILaQV\PM\PQZ\QM[
WN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za<PM :M^WT]\QWVIVL\PMQVKTQVI\QWV\W_IZL[\PM
OWIT[WN\PM8WTQ[PIVL0]VOIZQIVZM^WT]\QWVIZQM[XZWJIJTaUILM\PM*ZQ\Q[P
X]JTQKUW[\WNITTQVKTQVML\W_IZL[IXW[[QJTMKWVéQK\_Q\P:][[QI0W_M^MZ\PM
*ZQ\Q[P+IJQVM\UW[\Ta\ZQML\WI^WQL\PM_IZJMKI][MQ\_I[VW\KWV^QVKML\PI\
IVa[QOVQèKIV\XWTQ\QKITIVLMKWVWUQKJMVMè\[KW]TLZM[]T\NZWUQ\<PMZMNWZM
L]ZQVO\PM_IZIKWV[QLMZIJTMLQNNMZMVKMQV\PMI\\Q\]LM[\W_IZL[\PM_IZKW]TL
JMNMT\JM\_MMV\PMXMWXTMWN.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV1V\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM
KZQ[Q[\PMX]JTQKQV*ZQ\IQV_I[UWZMQVKTQVML\W\PM_IZ_Q\P:][[QI\PIVQ\_I[
\PMKI[MWNQ\[W_VOW^MZVUMV\_PQTMQ\_I[\PMWXXW[Q\MQV.ZIVKM_PMZM\PM
-UXMZWZPQU[MTNQV[\QOI\ML\PMKWVéQK\_Q\P;\8M\MZ[J]ZO7V\PMW\PMZPIVL
\PM*ZQ\Q[P+IJQVM\JMKIUMQVKZMI[QVOTaJMTTQOMZMV\NZWU\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM
_IZKWVéQK\[QV\PMI]\]UVWN WVTa\WZMUIQV\PMUW[\XMZ[Q[\MV\IVLM`
\ZMUMIL^WKI\MWN\PM_IZ]V\QT )[<IaTWZPI[WJ[MZ^ML\PM\Z]MOWIT[WN
\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ_MZMVW\MQ\PMZWV\PM*ITSIV[WZQV2MZ][ITMUJ]\\PMa_MZM
Y]Q\MWV\PMKWV\ZIZaTQVSML\W\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMJITIVKMJM\_MMV\PM/ZMI\
8W_MZ[NWZ\PMZM[\Z]K\]ZQVOWN\PM-]ZWXMIV[a[\MUWNITTQIVKM[IVLKMZ\IQV
5QLLTM-]ZWXMIVQ[[]M[
1VQ\[KWVéQK\_Q\P.ZIVKM:][[QII\\MUX\ML\WZMTaWV\PMITTQM[NZWU\PM
0WTa)TTQIVKM0W_M^MZQ\[QVé]MVKMI\\PM8WZ\ML]ZQVO\PM0WTaXTIKM[KZQ[Q[
;]KP I[[M[[UMV\[ _MZM VW\ IKK]ZI\M JMKI][M \PM MVL WN \PM +ZQUMIV?IZ
_I[QUUMLQI\MTaNWTTW_MLJa\PMXMZQWLWN]VQUIOQVIJTMM`XIV[QWVWN\PM?M[\MZV
M`XWZ\QV\W\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM;.IZWTRPQ*5K/W_IV,9]I\IMZ\;8IU]S)V
-KWVWUQKIVL;WKQIT0Q[\WZaWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM^WT11{!+IUJZQLOM
!!X )28<IaTWZX
37
XZW^ML\WJM[]NèKQMV\<[IZ6QSWTIaèZUTaJMTQM^ML\PI\:][[QI_I[XW_MZN]T
MVW]OP\WQUXW[MQ\[XWTQKaJaQ\[MTNWV\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI[TWVOI[\PM
W\PMZNW]Z/ZMI\8W_MZ[_MZMVW\]VQ\MLIOIQV[\Q\ 1\Q[WJ^QW][\WLIa\PI\
:][[QIQV _I[VW\Y]Q\M[]ZMQVQ\[QV\MV\QWV[\WLM[\ZWa\PM7\\WUIV-U
XQZM.QZ[\WNITTQ\[KWVN][QVO[\ZI\MOaIVLXWTQ\QKITQVLMKQ[Q^MVM[[XZW^ML\PQ[
QVIJW]\\PMJM[\_Ia+WV\MUXWZIZaPQ[\WZQIV[M`XTIQV\PI\[]KPJMPI^QW]Z
WN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa_I[\PMKWV[MY]MVKMWN\PMNIK\\PI\NZWU\PMLWUQ
VIV\-]ZWXMIVXW_MZ:][[QI\]ZVMLQVWVMaMIZWVTaQV\W\PMQ[WTI\ML][]ZXMZ
WN\PM[a[\MUQ\PIL^Q\ITTaKWV\ZQJ]\ML\WJMM[\IJTQ[PML
<PMèZ[\[\MXWV\PQ[ZWILPIXXMVMLI\\PM\QUM_PMV\PMJWZLMZKWV
éQK\JM\_MMV5WV\MVMOZWIVL\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM\PZMI\MVML\WMVLQV\PM
KWTTIX[MWN5WV\MVMOZW<PQ[[UITTKW]V\ZaWVTaZMKMV\TaZIQ[ML\W\PMZIVS
WNXZQVKQXITQ\a_I[I\\IKSMLJaIVIZUaWNNW]Z\a\PW][IVL7\\WUIV[WTLQMZ[
]VLMZ\PMKWUUIVLWN7UMZ8I[PI)T\PW]OPIXXIZMV\TaY]Q\MQV[QOVQèKIV\
\PMKWVéQK\JM\_MMV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVL+M\QVRMQUXQVOML]XWV\PMY]M[\QWV
WN \PM [W^MZMQOV\a WN \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM 1V VMML WN I []KKM[[ QV NWZMQOV
XWTQKaIN\MZ\PMXW[Q\QWVQ\NW]VLQ\[MTNNWTTW_QVO\PM0]VOIZQIVZM^WT]\QWVIVL
\PM:][[QIVQV\MZ^MV\QWV)][\ZQI[QLML_Q\P\PM5WV\MVMOZQIV[\P][LMNMVL
QVO\PMJ]NNMZbWVM\PI\LQ^QLML\PM7\\WUIV[\I\MNZWUQ\[W\PMZ_Q[M][MTM[[
IVLPIbIZLTM[[XW[[M[[QWV[QV*WSI!:][[QI[QLML_Q\P)][\ZQI[\QTTWKK]XQML
_Q\PQ\[KWVéQK\VW\WVTa_Q\P.ZIVKMJ]\_Q\P\PM8WZ\MI[_MTTW^MZ\PM0WTa
XTIKM[5WV\MVMOZW\P][JMKIUMIXZMKMLMV\xI[UITTXWTQ\QKITI\WUyWNSMa
[QOVQèKIVKMNWZ\PM-]ZWXMIV[\IJQTQ\aI[4WZL,]LTMa;\]IZ\LM[KZQJML\PQ[
[UITTXZQVKQXITQ\a\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P8IZTQIUMV\)[TWVOI[)][\ZQIIVL:][[QI
IK\ML\WOM\PMZ\PMQZLMKQ[Q^MVM[[PIL]VI^WQLIJTa\WW^MZKWUM\PM8WZ\Mw[_QTT
)28<IaTWZX#8;PZWMLMZX
3TMSIVL;]\]ZQVI
;ZJ[SM VW^QVM 1V ;MZJQIV" <PM ;MZJQIV 6M_[XIXMZ 5IZKP VW
aZ@@X!)VQV\MZM[\QVONIK\Q[\PI\\PMWNèKQIT*ZQ\IQVI\\MUX\ML\WZMUIQV
VM]\ZITQV\PQ[èZ[\XMZQWLWN\PM-]ZWXMIVKZQ[Q[1VPQ[IV[_MZ\W\PMY]M[\QWVX]\Ja
4WZL;\IVTMaQV\PM8IZTQIUMV\IJW]\5WV\MVMOZWQ\[[\I\][IVL\PMI\\Q\]LMWN*ZQ\IQV
KWVKMZVQVO \PM KWVéQK\ IUWVO \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM IVL :][[QI IVL )][\ZQI 4WZL
5ITUM[J]Za KTIQUML \PI\ 5WV\MVMOZW IT\PW]OP VW\ ZMKWOVQbML NWZ WVM P]VLZML
IVL èN\a aMIZ[ MVRWaML ZMIT QVLMXMVLMVKM _PQTM Q\[ Z]TMZ I[ IV 7Z\PWLW` *Q[PWX
iZQOP\N]TTax MVRWaML \PM XZW\MK\QWV WN \PM :][[QIV MUXMZWZ / -ZVRISW^QË MLQ\WZ
3IZT5IZS[{.ZQLZQP-VOMT[,MTI1V;MZJQIV"3IZT5IZ`{.ZQLZQKP-VOMT[?WZS[^WT
*MTOZILM!XX{
!
38
/MVMZIT4MQVQVOMV_I[[MV\NZWU>QMVVI\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_PMZMPMLQK\I\ML
\PMKWVLQ\QWV[KWVKMZVQVO5WV\MVMOZW\W\PM8WZ\M<PM7\\WUIVIZUa_I[
MÎK]I\MLIVL\PMXMIKMZMM[\IJTQ[PML_PQTM\PMJWZLMZZMUIQVML\PZMI\MV
QVOTa ZM[\TM[[ 4MQVQVOMVw[ UQ[[QWV MUJQ\\MZML \PM 7[UIVTQ[ IVL \PM *ZQ\WV[
J]\MVKW]ZIOML\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaQVQ\[QV\MV\QWV[\W_QV\WOM\PMZ_Q\P
)][\ZQI\PMXZQWZQ\aI\\PM8WZ\MIVL\WLQ^QLM\PM*ITSIV[IVL\PM[\ZIQ\[JM
\_MMV\PM\_WWN\PMUQVKI[MWNKWTTIX[MWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM<PQ[Q[_Pa
<[IZ6QSWTIaKWV[QLMZMLQ\VMKM[[IZa\W[MVLPQU[MTNI[_MTTIVMV^Wa\W+WV
[\IV\QVWXTM\W[WT^MITTWXMVY]M[\QWV[QVLQZMK\VMOW\QI\QWV[_Q\P\PM8WZ\M
0Q[KPWQKM_I[8ZQVKM5MV[PQSW^\PMXZW]L:][[QIVILUQZIT_PW_I[
MV\Z][\MLNWZ\PQ[WKKI[QWV_Q\P\PMZWTMWNILQXTWUI\8ZQVKM5MV[PQSW^PIL
\WTQSM4MQVQVOMV[]JUQ\:][[QIVLMUIVL[\W\PM8WZ\M_PMZMI[PQ[UQ[[QWV
PILVW\JMMVN]TTaLMèVML1\Q[[IQL\PI\Q\Q[QUXW[[QJTM\W_IOM_IZ[_Q\PW]\
I\TMI[\\PMM`Q[\MVKMWN\PM\QVQM[\KPIVKMWZIUQ[]VLMZ[\IVLQVO0W_M^MZ
[WUMWN\PM_IZ[QV\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]ZaKW]TLPIZLTaJMJI[ML\W[]KPIV
M`\MV\WVIUQ[]VLMZ[\IVLQVOI[Q\_I[\PMKI[M_Q\P\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ1V\PM
LQK\I\MQUXW[MLJa5MV[KPVQSWNN\W\PM8WZ\MQUUMLQI\MTa]XWVPQ[IZZQÎT
\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTMQV.MJZ]IZa/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV\P][QUUMLQI\MTaNMT\\PMIZZW
OIVKMWN\PM8W_MZ_PMZMI[QVNIK\\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaWJ^QW][Ta\ZQML\W
KW^MZ]XQ\[W_V_MISVM[[)N\MZ\PMLMKILM[WN\PM+W]V\6M[[MTZWLMw[M`MK]
\QWVWN\PM<[IZw[ZQOQL_QTTVW_NWZ\PMM`MK]\QWVWN\PQ[LQXTWUI\QKUQ[[QWV
6QSWTIa1[MTMK\MLIVIZQ[\WKZI\{[WTLQMZ_PWPMXMZKMQ^ML\WJM\PMKTW[M[\\W
\PMXMWXTMJ]\_PWKWV[QLMZMLPQU[MTN\WJM]T\ZITQJMZITIUWVO\PM:][[QIV
XWTQ\QKQIV[<PQ[LQKPW\WUaWNWXQVQWV[QV\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaI[IN\MZITT
QV\PM)][\ZQIVWVMI[_MTTKWV[QLMZIJTa[XMMLML]X\PMLM^MTWXUMV\WNM^MV\[
TMILQVO\W\PM_IZ5MV[PVQSW^Y]QKSTaIVLMI[QTa[WT^ML\PM0WTaXTIKM[KWV
éQK\QVNI^W]ZWN:][[QI0W_M^MZR][\I[[WWVPMPIL[]KKMMLMLQV\PQ[PM
ZMY]M[\ML\PMLQ[UQ[[ITWNPQ[UIQVKWTTWK]\WZ.]IL-NNMVLQ\PM8WZ\Mw[5QV
2:Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVIQV;MZJQIV";MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZX
8;PZWMLMZX
5MVQSW^ )TMS[IVLIZ ;MZOMRM^QÍ UMV\QWVML I[ 5MV[KPQSWNN Ja WTLMZ
I]\PWZ[ \PM :][[QIV ILUQZIT IVL LQXTWUI\ *WZV QV ! WZ ! \PM LM[KMVLIV\
WN \PM èZ[\ :][[QIV KW]V\ \PM TMILMZ WN \PM ]V[]KKM[[N]T UQ[[QWV \W <MPMZIV QV \PM
\_MV\QM[ WN \PM @1@ KMV\]Za IVL \PM XIZ\QKQXIV\ WN \PM :][[W<]ZSQ[P ! ?IZ
8ZQVKM5MV[KPQSWNN{<PM:][[QIV5QVQ[\MZWN5IZQVM<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[
,MKMUJMZ X 6QSWTIRM^QË\W/IZIIVQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM5IZKP 1/ !);
39
Q[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[?PMVPM[]KKMMLMLQV\PQ[I[_MTTPMQ[[]ML\PMWZLMZ
NWZKWV[Q[\MV\IXXTQKI\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVQV\MZXZM\I\QWVWN\PM<ZMI\a[QOVMLQV
3]KP]S3IQVIZLRQ*aPQ[QV[Q[\MVKMWV\PQ[ZMY]M[\PMNIQTML\WXZM[MZ^M\PM
IKPQM^MUMV\[ZMIKPML[WNIZ\PMUWJQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM[\IZ\MLJWQTQVOW^MZ
IVL\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKP[PQX[[IQTMLQV\W\PM;MIWN5IZUIZI:MUIQVQVO
QV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM]V\QT5Ia5MV[PVQSW^èVITTaKIUM\WJMTQM^M\PI\\PMWVTa
WVMWJ[\Z]K\QWV\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaPILQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_I[{\PM*ZQ\
Q[PLQXTWUIKaIVL\PMxQVNMZVIT:MLKTQNNMw[\aZIVVay
)\\PI\\QUM)JMZLMMVw[+IJQVM\QV4WVLWV_I[LQ^QLMLIJW]\Q\[[\IVL
\W_IZL[\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO-I[\MZVKZQ[Q[)JMZLMMV_I[QVKTQVML\W:][[QIIVL
_IV\ML I\ VW KW[\ \W JZQVO \PM *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUIKa QV\W \PM KWVéQK\ JM\_MMV
;\8M\MZ[J]ZOIVL8IZQ[1V*ZQ\IQVPW_M^MZIV\Q:][[QIVUWWL_I[JMKWU
QVO [\ZWVOMZ IVL [\ZWVOMZ IVL 8ITUMZ[\WV IVL :][[MT 4WZL 2WPV :][[MTT
\PMUMUJMZ[WN\PM+IJQVM\WXMVTaWXXW[MLIVaVM]\ZITXWTQKa.WZITT\PI\
8ZQVKM)TMÌVLMZ5MV[PQSW^
5MV[KPQSWNN
)28<IaTWZX
8;PZWMLMZX!
40
+TIZMVLWV \PM ;MKZM\IZa NWZ .WZMQOV)NNIQZ[ NMT\ \PI\ PQ[ XW[Q\QWV _I[ JMQVO
MVLIVOMZMLMÌK\TaJa;\ZI\NWZL+IVVQVOLM:MLKTQNNM\PMQVé]MV\QIT*ZQ\Q[P
IUJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_PW_I[[\QTTQV4WVLWVL]ZQVO\PMèZ[\_MMS[
WN\PMKZQ[Q[_PMZM\PM9]MMVXZWKTIQUMLPQU\PM4WZLWN:MLKTQNNM
<PMKWVéQK\JM\_MMV:][[QIIVL)][\ZQIWVWVM[QLMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV
IVL.ZIVKMWV\PMW\PMZZMIKPMLQ\[XMISQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIITZMILaI\
\PMMVLWN <PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM.WVJTIVY]MPILJMMV[PW_QVO
NWZITWVO\QUMPW[\QTMNMMTQVO[\W_IZL[\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQI;]KPPQ[I\\Q\]LM
IKK]ZI\MTaM`XZM[[ML\PMWNèKQITXW[Q\QWVWN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVILWX\MLL]ZQVO\PM
0]VOIZQIV:M^WT]\QWVIVL\PMLQ[\Z][\[\W_IZL[\PM0IJ[J]ZOUWVIZKPa\PM
\ZILQ\QWVITXZW\MK\WZWN\PM+I\PWTQK+P]ZKP_PQKP_I[QVKWVéQK\_Q\P\PM
*ZQ\Q[P[\I\MQV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM w[0W_M^MZQ\[MMU[\PI\.WVJTIVY]M
_I[KWV[QLMZIJTaQVé]MVKMLJa\PMWJ^QW][XW_MZWN\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa
_Q\P Q\[ []KKM[[N]T QVé]MVKM WV \PM ;MZJQIV XZQVKM IVL PQ[ MV^QZWVUMV\ QV
JIZZQVO\PMQV^M[\UMV\WN\PM*ZQ\Q[PKIXQ\ITQV\W;MZJQI.WVJTIVY]MèZUTa
JMTQM^ML\PI\\PM)][\ZQIV[]XXWZ\\W5WV\MVMOZWPILJMMVXZQUIZQTaUW\Q
2WPV:][[MTT
.WVJTIVY]M\W5ITUM[J]Za*MTOZILM!;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W
IVL.WVJTIVY]M\W5ITUM[J]Za*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W Annus mirabilis – 1853
41
Î\ML Ja \PM NMIZ WN )][\ZQI NZWU *ZQ\Q[P MKWVWUQK KWUXM\Q\QWV QV ;MZJQI
=VLMZKWVLQ\QWV[WN\PMKWUXTM\M[XTQ\\QVO]XJM\_MMV\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[Q\
_I[QV\PMQV\MZM[\WN.WZMQOV7NèKMNWZ;MZJQI\WZMUIQVXMIKMN]TL]ZQVO\PM
7\\WUIV5WV\MVMOZQVKWVéQK\<PMUW^MUMV\QVNI^W]ZWN\PMITTQIVKM_Q\P
5WV\MVMOZW_I[NMT\QV;MZJQII[7UMZ 8I[PIw[ KIUXIQOV TI[\ML NWZ Y]Q\M I
TWVO\QUM<PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQIIVL:][[QILQLVW\WNèKQITTaM`MZ\IVaXZM[[]ZM
QV\PQ[LQZMK\QWVJ]\*M[[QU8I[PI_I[[]ZMWNIKWV[XQZIKaQVNI^W]ZWN5WV
\MVMOZQV[QV;MZJQIIVL*]TOIZQI <PMIXXMIT[\W\PM;MZJQIVXMWXTMNWZPMTX
QVO 5WV\MVMOZQV[ _MZM IT[W KWUQVO NZWU \PM XIOM[ WN ;MZJQIV VM_[XIXMZ[
IVLQV[\MILWNJMQVOKMV[WZ[ML\PMQZMLQ\WZ[_MZMèVITTaWVTaKI]\MVMLJa\PM
UQTQ\IZaKWUUIVLMZWN<QUQșWIZI!<PM)][\ZQIVXWTQKaQV;MZJQI_I[ZMXZM
[MV\MLJa\PM+WV[]T/MVMZIT+WTWVMT<MWLWZ<MRI:ILW[I^TRM^QË_PWM`MZ\ML
QV\QUMOZMI\QVé]MVKMWV\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV;MZJQI=V\QT\PMUMM\QVOWN\PM
-UXMZWZ[6QSWTIa1IVL.ZIVb2W[MXP1QV7TUá\bQV;MX\MUJMZ )][\ZQI
ZMUIQVML QV ITTQIVKM _Q\P :][[QI _PMZMI[ L]M \W Q\[ OMWOZIXPQK VMIZVM[[ Q\
]VI^WQLIJTaM`MZ\MLIXZMÎQTQVOQVé]MVKMWV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI<PQ[
Q[_PaL]ZQVO\PM0WTaXTIKM[KZQ[Q[IVL\PM,IV]JM_IZ\PMKWUXTM`ZMTI\QWV[
JM\_MMV>QMVVIIVL;\8M\MZ[J]ZOZIVOQVONZWU\PMITTQIVKM\W\PM\PZM[P
WTLWN_IZUILM;MZJQIVXWTQKaQVLMèVQ\MQVLMKQ[Q^MIVLQUXZ]LMV\QVUIVa
_Ia[
0W_M^MZ VW ]VZM[\[ JZWSM W]\ QV ;MZJQI L]ZQVO \PM 5WV\MVMOZW KZQ
[Q[IVL\PI\Q[_Pa.WVJTIVY]M\PW]OP\Q\VMKM[[IZaQVWZLMZ\WXZM[MZ^M\PM
8WZ\Mw[I]\PWZQ\aQV\PMKW]V\ZaIVL\PMQVé]MVKMWN?M[\MZVKWV[]T[WV;MZJQ
IVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WUISMKMZ\IQVKWVKM[[QWV[\W\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a0MKWV[QLMZML
èZ[\WNITT\PI\\PM8ZQVKM[PW]TLJMZM_IZLMLJa\PMZQOP\\W\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWV
QVPQ[NIUQTa<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TJMTQM^ML\PI\Q\_I[VW\VMKM[[IZa\WOW\WW
NIZQV\PQ[IVLTQUQ\\PMXMWXTMw[ZQOP\\WMTMK\Q\[Z]TMZ[QNVMKM[[IZa<MZZQ\WZQIT
M`XIV[QWV[xQV\PMLQZMK\QWVWN6QyWNNMZZMLMIZTQMZI[XZW[XMK\[.WVJTIVY]M
[I_I[ISQVLWNTQUQ\MLZMNWZUWN\PM[MZMOQWV[\PI\_W]TLX]\\PMU]VLMZ\PM
.WVJTIVY]M\W:W[M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !+WXa6W
<PM8WZ\M[MZQW][TaKWV[QLMZML\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWNIV]XZQ[QVOQV*]TOIZQIM^MV
QV\PM[]UUMZWN 2:Q[\QË !
.WVJTIVY]M\W:W[M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !+WXaVW1TQRI
/IZIIVQV\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZI\\PI\\QUM_ZW\M\W2WÎV5IZQVW^QËPW_
5WV\MVMOZWJMNWZMIVLL]ZQVO\PMKZQ[Q[QVNIK\iKIZZQMLW]\IVW\PMZNWTTaWNQ\[TMILMZx
,;\ZIVRISW^QË1TQRI/IZIIVQV3ZIO]RMÎK"2MèUQRI
42
+PZQ[\QIV ILUQVQ[\ZI\QWV .QVITTa \PM LQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV QV ;MZJQI _I[ IT[W \PM
ZM[]T\WNQV\MZVITZMI[WV[L]M\W_PQKP\PMJ]aQVO]XWN\PM<]ZSQ[PM[\I\M[
W]\[QLM\PMNWZ\ZM[[M[PIL\WJM[XMMLML]X.WVJTIVY]MJMTQM^ML\PI\\PM^MZa
XZM[MVKMWN<]ZS[QV[WUMXIZ\[WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a]VLMZLQZMK\7\\WUIVIL
UQVQ[\ZI\QWVZMXZM[MV\MLIxXI[[Q^MWJ[\Z]K\QWVWN\PMXZWOZM[[y
)_MMSTI\MZPW_M^MZ\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TLQLVW\_ZQ\MIVaTWVOMZIJW]\
XW[[QJTMKWVKM[[QWV[\W\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIVLQ\[Z]TMZ<PM8WZ\MIVLQ\[?M[\MZV
NZQMVL[KW]TLVW\WJ^QW][TaOZIV\\PMZM_IZLI[NI[\I[:][[QIKW]TLM`MZ\\PM
X]VQ[PUMV\+WV\ZIZa\W\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa\PM:][[QIVWVMPILVW\
WVTaIOZMI\MZQVé]MVKMJ]\IT[WU]KPOZMI\MZIVLUWZM]ZOMV\XZWJTMU[\W
JM[WT^MLQV;MZJQI
<PM.ITTWN/IZIIVQV
<PM:][[QIV+WV[]T/MVMZITQV*MTOZILMM`XZM[[ML\PMLQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV
WN PQ[ LQXTWUIKa _Q\P \PM 8ZQVKMw[ 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ ITZMILa QV \PM JMOQVVQVO
WN ?PMVWVMWN\PMLQXTWUI\[NZWU\PM:][[QIV-UJI[[aQV+WV[\IV\Q
VWXTMZMY]M[\MLNZWU3WV[\IV\QV6QSWTIRM^QË\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\QV+WV[\IV\Q
VWXTM/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[IT\PMNI\MWN\PQ[;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIVJMKIUMXIZ\WN
\PMUIQV-]ZWXMIVKZQ[Q[XTW\
8ZQVKM 5MV[PQSW^ IZZQ^ML \W +WV[\IV\QVWXTM WV \P .MJZ]IZa <PQ[:][[QIVLQXTWUI\w[UQ[[QWVTI[\MLNWZIJW]\\PZMMUWV\P[IVLQ\[\I[S_I[
\PM[UWW\PQVOW^MZWN\PMZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV:][[QIIVL\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM
<PM_WZLx[UWW\PQVOW^MZy[PW]TLJMPW_M^MZ]VLMZ[\WWLI[IVM]XPMUQ[U
NWZ\PMLQK\I\M_PQKP\PMXZW]L<[IZw[VWJTMUIVIZUaKWUUIVLMZQUXW[ML
\W\PM8WZ\MNZWU\PM^MZaJMOQVVQVO)\èZ[\\PM7\\WUIVOW^MZVUMV\]VZM
[MZ^MLTaWJMaML5MV[PVQSW^w[LMUIVL[J]\_PMVM^MV\PQ[_I[VW\MVW]OP
\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUI\XZWK]ZML\PMZMUWÎTWN\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ.]IL-NNMVLQ
<PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T _ZW\M \PI\ \PM ZM[QLMV\[ QV \PQ[ IZMI PIL IVaPW_ JMMV
LIVOMZW][IVL[]VSQV\WTI_TM[[VM[[.WVJTIVY]M\W:W[M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !+WXa6W
1JQL"\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMUIZSM\\QTQVO .WVJTIVY]M\W:W[M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !6W
i<PMMUXMZWZKIVVW\ITTW_/IZIIVQVI\\PMPMILWN\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\
_PWQ[3W[[]\Pw[IVL5IbbQVQw[LQ[KQXTMx_I[[IQL\W6QSWTIRM^QËWV\PQ[WKKI[QWV<PM
;MZJQIVIOMV\QUUMLQI\MTaKWUXTIQVMLIJW]\\PQ[\W+WTWVMT:W[M\PMKPIZOMLwINNIQZM[
WN\PM*ZQ\Q[P-UJI[[a:W[M{:][[MTT5IZKP #2:Q[\QË!{!#,;\ZIVRISW^QË
>TILI=[\I^WJZIVQ\MTRIQV;MZJQIV"<PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[IVL<PMQZ:]TMX
43
PQU[MTN<W\IT[]JUQ[[QWV\W\PMLMUIVL[UILMJa\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaLQL
VW\JZQVOIVaZM[XQ\M\W\PM8WZ\M)N\MZ\PMNITTWN\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ\PMLMXW[IT
WN1TQRI/IZIIVQVNZWU\PMXW[\WN8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZQV\PM/W^MZVUMV\WN\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIU][\PI^MKMZ\IQVTa[MMUMLI[[WUM\PQVOQVKQLMV\IT\W
\PMWUVQXW\MV\5MV[PQSW^
1TQRI/IZIIVQVPILVW\JMMV\W\PMTQSQVOWN:][[QI\PMXZW\MK\QVOXW_
MZWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIU]KPMIZTQMZ\PIV_PMVPMJMKIUM\PM8ZQVKMw[
8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZQV,MKMUJMZ ,]ZQVO\PM[XZQVOWN _PMV\PMZ]TQVO
+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\ZMOQUM_I[[PISMVJaWVMWNQ\[V]UMZW][KZQ[M[/IZIIVQV
I[\PM5QVQ[\MZWN\PM1V\MZQWZQ[[]MLITMOIT)K\SVW_VI[<PM)XZQT+QZK]
TIZ?Q\P\PQ[)K\MIKPWXXW[Q\QWV\W\PMOW^MZVUMV\IVLI]\PWZQ\a_I[IT[W
NWZUITTaUILMQTTMOIT1\Q[]VLMZ[\IVLIJTM\PI\\PM[\IJTMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIKW]TLVW\JM\W\PMTQSQVOWN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa
_PQKP _I[ \PM QUXWZ\IV\ UIQV[\Ia WN \PMx8ZM\MVLQVO C7JZMVW^QËE LaVI[\ay
IVL _PW[M OZMI\M[\ TWaIT []XXWZ\MZ QV ;MZJQI>]ÍQË _I[ I\ \PQ[ UWUMV\ QV
\PMWXXW[Q\QWV?PMV)^ZIU8M\ZWVQRM^QË\PM8ZQVKMw[TWVO[\IVLQVO8ZQUM
5QVQ[\MZLQMLQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMI\\PMMVLWN5Ia \PM;MZJQIVOW^MZV
UMV\ZMUIQVML_Q\PW]\Q\[XZQUMUQVQ[\MZNWZITUW[\PITNIaMIZ<PMLMTIaQV
[MTMK\QVO\PMVM_8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_I[IKZQ[Q[QVQ\[MTNM`XZM[[Q^MTa[PW_VJa
\PMNIK\\PI\\PMZMOQUMQV\PMUMIV\QUMNMT\]VMI[aM^MVJMNWZMIVWZLQVIZa
KP]ZKPOI\PMZQVOTQSM\PMWVMPMTL\PI\[]UUMZJa\PMUWVI[\MZa>ZIËM^VQKI
0I^QVO èVITTa JMMV IXXWQV\ML I[ \PM 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ QV \PM OW^MZVUMV\
/IZIIVQVLQLVW\XIaIVaI\\MV\QWV\WMIZTQMZ:][[QIVLQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWVJ]\TM[[
\PIV\_W_MMS[IN\MZ\PQ[IXXWQV\UMV\WV\PM7K\WJMZ PM]VLMZ\WWS
IV]VKWVKMQÎJTM[\MX]V\QT\PMVIVLPILZMJMTTQW][>]ÍQËZM\QZML<PMXZW\M[\[
NWTTW_QVO\PQ[IK\_MZMNWZU]TI\MLQVITM\\MZ[MV\Ja\PM:][[QIV;\I\M+PIV
KMTTWZ+W]V\6M[[MTZWLMPQU[MTN\PI\ZMIKPML8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZQV,MKMUJMZ
\PZW]OP\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\I\\PM8WZ\M
,;\ZIVRISW^QËX
1V\PMILLQ\QWV\W\PM-VOTQ[PMLQ\QWVWN:IVSMw[<PM0Q[\WZaWN;MZ^QI+aXZQIV
:WJMZ\[[\I\M[\PI\4M^Q[PQVM_WV>]ÍQËv[KWVèLMVKMITZMILaQV !:WJMZ\[Y]W\ML
\PMJZW\PMZ[;QUQËIVL8M\ZWVQRM^QËI[:][[QIVNWTTW_MZ[IVL\PMWVTaWJ[\IKTM\W\PMQZ
QVé]MVKMPM[I_QV\PM_WZSWN\PM[WKITTML8MWXTMw[8IZ\aIVLQV1TQRI/IZIIVQV+
:WJMZ\[;TI^WVQK8ZW^QVKM[WN<]ZSMaX #4:IVSM<PM0Q[\WZaWN;MZ^QI4WVLWV
2:Q[\QËX!
44
/IZIIVQV_I[ITZMILaSVW_VI[\PMXIZ\Q[IVWN.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\
IQV)[[WWVI[\PM)XZQT+QZK]TIZ_I[UILMX]JTQKPM_MV\\W8IZQ[IVL\PMV
\W;_Q\bMZTIVL=VLMZ\PMXZM\M`\\PI\PM_I[\ZI^MTTQVONWZUMLQKIT\ZMI\UMV\
X]ZXW[M[PMUM\QV8IZQ[\PMTMILMZ[WN\PM8WTQ[PMUQOZI\QWV\PZW]OP_PWU
\PM8ZM[QLMV\WN\PM.ZMVKP:MX]JTQK8ZQVKM4W]Q[6IXWTMWVPQU[MTNZMKMQ^ML
PQU7VMWN\PMX]ZXW[M[WN[\IZ\MLVMOW\QI\QWV[_I[\PMQUXWZ\WNIZU[QV\W
;MZJQI<PM<[IZw[OW^MZVUMV\_PW[MZMTI\QWV[_Q\P.ZIVKMPILJMMVQVKZQ[Q[
NWZITWVOMZ\QUMLQLVW\[]Q\PQUI\ITT<PMZMNWZMILQZMK\LMUIVLNWZPQ[LM
XW[Q\QWV_I[VW\TWVOQVKWUQVO)\\PMMVLWN,MKMUJMZ <]UIV[SQ\PM
:][[QIV+WV[]TQV*MTOZILMPIVLMLW^MZ\PM]VWNèKQITTM\\MZWN*IZWV4Q^MV
\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ<PM*IZWVNZQMVLTaIL^Q[ML\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKM\WLQ[UQ[[
/IZIIVQVIVLOM\>]ÍQËJIKSQV\W\PM[MZ^QKM <PMTM\\MZ\PI\:Q[\QËKITTML
NZQMVLTaKI][MLWNèKQITZMIK\QWV[QV;MZJQI<PM,]SM3VQËIVQVNZWU3ZIO]RM
ÎKI[_MTTI[\PM7\\WUIVKWUUIVLMZWN\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[*M[[QU8I[PI
IVL\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T;ÎO]Z_MZMKWV[]T\MLIJW]\\PMIV[_MZ-`\ZMUMTaKWU
UMVLIJTMIJW]\/IZIIVQV\PMTM\\MZ_I[PIVLMLW^MZ\W\PM:][[QIV+WV[]T
IN\MZKMZ\IQVKWV[QLMZI\QWVJaQ\[[QOVMZ8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ<PQ[_I[WJ^QW][Ta
R][\QèMLI[Q\[]ZXZQ[ML\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUI\_PQTMQ\TMN\\PMQUXZM[[QWVWNIV
xIZZWOIV\IV[_MZyWV2WUQVQTI\MZ:][[QIV_ZQ\MZWN\PMLQXTWUI\QKPQ[\WZa!
1\[MMU[\PI\8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ[WWVZMOZM\\MLQ\I[][]ITJ]\\PQ[LQLVW\IN
NMK\/IZIIVQVw[XW[Q\QWV_PQKPZMéMK\MLIJW^MITT\PMJITIVKMJM\_MMV\PM
/ZMI\8W_MZ[)][\ZQIIVL:][[QITWVOMLNZWU\PMJMOQVVQVONWZ/IZIIVQVw[
LMXIZ\]ZM NZWU \PM XW[\ WN \PM 8ZQVKMw[ 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ <PM I\\Q\]LM WN \PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZMIT[WQVKT]LQVO.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVPQ[Y]Q\M[QTMV\\]
\WZ[I\\PI\\QUM_I[JMVM^WTMV\\W_IZL[/IZIIVQV?PMZMI[\PM8WZ\MPIL
VWXW_MZQ\[XZW\MK\WZ[PILVW\JMMV_QTTQVOMVW]OPNWZ\PI\<PMMKWVWUa
_I[\PMXZMÎQTQVO\WXQKWN\PMZMXWZ\WN\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV;MZJQIL]ZQVO
\PMTI[\LIa[WN .WVJTIVY]MQVNWZUML\PM*ZQ\Q[P-UJI[[aQV+WV[\IV
\QVWXTMWVTaWV\P2IV]IZa IJW]\\PMèZ[\[QOV[WN\PMLQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWVWN
\PM:][[QIV+WV[]TI\M_Q\P\PMxWNèKQITLQZMK\QWVyWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aXWTQKa
KWVL]K\MLJa/IZIIVQV<PM[Q\]I\QWVQV_PQKP\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ
2:Q[\QË!
2:Q[\QËX!,;\ZIVRISW^QËX!
!
2:Q[\QËX!
,;\ZIVRISW^QËXX{ .WVJTIVY]M{:W[M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !6W
45
NW]VLPQU[MTN_W]TLVW\JMY]Q\MKTMIZ]VTM[[\PMQV\MZVI\QWVITKQZK]U[\IVKM[
QV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN _MZMVW\\ISMVQV\WKWV[QLMZI\QWV<PMèZ[\7UMZ
8I[PIw[ M`XMLQ\QWV \W 5WV\MVMOZW _I[ OM\\QVO KTW[MZ \W Q\[ ^QK\WZQW][ ZM[]T\
MÌK\TaI\\PMMVLWN2IV]IZa -`\MV[Q^MWNNMV[Q^MWN\PM7\\WUIV)ZUa
IQUML\W]VKWVLQ\QWVITTaKWVY]MZ5WV\MVMOZW_I[XZM^MV\MLJa\PM:][[QIV
IVL)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKQM[*M[[QU8I[PI\PMKWUUIVLMZWN\PM*MTOZILMNWZ
\ZM[[O]M[[ML\PI\\PMZMM`Q[\MLI_QLMTaQV\MZ_W^MVXTW\IOIQV[\\PM7\\WUIV
I]\PWZQ\QM[QV;MZJQIIVL*]TOIZQI<PM_ZQ\QVOWN\PMVM_[XIXMZ[NZWU6W^Q
;ILIJW]\\PMVMMLNWZ)TT;MZJQIV]XZQ[QVOIOIQV[\\PM8WZ\MXZWUX\MLM^MV
\PM)][\ZQIVOMVMZIT_Q\P\PM[MI\QV<MUQşWIZ\WX]JTQKTaKITULW_V\PMLQ[
[I\Q[NIK\QWVWN\PMX]JTQK_Q\P\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM)\\PM[IUM\QUM\PM[][
XQKQW][*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[KWV^QVKML\PI\\PM\Z]MOWITWN\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTW
UIKaPQLLMVJMPQVL\PMQV[\QOI\QWVWN5WV\MVMOZQV[\W_IZ_I[IK\]ITTa\PM
XZM^MV\QWVWN\PMKWUUMZKQITXTIV[WN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV<PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\
\PW]OP\\PI\)][\ZQIXZWJIJTa[][XMK\ML\PI\\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVOWNVM_KWUUMZ
KQITKPIVVMT[_W]TLKI][MLIUIOM\W\PM<ZQM[\M\ZILM.WVJTIVY]MJMTQM^ML
\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVIVLXMZPIX[M^MV\PM:][[QIVLQ[QVKTQVI\QWV\W_IZL[;MZJQI
_I[W_MLUWZM\W\PMMKWVWUQKZMI[WV[\PIV\WQ\[XI[[Q^Q\aQV\PM5WV\M
VMOZQVKZQ[Q[;MZJQILM[MZ^ML\PM;]T\IVw[JMVM^WTMVKMJMKI][MWNQ\[I\\Q\]LM
\W_IZL[\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[wKWVéQK\JZW]OP\IJW]\Ja\PM_IZJM\_MMV\PM7\
\WUIV-UXQZMIVL5WV\MVMOZW<PMKWVKM[[QWV[\PI\\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T[I_
I[ IV ILMY]I\M ZM_IZL NWZ \PM 8ZQVKMw[ TWaIT\a _W]TL M[[MV\QITTa ZMUIQV \PM
WNèKQIT*ZQ\Q[P^QM_WVXZWUW\QVO\PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a\PZW]OPW]\
\PM;IQV\)VLZM_w[)[[MUJTa<PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKM_I[XZWUQ[ML\PMTQSMTQPWWL
WNOZIV\QVO\PMZQOP\\W\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWVNWZ\PM3IZILRWZLRM^QËNIUQTaIVL\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a{IKMZ\IQVNI^W]ZIJTMTWIVIVL\PMIVVMÌ\QWVWNVMQOPJW]ZQVO
ZMOQWV[QV\PMLQZMK\QWVWN6Q<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PM
QV\MZVITXZWJTMU[\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[_MZMNIKML_Q\P_MZMVW\TM[[QUXWZ
\IV\<PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM<]ZSQ[PM[\I\M[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aZMUIQVML]V[WT^ML
[WNIZ?Q\PW]\\PM[WT]\QWVWN\PQ[XZWJTMU\PM-]ZWXMQbI\QWVXZWKM[[WN\PM
KW]V\ZaLMUIVLMLJa\PM+PZQ[\QIVXWX]TI\QWV_I[LMTIaML1V\PMKWVéQK\
IUWVO\PM[]JRMK\[WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM\PMUMLQI\QWVWNITT/ZMI\8W_MZ[
_I[ M[[MV\QIT .WVJTIVY]Mw[ XZWXW[IT \W \PM +WV[\IV\QVWXTM -UJI[[a _I[ \W
.WVJTIVY]M{:W[M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !
1JQL
46
)TMS[IVLIZ3IZILRWZLRM^QË
<PM6I\QWVIT5][M]U*MTOZILM
47
[WT^M\PMXZWJTMUJaM[\IJTQ[PQVOIVILPWKKWUUQ[[QWV_PQKP_W]TLQVKT]LM
QVILLQ\QWV\W\PM*MTOZILMXI[PIIVL\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ\PMKWV[]T[
WN\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[<PMXZMLWUQVIVKMWN\PM)][\ZQIVIVL:][[QIVQVé]MVKM
_W]TLJM\P][èVITTaNWZM[\ITTML
1V\PMUQLLTMWN2IV]IZaQ\_I[[\QTTQUXW[[QJTM\WXMZKMQ^MIVaKPIVOM[
QV\PMXWTQ\QKITKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aQV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]Tw[ZMXWZ\[
.WVJTIVY]MKWV\QV]ML\WXZW^M\W\PM+WTWVMT:W[M\PMQVIKK]ZIKaWN7UMZ
8I[PIw[ IKK][I\QWV[ I[ \W \PM XZMÎTMVKM WN IV\Q7\\WUIV NMMTQVO[ QV ;MZJQI
.QVITTaQVPQ[ZMXWZ\WN\P2IV]IZa.WVJTIVY]MQVNWZUMLPQ[[]XMZQWZ[IJW]\
\PM LQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV LQ[XTIaML Ja \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUI\[ \W_IZL[ /IZIIVQVw[
XWTQKaIVL\W[WUMWNPQ[LMKQ[QWV[KWVKMZVQVO\PM[\I\MILUQVQ[\ZI\QWV7V
\PQ[WKKI[QWV\PM8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZZMKMQ^MLWVTaI[MKWVLIZaXTIKMQV\PMZMXWZ\
JMKI][M\PM+WV[]T/MVMZIT_I[ITUW[\QVNMIZNZWU\PMXMZ[XMK\Q^MWN\PMITTQ
IVKMJM\_MMV)][\ZQIIVL:][[QIM[\IJTQ[PMLL]ZQVO\PM5WV\MVMOZWKZQ[Q[1V
[]KPIJITIVKMWNXW_MZ\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[_W]TLPI^MJMMVXW_MZTM[[IVL
\PMVM]\ZIT;MZJQI_W]TLITUW[\KMZ\IQVTaJMKWUMQ\[èZ[\^QK\QU
<PMQV\MZVI\QWVITZIVOMWN\PMKZQ[Q[IJW]\/IZIIVQVJMKIUMWJ^QW][
\W.WVJTIVY]MITZMILaWV\P2IV]IZa <PMVM_[ZMIKPMLPQU\PMV\PI\
8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZZMKMQ^ML\PM:M[KZQX\NZWU\PM:][[QIVOW^MZVUMV\<PMWN
èKQIT :][[QI KWZZWJWZI\ML \PM IKK][I\QWV[ WN Q\[ *MTOZILM +WV[]T KWVKMZVQVO
\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ)V`QW][IVLKMZ\IQVTaKWVN][ML8ZQVKMQUUMLQ
I\MTa\ZQML\WUISMQVY]QZM[IJW]\\PM\Z]MUW\Q^M[NWZ\PM:M[KZQX\\]ZVQVO\W
VWVMW\PMZJ]\\PM:][[QIV+WV[]T0W_M^MZ\PM;MZJQIVUWVIZKP_I[\PMV
NIKML _Q\P \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUI\w[ N]TT QTTLQ[XW[Q\QWV _PW M^MV \_QKM ZMN][ML
\WZMKMQ^MPQUOQ^QVOJIVITM`K][M[_PQTMTMI^QVOPQU\W_IQ\NWZITWVO\QUM
WV\PM\PQZLWKKI[QWV.WVJTIVY]MTMIZVML\PI\\PM8ZQVKM_I[_MTKWUML_Q\P
Ix[PIZX\WVMyIVLx_IZVQVOXPZI[M[y<PM^MZaIXXWQV\UMV\WN/IZIIVQV\W
\PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZZMXZM[MV\MLNWZ\PM:][[QIV+WV
[]TIXTIQVLMUWV[\ZI\QWVIOIQV[\:][[QII[QUXTMKWV[MY]MVKMWN\PMNWZMQOV
QVé]MVKM[]KKM[[<PMXZW]L+WV[]T<]UIV[SQLMUIVLMLNZWU\PM8ZQVKM\W
IXXWQV\\PMVM_8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ1VILLQ\QWV\W/IZIIVQVw[ZMUWÎT\PM:][
[QIVLQXTWUI\I[SMLNWZ\PMLQ[UQ[[ITWN2WÎV5IZQVW^QË0MILWN\PM8ZQVKMw[
7NèKM_PWU.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\WJM\PMUW[\\ITMV\MLWNaW]VOMZ;MZJ[
ML]KI\ML QV -]ZWXM <PM :][[QIV LQXTWUI\w[ UW\Q^M NWZ \PM LW]J\[ _MZM PQ[
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !6W
48
ITTMOMLTaUWZMNZMY]MV\^Q[Q\[\WNWZMQOVKWV[]TI\M[)TQ[\WN<]UIV[SQw[IKK]
[I\QWV[WV/IZIIVQVw[IKKW]V\_I[[WUM_PI\TWVOMZ<PMèZ[\IKK][I\QWV_I[
JI[MLWVPQ[\WWJQOQVKTQVI\QWV\W_IZL[\PMXWTQ\QKITMUQOZIV\[_PWM[KIXML\W
;MZJQI<PM:][[QIVLQXTWUI\IT[WJMTQM^ML\PI\L]ZQVOPQ[8IZQ[^Q[Q\/IZIIVQV
PILXIQLI[XMKQITQUXWZ\IVKM\W\PMUMM\QVO[_Q\P8ZQVKM)LIU+bIZ\WZa[SQ
IVLW\PMZXZW[KZQJML8WTM[.QVITTaQV\PMMaM[WN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa\PM
ZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV:][[QIIVL;MZJQI_MZMJ]ZLMVMLJa\PMXTIKMUMV\WN.ZIVRI
BIP\PM8WTMNZWU/ITQKQI\W\PMXW[\WN\PMLQZMK\WZWN\PM5QTQ\IZa)KILMUa
<PMM`XMZQMVKMLKWV[]T.WVJTIVY]MQUUMLQI\MTaI[[M[[ML\PM[Q\]I\QWV
<PM;MZJQIVUQVQ[\MZ[_MZMIOIQV[\\PM:][[QIVLMUIVL[I[_MTTI[\PMUMU
JMZ[WN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT0MZ5IRM[\aw[+WV[]TPW_M^MZ_I[I_IZM\PI\\PM
]VQ\MLWXQVQWVWN\PM;MZJQIVTMILMZ[LQLVW\I]\WUI\QKITTaUMIV\PMZMILQVM[[
\WOM\QV\W\PMKWVéQK\_Q\PIXZW\MK\QVOXW_MZ)TT;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[_MZM
KWV^QVKML \PI\ MIKP WXXW[Q\QWV \W :][[QI _W]TL JM N]\QTM IVL \PI\ _I[ IT[W
_Pa\PMQZWXQVQWV_I[ZML]KML\W\PMXZQÎ\MKQZKTM1VPQ[ZMXWZ\.WVJTIVY]M
M`XZM[[MLITUW[\ZMOZM\\PI\[]KPIVI\\Q\]LMPILVW\JMMVZMKWZLMLIVa_PMZM
[W \PI\ Q\ KW]TL [MZ^M I[ I XZMKMLMV\ QV \PM N]\]ZM 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ ZMK
WVKQTML PQU[MTN \W \PM NI\M)\ \PM UMM\QVO _Q\P /IZIIVQV PM ZM^QM_ML \PM
LQXTWUI\QKKQZK]U[\IVKM[\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aNW]VLQ\[MTNQVIVLM^MVI[SMLPQU
x_PWPMKWV[QLMZML\WJM\PMUW[\KWUXM\MV\IUWVO\PMPQOPM[\[\I\MWNèKQIT[
\WZMXTIKMPQUy<PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZPW_M^MZZMN][ML\WOQ^MVW\QKM
]VLMZXZM[[]ZMKTIQUQVO\PI\PM_I[VW\XZMXIZML\W\ISM]XWVPQU[MTNIJQO
ZM[XWV[QJQTQ\aNWZ\PM^QWTI\QWVWN\PMZQOP\[O]IZIV\MML\W;MZJQIJaQV\MZVI
\QWVIT\ZMI\QM[)VLLM[XQ\MM^MZa\PQVOPMLQLVW\NIQT\WUMV\QWV3WV[\IV\QV
6QSWTIRM^QËI\\PMMVLWN\PMKWV^MZ[I\QWV\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\QV+WV[\IV\QVW
XTMI[IUIV_PWXW[[M[[MLU]KPUWZM\PMIJQTQ\QM[M[[MV\QITNWZKIZZaQVOW]\
\PML]\aWN\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ\PIV\PMW\PMZXW[[QJTMKIVLQLI\M[ .WVJTIVY]M[I_QV/IZIIVQVw[XZWXW[ITIXZMUMLQ\I\MLUIVWM]^ZMLQZMK\ML
IOIQV[\\PMQV\MZM[\[WN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaIVLY]Q\MKMZ\IQVIXXWQV\UMV\
WN)TMS[I;QUQË\WPQ[XW[Q\QWV
<PMèZ[\UMM\QVOWN\PM8ZQVKMIVL/IZIIVQVNZWU\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM
KZQ[Q[_I[IKKWZLQVO\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]Tw[SVW_TMLOMUWZMLZIUI\QK\PIV
1JQL
1JQL
)\\PI\\QUM/IZIIVQVIVL6QSWTIRM^QË_MZMM`KMX\QWVITTaXWTQ\QKITTaKTW[M
\PI\_QTTJMLQ[K][[MLTI\MZ:4R]QË3VRQOIW6IÍMZ\IVQR]QV;MZJQIV"<PM*WWSIJW]\
6IÍMZ\IVQM*MTOZILM!!XX{
49
\PM[Q\]I\QWVQ\[MTN,]ZQVO\PMVM`\I]LQMVKM/IZIIVQV_I[IL^Q[ML\W\ZaIVL
ZMIKPIVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PM:][[QIV[<PM8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZOI^M\PM8ZQVKMPQ[
IV[_MZWVTaI\\PM[M[[QWVWN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTUIQV\IQVQVO\PI\PM_W]TLVW\
M^MV\Za\W[\ZIQOP\MVW]\\PMZMTI\QWV[_Q\P\PMNWZMQOVLQOVQ\IZaJMKI][MPM
\PW]OP\\PI\QV\PQ[_IaPMUQOP\UISMPQUM^MVIVOZQMZWZP]UQTQI\MPQU[MTN
JMaWVLITTTQUQ\[
7VTaI\\PQ[UWUMV\\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T[ZMITQbML\PI\
\PMa[PW]TLM`MZ\\PMQVé]MVKM\PMU[MT^M[WV\PMXWTQ\QKITKWVLQ\QWV[QV\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI! )_IZM \PI\ VW OZMI\MZ QVé]MVKM _I[ XW[[QJTM \W JM
UILMWV\PMQVLMKQ[Q^MUWVIZKPIVL\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT\_WLQXTWUI\[\ZQML\W
IK\QVNI^W]ZWN\PMXWTQKaWN\PMQZKW]V\ZQM[ZMOIZLQVO\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM
1V\PMQZ[MXIZI\M\ITS[_Q\P\PM8ZQVKMMIKPXWQV\MLW]\\WPQUI\èZ[\VW\I\
ITTKWUNWZ\QVOTa\PI\\PMQZIL^QKM[[PW]TLVW\JM\ISMVI[IVa\PQVOUWZM\PIV
xKWVèLMV\QITIVLXMZ[WVITM`XZM[[QWV[WNJMVM^WTMVKMy<PMaLQLVW\OQ^MIVa
O]IZIV\MM[\W\PM]VNWZ\]VI\M8ZQVKMJ]\XWQV\MLW]\\W\PMQTTMOITQ\aWN\PM
:][[QIVXZM[[]ZM[]VLMZTQVQVO\PMQZ]VIKKMX\IJQTQ\a<PMaLMXQK\ML\PM[]J
UQ[[QWV\W\PM:][[QIVLQK\I\M_Q\P\PMLIZSM[\XW[[QJTMKWTW]Z[{I[IZQ[S\W
\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ<PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T;ÎO]Z_MV\I[\MXN]Z\PMZXZWUQ[QVO\PM
8ZQVKM\PI\JaXTIaQVOÎ\W]\\PMOW^MZVUMV\KWUXW[MLWVTaNWZ/IZIIVQVw[
ZMUWÎT[ISM_W]TLJMKWVLMUVML\W\PMLQ[IXXZWÎTWN\PMWNèKQIT.ZIVKM
;ÎO]Z\PZMI\MVML\PI\\PMVM`\OW^MZVUMV\_W]TLNITT_Q\PQV\_WUWV\P[WVTa
]VLMZ\PM.ZMVKPXZM[[]ZM.WVJTIVY]MX]\JMNWZM\PM8ZQVKM[MMUQVOTaITM[[
]VXTMI[IV\ KPWQKM" PM I[SML PQU _PM\PMZ \PM ]VKMZ\IQV JMVM^WTMVKM WN \PM
:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa_I[UWZMÎT]IJTM\WPQU\PIVKMZ\IQVLQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWVWN
\PM8WZ\MIVL\PMTIKSWNIVaSQVLWN-VOTQ[PIVL.ZMVKP[]XXWZ\1\PIL\WJM
KTMIZ\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITPW_TQUQ\ML\PMQVé]MVKMWN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV
KW]TLJMWV\PMLM^MTWXUMV\WNM^MV\[[WPMWNNMZZML\W\PM8ZQVKMWVTa\PM
XZW[XMK\[WNOZMI\MZJMVM^WTMVKMWN\PM8WZ\MQV\PMN]\]ZM0W_M^MZLM[XQ\M
M^MZa\PQVOPMSMX\IZLMV\TaKWV^QVKQVO\PM8ZQVKM\PI\\PMKWVKM[[QWV[\W:][
[QI KW]TL VW\ JM I [WT]\QWV +WV^QVKML \PI\ \PM 8ZQVKMw[ NMIZ PIL I LMKQ[Q^M
QVé]MVKMWV\PMOQ^QVO_IaWN\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQIPM\ZQMLPIZL\WIKPQM^M\PM
[IUMMNNMK\_Q\P\PZMI\[<PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[_MZM[]KP\PI\M^MV\PMLMTIaQV
/IZIIVQVw[LQ[XTIKMUMV\UQOP\[MMU\WJMI[]KKM[[WN\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[
!
:MTaQVOWV\PMLWK]UMV\[WN\PM.ZMVKP5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[4RQTRIVI
)TMS[QË KWVKT]LML \PI\ .WVJTIVY]M iZMUIQVML ZM[MZ^MLx QV \PM KZQ[Q[ IJW]\ \PM
LQ[UQ[[ITWN/IZIIVQV4R)TMS[QËX
50
<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[I[[]ZQVO\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ\PI\\PMZMUWÎTWNM`\MZVIT
XZM[[]ZM_W]TLKI][MQV\MZVIT]VZM[\[/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[IT]VLMZ\PMXZM[
[]ZMWN:][[QII[_MTT\PMXZW\MK\WZWN\PM;MZJQIVZQOP\[_W]TLVW\JM[WTMTa
XWTQ\QKITJ]\IT[WIKWV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[[]M<PMNWTTW_MZ[WN>]ÍQËIVL7JZMVW^QË
_W]TL[]ZMTaZMJMTJ]\VW_\WLMNMVL\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWV+WV[]T.WVJTIVY]M
_I[XTMI[ML\WZMKWZLPW_PQ[_IZVQVO[[\ZWVOTaINNMK\ML8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZw[
ITZMILaM`Q[\QVOIV`QM\QM[_PWPILPMIZL\PMVM_[\PI\\PMM`QTML8ZQVKM5QTW
PILQV^Q\MLPQ[[WV8ZQVKM5QPIQTW\WZM\]ZV]ZOMV\Ta\W*]KKIZM[\NZWU>Q
MVVIxJMKI][M[WUM\PQVOQUXWZ\IV\Q[OWQVO\WPIXXMVQVNI^W]ZWN\PMQZQV
\MZM[\[y
?PMV*M[[QU8I[PI+WUUIVLMZWN\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[^Q[Q\ML\PM
XZM[MV\ 8ZQVKMw[ 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ L]ZQVO \PW[M LIa[ Q\ [MMUML \W \PM *ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T \PI\ \PQ[ _I[ R][\ \PM UWUMV\ _PMV \PMZM _I[ I [UITT KPIVKM NWZ
/IZIIVQV\WZMUIQVI\\PMPMILWN\PMOW^MZVUMV\NWZI\TMI[\WVMUWZMLIa
?PMVIZZQ^QVO8I[PIUM\\PM8ZQVKMw[LZIOWUIVWV\PM[\IQZ[_PWUPMIL
LZM[[ML_Q\PW]\IVaLQXTWUI\QK\IK\I\ITT"
x<MTT aW]Z 5I[\MZ \PI\ aW] PI^M TMN\ UM QV \PM PWUM WN \PM OZMI\M[\
NZQMVLWN;MZJQI\PMUIV_PWSVW_[PW_\WZMKWVKQTM\PMQV\MZM[\[WNPQ[NMT
TW_KW]V\ZaUMV_Q\P\PMZQOP\[WN\PMQZ;]bMZIQVIVLUa5I[\MZj1N[]KP
IUIVQ[LQ[UQ[[MLWVTaQVWZLMZ\WXIKQNa\PMMVMUQM[WN\PM8WZ\M1_W]TL
ZI\PMZZMY]M[\\WJMZMKITTML\PIV1_W]TLITTW_Ua[MTN\WTQ^MQV\PM:][[QèML
XZW^QVKMWN<]ZSMay
=VLMZ[]KPIXZM[[]ZM\PM8ZQVKMNW]VL\PM[\ZMVO\P\WKW]Z\MW][TaZM
N][M\PM:][[QIVLMUIVL[1VPQ[IV[_MZPM[\I\ML\PI\\PMN]TèTTQVOWN\PM[M
LMUIVL[_W]TLJMKWV\ZIZa\WPQ[^QM_[WN\PML]\QM[WN\PM8ZQVKM
)T\PW]OP .WVJTIVY]M UMV\QWVML [M^MZIT \QUM[ QV PQ[ ZMXWZ\ \PI\ PQ[
QVé]MVKM WV ;MZJQIV KQZK]U[\IVKM[ _I[ TQUQ\ML PM KWV[QLMZML \PI\ PM _I[
\WJMOQ^MVKZMLQ\NWZ\PMXMZ[WVITKPIVOM[QV\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT_PQKP_MZM
]VNI^W]ZIJTM\W:][[QIVQV\MZM[\[<PMXW[Q\QWV[ITZMILaÎKI\MLI\\PM\QUMWN
/IZIIVQVw[IXXWQV\UMV\\W\PMXW[\WN\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_MZMVW_
èTTML QV _Q\P VW LMTIa J]\ _Q\PW]\ \PM :][[QIV QVé]MVKM =VLMZ ]VKMZ\IQV
.WVJTIVY]M*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !6W
i)\ I UWUMV\ _PMV \PMZM [MMUML [KIZKMTa I KPIVKM WN \PI\ 8ZQUI\M[
KWV\QV]IVKM QV WNèKM NWZ IVW\PMZ LIax .WVJTIVY]M { +WT :W[M .7
!+WXa6W
51
KQZK]U[\IVKM[\PM:][[QIV+PIVKMTTWZ+W]V\6M[[MTZWLMPQU[MTNM`MZ\ML\PM
XZM[[]ZMWV8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ.WVJTIVY]M[\QTTJMTQM^ML\PI\\PM5WV\MVMOZQV
KI\I[\ZWXPMKWV\ZQJ]\ML\W\PMOMVMZITQTTNMMTQVO[\W_IZL[\PM:][[QIV[x<PM
;MZJ[IZMWJTQOML\WKWV^QVKM\PMU[MT^M[IJW]\\PMLIVOMZJZW]OP\IJW]\Ja
IK\QVOIKKWZLQVO\W:][[QIV[]OOM[\QWV[y<ISQVOQV\WKWV[QLMZI\QWVPQ[\_MT^M
aMIZTWVOKWV[]T[PQXQV;MZJQI.WVJTIVY]M\PW]OP\\PI\\PMOZMI\M[\KPITTMVOM
\W\PM:][[QIVQVé]MVKMQV\PQ[ZMOQWV_I[QVY]M[\QWV
+W]V\ 6M[[MTZWLMw[ TM\\MZ JZW]OP\ IOIQV 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ QV\W IV
I_S_IZL[Q\]I\QWV<PQ[Q[_PaPMLMKQLML\WTM\ITTNIK\QWV[QV\PMKW]V\Za
SVW_\PI\\PMUMI[]ZM[PMIKKMX\MLZMXZM[MV\MLIKWVKM[[QWV\W\PM:][[QIV
LMUIVL[<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TKWV[QLMZMLM^MV[]KPIVI\\Q\]LMI[NI^W]ZIJTM
QV^QM_WN\PMNIK\\PI\QVILLQ\QWV\WZMXWZ\[IJW]\\PMLMJIKTMWN\PM:][[QIV
XWTQKaQV5WV\MVMOZW/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[IT_W]TLJZQVOIVW\PMZXZWJTMU\W
\PM8ZQVKM)_IZMWN\PMLQ[KWZL[\PI\M`Q[\MLMIZTQMZJM\_MMV8ZQVKM)TMS[IV
LIZIVL/IZIIVQV.WVJTIVY]M[\QTTNMIZML\PI\\PMLQ[UQ[[ITUQOP\JMWVTa
XW[\XWVML1VPQ[QV\MZXZM\I\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVIK\QWV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TWJ
[MZ^MLI[QOVQèKIV\^QWTI\QWVWN\PMQV\MZVI\QWVITXW[Q\QWVWN;MZJQIQVKT]LQVO
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI[_MTT"XZQUIZQTa:][[QI[PW]TLPI^MM`XZM[[MLQ\[LQ[
[I\Q[NIK\QWV_Q\P/IZIIVQVQNIXXZWXZQI\MI\ITT\W\PM8WZ\MJMKI][MWVM[QLML
XZM[[]ZMWV;MZJQIQVWZLMZ\WLQ[UQ[[WVM[\I\MWNèKQITZMXZM[MV\ML\PM^QWTI
\QWVWN\PM +WV[\Q\]\QWVXZW\MK\MLJa\PMWNèKQIT:][[QI
<PMLMKQ[Q^MJTW_WV/IZIIVQV\WWSXTIKMWVTaQV\PMUQLLTMWN5IZKP
QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM IVL Q\ _I[ LMTQ^MZML Ja 8ZQVKM 5MV[PQSW^ PQU[MTN
+WTWVMT:W[MQVPQ[TM\\MZWN\P5IZKP QVNWZUML\PM;\I\M;MKZM\IZa4WZL
:][[MTTIJW]\PQ[\ITS_Q\P\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\I\\PM8WZ\M6QSWTIRM^QËTMN\\PM
QUXZM[[QWVWNM`\ZMUMLQ[\]ZJIVKM_PQTMQVNWZUQVO\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\IJW]\
\PMWUVQXW\MV\8ZQVKM5MV[PQSW^w[LMUIVLWZLMZQVO\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKM\W
LQ[UQ[[/IZIIVQVQUUMLQI\MTa/IZIIVQV_I[WV\PQ[WKKI[QWVLM[QOVI\MLI[
)\\PI\\QUM\PM]VQ\aJM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM+W]VKQT_I[ZMIKPML\PI\
_W]TLTI[\\PZW]OPW]\\PMVM`\\_WaMIZ[;WUMTI\MZPQ[\WZQIV[LQLVW\XIaOZMI\MZ
I\\MV\QWV\W\PQ[J]\\PQ[M^MV\TMN\ILMMXQUXIK\WV\PMKWV\MUXWZIZQM[.WZ\aaMIZ[
TI\MZ5QTIV0ZQ[\QËX]JTQ[PMLKMZ\IQVLWK]UMV\[ZMTI\QVO\W\PMKZQ[Q[\PI\KWZZWJI\ML
\PQ[VM_TaM[\IJTQ[PML]VQ\aY]W\QVO/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[ITI[iWVMUWZMXZWWNIJW]\
\PMXMZèLQW][IVLLM[XW\QKXWTQKaWN:][[QI\W_IZL[;MZJQIx50ZQ[\QË2MLIVTQ[\ISQb
LQXTWUI\[SMQ[\WZQRM;ZJQRM:][SQ]XTQ^Qb QV;MZJQIV"7VM8IOMNZWU\PM,QXTWUI\QK
0Q[\WZaWN;MZJQI:][[QIV1Vé]MVKMQV *MTOZILM !X
:W[M{:][[MTT+WV[\IV\QVWXTM5IZKP +WXa6W!, :Q[\QË2x;ZJQRI
x;ZJQRI
Q3ZQU[SI^WRVIy1[\WZQR[SQ[XQ[Q*MWOZIL!X!
52
I3W[[]\Pw[IVL5IbbKQVQw[LQ[KQXTMNWZ_PWUQ\_I[QVILUQ[[QJTM\WZMUIQVI\
\PMPMILWN\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\ <PMWUQVW][\PZMI\MVQVO\WVMWN\PQ[
LMUIVL_I[ZMVLMZMLJaWVM]VVIUML:][[QIVLQXTWUI\_PWQVI[MXIZI\M
\ITSWXMVTaXZM[MV\ML\W\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\I\\PM8WZ\M\PMLIZSIT\MZVI\Q^M\W
/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[IT0MKTIQUML\PI\:][[QI_W]TLJZQVOIJW]\IU]\QVaQV
;MZJQIWZ[WUMW\PMZR][\I[JQOKI\I[\ZWXPM6QSWTIRM^QËèVITTaMUXPI[QbML
\PI\/IZIIVQV_I[KWUXTM\MTaQVVWKMV\WNITTIKK][I\QWV[
1V[\MILWNIZMXTa+WTWVMT:W[MI[SML\PM;MZJQIVLQXTWUI\\WXIaPQU
I^Q[Q\\PMVM`\LIa\P5IZKP-^MV\PMVPMKW]TLVW\WNNMZPQUIVaUWZM
][MN]TXWTQ\QKITIL^QKM\PIV\PMWVM.WVJTIVY]MPILOQ^MV\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IV
LIZ\_WUWV\P[IOW6QSWTIRM^QË_I[IL^Q[ML\WZMKWUUMVLQV\PMVM`\TM\\MZ
\WPQ[Z]TMZ\WIV[_MZ\PM:][[QIV[KW]Z\MW][TaIVL_Q\PZM[XMK\J]\IT[W\W
XWQV\ W]\ \PM NIK\ \PI\ \PMQZ LMUIVL[ LMèML \PM ;MZJQIV +WV[\Q\]\QWV <PM
+WV[\Q\]\QWV_PW[MO]IZIV\WZ_I[:][[QII[_MTTITTW_MLNWZ\PMLQ[UQ[[ITWN
[\I\MWNèKQIT[[]JRMK\\WKW]Z\WZLMZWVTaIVL]T\QUI\MTa_Q\P\PMKWV[MV\WN
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM 1V [PWZ\ :W[M ZMKWUUMVLML \W \PM ;MZJQIV 8ZQVKM \W ZMNMZ
\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa\W\PM8WZ\M0MKTIQUML\PI\8ZQVKM5MV[PQSW^_W]TL
OM\\PMZM\PMWKKI[QWV\WXZM[MV\\PMIKK][I\QWV[IOIQV[\/IZIIVQVXZW^MPQ[
M^MV\]ITLMML[IOIQV[\\PMQV\MZM[\[WN:][[QI7\\WUIV-UXQZMIVL\PMQV[\Q
\]\QWV[WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIIVLWJ\IQVIY]QKSN]TTJ]\IT[WITMOIT
[I\Q[NIK\QWV
1VPQ[[\Z]OOTMW^MZ;MZJQI:W[MTIKSML\PMxXW_MZN]TQVé]MVKMyWN\PM
*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZ;\ZI\NWZLLM:MLKTQNNM0MJMTQM^ML\PI\PQ[ZM\]ZVIVL\PM
QVé]MVKMPMPILWV\PM8ZQVKMWN;MZJQI_W]TLKWV\ZQJ]\M\W\PMR][\W]\KWUM
NWZIUQVQ[\MZx_PWM`XZM[[ML[QVKMZMIVLJMVMèKQITQVKTQVI\QWV\W_IZL[\PM
ZQOP\[WN\PM8WZ\MIVL\PM*ZQ\Q[PQV\MZM[\[y,M[XQ\MM^MZa\PQVO:W[M[I_I
KMZ\IQVOIQVQV5MV[PQSW^w[IK\QWV\W_IZL[;MZJQI"Q\LQ[KTW[ML\Z]MQV\MV\QWV[
WN \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUIKa IVL _PI\ PM KWV[QLMZML M^MV UWZM [QOVQèKIV\ Q\
[PW_ML\PMUMIV[_PQKPQ\_I[XZMXIZML\W][MQVWZLMZ\WIKPQM^M\PMU
<PM*ZQ\Q[POWWLQV\MV\QWV[IVLIL^QKMLQLVW\UISM8ZQVKM)TMS[IV
LIZw[ XW[Q\QWV I\ ITT MI[QMZ 9]Q\M \PM WXXW[Q\M ZMNMZZQVO \W \PM +WV[\Q\]\QWV
IVL\PMZQOP\[WN\PM8WZ\MUILMOQ^QVOQV\W\PM:][[QIVLMUIVL[UWZM]V
XTMI[IV\ ?PMV .WVJTIVY]M ZMKMQ^ML I KWXa WN :W[Mw[ TM\\MZ \W 4WZL :][[MT
PMQUUMLQI\MTa_MV\\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZIVLZMXMI\ML\PMIL^QKM:W[MPIL
2:Q[\QËX!
53
OQ^MV[WUM_PI\MIZTQMZ\W6QSWTIRM^QË.WVJTIVY]MPQU[MTN[I_QV[]KP\IK
\QK[ WVTa WVM XW[[QJTM ILÎV\IOM { OIQVQVO QV \QUM?PMV \ISQVO TMI^M NZWU
\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T3IZILRWZLRM^QËPW_M^MZNW]VL\PM[\ZMVO\P\W[Ia\PI\PM
_W]TLZI\PMZJMKWUMIXZQÎ\MXMZ[WVIOIQV\PIV\W\]ZVQV\WxI:][[QIVXMI[
IV\_Q\P\PM\Q\TMWN\PMZ]TQVO;MZJQIV8ZQVKMy<PMMUJQ\\MZML8ZQVKM[I_
\PMWVTa[]XXWZ\QV\PMR][\VM[[WN\PM;MZJQIVXZWJTMUIVL\PM*ZQ\Q[PUWZIT
[]XXWZ\<PQ[[]XXWZ\_I[WJ^QW][TaVW\UMIVQVOU]KPI[.WVJTIVY]MPIL
M^MV JMMV ]VIJTM \W O]IZIV\MM PQU \PI\ \PM WUVQXW\MV\ 8ZQVKM 5MV[PQSW^
_W]TL VW\ []KKMML QV M`\ZIK\QVO I .MZUIV LQ[ILÎV\IOMW][ NWZ ;MZJQI NZWU
\PM;]T\IV<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TLM[XQ\MM^MZa\PQVOKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PMLQXTW
UI\QKKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV;MZJQI_MZMNI^W]ZIJTMNWZ*ZQ\Q[PQV\MZM[\[IT[W[\I\QVO
\PI\PMPILXMZNMK\ZMTI\QWV[_Q\P\PZMM+WV[]T[/MVMZITWN/ZMI\8W_MZ[QV
*MTOZILMQVKT]LQVO\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]TI[_MTTI[_Q\PITTQVé]MV\QITXWTQ\QKIT
TMILMZ[QV\PMKW]V\Za
0W_M^MZ \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T /MVMZIT WVTa LMKMQ^ML PQU[MTN JMKI][M
LM[XQ\MM^MZa\PQVOUMV\QWVMLIJW^M\PM[Q\]I\QWVOW\[]LLMVTaLQ[MV\IVOTML
IVLKWV\ZIZa\WPQ[_Q[PM[1VPQ[ZMXWZ\\W+TIZMVLWVWN\P5IZKPPMKW]TL
WVTaM`XZM[[PQ[MUJQ\\MZUMV\ )KKWZLQVO\WPQ[ZMXWZ\\PM8ZQVKMw[LMKQ[QWV
IJW]\/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[IT_I[UILMITTWNI[]LLMVKWV\ZIZa\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P
IVL.ZMVKPIL^QKMIN\MZI^MZa[PWZ\\ITS_Q\P<]UIV[SQ<PM:][[QIV+WV[]T
QV\PMLMKQ[Q^MUWUMV\[MUXPI[QbMLèZ[\\PI\PM_I[[XMISQVOWV\PMJI[Q[
WN QV[\Z]K\QWV[ ZMKMQ^ML NZWU \PM +W]V\ 6M[[MTZWLM IVL 8ZQVKM 5MV[PQSW^
IVL \PMV \PZMI\MVML IOIQV _Q\P \PM ZMJMTTQWV 0M XWZ\MVLML TW]LTa \PI\ \PM
KWV[MY]MVKM[WN\PMXMWXTMw[]XZQ[QVO_W]TLJM]VLW]J\MLTaNI\MN]TVW\WVTa
NWZ\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZPQU[MTNJ]\NWZPQ[MV\QZMNIUQTaI[_MTT)N\MZ\PI\8ZQVKM
)TMS[IVLIZ NW]VL \PM [\ZMVO\P \W I[S WVTa NWZ [WUM UWZM \QUM \W XI[[ \PM
èVITLMKQ[QWV<PM:][[QIV+WV[]T_I[]VZMTMV\QVOI\èZ[\QV\PQ[I[_MTTIVL
LMUIVLMLNZWU\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ\WUISMILMKQ[QWVWV\PM[XW\)N\MZTWV
OMZMVLMI^W]Z[8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ[]KKMMLMLQVOM\\QVOWVM_PWTMLIaL]ZQVO
_PQKPPMPIL\W_Q\PW]\N]Z\PMZXZM[[]ZM[[WUMPW_MVL\PMKZQ[Q[0MQU
UMLQI\MTa UM\ _Q\P /IZIIVQV ITUW[\ XTMILQVOTa QVLQKI\QVO \W PQU \PI\ PQ[
.WVJTIVY]M{+TIZMVLWV *MTOZILM 5IZKP +WXa 6W .7
1JQL
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM5IZKP .7 +WXa6W
54
ZM[QOVI\QWV_W]TL[XIZMPQU[MZQW][]VXTMI[IV\VM[[M[<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TPIL
VW\PQVOJ]\XZIQ[M[NWZ/IZIIVQVxI^MZaVWJTM;MZJQIVTMILMZy_PW[\I\ML
\PI\PM_W]TLVM^MZ\ISMXIZ\QVNI\MN]TIOZMMUMV\[I\\PMM`XMV[MWN\PM[\I\Mw[
ZQOP\[<PMVM`\[M[[QWVWN\PM8ZQVKMw[OW^MZVUMV\_PW[MUQVQ[\MZ[_MZMVW\
/IZIIVQVw[NWTTW_MZ[IT[WXZW^ML\PMZQOP\VM[[WN[]KP/IZIIVQVw[I\\Q\]LM
<PM/W^MZVMUMV\Q[[]ML\PM[\I\MUMV\IJW]\Q\[ZM\QKMVKMNZWU\PMQV^WT^M
UMV\QV\PMKZQ[Q[L]M\W^MZa[MV[Q\Q^MKQZK]U[\IVKM[?Q\P[]KPIVI\\Q\]LMQ\
WJ^QW][TaLQLVW\PMTX/IZIIVQVJ]\\PMZMNWZMJZW]OP\ITT\PMZM[XWV[QJQTQ\a
NWZ\PMLQ[UQ[[ITWN\PM8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZJIKS\W\PM8ZQVKM1[WTI\MLIVLNIKML
_Q\PWUQVW][\PZMI\[MIZTaQV\PMUWZVQVOWV\P5IZKP8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
QVNWZUML \PM :][[QIV +WV[]T \PI\ PQ[ ZMY]M[\ _I[ IKKMX\ML /IZIIVQV _I[
[WWVLQ[UQ[[MLWNèKQITTaWVIKKW]V\WNJILPMIT\P_PQTM)TMS[I;QUQË_I[IX
XWQV\ML\W\PMXW[\WN\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ
8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZw[ QVLMKQ[QWV IVL LMTIaML KWUXTQIVKM LQL VW\ JZQVO
PQU \PM [aUXI\Pa WN \PM WNèKQIT :][[QI J]\ MUJQ\\MZML \PMZMNWZM \PM *ZQ\
Q[P+WV[]T.WVJTIVY]M[\I\ML\PI\NWZUITM`K][M[IVLZMNMZZQVO\W\PM8WZ\M
[PW]TL JM I []NèKQMV\ XZW\MK\QWV NWZ \PM ;MZJQIV 8ZQVKM 0M QV\MZXZM\ML \PM
KWVKM[[QWV[\W\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaWVTaI[I^QWTI\QWV\PM;]T\IVw[;]bMZIQVw[
ZQOP\[0MM^MV_Q[PMLNWZ\PM;]T\IVw[ZM^MVOM\PI\_W]TLUIaJMWVMLIaJM
NITTx\PMLQ[TWaITÎ[[ITy<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV*MTOZILMNW]VL\PM[]XXWZ\WN
\PMWNèKQIT*ZQ\IQV\W\PM8WZ\MI[\PMWVTaIXXZWXZQI\MIV[_MZ\W\PMVM_XW
TQ\QKITKQZK]U[\IVKM[\PI\[PW]TL[]XXWZ\QVN]\]ZM\PM:][[QIVXWTQKa\W_IZL[
\PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI 0M KWV[QLMZML \PI\ \PM èZ[\ [\MX QV \PQ[ LQZMK\QWV
_W]TLJM\PM^M\WQVOWNIVaSQVLWNN]Z\PMZIXXWQV\UMV\WN)KQSI6MVILW^QË
)bW6MVILW^Q\KP_PWUPM[I_I[KW^M\W][x[XQZQ\][UW^MV[yWN\PM8ZQVKMw[
UW[\ZMKMV\XWTQKa
0MZ 5IRM[\aw[ +WV[]T /MVMZIT IT[W [\I\ML [\QTT IVOZQTa \PI\ \PM KZQ[Q[
PILIOIQVZM^MITML\WPQU\PM\Z]MKPIZIK\MZWN\PM8ZQVKM0M][ML\WQVNWZU
NZMY]MV\Ta\PM)UJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIJW]\\PQ[J]\VW_QVPQ[ZM
XWZ\\W5QVQ[\MZ+TIZMVLWVPM\PW]OP\Q\VMKM[[IZa\WZMXMI\"xj\PI\8ZQVKM
3IZILRWZLRM^QËw[TWaIT\a\W\PM8WZ\M_W]TLLQ[IXXMIZMIKP\QUM_PMV\PM;]T
\IVw[MVMUQM[[]KKMMLQVIZW][QVOPQ[NMIZ[y!
<PMZMIK\QWV\W.WVJTIVY]Mw[ZMXWZ\IZZQ^MLWVTa\_W_MMS[TI\MZJW\P
NZWU4WVLWVIVL8IZQ[1VPQ[TM\\MZWN\P)XZQT\PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZQV
!
.WVJTIVY]M{+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM5IZKP .7 +WXa6W
+W_TMa{+TIZMVLWV8IZQ[)XZQT .7 +WXa6W
55
.ZIVKM+W_TMaQVNWZUML+TIZMVLWVIJW]\\PMI\\Q\]LMWN\PM.ZMVKP5QVQ[\MZ
WN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[,ZW]aVLM4P]a[<PM-UXMZWZw[5QVQ[\MZVW\QèML\PM*ZQ\
Q[P )UJI[[ILWZ IJW]\ \PMx]V[I\Q[NIK\WZay VM_[ \PI\ PIL R][\ IZZQ^ML NZWU
*MTOZILM)KKWZLQVO\W,M4P]a[w[SVW_TMLOMIN\MZ\PM[]KKM[[N]TZMUWÎTWN
/IZIIVQV\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaM`\MVLMLM^MVUWZMQ\[LMUIVL[NZWU;MZ
JQI<PMZMUWÎTWNW\PMZUQVQ[\MZ[PILIT[WJMMVI[SMLNWZXIZ\QK]TIZTaWN\PM
5QVQ[\MZWN\PM1V\MZQWZ<PMVM_[ZMKMQ^MLQVLQKI\ML\PI\8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
_I[VW\\PMWVTaWVM_PW_I[QV\ZW]JTM<PM;\I\M+W]VKQTM^MVIV[_MZML\PM
:][[QIVLMUIVL[XZW\M[\QVOIOIQV[\\PM:][[QIVQV\MZNMZMVKMQV\W\PMQV\MZVIT
XWTQKaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI
<PMM`XMZQMVKML+W_TMaPIL\PMQUXZM[[QWV\PI\\PM.ZMVKP5QVQ[\MZ
_I[VW\XTMI[ML_Q\P[]KPIVIK\WN\PM;MZJQIV;\I\M+W]VKQT0M\PMZMNWZM
TQUQ\MLPQU[MTN\W][QVO\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTw[ZMN][ITI[IVIZO]UMV\QVNI^W]ZWN
\PMITTMOI\QWV[\PI\;MZJQI_I[VW\R][\ILMXMVLMV\:][[QIVKIX\Q^MI[[WUM
\QUM[LMXQK\ML,M4P]a[IOZMML_Q\P\PI\J]\IT[WI[[MZ\ML\PI\\PM[Q\]I\QWV
QV\PM-]ZWXMIV-I[\_I[[]KP\PI\Q\_I[M[[MV\QIT\WKWVLMUVMIKPIK\QWV
\PI\UQOP\JMKWV[QLMZMLWNNMV[Q^M\W:][[QI,M4P]a[KWVèLML\W\PM*ZQ\
Q[P)UJI[[ILWZ\PI\8ZQVKM5MV[PQSW^w[UQ[[QWVPILIT[W\PMIQU\WI[NIZ
I[ XW[[QJTM _MISMV \PM -]ZWXMIV XZW^QVKM[ WN \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM _PQKP
PILJMKWUMKWV[QLMZIJTa[\ZWVOMZL]ZQVO\PMXI[\aMIZ[<PM.ZMVKP5QVQ[\MZ
ITTMOMLTaJMTQM^ML\PI\\PMN]Z\PMZXZWOZM[[WN\PM-]ZWXMIVXZW^QVKM[KW]TL
JMKWUMIPQVLZIVKM\W\PM:][[QIVXTIV[
4M[[\PIVI_MMSTI\MZ\PM\ITS[IJW]\\PM[QUQTIZ\WXQK_MZMPMTLVW_
QV 4WVLWV JM\_MMV \PM -IZT WN +TIZMVLWV 0MZ 5IRM[\aw[ 5QVQ[\MZ WN .WZ
MQOV)NNIQZ[IVL+W]V\?ITM_[SQ\PM.ZMVKP)UJI[[ILWZQV/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV
?ITM_[SQPILJa\PI\\QUMZMKMQ^MLPQU[MTN\PMZMXWZ\WN\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T
/MVMZIT QV *MTOZILM <PM QV[\Z]K\QWV[ [MV\ \W *MTOZILM LQNNMZML U]KP UWZM
NZWU \PM I\\Q\]LM \PI\ ,ZW]aV LM 4P]a[ PIL XZM[MV\ML \W +W_TMa <PMa QV
[\Z]K\ML\PM?M[\MZVLQXTWUI\[\PI\Q\_W]TLJMVMKM[[IZa\WMVKW]ZIOM8ZQVKM
)TMS[IVLIZIOIQVIVLIL^Q[MPQUVW\\WKWUXTa_Q\P\PMVM_LMUIVL[NZWU
\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa,QZMK\QV\MZNMZMVKMWN:][[QIQV\W\PMQV\MZVITINNIQZ[WN
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIVL\PZMI\MVQVO\ITSWN\PM:][[QIV+WV[]T_I[LQXTWUI\QKITTa
)[)TMS[I;QUQËIK\]ITTaJMKIUM\PMVM`\8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZQ\[MMU[
\PI\Q\_I[\PMY]M[\QWVWNQVKWZZMK\QVNWZUI\QWV
+TIZMVLWV{+W_TMa )XZQT .7 +WXa6W
56
XZWVW]VKMLJa5QVQ[\MZ+TIZMVLWVI[xVMQ\PMZ_Q[MVWZR][\y<PMèZ[\[\MX
IOIQV[\\PMIK\QWV[WN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa_W]TLJMI[PM[I_Q\LM^W\QVOWN
\PMMV\QZMI\\MV\QWVWN\PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZI\\PM8WZ\M\W\PM;MZJQIVKZQ[Q[
=VLMZ[\IVLIJTa\PM*ZQ\Q[PKW]V\MZIK\QWVPIL\WJMQV\PQ[KI[MKIZZQMLW]\
QVKWWXMZI\QWV_Q\P\PM.ZMVKP)UJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM)\\PMMVLWN
\PMTM\\MZ\PM*ZQ\Q[PUQVQ[\MZM`XZM[[MLITUW[\XZWXPM\QKIT\Z][\QV:MLKTQNNMw[
XWTQ\QKITIVLLQXTWUI\QKIJQTQ\QM[[\I\QVO_Q\PW]\N]Z\PMZQV[\Z]K\QWV[\PI\PQ[
XMZNMK\SVW_TMLOMWN\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV\PM-I[\_W]TLMVIJTMPQ[QVLMXMV
LMV\IVLNI[\ZMIK\QWV[NWZ\PMJMVMè\WN\PM8WZ\Mw[QV\MZM[\[QV;MZJQI
1\KW]TLJM[IQL\PI\\PMKZQ[Q[IJW]\/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[IT_I[MVLML
NWZ\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa_Q\P\PMQV[\Z]K\QWV[[MV\\W0MZ5IRM[\aw[)UJI[
[ILWZ QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM WV \PM [IUM LIa \P)XZQT )\ \PM JMOQVVQVO
WNPQ[QV[\Z]K\QWV[+TIZMVLWVMUXPI[QbML\PI\/IZIIVQVw[ZMUWÎTIVL\PM
LMUIVL[NWZLQ[UQ[[QVO[WUMW\PMZ[\I\MWNèKQIT[KI][MLOZMI\LQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV
QV\PM;MZJQIVXMWXTM0M\P][WZLMZML:MLKTQNNM\W\MTT8ZQVKM5MV[PQSW^\PI\
\PMXZWTWVOI\QWVWN[]KPXWTQKaWN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa_W]TLPI^MPIZUN]T
KWV[MY]MVKM[)TTKWVLQ\QWVIT[[]LLMVTaLQ[IXXMIZMLNZWU\PMOMVMZITQbMLLQX
TWUI\QKTIVO]IOM<W[]J[\IV\QI\MPQ[QV[\Z]K\QWV[\PM*ZQ\Q[PUQVQ[\MZILLML
\PI\+W]V\?ITM_[SQPILQVNWZUMLPQUIJW]\[QUQTIZQV[\Z]K\QWV[LQ[XI\KPML
\W\PM.ZMVKP)UJI[[ILWZI\\PM8WZ\M
,]ZQVO\PQ[\QUMITQUQ\MLV]UJMZWNXWTQ\QKQIV[IVL[\I\MWNèKQIT[KTW[M
\W\PM8ZQVKM\PM/W^MZVUMV\IVL\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT_MZMQV^WT^MLQV\PMMV
\QZMMV\IVOTMUMV\KI][MLJa/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[IT/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[ITM`
XTIQVMLQV\PMWNèKQITVM_[XIXMZ[JaPQ[JILPMIT\P_I[NWTTW_MLJa[QTMVKM
7VTa ;MZJQIV VM_[XIXMZ[ QV \PM VMQOPJW]ZQVO )][\ZQI _MZM ZMXWZ\QVO ^MZa
Y]QKSTaZMO]TIZTaIVLIKK]ZI\MTaIJW]\\PMMV\QZMKI[M,M[XQ\M\PMNIK\\PI\\PM
;MZJQIVX]JTQKWVJW\PJIVS[WN\PMZQ^MZ[;IÎIVL,IV]JM_I[XZMÎQTQVOTa
QVKTQVML\W_IZL[:][[QIM^MV;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa[]XXWZ\MLJa
:][[QI _I[ VW\ XZMXIZML \W KZQ\QKQbM LQ[UQ[[ML /IZIIVQV <PQ[ VM_[XIXMZw[
ZMXWZ\MZXZWVW]VKML\PM:][[QIVLMUIVL[X]\\W\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[I[
xM`KMX\QWVITJQOIVL[\ZIVOMy_PQTM\PMNWZUMZ8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_I[
LM[KZQJMLI[WVMWNx\PM[\MILQM[\IVL\PMUW[\ML]KI\ML;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[y
6M^MZ\PMTM[[IT\PW]OPPMUMV\QWVML\PI\:][[QIPILVM^MZ_IOMLI_IZ[WTMTa
WVIKKW]V\WN;MZJQI\PMI]\PWZWN\PMIZ\QKTMQV;ZJ[SQLVM^VQSKWVKT]LMLPW_
;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS1V;MZJQIV";MZJQIV,IQTa6W^Q;IL! VW
57
:][[QIKWV\ZIZa\W.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV_I[\PMWVTaITTaWN;MZJQI\PI\
_I[KTW[MIVL_PW[MQVé]MVKM_I[NI\MN]T;]KPIVI\\Q\]LMLM[KZQJM[QVUIVa
_Ia[\PMKPIZIK\MZWN\PMNWZMQOVXWTQKaUW\Q^M[WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIQV
\PMNWZ\PKWUQVOUWV\P[
)][\ZQIV7KK]XI\QWV
8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZKPW[M\PMUW[\XIQVTM[[_Ia\WZMUW^M/IZIIVQV0M
PILLQ[UQ[[MLPQUèZ[\IVL\PMVPILPQUZM\QZML_Q\P\PMM`XTIVI\QWV\PI\
Q\_I[ITTMOMLTaLWVMWVIKKW]V\WNPQ[JILPMIT\P/IZIIVQVXIZ\MLQVXMIKM
_Q\P \PM 8ZQVKM IVL QUUMLQI\MTa _MV\ IJZWIL <PM LQXTWUI\QK KZQ[Q[ KWV
\QV]MLQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM]V\QT5Ia IVL\PMèVITNIQT]ZMWN5MV[PQSW^w[
UQ[[QWV 1V 2]VM \PM :][[QIV)ZUa WKK]XQML?ITTIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI
<PMX]JTQKQV-]ZWXMQUUMLQI\MTaZMKWOVQbMLQV\PQ[LMUWV[\ZI\QWV\PMJM
OQVVQVOWN\PMQUXTMUMV\I\QWVWN<[IZ6QSWTIaw[1XTIVIJW]\\PMLQ^Q[QWVWN
\PM-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMa<PMZWTMWN)][\ZQIZMUIQVMLM`\ZMUMTa]VKTMIZQV\PM
MV[]QVOLQXTWUI\QK\MV[QWVIVLKWVN][QWV7VTa_Q\P\PMIQLWN\PM:][[QIV
)ZUa\PM0IJ[J]ZOUWVIZKPa[]KKMMLML\W[]XXZM[[\PM0]VOIZQIV:M^WT]
\QWVQV !;QLQVO_Q\P:][[QI_W]TLJMPW_M^MZ\WWZQ[SaIVLLM\ZQUMV\IT
IVa_IaNWZ\PM)][\ZQIV-UXQZM*a\PQ[IK\\PMNZWV\WN\PMN]\]ZM_IZ_W]TL
JMUW^ML\W4WUJIZLaJaITTUMIV[\PMUW[\[QOVQèKIV\ZMOQWVWN)][\ZQIV
QV\MZM[\QV-]ZWXMIVL)][\ZQI_W]TL\PMVPI^M\WJMIZITUW[\ITT\PMJ]ZLMV
WN\PM_IZNIZM0W_M^MZQN:][[QIPIXXMVML\W_QV\PM_IZ\PMLQ[IXXMIZIVKM
WN \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM ZMOIZLTM[[ WN XW[[QJTM OIQV[ _W]TL TM[[MV \PM)][
\ZQIVQV\MZM[\I\\PM*ITSIV[IVL_W]TLUISM)][\ZQII:][[QIVMVMUaQV\PM
N]\]ZM1\_I[ITUW[\QUXW[[QJTM\WKWVKMQ^MNWZ\PM0IJ[J]ZOw[+W]Z\\W[QLM
_Q\P/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKMVW\WVTaJMKI][MWN\PMQZXWTQ\QKITLQNNMZMVKM[
J]\ IT[W JMKI][M \PM)][\ZQIV -I[\MZV JWZLMZ[ _W]TL JM \ZIV[NWZUML QV\W I
TWVOIVLLQNèK]T\NZWV\_Q\PW]\IVaO]IZIV\MM[NWZ\PMN]\]ZM<PM:][[WXPQTM
QVKTQVML)][\ZQIV/MVMZIT0MILY]IZ\MZ[W^MZM[\QUI\QVO\PMXW_MZWN\PM:][
[QIV)ZUaLQLVW\XMZKMQ^MIVaXW[[QJQTQ\QM[NWZ\PMLMNMVKMQV\PMI[[]UML_IZ
IOIQV[\Q\[-I[\MZVVMQOPJW]Z<PMOMVMZITJMTQMN_I[\PI\)][\ZQIQV\PQ[KI[M
_W]TLVW\WVTaJMKWUM\PMJI\\TMèMTLWN\PM-]ZWXMIV_IZJ]\_W]TLXZWJ
IJTa\]ZVQV\W\PMKPIZZMLZMUVIV\[WNIZM^WT]\QWV
2:Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVI1V;MZJQIV";MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZX!
)28<IaTWZ
58
<PM KWVéQK\ JM\_MMV :][[QI WV WVM [QLM IVL \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM
.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVWV\PMW\PMZ_I[JMKWUQVO\MV[MZIVL\MV[MZ)N\MZ
5MV[PQSW^w[LMXIZ\]ZMNZWU+WV[\IV\QVWXTM\PM\_WMUXQZM[JZWSM]X\PMQZ
LQXTWUI\QKZMTI\QWV[7V2]VM[\ \PMITTQMLéMM\PIL[IQTMLQV\W\PM;MI
WN5IZUIZIIVLIUWV\PTI\MZ\PM:][[QIV)ZUaKZW[[ML\PMZQ^MZ8Z]\IVL
WKK]XQML ?ITIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI ;QVKM \PM \QUM[ WN 8M\MZ \PM /ZMI\ Q\ PIL
VW\PIXXMVML\PI\\PM:][[QIV)ZUaWKK]XQML\PM[MXZQVKQXITQ\QM[WZI\\IKSML
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_Q\PW]\IXZQWZIOZMMUMV\_Q\P)][\ZQI1V\PM[]UUMZ
WN -]ZWXMJMTQM^ML\PI\;\8M\MZ[J]ZOIK\MLQVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P>QMVVI
<PMI\\MUX\WN)][\ZQII\UMLQI\QWV\PI\MVLML_Q\PIXZWXW[MLKWUXZWUQ[M
KWV\IQVMLQV\PM>QMVVI6W\MMVIJTMLQVNIK\IVPWVW]ZIJTM_Q\PLZI_ITWN\PM
XIZ\QM[QVKWVéQK\IVL\PMUIQV\MVIVKMWN\PMXZM^QW][[\I\][.QVITTaPW_M^MZ
IK\]ITTa\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVXZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ\PM7\\WUIV+PZQ[\QIV[
TML\W\PMKWTTIX[MWN\PM[MMVLMI^W]Z[<PMKWTTIX[MWN\PM>QMVVI6W\M_I[
IUWVO W\PMZ \PQVO[ \PM LMNMI\ WN \PM XZW?M[\ WZQMV\ML )][\ZQIV 5QVQ[\MZ
WN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[+W]V\*]WT<P][I\\PM\QUM_PMV\PMKZQ[Q[LQLVW\[\QTT
\]ZV QV\W \PM _IZ \PM UQTQ\IZa XIZ\a QV>QMVVI PIL OW\ I KMZ\IQV ILÎV\IOM
\PI\\WOM\PMZ_Q\P\PMM^MV\]ITN]\]ZM:][[QIVUQTQ\IZa[]KKM[[M[_W]TLPI^M
XZWJIJTaWZQMV\I\ML)][\ZQIQVNI^W]ZWN:][[QI
/IZIIVQV IT[W [][XMK\ML )][\ZQI NZWU LQ[\IV\ 4QOM 5Q[\Z][\N]T WN
\PM \Z]M UW\Q^M[ WN \PM )][\ZQIV /MVMZIT /a]TIQw[ UQ[[QWV QV \PM \ITS _Q\P
\PMaW]VOMZ+W]V\7ZTW^PMKWVKMITMLPQ[LQTMUUI_PM\PMZ\PMOWITWN\PM
UQ[[QWV _I[ _IZLQVO WNN :][[QI NZWU \PM _IZ WZ \PM IOZMMUMV\ IJW]\ RWQV\
WXMZI\QWV[<W\PM:][[QIVVWJTMUIVw[XZW^WKI\Q^MY]M[\QWV_PM\PMZPMKWV
[QLMZML\PI\\PM)][\ZQIV[_W]TLMV\MZ;MZJQIQVKI[MWN_IZ/IZIIVQVOI^MI
TM^MTPMILMLJ]\LQZMK\IV[_MZ\PI\\PQ[_I[MÌK\Ta\PMQ[[]MIVL\PMKWZMWN
\PM;MZJQIVLQ[\Z][\QV:][[QIVQV\MV\QWV[JMKI][MWVTa:][[QIKW]TLXMZUQ\
[]KPIVIK\<PM-]ZWXMIVLQXTWUI\QKKWVéQK\KWUUMVKMLIN\MZ\PM:][[QIV
WKK]XI\QWVWN\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[\PZMI\MVQVO\W\]ZVQV\WIZMIT_IZI\
IVaUWUMV\ /IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË4QMOM2]VM2]Ta ;\4W^ÍM^QËMLQ\
8Q[UI 1TQRM /IZIIVQVI 2WÎV] 5IZQVW^QË] SVRQOI 1 BJWZVQS bI Q[\WZQR]
RMbQSQSVRQM^VW[\[ZX[SWOVIZWLI1WLMTRMVRMSVR@@1QV;MZJQIV"1TQRI/IZIIVQVv[
4M\\MZ[\W5IZQVW^QËJWWS1 { +WTTMK\QWVWN8IXMZ[NWZ0Q[\WZa4IVO]IOMIVL
4Q\MZI\]ZMWN\PM;MZJQIV8MWXTM1LMXIZ\UMV\^WT@@1*MTOZILM!XX {!
7ZTW^ZMXTQML\PI\PMLQLVW\KWV[QLMZ\PI\M^MVQN\PM_IZJZWSMW]\Q\KW]TL
QVIVa_IaKWVKMZV;MZJQIIVLPMZQV\MZM[\[1JQL!
/IZIIVQV I[[M[[ML \PM M^MV\[ QV ;MZJQI NZWU IJZWIL"i?M \PM <]ZS[ IVL
)][\ZQIV[_W]TL[]ZMTa[MMVWOWWLW]\WNQ\J]\TM\\PM:][[QIV[-VOTQ[PIVL.ZMVKP
KPWW[M_PI\M^MZ\PMaTQSMVW__PMV\PMaPILI[\ZWSMWNOWWLT]KSx1JQL!
59
<PMèZ[\VM_[IJW]\XW[[QJTMMV\ZIVKMWN\PM)][\ZQIV)ZUaQV\W\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_I[[MV\\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P-UJI[[aQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMWV
\P2]Ta !.WVJTIVY]MQVNWZUMLPQ[[]XMZQWZ{:MLKTQNNMPW_\PM)][
\ZQIV+WV[]TQV;MZJQIPILTM\\PM*MTOZILM8I[PISVW_IJW]\PQ[OW^MZVUMV\w[
QV\MV\QWV\WWKK]Xa;MZJQIQVKI[MWNJZMISQVOW]\WNIVaSQVLWN]VZM[\[<PM
VM_[\PI\\_W)][\ZQIVJZQOILM[_MZMITZMILaXZMXIZML\WMV\MZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
OI^M\PM+WV[]Tw[IVVW]VKMUMV\\PM\PZMI\MVQVO\WVM<PM[QOVNWZ\PMWKK]
XI\QWVWN;MZJQIKW]TLJMOQ^MVIKKWZLQVO\W\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]Tw[[\I\MUMV\[
Ja \PM *MTOZILM 8I[PI \PM ;MZJQIV 8ZQVKM WZ PQU[MTN 0W_M^MZ \W\IT ITIZU
_I[KI][MLWVTaJa\PMVM_[ITTMOMLTaKWUQVONZWU\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIKWU
U]VQKI\ML\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TJa\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ)TMS[I;QUQË
1\XWQV\MLW]\\W\PM)][\ZQIVZM[WT]\MVM[[VW\\W_IQ\NWZ\PMZMIT]VZM[\[\W
JZMIS W]\ QV \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI J]\ \W WKK]Xa Q\ I\ Q\[ KWV^MVQMVKM
+WV^QVKML\PI\\PMKWVKMV\ZI\ML]VQ\[WN\PM)][\ZQIV)ZUa_MZM[]NèKQMV\NWZ
\PMQUUMLQI\M]VLMZ\ISQVOWN\PMQVÎ[QWV.WVJTIVY]M_I[VW\[]ZM_PM\PMZ
\PMQV[\Z]K\QWV[\W\PM*MTOZILM8I[PI_W]TLIZZQ^MQV\QUM<PMQVNWZUI\QWV
IÎQTIJTM \W PQU XMZ[WVITTa QVLQKI\ML \PI\ \PM OZMI\M[\ KWVKMV\ZI\QWV WN \PM
)][\ZQIV)ZUa_I[QV\PMZMOQWVWN7ZIÎ_PMZMPMZMKWOVQbML\PM\MVLMVKa
WN\PM)][\ZQIV/MVMZIT0MILY]IZ\MZ[\WXZM^MV\\PMILÎVKMWN\PM:][[QIV
)ZUaNZWU?ITIKPQI<PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\ZM[\ZQK\MLQ\[MTN\WIVMUJQ\
\MZMLXZW\M[\_Q\P\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]TJ]\_Q\P\PM8WZ\MI[_MTT
1\[MMUMLWJ^QW][\W.WVJTIVY]M\PI\\PMUW\Q^MNWZ\PM)][\ZQIVIK\QWV
PILJMMV8ZQVKM5QPIQTWw[TM\\MZILLZM[[ML\W\PM;MZJQIVXMWXTM<PM*ZQ\
Q[PLQXTWUI\_I[KWV^QVKML\PI\)][\ZQIQV\MVLML\WxXMZèLQW][TaM`XTWQ\y\PM
!
.WVJTIVY]M{4WZL;\ZI\NWZLLM:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2]Ta .7 -`\ZIK\
/IZIIVQV JMTQM^ML \PI\ \PM )][\ZQIV IK\ _I[ \PM XZWL]K\ WN \PM XTW\[ WN
\PM )][\ZQIV OMVMZIT 5IQMZPWNNMZ KWVKMZVQVO 8ZQVKM 5QPIQTW" i1\ _W]TL JM JM\\MZ
QN 5IQMZPWNNMZ UMI[]ZML \PM ZQ^]TM\[ QV 1\ITa IVL 0]VOIZa IVL ITUW[\ ITT W^MZ \PM
MUXQZM\PIVQV;MZJQIIVL*W[VQIx/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË4QMOM2]Ta 2]Ta
8Q[UIQV;MZJQIV"4M\\MZ[VWX
1V\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM []UUMZ\PMIOQ\I\QWVKW]TLJMNMT\QV;MZJQI
\PM7JZMVW^QËv[NWTTW_MZ[[\IZ\ML_Q\P\PMQZ_WZSWV\PMXWX]TI\QWV<PMM`QTML8ZQVKM
5QPIQTWNW]VLQ\VMKM[[IZa\W[MVL\PMTM\\MZWN2]Ta \W\PMUMUJMZ[WN
\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT[\I\QVO\PI\PM_W]TLVW\ZM\]ZV\W\PM\PZWVMIOIQV[\\PM_QTTWN
\PMXMWXTMIVLJaUMIV[WNIVW^MZ\PZW_<PW[MWXXW[ML\W\PM7JZMVW^QË[[I_I
XWTQ\QKITZ][MQV\PQ[OM[\]ZMWN\PMNWZUMZ8ZQVKM2:Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVIQV
;MZJQIV";MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZXX!!{
60
8ZQVKM5QPIQTW7JZMVW^QË
61
KZQ[Q[MV[]MLW^MZ\PMJIVQ[PML8ZQVKMw[TM\\MZ)\èZ[\PQ[ZMIK\QWV_I[QZZMK
WVKQTIJTM0MKTIQUML\PI\x\PMX]ZXW[MVW_QVLQKI\MLJa)][\ZQI_Q\PZMOIZL
\W;MZJQIQ[M^MVITM[[M`K][IJTMIOOZM[[QWV\PIV\PM:][[QIVWVMQV5WTLI^QI
IVL ?ITTIKPQIy )[ NIZ I[ .WVJTIVY]M SVM_ )][\ZQI IKK][ML \PM ;MZJQIV
I]\PWZQ\QM[WNZMVLMZQVO[]XXWZ\\W\PMXWTQ\QKITMUQOZIV\[_PWZMUIQVMLQV
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_PW_I[XZW]LWNPQ[W_VXIZ\QKQXI\QWV
QV\PM0]VOIZQIV:M^WT]\QWV\PM[MIKK][I\QWV[[MMUMLM`\ZMUMTaOZW]VLTM[[
.WVJTIVY]M [\I\ML \PI\ VW\ WVTa \PMZM _MZM VW UWZM 0]VOIZQIV MUQOZIV\[
QV;MZJQIJ]\\PM^MZaJMVM^WTMVKMWN\PM7\\WUIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\W_IZL[\PMU
UILM\PM;MZJ[QLMV\QNaI[MVMUa
/MVMZIT ITIZU [WWV JZWSM W]\ QV ;MZJQI <PM OW^MZVUMV\ \WOM\PMZ
_Q\P\PM;\I\M<ZMI[]ZaQUUMLQI\MTa_MV\\W3ZIO]RMÎK<PMMV\P][QI[UNWZ
LMNMVKM XZMÎQTML QV *MTOZILM _PQTM IKKWZLQVO \W .WVJTIVY]Mw[ SVW_TMLOM
VMIZTa \_W \PW][IVL IZUML XMI[IV\[ _MZM OI\PMZML QV \PM KW]V\Za IZW]VL
5QTIVWÎK,M[XQ\M\PMIJW^MXZMXIZI\QWV[0MZ5IRM[\aw[+WV[]T/MVMZITQV
*MTOZILMKTIQUML\PI\VWJQOOMZWJ[\IKTM[[\WWLQV\PM_IaWN\PM)][\ZQIVWK
K]XI\QWV
1V\PMèTM[WN\PM-UJI[[aWN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVQV>QMVVIITUW[\ITTLQX
TWUI\QK KWZZM[XWVLMVKM _I[ KWTTMK\ML _Q\P ZMOIZL \W \PM KZQ[Q[ QV ZMTI\QWV[
JM\_MMV)][\ZQIIVL;MZJQI\PI\[]LLMVTaLM^MTWXMLL]ZQVO\PM[]UUMZWN
<PMTIKSWNUWZM[QOVQèKIV\IK\Q^Q\aWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKaQVKWV
VMK\QWV_Q\P\PQ[KZQ[Q[R]LOQVOJa\PMLI\INZWU\PM>QMVVI-UJI[[aXWQV\[
W]\\W\PM.WZMQOV7NèKMw[XZWJIJTMI\\Q\]LM\PI\\PMKZQ[Q[Q\[MTNPILM`KMMLML
\PM IK\]IT QVQ\QIT XTIV[ WN \PM)][\ZQIV LQXTWUIKa :MLKTQNNM PIL IVVW]VKML
\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PMKZQ[Q[QVPQ[ZMXWZ\\W+TIZMVLWV<PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\
TMIZVML_PI\\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIw[ZMXWZ\_I[IJW]\IVL\PMXZW\M[\QVOTM\\MZWN
\PM;MZJQIV/W^MZVUMV\QUUMLQI\MTaIN\MZ\PMQZIZZQÎT\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTM*a
\PI\\QUMPMPILITZMILaJMMVQVXW[[M[[QWVWN.WVJTIVY]Mw[ZMXWZ\WN\P2]Ta
:MLKTQNNMP]ZZQMLTa_ZW\M\WPQ[UQVQ[\MZ_Q\PW]\XZM^QW][KWV[]T\I\QWV
.WVJTIVY]M { 4WZL ;\ZI\NWZL LM :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 2]Ta .7
-`\ZIK\
.WVJTIVY]M{:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2]Ta .7 -`\ZIK\
5IZQVW^QË _ZW\M \W /IZIIVQV QV \PM [IUM \WVM IJW]\ \PM MV\P][QI[U WN
\PMXMWXTMNWZLMNMVKM/IZIIVQV5IZQVW^QË]<Z[\R]TQRIÔ][\ JZ
8Q[UIXQV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË<ZQM[\M2]Ta)]O][\ VW4M\\MZ[X
:MLKTQNNM{+TIZMVLWV<PMZIXQI2]Ta .7 +WXa6W 62
_Q\P\PM8WZ\M0M_I[VM^MZ\PMTM[[KWV^QVKML\PI\\PMZM_I[VW_IaWNQ\[
IOZMMQVO\W\PMWKK]XI\QWV5WZMW^MZL]ZQVOPQ[\ITS_Q\P\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\
I\\PM8WZ\MPM_I[\WTL\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVMV\ZaQV\W;MZJQIKW]TLQVNIK\TMIL
\W\PM]XZQ[QVO)\\PMMVLWNPQ[ZMXWZ\\PMM`XMZQMVKMLLQXTWUI\LQLVW\\Za
\WX]\W]\JMNWZM+TIZMVLWVIVaKWVKT][QWVJI[MLWV\PMQVNWZUI\QWVIÎQT
IJTM\WPQU0M[]UUML]XPQ[I\\Q\]LM\W_IZL[\PMM^MV\[IJW]\;MZJQIQV
\PMNWTTW_QVOLQTMUUI")][\ZQIMQ\PMZ\ZQML\WXTIa[WUMSQVLWNILQXTWUI\QK
OIUM_Q\P:][[QIWZQ\[OW^MZVUMV\PILIJIVLWVML\PMPWXM\PI\Q\_W]TLJM
XW[[QJTM\WUW^MW]\\PM:][[QIV)ZUaNZWU\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[_Q\P
VMOW\QI\QWV[
.W]Z LIa[ TI\MZ :MLKTQNNM KW]TL _ZQ\M \W PQ[ UQVQ[\MZ [WUM\PQVO UWZM
IJW]\\PMM^MV\[QV;MZJQI1\_I[\Z]M\PI\)][\ZQI_W]TLSMMXI_I\KPN]TMaMWV
\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aJ]\PMKTIQUML\PI\Q\_I[VW\KMZ\IQV\W
JMWKK]XQML;WUM\PQVOTQSM\PI\LQLVW\[MMUXW[[QJTM\WPQUM^MV_PMV\PM
UW^MUMV\[WN\PM)][\ZQIV)ZUa_MZM\ISMVQV\WIKKW]V\I[_MTTI[\PMLW]J\[
\PI\_MZM[QU]T\IVMW][TaIZW][MLJa8ZQVKM5QPIQTWw[TM\\MZUQ[\ISMVTaY]W\ML
I[5QTWIVL5IaMZPWNMZw[5Q[[QWV .]Z\PMZUWZM\PMKWVK]ZZMVKMWNM^MV\[
OI^M [QOVQèKIVKM \W \PM UW^MUMV\[ WN \PM )][\ZQIV \ZWWX[ WVTa QV \PM XIZ\
ITWVO\PMJWZLMZ_Q\P;MZJQIW\PMZ_Q[M^Q[QJTMITWVO\PMMV\QZMJWZLMZ_Q\P\PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZM1VILLQ\QWVIVQUXWZ\IV\MTMUMV\QV\PMMV\QZMKZQ[Q[NWZ\PM
*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZ_I[\PMNIK\\PI\IJ[WT]\MXMIKMXZMÎQTMLQV;MZJQI<PQ[Q[
_Pa\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ:M[PQL8I[PI[]XXWZ\ML\PMZM[Q[\IVKMWN\PM;MZJQIVI]
\PWZQ\QM[\W\PMXW[[QJTMNWZKMN]TWKK]XI\QWV1\_I[\Z]MI[:MLKTQNNMTIUMV\ML
\PI\\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZLQLVW\PI^M\QUM\WKWV[]T\\PM*ZQ\Q[P-UJI[[aL]M\W
\PMVI\]ZMWN\PMKZQ[Q[J]\\PM8WZ\Mw[UW^M[TI\MZZMKMQ^MLPQ[IXXZWÎT
:MLKTQNNM_I[KWV^QVKML\PI\\PMXZQVKQXTM[O]QLQVO\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTW
UIKaQVM`MZ\QVOXZM[[]ZMWV;MZJQI_MZMLQ[X]\IJTMI[_MTT\PI\Q\_W]TLJM
QUXW[[QJTM\WIXXTa\PMU_Q\PW]\LIUIOQVO\PMQVLMXMVLMVKMWN\PM7\\W
UIV-UXQZM1VKI[MWNI\\MUX\MLWKK]XI\QWV\PMLIVOMZWNJTWWL[PML_W]TL
JM IT[W KMZ\IQV I[ \PM ;MZJ[ _W]TL ]VLW]J\MLTa WNNMZ ZM[Q[\IVKM .QVITTa \PM
MV\ZaWN\PM)][\ZQIV)ZUaQV\W;MZJQI_W]TLZMUW^MNWZUITWJ[\IKTM[NWZ\PM
QV\MZNMZMVKMWN:][[QI\PMxXZW\MK\QVOXW_MZyWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<PMQVé]
MV\QIT*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZIL^Q[MLxKI]\QWVIVL_Q[LWUy\W\PM8WZ\M7VWVM
1JQL
:MLKTQNNM{+TIZMVLWV<PMZIXQI)]O][\ .7 +WXa6W /2ISQËIVL,;\ZIVRISW^QËX
63
PIVLQ\_W]TLVW\JMOWWLI\ITT\WWNNMVL)][\ZQIIVLWV\PMW\PMZQ\_W]TL
JMVMKM[[IZa\WMV[]ZM\PMTWaIT\aWN\PM;MZJ[J]\VW\I\\PMKW[\WNOQ^QVO\WW
U]KPXW_MZ\W\PM[UITT8ZQVKQXITQ\a
7VMUMM\QVOJM\_MMV\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZIVL\PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZè
VITTa LM\MZUQVML \PM XWTQKa WN \PM 7\\WUIV ;\I\M \W_IZL[ \PM KZQ[Q[ MV[]ML
W^MZ\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQI1\_I[\PMVIOZMMLVW\\WI[SNWZIVM`XTIVI\QWV
NZWU \PM )][\ZQIV /W^MZVUMV\ NWZ Q\[ MIZTQMZ \PZMI\[ \W ;MZJQI J]\ \W TM\ Q\
SVW_LQ[KZMM\Ta\PI\Q\[QV\MV\QWV[\PI\KW]TLJMO]M[[ML_MZMQVIXXZWXZQI\M
IVLZQ[Sa1\PIL\WJMXWQV\MLW]\\W\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKaPW_\PMM`Q[\QVO
XMIKMQV;MZJQI_I[I[]NèKQMV\XZWWNWN\PMN]\]ZM[\IJQTQ\a<PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ
IVL\PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZIT[WIOZMMLI\\PQ[UMM\QVO\PI\\PM8WZ\M[PW]TL
WNNMZ)][\ZQIIKWVKM[[QWVI[_MTTZMéMK\MLQV\PMNWZUWNIKI]\QW][UW^MUMV\
WN\PM7\\WUIV)ZUa\W_IZL[;MZJQIIVL\PMZMQVNWZKMUMV\WNQ\[OIZZQ[WV[
<PM8WZ\MLMKQLML\WIXXWQV\I[XMKQITKWUUQ[[QWVMZNWZ\PMM`MK]\QWVWN\PM
UMV\QWVMLIK\Q^Q\QM[<PM8ZM[QLMV\WN\PM)][\ZQIV/W^MZVUMV\*IZWV*Z]KS
_I[IT[WQVNWZUMLIJW]\\PMW]\KWUMWN\PQ[IOZMMUMV\0W_M^MZ\PM/ZIVL
>QbQMZLQLVW\[]KKMMLQVZMNZIQVQVONZWUI[SQVO\PM)][\ZQIVQV\MZV]VKQWI\
\PM8WZ\MNWZIVM`XTIVI\QWV<PMM`XTIVI\QWVPMèVITTaZMKMQ^ML_I[WJ^QW][Ta
M`XMK\MLJMKI][M\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUI\KTIQUML\PI\PQ[OW^MZVUMV\w[WNNMZ
_I[WVTaIXZQVKQXTMLXZMKI]\QWVIZaUMI[]ZM
:MLKTQNNM_I[KWV^QVKML\PI\\PMM`Q[\QVOKZQ[Q[QUXW[MLKTIZQèKI\QWVQV
[\MILWNIZM[WT]\QWV<PMZM_MZM[M^MZITNIK\WZ[QVPQ[ZMXWZ\\W+TIZMVLWV\PI\
_W]TLJMLQNèK]T\\WZMKWVKQTMWVM_Q\P\PMW\PMZ<PMIK\QWV[WN:][[QIUILM
\PMM^MV\[QV-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMaM^MVUWZMKWUXTM`<PM;MZJ[\PMU[MT^M[IT
\PW]OPXZM[MV\TaLQ[QVKTQVML\W_IZL[:][[QIPILVM^MZ\PMTM[[I[XQZI\QWV[\W
QVLMXMVLMVKM<PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\_I[[TQOP\TaINZIQL\PI\\PM^MZaXW[[QJQT
Q\aWN\PM_IZKW]TLOQ^MZQ[M\W[]KP\PMQZPWXM[-^MV_MIS[]XXWZ\WN\PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZMQ\[MTNI[_MTTI[XW[[QJTM)][\ZQIVQVÎ[QWV_W]TLUISM\PM
;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\]ZV\W\PMQZXZW\MK\QVOXW_MZ{:][[QI,]ZQVOPQ[WKKI
[QWVIT\ITS[_Q\P\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\I\\PM8WZ\M:MLKTQNNMIL^Q[MLI[IZ]TM\PM
I]\PWZQ\QM[WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a\WTWWSNWZ\PM[]XXWZ\QV\PM8WZ\M\P][WNNMZ
QVO;MZJQIJM\\MZXZW[XMK\[NWZQ\[XZWOZM[[\PIV\WKWUMQV\WKTW[MZZMTI\QWV[
_Q\P)][\ZQIWZ:][[QI1\_I[KTMIZ\W:MLKTQNNMVWVM\PMTM[[\PI\[]KPIL^QKM
UQOP\VW\UMIVU]KPQN\PM8WZ\MKWV\QV]ML\WNMMTLQ[\Z][\IVLMVâ\W_IZL[
ITT\PM+PZQ[\QIV[!
!
1JQL
64
)N\MZ\PI\\PM+W]VKQTWN5QVQ[\MZ[UM\QV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM<PMQV\MV
\QWVWN)][\ZQI\WWKK]Xa;MZJQI_I[WV\PMIOMVLI1VPQ[KWVèLMV\QITZMXWZ\
LI\ML \P )]O][\ :MLKTQNNM LM[KZQJML PQ[ I\\MUX\[ \W [WN\MV \PM QVéM`
QJTMI\\Q\]LMWN\PM8WZ\M\W_IZL[)][\ZQI;]ZXZQ[MIVL\PMLQ[\Z][\\W_IZL
)][\ZQIXZMÎQTMLI\\PM[M[[QWV1V[XQ\MWN:MLKTQNNMw[QVé]MVKM\PMUQVQ[\MZ[
_MZMKWV^QVKML\PI\)][\ZQIIK\MLQVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P:][[QI1VPQ[KWVèLMV\QIT
ZMXWZ\\W\PM;\I\M;MKZM\IZa?M[\UWZTIVL\PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZILUQ\\ML
\PI\VWZMXZWIKPM[KW]TLJMUILMIOIQV[\+WV[\IV\QVWXTMNWZQ\[LM\MZUQVI
\QWV\WPMTXQV\PMLMNMVKMWN;MZJQI)N\MZ\PM8WZ\MPILèVITTaIVLWNèKQITTa
ILWX\ML\PMXTIVWNIK\Q^Q\QM[NWZ;MZJQI:MLKTQNNMJMTQM^ML\PI\PQ[MVLMI^W]Z[
[]KKMMLMLQVUISQVO\PM7\\WUIVLMKTIZI\QWVNZQMVLTaIVLUWZMKWV[QLMZI\M
<PMQVOMVQW][LQXTWUI\[I_\PI\\PMJM[\ZWTMNWZ\PM)][\ZQIV)ZUa_I[\PM
UIQV\MVIVKMWNWZLMZWV\PMJWZLMZWN\PM0IJ[J]ZOw[UWVIZKPa
<PMZ]UW]Z[[\IZ\ML[XZMILQVOIKZW[[\PMLQXTWUI\QKJI\\TMèMTL.WV
JTIVY]MY]QKSTa[MV\\PMZMXWZ\IJW]\\PMXZMÎQTQVOJMTQMNQV *MTOZILMPW_
\PM8WZ\MXMZUQ\\ML)][\ZQI\WWKK]Xa;MZJQI]VLMZKMZ\IQVKWVLQ\QWV[1V\PM
I\\MUX\ \W KWV^QVKM PQU[MTN QV\W \PM KWV\ZIZa JMaWVL IVa LW]J\ :MLKTQNNM
I[SML\WJMZMKMQ^MLJa\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ<_WLIa[TI\MZ\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\
QVNWZUML PQU IJW]\ PQ[ /W^MZVUMV\w[ IXXZMPMV[QWV[ NZWU XW[[QJTM KWV[M
Y]MVKM[WN\PMI[[]UMLIOZMMUMV\JM\_MMV)][\ZQIIVL\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM
)VWZLQVIZaXMI[IV\ZMJMTTQWVUIaJMM^MVIVQV^MV\MLWVMKW]TLQV\PQ[KI[M
[MZ^MI[IXZM\M`\\W\PM)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<PM*ZQ\Q[P
)UJI[[ILWZ\ZQML\WXIKQNaPQ[KWTTWK]\WZWV\PQ[WKKI[QWVI[_MTT0MXIZ\ML
NZWU 6QSWTIRM^QË MVKW]ZIOQVO PQU QV ÎQV \PI\ \PM WVTa KWZZMK\ IVL ][MN]T
XWTQKaNWZ;MZJQI_I[Q\[[\MILNI[\TWaIT\a\W\PM8WZ\M<PQ[KWV^MZ[I\QWVPW_
M^MZXZWUX\ML:MLKTQNNM\W_ZQ\MQUUMLQI\MTaPQ[QV[\Z]K\QWV[\W:M[PQL8I
[PIIKKWZLQVO\W_PQKP\PMILWX\MLUMI[]ZM[[PW]TLJMQUXTMUMV\ML\ISQVO
:MLKTQNNM{?M[\UWZTIVL<PMZIXQI)]O][\ +WVèLMV\QIT.7 )\ \PM MVL WN )]O][\ \PM *ZQ\Q[P X]JTQK ZMKMQ^ML KWUXTM\MTa LQNNMZMV\ VM_[ NZWU
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM)KKWZLQVO\W\PMU\PM:][[W)][\ZQIVXTIV[IJW]\\PMWKK]XI\QWV
WN ;MZJQI IVL \PM ZM[\WZI\QWV WN 8ZQVKM 5QTW _MZM XZM^MV\ML Ja \PM 8WZ\Mv[ IVL
XZQUIZQTa:M[PQL8I[PIv[ZM[WT]\MVM[[)VW[\MV[QJTa[QUQTIZ]T\QUI\]U\PI\KWTWVMT
:ILW[I^TRM^QË[]JUQ\\ML\W\PM*MTOZILI8I[PI*IZWV*Z]KSPQU[MTNPIL[MV\\PZW]OP
PQ[QV\MZXZM\MZ\W\PM8WZ\M:M[PQL8I[PIw[ZM[WT]\MVM[[VW\\WOQ^MQVPILITTMOMLTa
ZM[WT^ML \PM NI\M WN \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a <PM 5IVKPM[\MZ /]IZLQIV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM )]O][\)]O][\ :MLKTQNNM{+TIZMVLWV<PMZIXQI)]O][\ .7 6W Annus mirabilis – 1853
65
QV\WKWV[QLMZI\QWVJW\P\PMKPIZIK\MZWN;MZJ[IVL\PMQV\MZVITZMTI\QWV[QV\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a0M[MV\\PMLQXTWUI\)TQ[WV_Q\PQV[\Z]K\QWV[\WXZM[MV\[M^MZIT
*ZQ\Q[PXZWXW[IT[\W\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ<PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZZMKWUUMVLML
\W:M[PQL8I[PIVW\\WMV\MZIVaSQVLWNIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PM)][\ZQIV[J]\\W
LMKTIZMPQU[MTNIOIQV[\XW[[QJTMIZJQ\ZIZaWKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQI<PM)][\ZQIV
LQXTWUIKa[PW]TLJMIKY]IQV\MLQVLM\IQT_Q\P\PMXZMKI]\QWVIZa[\MX[]VLMZ
\ISMVJa\PM8WZ\MNWZ\PMUIQV\MVIVKMWNXMIKMQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a)[\PM[MK
WVL[\MX\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZW]OP\\W[MVLITM\\MZ\W\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKMZMéMK\QVO
MVKW]ZIOMUMV\ZMKWOVQ\QWVWN\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZw[XWTQKaI[_MTTI[IX]JTQK
KTIZQèKI\QWVWN\PM8WZ\Mw[I\\Q\]LM[7VTa\PM\PQZL[\MX[PW]TLJM[MVLQVOWN
\PMWJ[MZÎ\QWV\ZWWX[QV\PMQUUMLQI\M^QKQVQ\aWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aJWZLMZ[
1\_W]TLJMQUXWZ\IV\\PI\\PQ[IZUa[PW]TLVW\JMLQ^QLMLQV\WUWZM\PIV
\_WKWV\QVOMV\[;QU]T\IVMW][Ta\PM8WZ\Mw[KWUUQ[[QWVMZ[PW]TLJM[MV\\W
*MTOZILMIXMZ[WVSVW_V\W\PM;MZJQIVX]JTQKNZWUJMNWZMIVL\PM*MTOZILM
NWZ\ZM[[OIZZQ[WV[PW]TLJM[aUJWTQKITTaZMQVNWZKML_Q\PWVMJI\\ITQWV
)TT)UJI[[ILWZw[XZWXW[IT[_MZMQUUMLQI\MTaIKKMX\MLJa\PM7\\WUIV
/ZIVL>QbQMZ
-^MV/IZIIVQVNIZI_IaNZWU;MZJQI_I[IT[WKWV^QVKMLQV\PMZM[XWV
[QJQTQ\a WN)][\ZQI NWZ \PQ[ KZQ[Q[ 1\ _I[ WVTa NZWU PQ[ KWZZM[XWVLMVKM LI\ML
\P)]O][\\PI\WVMKW]TLUISMW]\\PI\)][\ZQIVQV\MV\QWV[_MZMxXIZ\TaLQ[
KTW[MLy <PM ;MZJQIV TMILMZ IKK][ML )][\ZQI WN QV[QVKMZQ\a XZW^QVO \PI\ Q\[
ZMILQVM[[\WLMNMVL\PM;MZJ[NZWU\PMU[MT^M[_I[KaVQKIT_PMVNWZUMZTaQ\
LQLVW\_Q[P\WPMTX\PMUM^MVIOIQV[\\PM<]ZS[,M[XQ\MPQ[XMZ[WVITLQ[KWZL[
_Q\P\PMWNèKQIT:][[QI/IZIIVQVZMKWUUMVLML\W5IZQVW^QË\WIXXMIT\W
:][[QIx/WLPQU[MTNSVW_[PW_\PM\PQVO[[\IVL\PMZMVW__PMV1IU_ZQ\QVO
\PQ[TM\\MZyPM_ZW\MKWV[]UML_Q\P_WZZaIXXZMPMV[Q^M\PI\Ja\PM\QUM\PM
TM\\MZIZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILM;MZJQI_W]TLVW\XZWJIJTaJMNZMMIVaUWZM
<PM+ZQUMIV?IZIVLQVXIZ\QK]TIZ\PMXZMKMLQVOUWV\P[_Q\VM[[MLI
TW\WNQV^Q[QJTM[WUM\QUM[QUIOQVIZaKZQ[M[?PI\M^MZ\PMMV\IVOTMUMV\W^MZ
\PM)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVKW]TLJMKITTMLQ\_I[PW_M^MZ\PMLQXTWUI\QKIK\QWV
WN\PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZ\PI\[MMUML\WPI^MUILMI\]ZVQVOXWQV\1VLMNI\Q
OIJTM:MLKTQNNM[WWVPIL[MXIZI\M\ITS[_Q\P\PM)][\ZQIVQV\MZV]VKQWIVL\PM
;MZJQIV3IXW]3MPIRI<PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUI\ZMXZM[MV\MLPQ[OW^MZVUMV\w[
/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË<Z[\R]TIÔ][\ 8Q[UI[\Z
QV;MZJQIV"<ZQM[\M2]Ta)]O][\ 4M\\MZ[XX
66
IK\QWV I[ I []XXWZ\ \W \PM ;MZJQIV 8ZQVKM 0M SMX\ I[[]ZQVO PQ[ *ZQ\Q[P KWT
TMIO]M\PI\Q\_I[\PMUI\\MZWNIUM[[IOM[MV\\W\PW[MNIK\QWV[QV;MZJQI\PI\
_MZMXTW\\QVOZM^WT]\QWV
:MLKTQNNM PIL \PM QUXZM[[QWV \PI\ \PM ;MZJQIV)OMV\ IT[W ZMOIQVML PQ[
\Z][\QV\W\PM8WZ\Mw[QV\MV\QWV[IN\MZPQ[\ITS_Q\P\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ7V\PM
W\PMZPIVLPMLMMUMLQ\VMKM[[IZa\WZMY]M[\MÌK\TaNZWU\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTW
UI\\PMXW[\XWVMUMV\WN\PM*MTOZILMOIZZQ[WVZMQVNWZKMUMV\I[_MTTI[\PI\
IZZQÎTWN\PM8WZ\Mw[KWUUQ[[QWVMZ_I[\WJMILR][\ML_Q\P\PMIK\Q^Q\QM[WN\PM
;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\
7V\PMJI[Q[WN\PM[M\ITS[:MLKTQNNMKWVKT]LML\PI\_Q\P_Q[MIXXZWIKP
Q\_W]TLJMXW[[QJTM\WQUXTMUMV\ITTVMKM[[IZaUMI[]ZM[_Q\PW]\M`XW[]ZM\W
LIVOMZIVL]VZM[\[;\QTT\PM)][\ZQIVQV\MV\QWV[_MZMJZQVOQVOIZIaWNLW]J\
QV\WPQ[UQVL0MI[SMLPQU[MTN_Pa\PM)][\ZQIVOW^MZVUMV\_I[[WIOQTMTa
]VLMZ\ISQVO \PM XZMKI]\QWVIZa UMI[]ZM[ _PMV WV ITT WKKI[QWV[ Q\ LMNMVLML
_Q\P[WU]KP\Z][\\PMXMIKMN]TQV\MV\QWV[WN:][[QI:MLKTQNNMw[LQ[\Z][\\W
_IZL[)][\ZQI_I[WNITWVO[\IVLQVO?PMV\PMKZQ[Q[ZMOIZLQVO\PM)][\ZQIV
QV\MV\QWV[\WWKK]Xa;MZJQI_I[QVY]M[\QWVPMJMKIUMKWV^QVKML\PI\\PMZMIT
LIVOMZ_I[MTQUQVI\MLWVTaIN\MZM`\MV[Q^MLQ[K][[QWV[
<PMLQXTWUI\QKKTIZQèKI\QWV\WWSXTIKMTI\MZI\IPQOPMZTM^MT:MLKTQNNM
QVNWZUMLPQ[UQVQ[\MZIJW]\\PQ[WVTa\MVLIa[TI\MZ<PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZ
QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM TMIZVML _PI\ \PM M`XTIVI\QWV IJW]\ \PM TI\M[\ M^MV\[ _I[
OQ^MVJa\PM8ZM[QLMV\WN\PM)][\ZQIVOW^MZVUMV\*IZWV*Z]KS\W:M[PQL8I
[PI<PM)][\ZQIVOW^MZVUMV\IKK][ML;MZJQI\PZW]OPQ\[QV\MZV]VKQW\PI\Q\
XTW\\ML\WOM\PMZ_Q\P\PM*W[VQIV[IVL5WV\MVMOZQV[\WKZMI\M\PM3QVOLWU
WN;TI^[<PM)][\ZQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\PMZMNWZMI[SMLNWZIVM`XTIVI\QWVM^MV\PM
M`QTML 8ZQVKM 5QTW _PW LMNMVLQVO PQU[MTN QV ÎQV NZWU IKK][I\QWV[ [WWV
NW]VLPQU[MTNQVQ[WTI\QWVIVL]VLMZ\PMXWTQKM[]XMZ^Q[QWV*IZWV*Z]KSIT[W
KWUXTIQVML\W\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZIJW]\\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM_PWU
PMIKK][[MLWN[]XXWZ\QVO;MZJQIVQV\ZQO]M[?PMV:MLKTQNNMI[SML6QSWTIRM^QË
\WIV[_MZ\PMKPIZOM[PMI[[]ZMLPQU\PI\Q\_I[WVTa\PMUI\\MZWNKMZ\IQV
QUXZW^MUMV\[WN\PMXZM[MV\XWTQ\QKITWZUWZMXZMKQ[MTaILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^M[\I\][
/IZIIVQV KTIQUML \PI\ PM _I[ PQU[MTN \PM []JRMK\ WN)][\ZQIV [][XQKQWV[
)TZMILaWV)]O][\PM_ZW\M\W5IZQVW^QËIJW]\\PM)][\ZQIVQUX]\I\QWV[PMPIL
TMIZVML IJW]\ IKKWZLQVO \W _PQKP PMiX]\ ]X \PM MUQOZI\QWV éIOx QV ;_Q\bMZTIVL
_PMZMPM[\IaMLNWZ\ZMI\UMV\1JQLX
:MLKTQNNM{+TIZMVLWV<PMZIXQI)]O][\ .7 +WXa6W!
67
WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<PM;MZJQIV)OMV\TM\:MLKTQNNMSVW_\PI\+WV[]T;ÎO]ZQV
NIK\MVRWaMLVMQ\PMZ\Z][\VWZNI^W]Z[NZWU\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ
4I[\Ta\PMKZQ[Q[_I[IT[WLQ[K][[MLQV\PMKIXQ\ITWN\PM.ZMVKP-UXQZM
<PM)][\ZQIVIUJI[[ILWZ0]JVMZVW\QèML\PM5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[WN
.ZIVKMIJW]\PQ[UQVQ[\MZw[^QM_[*]WT[MV\IUM[[IOM\WLM4P]a[\PI\\PM
WNèKQIT)][\ZQI_W]TL[]XXWZ\.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWVQV;MZJQI<PMOWIT[WN\PMUQ[
[QWVQVPQ[WXQVQWVW]OP\\WJM\PMQUXZW^MUMV\WNILUQVQ[\ZI\QWVQV;MZJQI
IVLQ\[xKTMIV[QVONZWUZM^WT]\QWVIZaMTMUMV\[y<PM)][\ZQIVPWXM[NWZ\PM
.ZMVKPI[[Q[\IVKMQVZMIKPQVO\PQ[OWIT_MZMQVLQKI\ML\W\PM.ZMVKPUQVQ[\MZ
<PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQIIT[W\ZQML\WLQ[KTW[MQ\[XW[Q\QWV[1\[)UJI[[ILWZLMVQML
ITTIKK][I\QWV[IJW]\ZMVLMZQVO\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWV\W\PM7JZMVW^QËNIU
QTa<PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUI\KTIQUML\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa_W]TLMV\MZ;MZJQI
WVTa\WXZW\MK\\PM8WZ\MNZWUQV\MZVIT]VZM[\[
,M4P]a[w[IV[_MZ_I[R][\I[XZQVKQXTMLI[QVLQZMK\0MIOZMML_Q\P\PM
)][\ZQIV^QM_[WVOQ^QVOVMKM[[IZa[]XXWZ\\W\PMZ]TQVO8ZQVKMIVLMUXPI
[QbML\PI\\PMILUQVQ[\ZI\QWVZMNWZU[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a[PW]TLJMXW[\XWVML
QNVMKM[[IZaI\ITT0M_I[I[[]ZQVO\PM)][\ZQIVIUJI[[ILWZ\PI\.ZIVKM_I[
QVIVaKI[MIT[WIOIQV[\IVaZM^WT]\QWV0W_M^MZLM4P]a[I[SMLPQU[MTN_PI\
\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQIKWV[QLMZMLIZM^WT]\QWV?Q\PW]\OQ^QVOIVIV[_MZPMI[SML
NWZZM^WT]\QWVIZQM[QV;MZJQI\WJMQLMV\QèMLIVL\PMQZWNNMVKM[LQ[KTW[ML0M
M`XTIQVML\PI\Q\KW]TLJM\PI\_PI\)][\ZQI[I_I[IxZM^WT]\QWVy\PMW\PMZ[
UQOP\KITTQ\I[QUXTMxQUXZW^MUMV\WN\PM[\I\MILUQVQ[\ZI\QWVy<PM.ZMVKP
UQVQ[\MZIT[WILLML\PI\IJQOOMZUQ[\ISMKW]TLVW\JMUILM\PIV\WKWV[QLMZ
.ZIVKMIVMVMUaWNTQJMZITQV[\Q\]\QWV[
)\\PM\QUM_PMV\PMKZQ[Q[IJW]\\PMWKK]XI\QWVPILITZMILaJMMV[UWW\PML
W^MZ /IZIIVQV _I[ [\QTT W^MZKWUM Ja [QVQ[\MZ NWZMJWLQVO[ <PM VM_[ ZMIKPQVO PQU
[XWSMIJW]\\PMKWVKMV\ZI\QWVWN)][\ZQIV\ZWWX[WV\PMJWZLMZ_Q\P;MZJQIIVL\PM
_Q\PLZI_ITWN\PMR][\IZZQ^ML7\\WUIVNWZKM[/IZIIVQVM^MVJQ\\MZTaZQLQK]TML\PM
7\\WUIVXWTQKa0MTIUMV\ML"iIVLVW__MIZM[]ZZW]VLMLJa\PMIZUQM[_WZ[M
\PIV *WVIXIZ\M I\ PQ[ LMNMI\x IVL KTIQUML"i1 IU KWV^QVKML \PI\ WV \PQ[ XQMKM WN
TIVLC;MZJQIE\PMZMM`Q[\[\PMJM[\[WZ\WNXMIKM\WLIaQV-]ZWXMIVLLW\PMa_IV\\W
]V[M\\TMQ\M^MV[]KPI[Q\Q['x/IZIIVQV5IZQVW^QË]*MÍIÔ][\ 8Q[UI
JZ [\Z QV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË>QMVVI)]O][\ 4M\\MZ[
VW X +W_TMa{+TIZMVLWV8IZQ[ )]O][\ .7 +WXa6W
)TZMILaWV)]O][\ Q\_I[KTMIZM^MV\W/IZIIVQV\PI\\PM)][\ZQIV\PZMI\
PILLQ[IXXMIZML0MZMKMQ^MLèVITKWVèZUI\QWVJa\PM:][[QIVIUJI[[ILWZQV)][\ZQI
PQU[MTN*IZWV5IaMVLWZNN,]ZQVO\PM\ITSPMTLWV!)]O][\\PM:][[QIV^MZ[QWVWN
\PMXI[\KZQ[Q[_I[XZM[MV\ML\W/IZIIVQVJ]\WV\PQ[WKKI[QWVPQ[ZMTI\QWV[_Q\P\PM
68
?PMV 0MZ 5IRM[\aw[ 5QVQ[\MZ WN .WZMQOV )NNIQZ[ +TIZMVLWV [MV\ èVIT
QV[\Z]K\QWV[\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTMWV \P)]O][\ Q\_I[WJ^QW][\PI\\PMZM
_I[VWLIVOMZWN_IZQV;MZJQI <PM.WZMQOV7NèKMIXXZW^MLTI\MZ:MLKTQNNMw[
UMI[]ZM[KWVKMZVQVO\PM;MZJQIVKZQ[Q[+TIZMVLWVKWV[QLMZMLQ\][MN]T\WQV
NWZU \PM +WV[\IV\QVWXTM IUJI[[ILWZ IJW]\ \PM >QMVVI OW^MZVUMV\ I[[]Z
-LW]IZL,ZW]aVLM4P]a[
:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa_MZMITTMOMLTa[UWW\PMLW^MZ5IaMVLWZNNWXMVTaLM[KZQJML\PM
[][XQKQWV[WN>QMVVIIVL;\8M\MZ[JW]ZO\PI\QVNIK\\PMNIK\QWVPMPMILMLKWV[Q[\QVO
WN[]XXW[MLTaaW]VOIVLZM^WT]\QWVIZaMTMUMV\[I[XQZML\WZM[\WZM8ZQVKM5QPIQTW
7N ITT NWZMQOVMZ[ IVL MUQOZIV\[ QV ;MZJQI \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUI\ UMV\QWVML WV \PQ[
WKKI[QWVWVTa7ZMTRIKMZ\IQV;_Q[[QV[MZ^QKMQV;MZJQI/IZIIVQV5IZQVW^QË]*MÍ
!IÔ][\ 8Q[UIJZ{QV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË>QMVVI
!)]O][\ 4M\\MZ[VW{1\Q[QV\MZM[\QVO\PI\\PMLWK]UMV\[WN\PM
.ZMVKP5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[LWVW\WNNMZM^MVIVa\PQVOTQSMILZIUI\QKXQK\]ZM
WN\PMKZQ[Q[\PI\KW]TLJMZMKWV[\Z]K\MLJI[MLWV\PM*ZQ\Q[PLWK]UMV\[4R)TMS[QË
X
+TIZMVLWV{:MLKTQNNM4WVLWV )]O][\ .7 +WXa6W
69
IVKM[\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVQV\MV\QWV[_MZMM`KT][Q^MTaUILMQVOWWL_QTT1\_I[
IXIZILW`\PI\\PM>QMVVILQXTWUIKaR][\QèMLQ\[IK\QWVJa\PMLMNMVKMWN\PM
)][\ZQIV\MZZQ\WZaNZWUXW[[QJTM]XZQ[QVOUW^MUMV\LQZMK\MLIOIQV[\\PM;]T
\IVw[I]\PWZQ\a<PM*ZQ\Q[PUQVQ[\MZMVLMLPQ[QV[\Z]K\QWV[Ja]VLMZTaQVOPW_
\PMOWITWN.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWV_I[\WTM\\PMX]JTQKQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aSVW_\PI\
:][[QI WXXW[ML IVa UW^MUMV\ QV ;MZJQI LQZMK\ML IOIQV[\ \PM 8ZQVKM WZ \PM
;]bMZIQVXW_MZ
:][[W<]ZSQ[P?IZWV\PM,IV]JM ;MZJQII[I8W[[QJTM?IZ)TTaWN:][[QIIVL)][\ZQI
1V \PM UQLLTM WN ,MKMUJMZ \PM ZMXWZ\MZ WN <PM 1TT][\ZI\ML 4WV
LWV6M_[KIUM\W;MZJQI0MI\\MVLML\PMKMTMJZI\QWVWN;\)VLZM_<PM.QZ[\
+ITTMLUM\.WVJTIVY]MIVL\ZI^MTTML\PZW]OP\PM-I[\MZV;MZJQI\PMZMOQWV
M`XMK\ML\WJMKWUM\PMV\PMNZWV\TQVMWN\PMN]\]ZM-]ZWXMIV_IZ0M[MV\IV
QV\MZM[\QVOM[[IaNZWU*MTOZILMIVL6MOW\QVIJW]\\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV;MZ
JQIX]JTQ[PMLI\\PMJMOQVVQVOWN QV\_WQ[[]M[WN<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV
6M_[!8MZPIX[\PMUW[\KWVKQ[MLMèVQ\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIIVL
Q\[QV\MZVI\QWVITXW[Q\QWVI\\PI\UWUMV\_I[OQ^MVQV\PMQV\ZWL]K\QWVWN\PQ[
M[[Ia
x<PMZM IZM PMZM IVL \PMZM \PZW]OPW]\ -]ZWXM [UITT [\I\M[ WZ
XZQVKQXITQ\QM[WN_PQKP\PMM`Q[\MVKM_W]TL[WWVJMXZWJTMUI\QKIT_MZMQ\VW\
\PI\\PMQZ[Q\]I\QWVZMVLMZ[\PMUIVWJRMK\WNLM[QZM\WUWZM\PIVWVMXW_MZN]T
VMQOPJW]Z;MZ^QIQ[WVMWN\PM[M1\Q[VMMLTM[[\WMV\MZPMZMQV\W\PMKWV\MVLQVO
IVLKTI[PQVOQV\MZM[\[WN<]ZSMa)][\ZQIIVL:][[QI#Q\Q[[]NèKQMV\\WJMIZQV
UQVL[\PI\;MZ^QIWJMa[\PM8WZ\MI[Q\[[]bMZIQVXIa[\ZQJ]\M\WQ\aM\PWTL[Q\[
PMIL]XI[QNQ\_MZMZMITTaQVLMXMVLMV\IVLKW]TLLMNaI\WVKM\PMLQXTWUIKa
WN :][[QIV[ \PM JIaWVM\[ WN )][\ZQI IVL [KQUQ\IZ WN \PM <]ZS x?PMZM Q[
;MZ^QI'yWVKM[IQLI8IZQ[QIVLIVLa\WI\ZI^MTTQVOVWJTMWN\PQ[KW]V\Zax?PMZM
Q[;MZ^QI)[_MTTUQOP\1I[SaW]x?PMZMQ[8IZQ['y_I[\PMZMXTa<PM;MZ^QIV[
QV\Z]\PJMTQM^M\PI\\PMQZVM]\ZITQ\aQ[\PMUISM_MQOP\\PI\SMMX[ITTXIZ\QM[
M^MV#IVL\PI\LMKTIZI\QWVWV\PMQZXIZ\NWZWVM[QLM_W]TLJMNI\IT\W\PMW\PMZ
IVLQV^WT^M\PM_PWTMWN-]ZWXMQVQV[\IV\_IZy !
<PM?IZQV\PM-I[\y<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[x,MKMUJMZ X
! # <PM?IZ WV \PM ,IV]JMy<PM 1TT][\ZI\ML 4WVLWV 6M_[x 2IV]IZa XX
{
<PM?IZQV\PM-I[\y<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[x,MKMUJMZ X! 70
<PM [Q\]I\QWV QV ;MZJQI \PM *ZQ\Q[P ZMXWZ\MZ _I[ _ZQ\QVO IJW]\ _I[ I
KWV[MY]MVKM WN \PM [QÙWV\PTWVO NWZMQOVXWTQ\QKIT XTW\[ [\IZ\QVO Q\ KW]TL
JM[IQL_PMV\PM:][[QIV\ZWWX[MV\MZML\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[IVLL]M
\W\PM[]UUMZKZQ[Q[QV;MZJQI<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM_I[VW\XIZ
\QK]TIZTaKWV^QVKMLQV\W\PMKMZ\IQV\aWN\PM)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQI0M
JMTQM^ML\PI\\PM)][\ZQIV\ZWWX[_W]TLKZW[[\PM;IÎIVL\PM,IV]JMQVKI[M
WNI[XMKQèKKWQVKQLMVKMWNM^MV\[;\QTTPMM^MV[I_\PM[]UUMZWN I[\PM
XMZQWLWN_MISVM[[WN)][\ZQIIVLNWZ\PI\ZMI[WVPMKWV[QLMZML\PM[MY]MVKM
WN>QMVVIw[UW^M[I[]VXZMLQK\IJTM<PQ[_I[_PaPM_ZW\M\W:MLKTQNNMWVVL
2]Ta\PI\\PMZM_I[VWLW]J\\PI\\PMUW\Q^MNWZKWVKMV\ZI\QVO\PM)][\ZQIV
\ZWWX[I\\PMJWZLMZKW]TLVW\JMIVa\PQVOMT[MJ]\\PM-UXMZWZw[OW^MZVUMV\
NMIZ\PI\\PM0]VOIZQIV[_W]TL[\IZ\UI[[KZW[[QVO\PMJWZLMZ\WRWQV\PM7\
\WUIVIZUaI[^WT]V\MMZ[ <PM)][\ZQIVNWZKM[_MZMNIZNZWU\PMJWZLMZIVL
NWZMQOVLQXTWUI\[\PW]OP\\PI\\PMM^MV\[QV;MZJQI_MZMVW\\PMZMI[WVNWZ
\PMQZ[\I\MWNITMZ\)\\PQ[\QUMWVMWNQVKQLMV\[NZMY]MV\TaI[IZ]TMXZMKMLQVO
_IZ[\WWSXTIKMQV;UQZVIIVL\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQIUIVQNM[\MLOZMI\[WTQLIZ
Q\a _Q\P \PW[M ^QK\QU[)KKWZLQVO \W \PM VM_[ IÎQTIJTM \W .WVJTIVY]M M^MV
LQ[\IV\=VQ\ML;\I\M[PILITTMOMLTa[MV\\PMQZKWV[]T\W*MTOZILM <PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T[\ZIVOMTaMVW]OP[I_\PQ[?I[PQVO\WVw[UW^M[WTMTaI[\PMKWUXM\Q
\QWV\WPQ[W_VQVé]MVKMWV\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV0]VOIZaKWV^QVKML\PI\\PM
)UMZQKIV+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM_W]TL\Za\WOQ^M[]XXWZ\\W\PM0]VOIZQIV[1\
Q[ QV\MZM[\QVO \PI\ .WVJTIVY]M LQL VW\ KWV[QLMZ)UMZQKIV XTIV[ XW[[QJTM WV
\PMJI[Q[WNOZW_QVOZQÎTZaJM\_MMV/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL\PM=;)I[_MTTI[\PM
KTW[MZZMTI\QWV[WN?I[PQVO\WVIVL;\8M\MZ[J]ZO\PI\^MZaVMIZTaTML\W\PM_IZ
ITTQIVKMWN\PM[M\_WKW]V\ZQM[QV ;WUMPW_I\\PI\\QUM.WVJTIVY]Mw[
NI[KQVI\QWV_Q\P3W[[]\PKMI[ML"\PMKWTL*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\WJRMK\ML\WPQ[ZM^
WT]\QWVIZabMITIVLM`\MV[Q^MXTIV[?PMVPMTMIZVMLWNPQ[NIV\I[\QKXZWXW[IT
\W\PM8WZ\M\WJ]a_IZ[\MIU[PQX[NWZLWTTIZ[NZWUKMZ\IQV)UMZQKIV
UMZKPIV\IVLJZMIS_Q\P\PMU\PMKWVVMK\QWVJM\_MMV\PM:][[QIV*TIKS;MI
éMM\IVL;MJI[\WXWT.WVJTIVY]MLQLVW\JMTQM^MIVaUWZMQV3W[[]\Pw[OWWL
QV\MV\QWV[\W_IZL[/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVLM^MVTM[[QVPQ[[MZQW][VM[[
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2]Ta .7 !6W
-^MV\PZMMP]VLZMLIZUML^WT]V\MMZ[NZWU3MV\]KSaIXXTQMLI[ZMQVNWZKMUMV\
\W\PM:][[QIV)ZUaI\\PM+ZQUMI?*I]UOIZ\X Annus mirabilis – 1853
71
3W[[]\Pw[QV[QVKMZQ\aKW]TLJMMI[QTaNWZOW\\MVQVKI[MWN)][\ZQIw[[QL
QVO_Q\P:][[QI<PM[\ZQ^QVOWN\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WOM\VM]\ZITQ\aNWZ
;MZJQI_I[MY]ITTaUM\WVTa_Q\PKWVLMUVI\QWVXZQUIZQTaJMKI][M\PMY]M[
\QWVWN;MZJQIVXIZ\QKQXI\QWVQV\PM_IZ_W]TLJMX]\NWZ_IZLQVKI[MWN^QK
\WZQW][:][[QIVWNNMV[Q^MIOIQV[\+WV[\IV\QVWXTM<PMZMNWZM\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL
.ZMVKPLQXTWUIKQM[KWV[QLMZML;MZJQIVLMUIVL[NWZM[\IJTQ[PQVOWNVM]\ZITQ\a
I[IKTMIZM`XZM[[QWVWNTWaIT\a\W;\8M\MZ[J]ZO<PM;MZJQIVXWTQKaQVOMVMZIT
[MMUML\W\PMM`XMZQMVKMLLQXTWUI\I[I_MTTLM^Q[MLJ]\KT]U[QTaXMZNWZUML
QV\ZQO]M-ÌK\TaI\\PI\\QUM\PMM`XMTTML8ZQVKM5QPIQTWUIZZQML\PM+W]V\
M[[2]TQI0]VaILa<PMNWZUMZZ]TMZw[XZM\MV[QWV[\W\PM;MZJQIV\PZWVM_MZM
SVW_V_PQTM\PMSQV[PQX_Q\P\PMTWaITQ[\0]VOIZQIVVWJQTQ\aIVLPI^QVO\PM
:][[QIVLMX]\aNWZIOWLNI\PMZUILM[]KPXZM\MV[QWV[XWTQ\QKITTaQVM^Q\IJTMQV
KI[MWNIRWQV\IK\QWVWN)][\ZQIIVL:][[QI .WVJTIVY]M_I[M[XMKQITTaLQ[
[I\Q[èML_Q\P\PMXWTQKaWN\PMKWV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\WTQOIZKPa\PI\QVPQ[WXQVQWV
NWTTW_ML\PMWTL8M\ZWVQRM^QËw[XTIVx\WXTIaIUIVa[QLMLOIUMy.WVJTIVY]M
VM^MZ\PMTM[[ZMN]\ML\PMQZ[SQTTNWZ\PMQUXTMUMV\I\QWVWN[]KPXWTQKaNWZUMZTa
XW[[M[[MLJaXPIVIZQW\[0MèZUTaJMTQM^ML\PI\QN\PMaPILPILQ\\PMa_W]TL
PI^M]VLW]J\MLTa\]ZVML\W_IZL[\PM6WZ\PJMKI][MITT[QOVQèKIVKMWN*MT
OZILM ZMTQM[ WV Q\[ I\\ZIK\Q^M XW_MZ ZMOIZLQVO \PM ZMOQWV[ WN ;TI^WVQI ;ZMU
*W[VQIIVL*]TOIZQI7VTa_Q\P\PM :M^WT]\QWV\PM)][\ZQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[
ZMKWOVQbML\PMZMITQUXIK\WN;MZJQIWVVQVMUQTTQWVWN;TI^[_PWIKKWZLQVO\W
\PM+WV[]Tw[M[\QUI\MTQ^MLQV\PQ[UWVIZKPa.WVJTIVY]MPW_M^MZ_I[I[[]Z
QVO:MLKTQNNM\PI\[\QTT\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIKW]TLPIZLTa
JMI[WT]\QWVWN\PQ[XZWJTMU)KWVKT][QWVWVMTWOQKITTaKWUM[\WQVLQKI\M[
\PI\\PMXZM[MZÎ\QWVWNQV\MOZIT7\\WUIV-UXQZMQ[UIaJMTIZOMTaQV\PMQV\MZ
M[\WN\PM0IJ[J]ZOUWVIZKPaQ\[MTN
<PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa[\QTT_MV\WV_Q\PQ\[KWUXTM`LQXTWUI\QKOIUM
QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a=VWNèKQITVM_[XIXMZ[X]JTQ[PML\PM\MTMOZIU[NZWU;MZJQI
[\I\QVO\PI\KW]V[MTTWZ[QVKTQVML\W:][[QIJZW]OP\XZM[[]ZM\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IV
LIZ\WTMI^M\PM\PZWVM<PW]OP]V\Z]M\PM[MVM_[IQUML\WTMI^M\PMQUXZM[
[QWV WV \PM)][\ZQIV X]JTQK \PI\ \PM 8ZQVKM _I[ I []XXWZ\MZ WN>QMVVI J]\
WV\PM;MZJQIVIVLNWZMQOVX]JTQK{\PI\\PMZ]TMZPILI[]NèKQMV\V]UJMZWN
NWTTW_MZ[ \PI\ PQ[ LM\PZWVQVO _W]TL ]VLW]J\MLTa TMIL \PM KW]V\Za QV\W \PM
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM)]O][\ .7 !+WXa6W 72
KQ^QT_IZ .WVJTIVY]MVM^MZ\PMTM[[[\I\ML\PI\\PM8ZQVKMKW]TLVW\KW]V\
WVUWZM\PIV\_WP]VLZMLNWTTW_MZ[W]\WN\PMMV\QZMXWX]TI\QWVWN;MZJQI
<PMWVTaKMZ\IQV\PQVO_Q\PPQU_I[\PI\PM_I[QVKWV[Q[\MV\I\\MUX\QVO\W
OM\[]XXWZ\WVTaNZWU\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[IVLQV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]Tw[WXQVQWV
\PMJM[\_Ia\WQVé]MVKMPQU_I[\PI\\PMWVM_Q[PQVO\WOM\[]KPIVQVé]MVKM
NWZPQU[MTNPIL\WSMMXPQUQVXW_MZ<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TI\MSMX\ZMKMQ^QVO
\PMVM_[\PI\\PMMVLWN\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[P_IZ_W]TL]VI^WQLIJTaUIZS\PM
JMOQVVQVOWN\PMLaVI[\QKKTI[PM[QV;MZJQI
<PM[]UUMZKZQ[Q[QVKI[MWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIZMIKPMLQ\[XMIS
_PMV .WV\WV \PM :][[QIV ;\I\M +W]V[MTTWZ 8ZQâ +W]VKQT [MZ^QVO ]V\QT
\PMVQV\PM:][[QIV-UJI[[aQV>QMVVIIZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILM)KKWZLQVO\WTI\MZ
PQ[\WZQWOZIXPa\PMZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV:][[QIIVL;MZJQI\MV[M[QVKM7K\WJMZ
_MZMZMKWVKQTML_Q\P.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWVIVL\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaIK
KMX\ML \PM ;MZJQIV VM]\ZITQ\a QV \PM NWZ\PKWUQVO _IZ ;\QTT I\ \PM \QUM WN
.WV\WVw[[M\\QVONWW\QV\PM8ZQKQXITQ\a\PM:][[QIVIZUa_IZ[\ZI\MOaIVL\PM
)][\ZQIVXWTQKa\W_IZL[\PM_IZPILVW\JMMVKWUXTM\MTaLMèVMLI[aM\<PM
[\Z]OOTM W^MZ \PMU _Q\PQV \PM XWTQ\QKIT MTQ\M[ WN \PM \_W MUXQZM[ TI[\ML ]V
\QT\PMI]\]UV.WV\WVKIUM\WZM[WT^MMIZTQMZMV\IVOTMUMV\[ZM[]T\QVONZWU
/IZIIVQVw[LQ[UQ[[ITIVLMV[]QVOM^MV\[.WK][MLWVMIZTQMZM^MV\[PQ[UQ[[QWV
LQLVW\XIa[XMKQITI\\MV\QWV\W\PMZWTMWN;MZJQIQV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVOM^MV\[
0MZMKWUUMVLML\W\PM;MZJ[\PMIOZMMUMV\_Q\P)][\ZQIIVLU]\]IT]VQ\a
J]\]VWNèKQITTaPMKITTMLNWZOM\\QVOIZUMLIVLXZMXIZI\QVONWZ\PMNWZ\PKWU
QVO_IZ.WV\WVPWXMLNWZIOZMI\QVéW_WN;MZJQIV^WT]V\MMZ[QN\PM_IZJZWSM
W]\ _PQTM NWTTW_QVO PQ[ KW]V\Zaw[ ]V[XMKQèML XWTQKa PM TWJJQML IOIQV[\ IVa
SQVLWNKPIVOM[<PQ[_I[_PaPMX]JTQKTaQV^Q\ML;MZJQI\WZMUIQVXMIKMN]T)[
1\[MMU[\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa_I[JMPQVL[]KPVM_[I[I\\PI\\QUM\PM
[MVLQVOIVLX]JTQKI\QWVWNXZQÎ\M\MTMOZIU[_Q\P\PMXWTQ\QKITKWV\MV\_I[NWZJQLLMV
Ja\PM)][\ZQIVTI_[1JQL
:Q[\QËPI[TI\MZ_ZQ\\MVIJW]\\PMKWVN][QWV.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWVKI][ML_Q\P\PM
;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[2:Q[\QË{8ZQVKM6M[[MTZWLM[MV\\W\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZITM\\MZ
WV\PQ[WKKI[QWVUW\QÎ\MLJa\PMLMI\PWN<]UIV[SQ\PM:][[QIV+WV[]T/MVMZITQV
;MZJQI_PMZMI[\PM\Z]MZMI[WV[_MZM\PM_Q[P\WKWV^QVKM\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[
QV\W\PM:][[QIVJMVM^WTMVKMTIKSWN:][[QIVQV\MZM[\\W\ISMXIZ\QV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO
_IZI[_MTTI[\WKWVèZU\PMKWVKWZLIVKMWN\PM:][[QIVIVL)][\ZQIVXWTQKa\W_IZL[
Q\<PMKWV\MV\WN\PMTM\\MZ_I[X]JTQ[PMLQV*ZQ\IQVWVTaQV\PMUQLLTMWN,MKMUJMZ
IN\MZQ\[IXXMIZIVKMQV\PM)][\ZQIVXZM[[\P][KI][QVOKMZ\IQVXWTQ\QKIT\MV[QWV8ZQVKM
6M[[MTZWLM\W8ZQVKM)TMÌVLMZy<PM5WZVQVO0MZITLx,MKMUJMZ Annus mirabilis – 1853
73
[WUMPW_I\\PI\\QUM\PM.ZMVKP]VWNèKQITMV^Wa*]ZMNW]VLPQU[MTNQV*MT
OZILM_PWKWUU]VQKI\ML\PMI\\Q\]LMWNPQ[OW^MZVUMV\\PI\;MZJQI[PW]TL
ZMUIQVW]\[QLM\PMK]ZZMV\KZQ[Q[\PM;MZJQIVKWTTWK]\WZ[KW]TLOM\\PMQUXZM[
[QWV\PI\JW\P:][[QIVIVL.ZMVKPLQXTWUIKQM[_MZMQVIOZMMUMV\I[\W\PMQZ
_Q[PNWZ;MZJQI\WZMUIQVVM]\ZIT .WVJTIVY]MLQLVW\JMTQM^MQV\PMXMIKMN]T
QV\MV\QWV[ WN .WV\WVw[ UQ[[QWV _PQKP ITTMOMLTa \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ LQL
VW\LW]J\I\ITT 1\Q[\Z]M\PI\\PMIK\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaUQOP\
UMIV\PMXW[\XWVMUMV\WN\PMUQTQ\IZaQV\MZ^MV\QWVNZWU\PM:][[QIVWZ\PM
)][\ZQIV[QLM.WVJTIVY]M[I_\PQ[XW[\XWVMUMV\WVTaI[I\IK\QKITUW^M"PM
_IZVML:MLKTQNNM\PI\\PMWVTaX]ZXW[MWN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaIK\QWVPIL
JMMV\W[PQN\\PMQVQ\QI\Q^MQV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVOKWVéQK\_Q\P\PM8WZ\M\W\PM;MZ
JQIV[QLM<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITQV*MTOZILM_I[QV\PMXW[[M[[QWVWN\PM
SVW_TMLOM\PI\.WV\WV_W]TLI[S;MZJQI\W[\WXXIaQVO\PM\ZQJ]\MI[\PMèZ[\
[\MX\W_IZL[\PMJZMISQVO]X_Q\P\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM.WVJTIVY]MXZWXW[ML
\WPI^MI[MZQM[WNLQXTWUI\QKUW^M[[M\IOIQV[\\PM:][[QIVIK\QWV\P][X]\\QVO
]XIU]T\Q\]LMWNNWZUITWJ[\IKTM[JMNWZM\PM.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWV.QZ[\WNITTI[
\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUI\W\PMZ_Q[MKIZZQMLW]\\PML]\aWN\PM+W]V[MTTWZQV\PM
8ZQâ+W]VKQTQV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]Tw[WXQVQWVPQ[UQ[[QWVKW]TLJMTMOITWVTa
QNPM_I[[MV\\W;MZJQII[IVWNèKQITWN\PM:][[QIV+WV[]TI\MQV*MTOZILM ! ;\QTTQN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa_I[IJTM\WZMUW^M\PMUMV\QWVMLWJ[\IKTM\PM
NIK\\PI\\PM8WZ\MLQLVW\IXXZW^MWN\PM.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWVTMN\ZWWUNWZ.WV
JTIVY]M\WM`MZ\XZM[[]ZMWV\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\IVL\WKWV[QLMZQVIL
ÎVKM\PM:][[QIVQV\MV\QWV[I[[]J^MZ[Q^M0MLMVQML\PM:][[QIVMV^WaIVa
SQVLWNZQOP\\WLQ[K][[\PMXWTQ\QK[QV;MZJQI_PQKP_I[IT\PW]OP]VLMZ\PM
:][[QIVXZW\MK\WZI\M[\QTTIXIZ\WNIVW\PMZ[\I\M<PQ[_I[_PaPMMVMZOM\QKITTa
IL^Q[ML\PM;MZJQIVTMILMZ[\WZMN][MIVa\ITS[_PI\[WM^MZWNXWTQ\QKITVI\]ZM
_Q\P\PMQZ:][[QIVO]M[\0W_U]KP\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[_MZM\ISMVJa[]Z
XZQ[MIVL]V[]ZMJMNWZM.WV\WVw[IZZQÎTKW]TLJMQTT][\ZI\MLJa\PMKWUXTM\M
TIKSWNIVaZMILQVM[[WN)TMS[I;QUQË\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_PWQVPQ[
\ITS_Q\P.WVJTIVY]MM^MVI[SML_PM\PMZPM_I[ITTW_ML\WTQ[\MVQV[QTMVKM
\W\PMO]M[\w[ILLZM[[ZMOIZLTM[[WNQ\[XW[[QJTMKWV\MV\[!0MLQLWJ\IQV\PM
IXXZWÎTNWZ[]KPJMPI^QW]Z
/2ISQË,;\ZIVRISW^QËX
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM)]O][\ .7 !+WXa6W
!
:Q[\QË _ZW\M PW_ .WV\WV _I[ \PM KW]V[MTTWZ QV \PM :][[QIV -UJI[[a QV
>QMVVI2:Q[\QËX
!
74
;\QTT )][\ZQI IVL :][[QI _MZM VW\ )TMS[I ;QUQËw[ WVTa _WZZa 0M _I[
[WWVNWZKML\WI[S\PZW]OP2WÎV5IZQVW^QË\WUMM\\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKP
+WV[]T[0MKWUXTIQVML\W;ÎO]ZIJW]\LIVOMZW][KWVKMV\ZI\QWVWN7\\WUIV
\ZWWX[NZWU6QQV\PMLQZMK\QWVWN6W^Q8IbIZIVL5WV\MVMOZW<PM;MZJQIV
8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZKWV[QLMZML\PI\M^MVQN\PMaZMUIQVMLI\\PMXW[Q\QWV[\ISMV
\PMa_W]TLMVLIVOMZ\PMXMIKMQV;MZJQI;ÎO]Z[PW_MLVW]VLMZ[\IVLQVONWZ
\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[wNMIZWN\PMQZW_VXMWXTM0MZMXZWIKPML;QUQËNWZPa
XWKZQ[aKTIQUQVO\PI\\PM7\\WUIVIZUa_I[WVTa\ZaQVO\WLMNMVL;MZJQII[
JM[\I[Q\KW]TLM`KT][Q^MTTa\PZMI\MVMLJa)][\ZQIIVL:][[QI;\QTTQVLW]J\WN
\PM[QVKMZQ\aWNPQ[KWTTWK]\WZPMLZM_PQ[I\\MV\QWV\W\PMNIK\\PI\QVKI[MWN
\PM)][\ZQIVIZUaMV\ZIVKMPM_W]TLTW_MZ\PMéIOQVNZWV\WN\PM+WV[]TI\M
IVLTMI^M\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<PM[Q\]I\QWVJMKIUMM`\ZMUMTTa[\ZIQVMLIVL]V
XTMI[IV\[W\PI\.WVJTIVY]MPQU[MTN\PW]OP\Q\VMKM[[IZa\WZMIK\_Q\PUWL
MZI\QWVIVL\Za\WMVKW]ZIOM\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ!
.WVJTIVY]MXZWXW[MLPQ[[]XMZQWZ[\WZM[XWVL\W.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWV_Q\P
OZMI\LQXTWUI\QK\IK\Ja[MVLQVOIV7\\WUIVUQ[[QWVPMILMLJaIPQOPMZZIVS
WNèKQIT!1V[XQ\MWNITTPQ[IK\Q^Q\QM[\PMIZZQÎTWN\PM:][[QIVMV^WaIVL\PM
_MTKWUMPMZMKMQ^MLQV*MTOZILMXMZXTM`ML\PMM`XMZQMVKML*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\
6]UMZW][;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[KIUM\WOZMM\.WV\WVVW\WVTa\PMTMILMZ[WN\PM
+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\ZMOQUMJ]\\PM[MKWVLIZaMUXTWaMM[I[_MTT_PW_MZMVW\
WJTQOML\WLW[W!<PM:][[QIVMV^Wa_MV\\PZW]OP;MZJQIQV\PM]VQNWZUIVL
PMI[SML\PMNWZMQOVKWV[]T[\WRWQVPQU{QVXTIQVKTW\PM[NWZ[WUMZMI[WV[
<PMZMJMTTQWVQV\PMXZW^QVKM[WN;MZJQI\PM?M[\MZV+WV[]T[NMIZMLNZWULQL
VW\ \ISM XTIKM .WV\WV M^MZa_PMZM XZMIKPML XMIKM IVL IL^Q[ML \PM UIQV\M
VIVKMWN\PMM`Q[\QVO[\I\][IVLTWaIT\a\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTM!.WVJTIVY]MKW]TL
JM[I\Q[èML"I\\PMZMKMX\QWVQV\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]TI\MWV\PMWKKI[QWVWNVM_Ta
M[\IJTQ[PMLPWTQLIa\PM:][[QIVMV^WaJMPI^ML^MZaKW]Z\MW][Ta\W\PM8I[PI
NZQMVLTa\W\PM?M[\MZV+WV[]T[IVLQVIKWV[XQK]W][TaKWTL_Ia\W\PM)][
\ZQIV +WV[]T! 1V PQ[ KWV^MZ[I\QWV _Q\P .WVJTIVY]M PM M`XZM[[ML _Q\PW]\
ZMT]K\IVKM\PMXZM[MV\:][[QIVNWZMQOVXWTQKaKWVKMX\\PI\_W]TLTI\MZXZW^M
!
1JQL
!
2:Q[\QË[\Z
!
1JQL
!
!
75
\WJMN]TTaKZMLQJTM<PM:][[QIVMV^WaILUQ\\ML\PI\\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQI
_I[KWV[QLMZMLI[IXW[[QJQTQ\aIN\MZ\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
0MMUXPI[QbMLPW_M^MZ\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUI\QKQVQ\QI\Q^MPIL[\WXXML
N]Z\PMZLM^MTWXUMV\QV\PI\LQZMK\QWVI[*]WTw[XZWXW[ITUILMXZW[XMK\[NWZ
XMIKM KMZ\IQV! 7VTa QN \PM 8WZ\M ZMN][ML \PM XMIKMN]T [WT]\QWV \PM ;MZJQIV
8ZQVKM_W]TLJMZMY]QZML\W\ISM[\IVLWV/WZKPISW^w[6W\M[MV\\W\PM8ZQVK
M[WN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
.WV\WVTMN\I^MZaNI^W]ZIJTMQUXZM[[QWVWV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV;MZ
JQI1\Q[\Z]M\PI\.WVJTIVY]M[WWV[\IZ\ML\WLM[KZQJMPQUQVPQ[WNèKQITZM
XWZ\[I[I:][[QIVxY]I[QKWUUQ[[QWVMZy0W_M^MZPM]VLMZTQVMLPW_.WV\WV
_I[IXTMI[IV\XMZ[WV_PW[MUIVVMZ[ZMUQVLMLPQUWN*]\MVRM^w[\PM:][
[QIVLQXTWUI\PMWJ^QW][TaTQSMLJM[\J]\[]ZXI[[QVOPQUQVZMèVMUMV\IVL
P]UIV Y]ITQ\QM[!)N\MZ .WV\WVw[ UQ[[QWV Q\ _I[ KTMIZ \W \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T
\PI\Q\[KI][M[_MZMVW\QV\PMVMML\WKTIZQNaWZXZWUW\M\PM:][[W;MZJQIV
ZMTI\QWV[<PMZMI[WV_I[UWLMZI\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVXIZ\aQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
IVLM[\IJTQ[PQVOWNVM_IVLUWZMXZ]LMV\XWTQKaJMKI][MQ\JMKIUMKTMIZ\W
;\8M\MZ[J]ZO\PI\)][\ZQI_W]TLVW\WXMVTa[QLM_Q\P:][[QIQV\PM_IZ)T[W
>QMVVI_I[VW\I\ITT_QTTQVO\WTM\<[IZ6QSWTIa1LMKQLMWVM^MV\]IT[XPMZM[QV
\PMLQ^Q[QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMJ]\\PI\\PMaITZMILaQVILÎVKMKWV[QL
MZML;MZJQII[Q\[W_VXIZ\<PQ[_I[_Pa.WVJTIVY]M_ZW\M\W:MLKTQNNM\PI\
)][\ZQI_I[XZM[MV\TaOZMI\MZLIVOMZ\W\PM*ZQ\Q[PQV\MZM[\[QV;MZJQI:M^QM_
QVOPQ[W_VQUXZM[[QWV[.WVJTIVY]M[\ZM[[ML\PI\.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWVZML]KML
Q\[OWIT[\W\PMKWV[MZÎ\Q^MI[XMK\WN\PM:][[QIVNWZMQOVXWTQKa<PM:][[QIV
MV^Wa_I[ITTMOMLTaUW[\QV\MZM[\MLQV_PM\PMZ;MZJQI_I[ZMITTaxKWZZ]X\ML
JaZMX]JTQKIVQ[U]VLMZ\PMQVé]MVKMWN8WTQ[PIVL;IZLQVQIVIOMV\[y! )N\MZ
\PMTIKSWN\PM)][\ZQIV[]XXWZ\\PMKWV\ZILQK\QWVJM\_MMV\PMIK\QWV[WN\PM
:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaIVLQ\[ZMITQV\MZM[\[_I[WJ^QW]["QV;MZJQI>]ÍQËPILIK
K][ML\PMQV\ZQO]M[NWZ\PMLQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV\PI\_MZMITTMOMLTa[XZMIL\PZW]OP
W]\ \PM KW]V\Za Ja \PM .ZMVKP IVL \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T[ \PZW]OP /IZIIVQV
!
?Q\P\PM>QMVVIVW\MWN2]Ta \PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa[]KKMMLMLQV
ZMIKPQVOQVI[PWZ\\QUMIKWUXZWUQ[MIOZMMUMV\JM\_MMV:][[QIIVL\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZM<PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM]VLMZ\WWS\WZM[XMK\\PMXZW^Q[QWV[ZMTI\QVO\WZMTQOQWV
WN\PM3]KP]S3IQVIZLRQIVL-LQZVM<ZMI\aI[_MTT\PI\\PM[\I\][WN\PM0WTa8TIKM[QV
8ITM[\QVM_W]TLVW\JMKPIVOML_Q\PW]\XZQWZIOZMMUMV\Ja8IZQ[IVL;\8M\MZJW]ZO
?*I]UOIZ\X
!
!
76
_PQTM .WV\WV PQU[MTN \ZQML \W I[[]ZM \PM ?M[\MZV LQXTWUI\[ PW_ :][[QI QV
KI[MWN_IZ_Q\P\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_I[I[SQVO;MZJQIWVTaNWZVM]\ZITQ\a
0W_M^MZ.WVJTIVY]MKW]TLVW_OW\W\PMTQUQ\[WNPQ[UQ[[QWVQV\PMLMNMVKM
WN\PM7\\WUIV[W^MZMQOV\a0MM`XTQKQ\TaTM\\PM:][[QIVMV^WaSVW_\PI\MIKP
:][[QIV LMUIVL ZMOIZLQVO \PM XW[Q\QWV WN ;MZJQI QV \PM KWVéQK\ JM\_MMV ;\
8M\MZ[J]ZOIVL+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_I[[QUXTaQV\MZNMZMVKMQV\W\PM QV\MZVITIN
NIQZ[WN\PM8WZ\MIVL^QWTI\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM[W^MZMQOV\a<PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T PW_M^MZ PIL \PM QVNWZUI\QWV I\ PQ[ LQ[XW[IT \PI\ \PM ;MZJQIV VM]
\ZITQ\aZMXZM[MV\ML[WUMSQVLWN\IKQ\KWV[MV[][JM\_MMV:][[QIIVL)][\ZQI
)KKWZLQVO\W\PMIOZMMUMV\NWZ_PW[MITTMOMLM`Q[\MVKMPM[WUMPW_TMIZVML
IJW]\QVKI[MWN\PM7\\WUIV\ZWWX[MV\MZQVO;MZJQI\PMRWQV\UQTQ\IZaQV\MZ
^MV\QWVWN)][\ZQIIVL:][[QIQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_W]TLNWTTW_<PQ[_I[IT[W
\PMZMI[WVNWZKWVKMV\ZI\QVO\PM)][\ZQIVNWZKM[WV\PM,IV]JMI[_MTTI[\PM
IZUQVOWN;MZJQINZWU)][\ZQIQ\[MTN!!
;MZJQIQV\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[P?IZWV\PM,IV]JM
1N \PM MV\Za WN \PM 7\\WUIV IZUa QV\W ;MZJQI \PM Î[[IT 8ZQVKQXITQ\a
WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_W]TLJMI[]NèKQMV\XZM\M`\NWZ\PMITTQMLIK\QWVWN
\PM)][\ZQIVIVL:][[QIVIZUQM[_PW[MKWWXMZI\QWVQV?ITTIKPQIIVL5WT
LI^QIPILVW\\ISMVXTIKM\PMV\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMLMNMVKMWN;MZJQI_I[WN
\PMUIRWZQUXWZ\IVKMNWZ+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVLQ\[?M[\MZVITTQM[<PQ[_I[_Pa
4WZL ;\ZI\NWZL LM :MLKTQNNM ITZMILa I\ \PM MVL WN )]O][\ ZMY]M[\ML I
KWUXZMPMV[Q^MZMXWZ\NZWU\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV*MTOZILMIJW]\\PMXW[[QJQTQ
\QM[NWZ\PMLMNMVKMWN\PM7\\WUIVIZUaQV;MZJQIV\W_V[1VPQ[LM\IQTML
ZMXWZ\.WVJTIVY]MM`XZM[[ML[I\Q[NIK\QWV_Q\P\PMKWUJI\UWZITMWN*M[[QU
8I[PI\PMKWUUIVLMZWN\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[-^MZa\PQVOMT[MZMY]QZMLITW\
WNUWVMaIVLMNNWZ\1VKI[MWNIRWQV\:][[W)][\ZQIV;MZJQIV[QMOMQM\PM
_WZ[\ÎZQIV\\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TIT[WKWV[QLMZMLI[\PMUW[\KMZ\IQVWVM\PM
M`Q[\QVO*MTOZILMOIZZQ[WV_W]TLJMQV[]NèKQMV\QVPQ[M[\QUI\M<PMZM_MZM
WVTa [WTLQMZ[QV\PMNWZ\ZM[[QV \PI\_I[ITUW[\\PZMM\QUM[TM[[\PIV
I\\PM\QUMWN\PMIKY]QZMUMV\WNI]\WVWUaIVLPIZLTa\_WP]VLZML[WTLQMZ[
UWZM\PIVI\\PM\QUM_PMVQ\_I[TMI[\V]UMZW][IVLL]ZQVO\PMUW[\[\IJTM
XMIKMQV\PMèZ[\PITNWN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PI\
!!
1JQL2:Q[\QËX{ .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !+WXa6W
77
\PMOIZZQ[WV[PW]TLJMQVKZMI[ML\W[WTLQMZ[IVLM^MVIZ\QTTMZaUMV
_PQTM\PMLMNMVKM[PW]TLJMZMQVNWZKML_Q\PTIZOMKITQJMZKIVVWV[IVLI[]X
XTaWNI\TMI[\è^M\WV[WNO]VXW_LMZ
1\_I[WVTa\PZMM_MMS[IN\MZ.WV\WVw[LMXIZ\]ZM\PI\\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T
KW]TL QVNWZU \PM IUJI[[ILWZ QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM IJW]\ \PM KWV[MY]MVKM[ WN
\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaTI\M[\IK\QWVQV;MZJQI<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TVWTWV
OMZ\PW]OP\\PI\\PMUW[\QUXWZ\IV\\PQVO_I[\PI\;MZJQIPILVW\ZMJMTTML
IOIQV[\ Q\[ 8ZQVKM IVL \PM 7\\WUIV [W^MZMQOV\a 0M _I[ UWZM QV\MZM[\ML QV
\PMMY]ITQ\aWN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV_Q\P:][[QIQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a0M_I[KWUXIZ
QVO.WV\WVw[[\I\][_Q\P\PM[\I\][+ITOPW]V\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV5WTLI^QI
PILMVRWaMLQV;MZJQI[M^MZITaMIZ[IOW_PWU8M\ZWVQRM^QËLMVQMLUIVaPWV
W]Z[.WVJTIVY]MLQLVW\[MM\PM:][[QIV\]ZV\W_IZL[;MZJQII[I_Q\PLZI_IT
IVa UWZM J]\ I[ I []Q\IJTM UIVWM]^ZM Ja ;\ 8M\MZ[J]ZO \W LQ[[WKQI\M Q\[MTN
NZWU8ZQVKM5QPIQTWw[TM\\MZ\P][ZMOIQVQVON]TTQVé]MVKMWV8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
3IZILRWZLRM^QË<PMWVTaXW\MV\QITJMVMè\_I[IKMZ\IQVLQ[\IVKQVOJM\_MMV
:][[QIIVL)][\ZQII[.WV\WV_I[XZWUX\QVO;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[MY]ITTaIOIQV[\
\PM)][\ZQIV .ZMVKP IVL -VOTQ[P QVé]MVKM .WVJTIVY]M _I[ KWV^QVKML \PI\
)][\ZQIPILJMMVWJ^QW][TaXZMXIZQVONWZ_IZUW[\TaJMKI][MWNQ\[QV\MZVIT
XWTQKaINZIQLWNXW[[QJTM[MKM[[QWVWNQ\[W_V;TI^WVQKZMOQWV[>QMVVI[]X
XW[MLTaKWV[QLMZML\PI\[WUM\PQVOTQSM\PI\KW]TLJMXZM^MV\MLWVTa_Q\P\PM
IVVMÌ\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV;TI^WVQKXZW^QVKM[\W\PM0IJ[J]ZO-UXQZM)[
IV M`XZM[[QWV WN NMIZ NZWU QV\MZVIT ]VZM[\[ IVL XZMXIZI\QWV[ NWZ \PM N]\]ZM
_IZ\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\[IT[WXMZKMQ^ML\PM[]LLMVLMKQ[QWVWN\PM)][\ZQIV
OW^MZVUMV\\WUW^M\PM;IQV\;\MNIVw[KZW_V\PM[aUJWTWN\PM0]VOIZQIV
[W^MZMQOV\aNZWU*]LQU\W>QMVVI+WTWVMT:ILW[I^TRM^QËPQU[MTN\PM)][
\ZQIV+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM[\I\MLJMNWZM.WVJTIVY]M\PI\PQ[OW^MZVUMV\_W]TL
VW\JMIJTM\WZMUIQVVM]\ZITQN\PM7\\WUIVXZMXIZI\QWV[NWZ\PMZMTQOQW][_IZ
IOIQV[\:][[QIKWV\QV]ML
1V1TQRI/IZIIVQVw[TM\\MZ[I[_MTTI[QV\PMJQWOZIXPQM[WN\PQ[ZMVW_VML
;MZJQIV [\I\M[UIV PQ[ KWVVMK\QWV[ _Q\P \PM *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUIKa _MZM ZIZMTa
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W ,;\ZIVRISW^QËX
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWVGGGG.7 !6W#.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM
*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W .WVJTIVY]MQZWVQKITTaI[SMLPQU[MTN_PM\PMZ\PQ[UMIV\\PI\\PMUIZKPQVO
QVWN\PM:][[QIVNWZKM[QV\W\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[_Q\P\PMQKWV[WN\PM5ILWVVI
)MOaX\IQKI]VLMZ\PM]VQ\[v[aUJWT[TIKSMLIVaZMTQOQW][\MV[QWV1JQL
78
<MWLWZ<MRI:ILW[I^TRM^QË
79
UMV\QWVMLIVLPQ[ZMTI\QWV[PQX_Q\P+WV[]T.WVJTIVY]M_I[KWUXTM\MTaQO
VWZML1\Q[VW\XW[[QJTMNZWU/IZIIVQVw[KWZZM[XWVLMVKM\WM[\IJTQ[P_Q\P
KMZ\IQV\a_PM\PMZ\PMZMM`Q[\MLI[XMKQITXTIVWNUMM\QVO[_Q\P\PM:][[QIVLQX
TWUI\[I\\PM\QUMWNPQ[[\IaQV)][\ZQINWZUMLQKIT\ZMI\UMV\QV\PM[]UUMZ
WN 1\Q[KMZ\IQV\PI\PMUM\\PMZM\PMQVé]MV\QIT+W]V\7ZTW^w[[WV_PQTM
PMPILITWVOUMM\QVO_Q\P5IaMVLWZN\PM:][[QIVIUJI[[ILWZQV>QMVVII\
_PQKPITTQ[[]M[\PI\PILZMUIQVMLWXMVL]ZQVO\PMXZMKMLQVOaMIZJM\_MMV;\
8M\MZ[J]ZOIVL*MTOZILM_MZMLQ[K][[ML2]LOQVOJa\PMKWZZM[XWVLMVKMJM
\_MMV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV*MTOZILMIVL\PM-UJI[[aQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVL
.WZMQOV7NèKM/IZIIVQVw[^Q[Q\\W)][\ZQI_I[XZMXIZMLWV.WVJTIVY]Mw[IL
^QKMIVL_Q\PPQ[IOZMMUMV\<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITNW]VLQ\VMKM[[IZa
IVL][MN]TNWZ/IZIIVQV\WLMVaQVPQ[\ITS_Q\P\PM:][[QIVWNèKQIT[\PMIK
K][I\QWV[XWZ\ZIaQVOPQUI[ILIVOMZW][ZMX]JTQKIV=XWV/IZIIVQVw[ZM\]ZV
\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[XTMI[ML\WJMIJTM\WZMXWZ\\PI\/IZIIVQVPILM^MV
\PMWKKI[QWV\WXWQV\W]\\W5IaMVLWZNIT[WIJW]\\PMQVILUQ[[QJTMJMPI^QW]Z
XZIK\Q[MLM`KMX\NWZ<]UIV[SQJaPQ[XZMLMKM[[WZ[4M^Q[PQVIVL,IVQTM^[SQQ
\W_IZL[\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKMIVLPQ[UQVQ[\MZ[I[\PMQZ[]JWZLQVI\M[1VZMXTa\W
ITT\PQ[/IZIIVQVOI^M\PMMÌUXTM[WN^MZaXW[Q\Q^MJMPI^QW]ZWN\PM.ZMVKP
IVL*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T[IVL5IaMVLWZNN]VPM[Q\I\QVOTaM`XZM[[ML\PMJMTQMNPW_
\PMN]\]ZM:][[QIVLQXTWUI\QKZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[QV;MZJQI[PW]TLMÌK\TaNWTTW_
\PMQZMÌUXTM
<PMKWVéQK\[JM\_MMV\PM<]ZSQ[PIVL:][[QIVIZUQM[JZWSMW]\WV\PM
,IV]JMNZWV\TQVMITZMILaQV7K\WJMZ)T\PW]OP;UITT?ITTIKPQIJWZLMZQVO
_Q\P\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_I[VW\WKK]XQMLJa\PM:][[QIVNWZKM[R][\W]\
WNKWV[QLMZI\QWV\W)][\ZQI\PM7\\WUIV\ZWWX[Z][PML\WI\\MUX\KZW[[QVO
\PM,IV]JMI\>QLQV\WK]\W]\\PMKWUU]VQKI\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVIZUa_Q\P
;MZJQI<PMJMPI^QW]ZWNWNèKQIT;MZJQIJMKIUM\PMVQUXWZ\IV\NWZ\PMZMX
ZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[QV*MTOZILMQVILLQ\QWV\WITTMOMLTaQV[QO
VQèKIV\Q[[]MWN\PM:][[QIV[]JRMK\[ZM[QLQVOQV;MZJQI .WVJTIVY]M\PW]OP\
\PI\QVKI[MWN\PMW]\JZMISWN\PM_IZ\PM_IZZMO]TI\QWV[PIL\WJMIXXTQML
,;\ZIVRISW^QËX
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W
?*I]UOIZ\XX!{#8;PZWMLMZXX {:Q[\QË_I[_ZQ\QVOIJW]\\PQ[
WVTa[]XMZèKQITTaLM^W\QVOOZMI\MZI\\MV\QWV\W\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[P_IZIN\MZ2IV]IZa
2:Q[\QËX {!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !+WXa6W
80
\W\PW[M[M^MZIT:][[QIVKQ\QbMV[_PWPIXXMVML\WJMQV;MZJQI\PM[IUMWVM[
\PI\_W]TLJMIXXTQMLQV\PMW\PMZXIZ\[WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI[_MTT0W_
M^MZ\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\[MMUMLVW\\WJMQV\MZM[\MLQV\PMèZ[\XTIKMQV\PM
KWV[MY]MVKM[WN\PMKWVéQK\NWZ\PM;MZJQIV:][[QIVZMTI\QWV[<PQ[_I[_Pa
PMXZWXW[ML:MLKTQNNMQVKI[MWN)][\ZQIMV\MZQVOQV\W\PM_IZ\PI\IN\MZ\PM
_IZ*ZQ\IQVPIL\WMVLMI^W]Z\WZM^WSMITT\PW[MKWUUMZKQITIOZMMUMV\[_Q\P
;MZJQIZM[\ZIQVQVO\PM*ZQ\Q[PMKWVWUQKQV\MZM[\[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
.QVITTaWV!\P7K\WJMZ \PMVM_[IJW]\/WZKPISW^w[]T\QUI\]UIL
LZM[[ML\W7UMZ8I[PIIZZQ^MLNZWU+WV[\IV\QVWXTM!)VL\PM_IZKW]TLNWZ
UITTaJMOQV.WVJTIVY]MQVNWZUML+TIZMVLWV\PM5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[
IJW]\ \PM ZMTQIJTM VM_[ I\ PQ[ LQ[XW[IT \PI\ IV IOZMMUMV\ PIL JMMV ZMIKPML
JM\_MMV :][[QI IVL ;MZJQI IKKWZLQVO \W _PQKP \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a _W]TL MV\MZ
\PM_IZ_Q\P\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI\\PMQV^Q\I\QWVWN:][[QI1V\PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]Tw[SVW_TMLOM\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa_W]TLQVZM\]ZVJMXZMXIZMLM^MV
QV\PMIJ[MVKMWN_IZ\WLWM^MZa\PQVOVMKM[[IZa\WQUXZW^M\PMKWVLQ\QWV[QV
\PM-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMa_PQTM\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_W]TL[]XXW[MLTa[XWV\I
VMW][Ta[WWVOZIV\QVLMXMVLMVKM\W;MZJQI<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[KWV^QVKML
\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVOW^MZVUMV\PILVW\JMMVQVNWZUMLIJW]\\PQ[IOZMMUMV\I[
Q\_W]TLWJ^QW][TaJMKWV\ZIZa\W\PM)][\ZQIVQV\MZM[\[WV\PM*ITSIV[
<PM[Q\]I\QWV\PI\LM^MTWXMLKWV\IQVMLV]UMZW][LIVOMZ[\PZMI\MVQVO
\PM^MZaM`Q[\MVKMWN\PMI]\WVWUaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI,M[XQ\M\PQ[
\PMZM_MZMXWTQ\QKQIV[QV*MTOZILM_PW\ZQML\WOM\TWVO\MZUJMVMè\[NWZ\PMQZ
KW]V\Za W]\ WN \PQ[ [\ZIVOM KWQVKQLMVKM WN M^MV\[ ;\ZQK\Ta NWZUITTa \PM _IZ
IVL\PMNWZ\PKWUQVOJZMIS]XWNLQXTWUI\QKZMTI\QWV[QVM^Q\IJTaPIL\WTMIL\W
\PMIVV]TUMV\WN\PM\ZMI\aJM\_MMV;\8M\MZ[J]ZOIVL+WV[\IV\QVWXTMLM\MZ
UQVQVOIVLO]IZIV\MMQVO\PM[\I\][WN;MZJQI6M^MZ\PMTM[[[]KPIVW]\KWUM
\PW]OPM`XMK\ML[\QTTLQLVW\\ISMXTIKM<PM;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[KW]TL[MMIV
]VXTMI[IV\VM[[QV.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWVXZQUIZQTaJMKI][MPM_I[[MV\\W;MZJQI
I[I:][[QIVKWUUQ[[QWVMZIVL_Q\PW]\\PMIXXZWÎTWN\PM8WZ\M0W_M^MZ
_PMV.WV\WVw[[\IaZM[]T\MLQVVMQ\PMZ]VZM[\[QV;MZJQIVWZQVLIVOMZW][ZM
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W8Q[IVQ*MTOZILM!7K\WJMZ .7 !;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS
QVQ\[MLQ\QWVWN7K\WJMZQVNWZUML\PI\IUMM\QVOWN\PM+IJQVM\UMUJMZ[_Q\P
\PM9]MMV_I[PMTLQV4WVLWVI\_PQKP\PMLMKQ[QWV_I[[]XXW[ML\WJMUILMIJW]\
\PMMV\ZaQV\W\PM_IZ;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS1V;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa6W^Q;IL
7K\WJMZ VW #?*I]UOIZ\X!
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !+WXa
6W
81
IK\QWV NZWU \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM IVL Q\[ ?M[\MZV ITTQM[ [WUM WN \PMU [I_
QV\PQ[ITMOITÎK]]UQV_PQKP;MZJQIKW]TL\IKQ\TaWJ\IQVQVLMXMVLMVKMQV
KWVL]K\QVO Q\[ NWZMQOV XWTQKa +TIZMVLWV _I[ QVNWZUML \PI\ \PM èZ[\ [\MX
QV\PMLQZMK\QWVWN[]KP;MZJQIVQVLMXMVLMVKM[PW]TLJM5W]KPQVw[IXXWQV\
UMV\ I[ \PM PMIL WN \PM :][[QIV +WV[]TI\M QV *MTOZILM 5W]KPQV _I[ TQSM
.WV\WV\PM:][[QIV;\I\M+W]V[MTTWZIVLPM_I[[]XXW[ML\WKWUM\W*MT
OZILMQVXTIKMWN<]UIV[SQ_PWPILITZMILaJMMV_Q\PLZI_VQV\PM[XZQVO
<PQ[_I[[]XXW[ML\WJMIKWVKM[[QWV\W\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[I[_MTTI[IV
WKKI[QWVNWZ\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MWNIXW_MZ_Q\PW]\LQXTWUI\QKZMTI\QWV[_Q\P
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMWVWVMXIZ\WNQ\[\MZZQ\WZa\WKWV\QV]M_WZSQVO]XWV
[]JUQ\\QVOPQ[KZMLMV\QIT[\W\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKMQV[\MILWN\W\PM+WUUIVLMZ
WN\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[.WVJTIVY]MXZWXW[MLIOIQVIUWLMZI\MZMIK\QWV1V
PQ[WXQVQWV\PM8WZ\MU][\VW\ITTW_5W]KPQV\WZMUIQVQV*MTOZILMJMKI][M
Q\ PIL \W IZZM[\ PQU QUUMLQI\MTa WVKM \PM _IZ NWZUITTa JZWSM W]\ _Q\PW]\
KWV[QLMZI\QWVNWZ\PMKWV[MY]MVKM[6M^MZ\PMTM[[\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TPQU[MTN
ZMKWUUMVLML\W\PM;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[\WJMPI^M\W_IZL[5W]KPQVQV\PM[IUM
_IaI[\W_IZL[.WV\WV\WIKKMX\UMM\QVO[_Q\PPQUJ]\\WZMN][MXWTQ\QKIT
LQ[K][[QWV[I\\PM[IUM\QUM1\_I[KTMIZ\W.WVJTIVY]M\PI\\PMML]KI\ML
;MZJ[UW[\Ta\PW]OP\QTTWN\PM7\\WUIVXZM[\QOMJMKI][MWN\PMQZèZUJMTQMN
\PI\\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO_IZ]VLW]J\MLTaPIL\WMVLQV\PM:][[QIV^QK\WZaIN\MZ
_PQKP;MZJQI_W]TLJMKWUMQVLMXMVLMV\NMLMZITSQVOLWUOI\PMZQVOITT[]Z
ZW]VLQVOZMOQWV[<PQ[_I[MÌK\Ta_Pa\PMQVé]MVKMWN\PM:][[QIV-UXQZM
PIL\WJMLMNMI\ML<PQ[LMNMI\PW_M^MZKW]TLVW\WVTaKWUMI[IVQVM^Q\IJTM
ZM[]T\WN\PM^QK\WZaWN\PM7\\WUIVIZUQM[WV\PM,IV]JM
7V [\ 7K\WJMZ \PM VM_ +WUUIVLMZ WN \PM *MTOZILM NWZ\ZM[[ èVITTa
IZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILM<PMèZ[\QUXZM[[QWV[WN\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[IJW]\1bbM\
8I[PI_MZMUWZM\PIVNI^W]ZIJTM7V\PMW\PMZPIVL\PM8I[PI_I[^MZa
QTTIVL\PI\_I[_PaIXIZ\WNPQ[L]\QM[_I[M`XMK\ML\WJMKIZZQMLW]\JaPQ[
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W 1JQL
1JQL
ijPMXW[[M[M[INIQZXZWXWZ\QWVWNWZQMV\ITI[\]\MVM[[{IKKWUXIVQMLJa
\PM èZUVM[[ MVOMVLMZML Ja PIJQ\]IT KWUUIVL IVL I XZM[KZQJML KQZK]U[XMK\QWVx
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !+WXa6W!)5
)\\PI\\QUMKMZ\IQV*ZQ\Q[PVM_[XIXMZ[ZMXWZ\MLIJW]\\PMQVKZMI[MQVV]UJMZWN\PM
;MZJQIV)ZUa<PM;MZ^QIV[y<PM5WZVQVO0MZITLx6W^MUJMZ 82
MQOP\MMVaMIZWTL[WVITZMILaI8I[PIPQU[MTN<PQ[aW]VOUIVQVILLQ\QWV
\W.ZMVKPIVL1\ITQIV[XWSMM^MV-VOTQ[P\W.WVJTIVY]Mw[[I\Q[NIK\QWV1bbM\
8I[PI _I[ I]\PWZQbML \W XZWKTIQU \PM XZM^QW][Ta ZMKMQ^ML ]T\QUI\]U WN \PM
8WZ\M\W8ZQVKM/WZKPISW^\PM:][[QIVUQTQ\IZaKWUUIVLMZQV*]KIZM[\LM
UIVLQVO\PM_Q\PLZI_ITWN\PM:][[QIVIZUaNZWU?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
<PM7\\WUIV8I[PIw[I]\PWZQ\a_PW_I[QV\PMXW[Q\QWV\WSMMXKWV\IK\_Q\P
\PM:][[QIVIZUaQV?ITTIKPQI_PQKP_I[UIQVTaLQ^QLMLNZWU\PM7\\WUIV
IZUaWVW\PMZJWZLMZ[Ja\PMITZMILaM[\IJTQ[PMLNZWV\[KWV[QLMZIJTa[]NNMZML
WVIKKW]V\WN5W]KPQVw[[\IaQV*MTOZILM)VW\PMZ]VXTMI[IV\LMUIVLNZWU
\PM8WZ\M[WWVIZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILM<PM7\\WUIV5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[
QVPQ[TM\\MZWN \P7K\WJMZLMUIVLMLNZWU\PM8ZQVKMWN;MZJQI\WXZWKTIQU
\PM[\I\MWNPW[\QTQ\a\W_IZL[:][[QI1VPQ[ZMXTaNWZ_IZLML\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTM
NZWU \PM [INM 3ZIO]RMÎK WVTa I _MMS TI\MZ )TMS[IVLIZ 3IZILRWZLRM^QË M`
XZM[[MLXWTQ\QKITXZQVKQXTM[\PI\;MZJQI_W]TLKWUXTa_Q\PQV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO
_IZaMIZ[<PMTWaIT\aIVL\PMQVKTQVI\QWVWN;MZJQI\W_IZL\PM8WZ\M_MZMQV
PQ[_WZL[]VLQ[X]\IJTMJ]\WVVWIKKW]V\\PMa[PW]TLMQ\PMZJMITTW_ML\W
\ZIV[OZM[[\PMNZIUM_WZSWN\PMM`Q[\QVOQV\MZVI\QWVIT\ZMI\QM[WZ\PMaKW]TLJM
IXXTQMLQV\PMU]\]IT_IZJM\_MMV\PM\_WXZW\MK\QVOXW_MZ[1VPQ[WXQVQWV
\PMWVTa_IaW]\_I[PQ[KW]V\Zaw[[\ZQK\VM]\ZITQ\a
,]ZQVO\PQ[\QUM5W]KPQVIT\PW]OP[\QTTWVTa\PM<[IZw[WNèKQIT[\IaQVO
_Q\PW]\KZMLMV\QIT[KTW[M\W\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[IVL^Q[Q\QVOLIQTa\PM;MZJQIV
LQOVQ\IZQM[WXMVTaQVé]MVKML\PM;MZJQIVXWTQKa)\\PM\QUM_PMV\PM]T\Q
UI\]UPILITZMILaJMMV[]JUQ\\MLPM_I[X]JTQKTaTWWSQVONWZIVM_PW][M
NWZPQ[+WV[]TI\M\PI\_W]TLJMW]\WN\PMZMIKPWN\PMUQ`MLXWTQKMKWV\ZIZa
\WZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MUQ[[QWV[WNW\PMZ-]ZWXMIVXW_MZ[<PM:][[QIVMV^Waw[JM
PI^QW]ZKI][MLOZMI\_WZZQM[\W\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[I[_MTT1VZMXTa\WI
[TQOP\TaVIÔ^MY]M[\QWVJa\PM;MZJQIV5QVQ[\MZWN\PM1V\MZQWZ_PM\PMZ\PMWN
èKQIT ;MZJQI _W]TL JM KWUXZWUQ[ML Ja PQ[ [\Ia QV *MTOZILM 5W]KPQV WVTa
KWTLTaZMXTQML\PI\\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[W_QVOWVTa\ZQJ]\M\W\PM8WZ\M,M
[XQ\MOQ^QVOITUW[\ZM^WT]\QWVIZaIL^QKM\W\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\5W]KPQV
)TMÌVLMZ /MWZOM_Q\[KP \W \PM ;]T\IV 3ZIO]QM_I\b 6W^MUJMZ i<PM
5WZVQVO0MZITLx,MKMUJMZ <PMI\\Q\]LMWN\PM8WZ\MPILJMMVY]Q\MLQNNMZMV\
J]\QV\PMXMZQWLIN\MZ\PM.WV\WVw[UQ[[QWV\PM8WZ\M_I[XZMXIZML\WKWUXTa_Q\P\PM
.ZMVKP IVL *ZQ\Q[P IL^QKM IVL \PMZMNWZM KWV\ZIZa \W MIZTQMZ XTIV[ LQL VW\ [MVL Q\[
KWUUQ[[QWVMZ\PI\[]UUMZ\W;MZJQI,;\ZIVRISW^QËXX{
1JQL
83
_I[U]KPUWZMKWVKQTQI\WZa_PMV\ITSQVO_Q\P\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[<P][PM
ZMKMQ^ML.WVJTIVY]MQVPQ[KQ^QTQIVKTW\PM[IVL\PM\ITSJM\_MMV\PM\_WZMXZM
[MV\I\Q^M[_I[KI]\QW][TaTMLQVWZLMZ\WI^WQLY]M[\QWV[ZMOIZLQVOPQ[XW[Q\QWV
QV ;MZJQI IVL \PM ZMTI\QWV[ JM\_MMV *ZQ\IQV IVL :][[QI ,M[XQ\M Q\[ \ZQ^QITQ\a
IVLKWUXTM\MQVNWZUITQ\a.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PQ[\ITS[PW]TLJMZM
XMI\MLQVSMMXQVO_Q\P\PMLQXTWUI\QKKWV^MV\QWV[WN\PI\\QUM6M^MZ\PMTM[[
PMQV\MVLML\WZMKMQ^M5W]KPQV[WUM_PMZMW]\[QLM\PMJ]QTLQVOWN\PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]TI\M
<PM ;MZJQIV ZMTI\QWV[ _Q\P 8WZ\M IVL \PM ?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ _MZM èTTML
JaLMMXKWV\ZW^MZ[a)KKWZLQVO\W.WVJTIVY]Mw[IVL;ÎO]Zw[OMVMZITQUXZM[
[QWV[;MZJQI_I[ITUW[\N]TTaQVKTQVML\W_IZL:][[QIIVLNWZ\PI\ZMI[WV\PM
^MZaPWQ[\QVOWN\PM:][[QIVéIOQVNZWV\WN\PM+WV[]TI\MQV*MTOZILM_W]TL
WVTaZMXZM[MV\I[QOVNWZOMVMZIT]XZQ[QVOQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIOIQV[\\PM7\
\WUIVI]\PWZQ\a6M^MZ\PMTM[[I\\PMMVLWN7K\WJMZ \PM.WZMQOV7NèKM
QVNWZUML.WVJTIVY]M\PI\\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\I\\PM8WZ\MPILIVVW]VKML\PM
;MZJQIV WNNMZ \PI\ ;MZJQIV [WTLQMZ[ _W]TL IT[W RWQV \PM ;]T\IVw[ IZUa
QV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO_IZ?PMV.WVJTIVYMI\\MUX\ML\WèVLW]\[WUM\PQVO
UWZMIJW]\\PQ[WNNMZ\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\ZMILQTaZMN]\MLQ\IVLQ\[N]Z\PMZ
XWTQKaKWV^QVKML\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T\PI\Q\_I[WVTaILQXTWUI\QK\M[\QVOQ[[]M
<PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\_I[IKKMTMZI\QVO\PMXZMXIZI\QWV[WN\PMKW]V\ZaNWZ
xIZUMLVM]\ZITQ\ayQVKI[MWN_IZ1\_I[KTMIZ\W\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[\PI\\PM
;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[w XWTQKa NWZU]TI\ML QV \PQ[ _Ia IT[W UMIV\ \PM ZM\IQVQVO
WN\PMM`Q[\QVOZMTI\QWV[_Q\P+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVL;\8M\MZ[J]ZOQV\PMKI[MWN
_IZ;]KPXWTQKaZMXZM[MV\ML\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PM\Z]MQVLMXMVLMVKMWN\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a
<PQ[ _I[ \PM ZMI[WV _Pa \PM KWUXM\Q\QWV WN /ZMI\ 8W_MZ[ W^MZ \PMQZ
XZM[\QOMQV*MTOZILMJMKIUMIVQ[[]MWNLM\IQT[.WVJTIVY]M\PW]OP\\PI\\PM
8WZ\MPIL\WXMZ[M^MZMQVQ\[LMUIVLNWZ\PMM`X]T[QWVWN\PM:][[QIV[]JRMK\[
NZWU;MZJQIIVL\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVOWNITT[QOV[WN\PM7\\WUIVI]\PWZQ\aQV\PM
KW]V\Za 6W LM\IQT _I[ QV[QOVQèKIV\ MVW]OP \W [TQX \PM +WV[]Tw[ QV\MZM[\" PM
.WVJTIVY]M\W)LLQVO\WV*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !<PMVM_[
IJW]\ \PM WNNMZ KIUM NZWU \PM .ZMVKP -UJI[[a QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM .WVJTIVY]M \W
:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ .7 !+WXa6W <PMPQ[\WZQWOZIXPa
PI[VW\UMV\QWVML\PQ[WNNMZ4R8:Q[\QËX;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa\PI\
_I[ ]VLMZ [\ZWVO :][[QIV QVé]MVKM _ZW\M \PI\ ;MZJQI I\ \PM \QUM WN OZMI\M[\ KZQ[Q[
MVRWaML\PM[]XXWZ\iNZWUITT[QLM[\WZMUIQVVM]\ZITx;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS1V;MZJQIV"<PM
;MZJQIV,IQTa6W^Q;IL7K\WJMZ VW 84
VW\QKML\PI\\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_WZM\PMTMI[\NWZUITUWZVQVO[]Q\
I\1bbM\8I[PIw[ZMKMX\QWVIVL\PI\\PM8ZQVKMZMKMQ^ML5W]KPQVIT\PW]OPPM
_I[LZM[[MLWV\PQ[WKKI[QWVQVN]TTOTQ\\MZWNPQ[+WV[]Tw[]VQNWZUI[_MTTI[
\PI\ L]ZQVO \PM ZMKWV[\Z]K\QWV WN \PM 8ZQVKMw[ +W]Z\ \PM ;MZJQIV Z]TMZ ][ML
\PMWNèKMNZWU_PQKPWVTa\PMNZIUM_Q\P\PMKITTQOZIXPQKITTa_ZQ\\MVVIUMWN
\PM;]T\IV)JL]T5MRQL_I[\ISMVW]\ <PM;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[KTW[M\W\PM
?M[\MZVKWV[]T[XZWXW[ML\WKWV^MVM\PM)[[MUJTaI[IXW[[QJTM_IaW]\WN\PM
[Q\]I\QWV\PMKW]V\Za_I[QV<ZILQ\QWVITTaIOIQV[\\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM+W]VKQT
\PM6I\QWVIT)[[MUJTa_W]TLI[\PMaJMTQM^MLKPIVOM\PMOMVMZITLQZMK\QWVWN
\PM;MZJQIVXWTQKaL]M\W_PQKP\PM:][[QIVQVé]MVKMKWV[MZÎ\Q^MI[IZ]TM
IVLQVLQ[XW[ML\W_IZL[LMUWKZI\QKUW^MUMV\[_W]TLXZWJIJTa[]NNMZ!<PM
.ZMVKP+WV[]T;ÎO]Z_I[NWZ[]KPI[WT]\QWV7V\PMW\PMZPIVL.WVJTIVY]M
ZMTaQVOWVPQ[ZQKPM`XMZQMVKM_Q\P\PM;MZJQIVI[[MUJTQM[KTIQUML\PI\Q\_I[
MÌK\Ta\PMPWTLQVOWN\PM)[[MUJTaWVM[PW]TLI^WQLQVKI[MWN;MZJQI0MJM
TQM^ML\PI\\PMKWV^MVQVOWN\PM)[[MUJTa_W]TLJMLIVOMZW][NWZ\PM8ZQVKM
J]\ Q\ _W]TL JM UWZM ][MN]T NWZ :][[QI JMKI][M \PM XMWXTMw[ ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[
_W]TLMQ\PMZM[\IJTQ[P\PMITTQIVKMWN*MTOZILM_Q\P;\8M\MZ[J]ZOWZQVKI[MWN
M`KMX\QWVITUWLMZI\QWVK]\ITTKWVVMK\QWV[_Q\P+WV[\IV\QVWXTM
<PMIK\Q^Q\QM[WN\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKaXZWJIJTaZMXZM[MV\ML\PMUW[\
[MZQW][WJ[\IKTM\W\PMQVé]MVKMWN?M[\MZVXW_MZ[WV\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ
\QM[.WVJTIVY]MèZUTaJMTQM^ML\PI\\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM_WZSML
QV IOZMMUMV\ _Q\P 5W]KPQV IVL \PI\ \PM Y]M[\QWV WN \PM -]ZWXMIV <]ZSMa
LQ^Q[QWV KWV\QV]ML \W JM WVM WN \PM OWIT[ WN>QMVVI +WTWVMT :ILW[I^TRM^QË
IVVW]VKML \PI\ PM _W]TL WNNMZ XZW\MK\QWV \W \PW[M NM_ :][[QIV []JRMK\[ QV
\PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a QV KI[M WN _IZ IVL QV \PM \ITS _Q\P 1bbM\ 8I[PI PM [\QTT M`
XZM[[MLPQ[M`XMK\I\QWV[NWZZMIKPQVO\PMXMIKMN]T[WT]\QWVWN\PMM`Q[\QVOKZQ
[Q[;QVKM\PM+WUUIVLMZWN\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[[PIZML\PMOMVMZITWXQVQWV
WN+WV[\IV\QVWXTMXWTQ\QKQIV[\PI\\PMXMIKMN]T[WT]\QWV_I[QUXW[[QJTM_Q\P
W]\LIUIOQVOMNNMK\[\W\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQV\MZM[\[PMWVTaLMèIV\TaIV
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ .7 !+WXa6W!
1JQL
i1\ Q[ Ja U]KP \PM UW[\ LWKQTM XMWXTM 1 M^MZ SVM_x PM LM[KZQJML \PM
;MZJQIVXMWXTMQVPQ[ZMXWZ\\W\PMIUJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMZMKWTTMK\QVOPW_
8M\ZWVQRM^QËQV OW\\PMXWX]TI\QWVWNMV\QZMLQ[\ZQK\[ZW][ML_Q\P\PM]V\Z]MVM_[
\PI\\PM8ZQVKMPILJMKWUMI:][[QIVXZQ[WVMZWVTaIN\MZIZZQÎT\W*MTOZILM\PI\[IUM
KZW_LI\PQ[QV[\QOI\QWVLMXW[ML\PMZ]TMZ\PMaPILZMKMV\TaJMMVZMILa\WKWUM\W
ZM[K]M1JQL
!
85
[_MZML:ILW[I^TRM^QË\PI\\PMXMIKM_W]TLJM]VLW]J\MLTaZMIKPMLJ]\IN\MZ
\PM_IZ.WVJTIVY]MLZMILML\PMUQTQ\IZaKWTTIJWZI\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVIVL
)][\ZQIVIZUQM[\WOM\PMZ_Q\P\PM;MZJQIVNWZKM[IVLPM[I_\PMXZWL]K\QWV
WN[QMOMKIVVWV[QV3ZIO]RMÎKI[ILQZMK\IVVW]VKMUMV\WN\PM[QMOMWN*MT
OZILM
<PMXZW\MK\QWV)][\ZQI_I[ZMILa\WWNNMZ\W\PM:][[QIV[]JRMK\[QV;MZ
JQIZMXZM[MV\MLIV]VXTMI[IV\WJ[\IKTMJW\P\W\PM7\\WUIVI]\PWZQ\aIVL\PM
*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKPXTIV[)T\PW]OPWVTa[M^MV[]JRMK\[WN\PM<[IZWN:][[QIQV
ILLQ\QWV\W5W]KPQVZM[QLMLQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQVPQ[ZM
XWZ\[IKQLTaKWUUMV\MLPW_VWVMWN\PMU_MZMQV^WT^MLQVKWUUMZKMWZIVa
W\PMZXZQÎ\MJ][QVM[[0W_M^MZM^MV5W]KPQVKW]TLZMUIQVQV;MZJQI]VLMZ
\PMXZW\MK\QWVWN)][\ZQI_PW_I[OQ^MV[]KPIKPIVKMR][\Ja\PMNIK\\PI\PM
PILVW*MZI\IJW]\PQ[IXXWQV\UMV\[W\PI\PM_I[[\IaQVOQV*MTOZILMQV\PM
KIXIKQ\aWNIXZQÎ\MXMZ[WV\PI\PILXZM^QW][TaPQVLMZMLPQU<PM8WZ\M
Q\[MTNLQLVW\_Q[P\WOWN]Z\PMZ\PIV\WPITN_IaUMI[]ZM[[W.WVJTIVY]MIVL
;ÎO]ZKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PMZMUWÎTWN5W]KPQVNZWU*MTOZILMQV[XQ\MWNPQ[
IK\Q^Q\QM[JMQVOR][\I[MNèKQMV\NZWUVMIZJaBMU]V_W]TLJMI_WZ\P_PQTM
[]KKM[[
<PM *ZQ\Q[P IVL .ZMVKP +WV[]T[ IOZMML \PI\ \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[
[PW]TL VW\ JM X][PML QV\W \PM NMIZ IVL LM[XIQZ <PM LMXIZ\]ZM WN 5W]KPQV
NZWU*MTOZILM_I[KWV[QLMZMLI[\PMUW[\QUXWZ\IV\OWIT_PQTM\PMY]M[\QWV
WN\PM)][\ZQIVQVé]MVKMQV\PMQZWXQVQWV_I[TM[[[QOVQèKIV\QV^QM_WN\PM
SVW_V]VXWX]TIZQ\aWN)][\ZQI_Q\P\PM6I\QWVIT8IZ\aIVLQVOMVMZIT\PM
XMWXTMQV;MZJQI;\QTTQ\LQLVW\\ISM.WVJTIVY]MTWVO\WTW[MPQ[XI\QMVKM_Q\P
1JQL6W^MUJMZ
)KKWZLQVO \W \PM QVNWZUI\QWV IÎTIQJTM \W \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T QV *MTOZILM
L]ZQVOPQ[^Q[Q\\W\PMKIVVWVNIK\WZa\PM8ZQVKMI[SML\PM.ZMVKPMVOQVMMZ4]JZa_PW
_I[QVKPIZOMWN\PMUIV]NIK\]ZMWNKIVVWV[_PM\PMZQ\_W]TLJMXW[[QJTM\W[\IZ\
_Q\P\PMXZWL]K\QWVWN\PM\_MV\aNW]ZXW]VL[KIVVWV[QVILLQ\QWV\W\PMK]ZZMV\
[Q`XW]VL[ WVM[ 4]JZa IV[_MZML XW[Q\Q^MTa SVW_QVO QV ILÎVKM \PM IUW]V\ WN
VMKM[[IZaKW[\[)[\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aPILVWNWZ\ZM[[M[\PI\PIL\WJMLMNMVLMLJa[]KP
KIVVWV[.WVJTIVY]MKIUM\W\PMKWVKT][QWV\PI\\PM8ZQVKMw[QV\MZM[\_I[QUXW[MLJa
XTIVVML[QMOMWN\PM7\\WUIVNWZ\ZM[[M[_Q\PQVQ\[JWZLMZ[1JQL)JW]\;MZJQIIVL\PM
*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[[MM";MZ^QI6W^MUJMZi<PM<QUM[x 6W^MUJMZ #IJW]\
\PMUIV]NIK\]ZMWNKIVVWV[QV;MZJQII\\PI\\QUM[MM",;\ZIVRISW^QËX
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ .7 !+WXa6W
<PMKWV\MUXWZIZQM[PW_M^MZLQLVW\LM[KZQJM5W]KPQVw[XW[Q\QWVI[LZIUI\QK\W
[]KPIVM`\MV\2:Q[\QËX
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 6W^MUJMZ .7 ! +WXa
6W 2:Q[\QËX
86
)TMS[I;QUQË_PW\ZQMLQVM^MZaXW[[QJTM_Ia\WNZMM;MZJQINZWUITTWJTQOI
\QWV[IVL\P][XZWK]ZMKMZ\IQVILÎV\IOM[.IKML_Q\P\PMZMN][IT\PM8ZQVKMw[
8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_W]TLIXXIZMV\Ta[QVSQV\WZM[QOVI\QWV_PMVM^MZ\PMVM]\ZIT
Q\aWN;MZJQI[]OOM[\ML\WJM\PMZM[]T\WNQ\[TMILMZ[wTIKSWN_QTT\PI\_I[PW_
M^MZ\PMVI\]ZITKWV[MY]MVKMWNNMIZNZWU\PM:][[QIVZM\ZQJ]\QWV)][\ZQIV
XZM[[]ZM[7\\WUIV\PZMI\[IVLIV`QM\QM[NZWU\PMQV\MZVIT]VZM[\[
.WVJTIVY]MQVNWZUML:MLKTQNNMWV\P6W^MUJMZIJW]\[]KPI\ITS
<PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ\ZQML\WXZW^M\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TPW_Q\_I[
XW[[QJTMNWZ;MZJQI\WZMUIQVVM]\ZITQV\PMM`XMK\ML_IZ.WVJTIVY]MY]W\
ML \PM I]\PWZQ\QM[ QV \PM KTI[[QK TI_ []J[\IV\QI\QVO \PM \PM[Q[ \PI\ \PM Î[[IT
[\I\MQVM^Q\IJTaPIL\W[QLM_Q\PQ\[[]bMZIQVJ]\;QUQËXZWUX\TaZMXTQMLPW_
IOZW]XWN;MZJQIV;\I\M+W]V[MTTWZ[PILZMKMV\TaQVI_MTTNW]VLMLUIVVMZ
ZMN]\ML\PMUMV\QWVMLIZO]UMV\[<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TLQLVW\SVW_PW_\W
ZMXTa \W \PM[M _WZL[ QV I KWV\ZWTTML _Ia [W ITTW_QVO PQU[MTN \W JM ]\UW[\
QZWVQK I[SML _PM\PMZ \PM 8ZQVKMw[ 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ \Z][\ML UWZM /ZW\Q][ WZ
)KQSI6MVILW^QË6W\_Q\P[\IVLQVO.WVJTIVY]MKWV\QV]ML\WM`MZ\XZM[[]ZM
WV;QUQËKTIQUQVO\PI\\PMVM_[IJW]\\PMQVKQLMV\[WV\PM[W]\PMZVJWZLMZ[
WN;MZJQI_MZMQV^MV\MLIVLZMN][QVO\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWN:][[QIKWVY]MZQVO\PM
\_WUW[\XW_MZN]T_WZTLXW_MZ[1NQ\ZMUIQVMLTWaIT\W\PM8WZ\M\PM*ZQ\
Q[P+WV[]TI[[MZ\ML;MZJQIUQOP\PWXMJW\PNWZ\PMKWVèZUI\QWVWN\PMIV
V]TUMV\WN.MZUIV[LM\MZUQVQVOQ\[I]\WVWUaIVLIO]IZIV\MMWNQ\[[\I\][
WVI_QLMZJI[Q[)LQNNMZMV\XWTQKa_W]TLZMUW^M\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aNZWU\PM
6W /ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM1JQL<PM<QUM[ZMXWZ\MZNZWU*MTOZILMZMXWZ\MLWV
6W^MUJMZIJW]\5W]KPQVw[IZZQÎT\W;MZJQIIVL\PMMV\QZMLQXTWUI\QKMV\IVOTMUMV\
ZMOIZLQVOPQ[UQ[[QWVIVLIXXWQV\UMV\0MKITTML\PMXZWJTMUQV_PQKP\PM;MZJQIV
I]\PWZQ\QM[NW]VL\PMU[MT^M[\PMi/WZLQIVSVW\x;MZ^QI*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ<PM
<QUM[6W^MUJMZ <PM.ZMVKP)UJI[[ILWZI\\PM8WZ\M_PW_I[\PMèZ[\IKKWZLQVO\W.WVJTIVY]M
\WNWZU]TI\M[]KPIVWNNMZ\W\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[QUXTaQVOPMZM\PMO]IZIV\MM[WN\PM
/ZMI\ 8W_MZ[ .WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 6W^MUJMZ .7 !
+WXa6W #2:Q[\QËX{5I\QRI*IVv[\M[\QUWVaKWZZM[XWVL[_Q\P.WVJTIVY]Mw[
ZMXWZ\[)KKWZLQVO\W\PMU\PMQLMIIJW]\\PM.MZUIVWVM[QLMLTaKWVèZUQVO\PMWTL
XZQ^QTMOM[\W;MZJQIKIUMNZWU;MOQZ<PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T/MVMZITWZQOQVITTa[\I\ML\PI\
;MZJQI[PW]TLJMKWUMWVTaIZMOQWVWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMJ]\\PMZM[WT]\M*IVw[IVL
TI\MZ/IZIIVQVv[IVL5IZQVW^QËv[ZM[Q[\MVKMUILMPQUKPIVOMPQ[WXQVQWV5*IVi7
UMVQbI3ZQU[SWOZI\Iv0IZ\QRM5I\QRM*IVIS]\1¡[\ZQV;MZJQIV")JW]\5a[MTN
L]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV?IZv5I\QRI*IVv[8IXMZ[JW`1¡X
87
ZMKWVèZUI\QWVWNQ\[[\I\][NWZUMZTaKTW[MTaTQVSML\W:][[QIIVLQ\[QVé]MVKM
QV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM
1\ [MMUML \PI\ []KP IZO]UMV\[ PIL VW MNNMK\ WV \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ
\QM[<PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[wKWVKMZV[\W_IZL:][[QI_MZM[WLMMX\PI\M^MV\PM
VM_TaIXXWQV\ML*MTOZILM8I[PINMT\[WUM]VLMZ[\IVLQVONWZ\PMU<PMZMNWZM
1bbM\8I[PIPILJaXI[[QVO\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[ZMY]M[\ML5W]KPQV\WTMI^M
\PM7\\WUIV\MZZQ\WZa <PMIV[_MZPMZMKMQ^ML[MV\\PMPW\XW\I\WJIKS\W
\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM["\PM:][[QIVMV^WaKTIQUML\PI\PMPILJMMVIKKZMLQ\ML
_Q\P\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKMIVL_PWU[]KPIZMY]M[\[PW]TLJMLQZMK\ML\W0W_
M^MZ\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TLMVQMLX]JTQKTa[]KPIZO]UMV\[IVLPMZMRMK\ML\PM
M`K][M\PI\5W]KPQVPILIZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILMJMNWZM\PMW]\JZMISWN\PM_IZ
I[[MZ\QVO\PI\\PM:][[QIVMV^WaPILIZZQ^MLWVTaIN\MZ\PMJZMISQVO]XWN\PM
LQXTWUI\QK ZMTI\QWV[ JM\_MMV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM IVL ;\ 8M\MZ[J]ZO <PM 8ZQVKM
OW\PQU[MTNQV\WI\QOP\KWZVMZJMQVOIOIQVQV\PM[Q\]I\QWV\WUISMLMKQ[QWV[
IJW]\\PMQ[[]M[W^MZ_PQKPPMPILVW\U]KPXW_MZWZ\PMVMZ^M\WJMIZ\PM
KWV[MY]MVKM[WNIJILI[[M[[UMV\
2]LOQVO Ja \PM ZMXWZ\ PM [MV\ \W \PM *ZQ\Q[P IUJI[[ILWZ QV +WV[\IV
\QVWXTM.WVJTIVY]M[MMUML\WPI^MTMN\U]KPOZMI\MZQUXZM[[QWVWV8ZQVKM
)TMS[IVLIZ \PIV WV \PM 8ZQVKMw[ 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ \_W LIa[ IOW ;QVKM PM PIL
VWJWLaPMKW]TL[PIZMPQ[LQTMUUI[_Q\P\PM8ZQVKMPILPQU[MTNI[SMLNWZI
UMM\QVOIVLQVZMXTa\W\PM+WV[]Tw[IZO]UMV\[PMKW]TLWVTaKZaW]\PMTX
TM[[Ta"x*]\1IUINZIQLWN:][[QI{_PI\QNQ\W^MZXW_MZ[QV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO
_IZ'y!.WVJTIVY]MVM^MZ\PMTM[[ZMUIQVMLXMZ[Q[\MV\J]\UWZMQVPQ[MVLMI
^W]Z\WKWV^QVKM\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ\PIVQV\PMI\\Q\]LM_PQKP_I[[QVKMTWVO
]VLW]J\MLTaèZU<PM8ZQVKMèVITTaIVVW]VKML\PI\PM_W]TLI[S5W]KPQV
\PZW]OP;QUQË\WTMI^M;MZJQI.WVJTIVY]M_I[KMZ\IQVTaXTMI[MLJa\PM;MZ
JQIVZ]TMZw[[\I\MUMV\\PI\PM_W]TLVW\KWV[]T\W\PMZNWZMQOVZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[
IJW]\\PQ[Q[[]M[WQ\[ITUW[\_Q\PXTMI[]ZM\PI\PMZMXWZ\MLPW_\PM8ZQVKM
PILVW\IKKMX\MLPQ[IL^QKM\WIZZIVOMI[QUQTIZUMM\QVO_Q\P;ÎO]Z<PI\[IUM
LIa \PM .ZMVKP +WV[]T _I[ QVNWZUML IJW]\ \PM 8ZQVKMw[ LMKQ[QWV Ja 2M^ZMU
6MVILW^QË\PM8ZQVKMw[NI\PMZQVTI_
6W !
1JQL
)\ \PI\ \QUM <PM <QUM[ _ZW\M KWUUMVLIJTa IJW]\ \PM VI\QWVIT XIZ\a QV
;MZJQI[\I\QVO\PI\Q\[TMILMZ[N]TTa]VLMZ[\WWL)JMZLMMVw[XWTQKa\PI\_I[XZMXIZML\W
88
+WVNZWV\ML_Q\P[]KPIVI\\Q\]LMWN\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[5W]KPQV
IOZMML\WTMI^M*MTOZILM<PMNWZU]TI\QWVIJW]\\PMx\MUXWZIZaLMXIZ\]ZMy
_I[XZQUIZQTaKPW[MV\WI^WQL\PMLQ[\]ZJIVKM[QV\PMKW]V\Za)T\PW]OPWVTa
[M^MZITLIa[IOWPMPIL[MMV5W]KPQVw[ZMUWÎTI[PQ[IVL;ÎO]Zw[UW[\QU
XWZ\IV\OWIT.WVJTIVY]MVM^MZ\PMTM[[VW_\PW]OP\\PI\\WWTQ\\TM_I[IKPQM^ML
IVL\PI\\PMY]M[\QWVWNW\PMZ:][[QIVKQ\QbMV[_I[VW\[WT^ML0M[\I\ML\PI\
Q\_I[MÌK\Ta\PMQVLMKQ[QWVWN\PM8WZ\M\PI\PILMVIJTML5W]KPQV\WIKY]QZM
KMZ\IQVx[MUQWNèKQITy[\I\][IVL\PI\\PMMV\QZMKZQ[Q[PILR][\XI[[MLQ\[UW[\
LZIUI\QK[\IOMPI^QVOWVTaJMMVXW[\XWVMLNWZ[WUM\QUM
.WVJTIVY]M_I[ZQOP\QVPQ[I[[M[[UMV\\PI\5W]KPQVw[UW^QVO\WBM
U]V_I[WVTaWVM[\MXJIKSNWZ\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa<PQ[[\MXKW]TLMI[QTa
JMKWUM WVTa I UIVWM]^ZM Ja _PQKP \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUIKa KWUXTM\MTa QV
^WT^ML\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKaQV\WQ\[W_VXTIV[5W]KPQVKWV\QV]ML\W^Q[Q\
\PM\W_VWN*MTOZILMIVL\WUMM\_Q\P8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZIVL;QUQË<PM
8ZQVKMPQU[MTNZMILQTaZMXTQML\W1bbM\8I[PIw[XZW\M[\[\PI\5W]KPQV_I[KZW[[
QVO\W;MZJQI]VLMZ\PMXZW\MK\QWVWN\PM)][\ZQIVXI[[XWZ\<PM:][[QIVMV^Wa
M^MV[MV\IXZW\M[\\W\PM*MTOZILM8I[PINZWUBMU]V[\I\QVO\PI\\PM:][[QIV
XZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ;MZJQILQLVW\KMI[M_Q\P\PMJMOQVVQVOWN_IZI[_MTTI[\PI\
\PM:][[QIVKQ\QbMV[QV;MZJQIMVRWaML\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWV .WVJTIVY]M
KWV[QLMZML\PI\5W]KPQVUIVIOMLQVQUXW[QVOPQU[MTNQV\PQ[_IaVW\WVTa
_Q\P[\IVLIVL[]XXZM[[\PM:][[QIVXZMLWUQVI\QWVNWZ\PM[ISMWNOMVMZIT_MTTJMQVO
IVL MUIVKQXI\QWV WN \PM 7\\WUIV +PZQ[\QIV[ ;MZ^QI *MTOZILM 6W^MUJMZ <PM
<QUM[ 6W^MUJMZ ;\ZIVRISW^QËLQ[\IVKQVOPQU[MTNJaVW\PI^QVOZM[MIZKPML
\PM*ZQ\Q[PLWK]UMV\[XWQV\MLW]\\W\PMXZMÎQTQVOQVé]MVKMWN\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T
/MVMZITIVLPQ[LQXTWUIKaWV\PM;MZJQIVWVMI\\PI\\QUM,;\ZIVRISW^QËX!
IVL
-^MV[M^MZITLMKILM[TI\MZ2WÎV:Q[\QËQVPQ[[\]La;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVI
1V ;MZJQIV" ;MZJQI IVL<PM +ZQUMIV?IZ [\I\ML \PI\ 5W]KPQV TMN\ *MTOZILM I\ \PM
*MTOZILM8I[PIv[ZMY]M[\2:Q[\QË#<PM5WZVQVO0MZITL*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ
6W^MUJMZ #;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS_ZW\M\PI\\PM:][[QIVMV^Wa.WV\WV_I[KWUQVO
IOIQV;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS1V;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa6W^Q;IL6W^MUJMZ VW!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM 6W^MUJMZ .7 !+WXa 7V\PM
[IUMLIa<PM5WZVQVO0MZITLZMXWZ\ML\PI\M^MV<]ZSQ[P[WTLQMZ[_MZM[MV\
\W;MZJQIVW\WVTa\WXZM^MV\\PMMV\ZaWN\PM:][[QIV)ZUa^QI;UITT?ITTIKPQIJ]\
XZQUIZQTa\WWJ[MZ^M\PMUW^M[WN)][\ZQIV[i_PW[MNIQ\PQ[VM^MZX]ZMx<PM?IZ<PM
5WZVQVO0MZITL 6W^MUJMZ 5W]KPQV\W1bbM\8I[PI/W]^MZV]ZLMTI+Q\ILMTTMLM*MTOZILM;MUTQVTM
6W^MUJZM .7 !
89
JMKI][MWN\PM)][\ZQIV[]XXWZ\J]\IT[WL]M\W\PM[XTQ\QV\PM7\\WUIVLQXTW
UIKa0MIT[WPIL\PMVM_[I\PQ[LQ[XW[IT\PI\\PM7\\WUIVIUJI[[ILWZQV>Q
MVVIPQU[MTN)ZZQN-NNMVLaPILIXXZW^MLWN5W]KPQVw[[\IaI\\PMJWZLMZ
<PM [QLQVO WN)][\ZQI _Q\P :][[QI [MMUML NZWU \PM ^QM_XWQV\ WN \PM
*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITI[Y]Q\MWJ^QW][)KKWZLQVO\W\PMVM_[IÎQTIJTM\W
PQU\PM)][\ZQIV\ZWWX[_MZMKWVKMV\ZI\ML\WITIZOMZM`\MV\WV\PM;IÎIVL
\PM,IV]JM\PIVWV\PMJWZLMZ\W_IZL[:][[QIIVL\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[
1VILLQ\QWV\PM)][\ZQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WTMZI\ML5W]KPQVw[LQXTWUI\QKIK\Q^Q\QM[
NZWUBMU]VIVLPILM^MVXZW^QLMLPQU_Q\P\PMXI[[XWZ\_PMZMI[WV\PM
W\PMZPIVL\PMaLQLVW\ZMNZIQVNZWUWJRMK\QWV[QV\PMKI[MWNIKWUXTM\MTa
XZQÎ\M[\IaWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PKIX\IQV0MVMIOMQV\PM[IUM\W_V<PM/MZUIV
IVL)][\ZQIVVM_[XIXMZ[QVKTQVML\W_IZL:][[QI_MZMXZM[MV\QVO\PMZMJMTTQWV
QV ;MZJQI I[ IV QVM^Q\IJQTQ\a ;QVKM )][\ZQI PIL NWZ ITZMILa [Q` UWV\P[ JMMV
IVVW]VKQVOLQ[\]ZJIVKM[QV;MZJQII[I[]NèKQMV\XZM\M`\\WWKK]Xa\PM8ZQV
KQXITQ\a.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PMIZ\QKTM[ZMXWZ\QVOIJW]\\PMQVM^Q\IJQTQ\a
WNIV]XZQ[QVOQV;MZJQII[[QUXTMNWZOMZQM[UILM\WLQ[\]ZJ\PM[XQZQ\[<PM
NIK\\PI\I\\PI\\QUMQ\_I[QUXW[[QJTMNWZIXZQÎ\MXMZ[WVQV)][\ZQI\W[MVLI
XWTQ\QKIT\MTMOZIU_I[QVNI^W]ZWN[]KPPQ[^QM_XWQV\_PQTM\PMVM_[MV\Q\TML
.ZWUBMU]VWZ.ZWU*MTOZILM_MZM[MV\R][\QV\PQ[_Ia
<PM VM_ IVL Q\ UIa JM [IQL èVIT KZQ[Q[ QV \PM ZMTI\QWV[ JM\_MMV \PM
/ZMI\8W_MZ[_I[XZMKQXQ\I\MLIN\MZ\PM:][[QIVVIÎT^QK\WZaW^MZ\PM<]ZS[I\
;QVWXWV\P6W^MUJMZ <PMLM[\Z]K\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV*TIKS;MIéMM\
JZW]OP\.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVQV\WI\Z]M_IZ<PMLMKTIZI\QWVWN_IZ_I[
6W!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM!6W^MUJMZ .7 !+WXa6W!
<PMZMXWZ\MZWN<PM<QUM[NZWU7ZIÎZMXWZ\MLWV6W^MUJMZ \PI\
M^MV[QÙQTTQWV;MZJ[_MZM_IQ\QVONWZ\PMQZTMILMZ[vKITT\WZQ[M]XQVIZU[IOIQV[\
\PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM <PM?IZ WV \PM ,IV]JM>QMVVI 6W^MUJMZ <PM <QUM[ ,MKMUJMZ )TMS[I;QUQËv[LMVQIT"*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ,MKMUJMZ )TTOMUMQVM
BMQ\]VO*MTOZILM6W^6W7VM[]KPIZ\QKTM_I[èZ[\X]JTQ[PMLQVI*MTOQIV
VM_XIXMZQVWZLMZ\WOIQVQVI]\PMV\QKQ\aIVLWVTaTI\MZQ\_I[ZMXZQV\MLQV)TTOMUMQVM
BMQ\]VOi4w1VLMXMVLMVKM*MTOMx6W^MUJMZ 6W<PQ[*MTOQIVVM_[XIXMZ
_ZW\M IJW]\ \PM QV\MV\QWV WN )][\ZQI \W WKK]Xa ;MZJQI QV KI[M WN KWVéQK\ _Q\P \PM
7\\WUIVNWZKM[NZWU*W[VQI0W_OZMI\\PM\MV[QWV_I[[PW_[\PMNIK\\PI\\PMZMXWZ\
IZZQ^ML \W >QMVVI WV 6W^MUJMZ I\ Ja \MTMOZIXP IJW]\ IV ITTMOML JI\\TM
JM\_MMV\PM;MZJ[IVL\PM*W[VQIV<]ZS[VMIZ=QKMQV_PQKPè^MP]VLZMLKI[]IT\QM[
_MZMZMOQ[\MZML)][\ZQI>QMVVI 6W^MUJMZ<PM<QUM[,MKMUJMZ 90
XW[\XWVMLNWZ[M^MZITUWV\P[IT\PW]OPQ\UMIV\WVTaINWZUITQ\aI[NIZI[\PMQZ
XIZ\QKQXI\QWVQV\PM_IZWXMZI\QWV[_I[QVY]M[\QWV)\\PMMVLWN6W^MUJMZ
\PMZMXWZ\MZWN<PM<QUM[NZWU>QMVVI_ZW\MIJW]\\PMOZMI\XZM[[]ZMM`MZ\ML
WV\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[Ja;ÎO]Z\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T/MVMZIT\WK]\WNNNZWU
\PM:][[QIVQVé]MVKM)KKWZLQVO\WPQ[_ZQ\QVO\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQIKWV[QLMZML
\PI\\PMIZUMLVM]\ZITQ\a_W]TLJM\PMJM[\[WT]\QWVNWZ;MZJQII[_MTTI[\PI\
\PM .ZMVKP IOMV\ PIL OWVM JMaWVL PQ[ I]\PWZQbI\QWV[ 7V \PM JI[Q[ WN []KP
VM_[\PM*ZQ\Q[PX]JTQKKW]TLOM\IVQUXZM[[QWV\PI\\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQIPIL
X]JTQKTa[QLML_Q\P:][[QI 5W]KPQVw[[\IaQVBMU]VxWVTa\MVTMIO]M[NZWU
*MTOZILMx [MMUML \W .WVJTIVY]M M`\ZMUMTa LIVOMZW][ <PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T
/MVMZITIKK][MLPQUWNèVLQVO_Ia[M^MVNZWUBMU]V\WIK\QV[\MILIVLWV
JMPITNWN8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ1V\PM[MLIa[\PM;]T\IVZMKMQ^MLITM\\MZ_PQKP
_I[ []XXW[MLTa _ZQ\\MV Ja \PM ;MZJQIV XZQVKM IJW]\ \PM ZMTI\QWV[ WN ;MZJQI
_Q\P\PM8WZ\M<PMNZQMVLTa\WVMWN\PMTM\\MZW\PMZ_Q[MVW\XMZUQ[[QJTMQVZM
TI\QWV[JM\_MMV\PMÎ[[ITIVL\PM[]bMZIQVTML.WVJTIVY]M\WJMTQM^M\PI\\PM
TM\\MZPILVW\JMMV_ZQ\\MVJaWVMWN\PM8ZQVKMw[[MKZM\IZQM[J]\Ja5W]KPQV
XMZ[WVITTaJMKI][M+TIZMVLWVIVL.WVJTIVY]MPQU[MTNPILJMMVUMV\QWVML
QV\PMTM\\MZ*M[QLM[Q\_I[UWZMTQSMTaNWZ\PM:][[QIVMV^Wa\WUISMIUQ[
\ISMIVLY]W\M*MTOZILMI[\PMXTIKM\PMTM\\MZPILJMMV_ZQ\\MVQV{IT\PW]OP
8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZPILJMMVQV3ZIO]RMÎKI\\PM\QUM!
<PM Y]M[\QWV WN :][[QIV KQ\QbMV[ QV ;MZJQI IVL \PM TWaIT\a WN \PM WN
èKQIT ;MZJQI \W :][[QI _I[ \PM?M[\MZV KWV[]T[w UW[\ QUXWZ\IV\ XZMWKK]XI
\QWVL]ZQVO\PMTI[\UWV\PWN <PMa_MZMM[XMKQITTaQV\MZM[\ML\PI\8TI\WV
;QUWVW^QË\PM0MIL-L]KI\QWV;]XMZ^Q[WZQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_PWPILTQ^ML
QV:][[QINWZITWVO\QUMIVL_PMZMPMPILZM\QZMLI\IPQOPXW[Q\QWVWN\PM
)][\ZQI>QMVVI6W^MUJMZ<PM<QUM[,MKMUJMZ <PMVM_[XIXMZ[
NZWU.ZIVSN]Z\IT[W_ZW\MIJW]\\PQ[ZMXWZ\QVO\PMI\\Q\]LMWN\PM)][\ZQIVQV\MZV]VKQW
I\ \PM 8WZ\M \PI\ \PM ;MZJQIV VM]\ZITQ\a _I[ QV NIK\ QV \PM QV\MZM[\ WN)][\ZQI _PQTM
\PM8WZ\M_I[XZMXIZML\WUISM;MZJQIMV\MZ\PM_IZM^MVJaIUQTQ\IZaQV\MZ^MV\QWV
i8W[\)UX\/IbbM\Mx>QMVVI6W^MUJMZ QV<PM5WZVQVO0MZITL,MKMUJMZ
!
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM ,MKMUJMZ .7 ! 6W ! ;MZJQI
NW]VLQ\[MTN]VLMZOZMI\XZM[[]ZM\WMV\MZ\PM_IZ<PMVM_[NZWU6W^MUJMZZMIKPML
M^MVLQ[\IV\4WVLWVIJW]\\PMITTMOML5WV\MVMOZQVQIVUQ[[QWV[MV\\W;UMLMZM^W
\PI\ ]V[]KKM[[N]TTa _WZSML WV \PM M[\IJTQ[PQVO WN \PM ITTQIVKM JM\_MMV ;MZJQI IVL
5WV\MVMOZWQV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO_IZ<PM5WZVQVO0MZITL;\IOVM^Q\KP,MKMUJMZ
91
<[IZw[+W]V[MTTWZ[PW]TLOW_Q\P5W]KPQV.WVJTIVY]M_MV\[WNIZI[\W
KWV[QLMZ;QUWVW^QËMY]ITQVZIVS_Q\P5W]KPQV\PQVSQVO\PI\PQ[NIZZMIKP
QVOQVé]MVKMWV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[XW\MV\QITTaM^MVUWZMLIVOMZW][NWZ\PM
QV\MZM[\[WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM0M[\I\ML\PI\\PIVS[\W;QUWVW^QËw[_WZS
\PM;MZJ[_W]TLèVITTaJMKIUM:][[QèML
)N\MZ\PMJI\\TMI\;QVWX\PM_IZJMKIUMQVM^Q\IJTMI\TI[\<PQ[_I[M`
IK\Ta\PMZMI[WV_Pa\PMTWaIT\aWN\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\W\PM8WZ\MPIL\W
OW \PZW]OP \_W [QOVQèKIV\ \M[\[ L]ZQVO ,MKMUJMZ 1\ _I[ VW\ IVa UWZM \PM
UI\\MZWN[MKZM\UMM\QVO[WN\PMPQOPM[\LQOVQ\IZQM[_Q\P\PM:][[QIVMV^Wa[
I\ \PM \QUM _PMV \PM?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ IT[W SMX\ KMZ\IQV KWV\IK\[ _Q\P \PMU
<PM[M _MZM VW\ IVa UWZM LMèIV\ J]\ ][MTM[[ QVLQ^QL]IT [XQ\MN]T IK\[ _PMV
\PM ;MZJQIV LQOVQ\IZQM[ I\ \PM WNèKQIT ZMKMX\QWV[ SMX\xNWZOM\\QVOy \W XQV ]X
\PM7\\WUIVLMKWZI\QWV[[PW_QVOWNN\PM:][[QIVWVM[I\\PM[IUM\QUM<PM
PWTQLIa[WN;\)VLZM_<PM.QZ[\+ITTMLIVL;\6QKPWTI[_MZMOM\\QVOVMIZ"\PM
NWZUMZZMXZM[MV\ML\PMLIa_PMVQV \PM0I\Q[PMZQN_I[ZMILLM\MZUQVQVO
\PMI]\WVWUaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI#IVL\PMTI\\MZQVILLQ\QWV\W\PM
NIK\\PI\\PQ[8I\ZWV;IQV\w[,Ia;TIÎ_I[KMTMJZI\MLJaITIZOMV]UJMZWN
;MZJQIVNIUQTQM[_I[IT[W\PM<[IZw[VIUMLIa;]ZXZQ[QVOTaM^MZa\PQVO_MV\
_MTTNWZ\PMPWTQLIaWN;\)VLZM_\PM.QZ[\+ITTML<PM*ZQ\Q[P\ZI^MTTMZ[_PW
NW]VL\PMU[MT^M[QV*MTOZILMI\\PI\\QUMI\\MVLML\PMTQ\]ZOaPMTLQV\PMKI
\PMLZIT;IJWZVIKZSÎWV\PQ[WKKI[QWV7VMWN\PMU_ZW\MQV\PMTM\\MZX]J
TQ[PMLQV<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[PW_LM[XQ\MOMVMZITM`XMK\I\QWV[\PM
5M\ZWXWTQ\IVWUQ\\ML\PMVIUMWN\PM:][[QIV<[IZQVPQ[XZIaMZZM[\ZQK\QVO
PQU[MTN\WUMV\QWVWVTa\PM7\\WUIV;]T\IVw[VIUM1\_I[IOZMI\[]ZXZQ[M
J]\VW]VZM[\[JZWSMW]\IVLIN\MZ\PMMVLWN\PMZMTQOQW][[MZ^QKM\PMXMWXTM
VWQ[QTaLQ[XMZ[ML
<PMPWXM[\PI\[WUM[QOVQèKIV\KPIVOM[\WWSXTIKMQV;MZJQILQLVW\
TI[\TWVOIN\MZITT7VTaI_MMSTI\MZWV;\6QKPWTI[LIa\PM[IUM5M\ZWXWTQ
\IVUMV\QWVMLQVPQ[XZIaMZ\PMVIUM[WNJW\PZ]TMZ["\PM8ZW\MK\WZIVL\PM
;]bMZIQV WN ;MZJQI <PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T M`XMK\ML []KP IV W]\KWUM ;QVKM PM
SVM_\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV;MZJQIPMPILZ][PMLWV\PMM^MWN\PMPWTQLIa[\W
6W!
<PM?IZQV\PM-I[\i<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[x,MKMUJMZ X! 1JQL#.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 !
6W
92
\ITS\W+WTWVMT:ILW[I^TRM^QË\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]T/MVMZITQV;MZJQI_PWU
PMKWV[QLMZML\WJM\PMWVTaWVM_PWKW]TLM`MZ\\PMQVé]MVKMWV\PM;MZJQIV
I]\PWZQ\QM[IVL5M\ZWXWTQ\IV8M\IZ_PW_I[IT[W\PM)][\ZQIV[]JRMK\.WV
JTIVY]Mw[MNNWZ\[_MZMQVÎQV+WTWVMT:ILW[I^TRM^QËI\\MVLML\PMTQ\]ZOaIVL
Q\\WWS\PM;MZJQIVXZMTI\MWVMN]TTUQV]\MR][\\WMV]UMZI\MUIVa<[IZw[\Q\TM[
<PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T VW\QKML \PI\ Q\ PIL ITZMILa JMKWUM \PM 8ZQVKMw[ K][\WU
\WZMUW^MPQU[MTNNZWU*MTOZILM\W3ZIO]RMÎK\PMXZW^QVKQITY]QM\[MKWVL
KIXQ\IT_PMVM^MZPMPILIXZMUWVQ\QWVWNIKZQ[Q[IVL\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[wXZM[
[]ZM[,]ZQVO\PQ[\QUM\PM*MTOZILMVM_[XIXMZ[_ZW\M\PI\\PM8ZQVKM_I[
TWaIT\W\PM8WZ\M_PQTM;QUQË_I[\ZaQVO\WXW[\XWVM\PMZ]TMZw[ZM\]ZVNMIZQVO
NWZ\PMN]\]ZMWNPQ[XZW:][[QIVXWTQKa
<PMKWVN][QVOXWTQKaWN\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQIIVLITT\PMUWZMWJ^QW][]V
KMZ\IQV\aWN:][[QIOI^MKW]ZIOM\W\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIKWVKQTQI\WZa]V\QT\PMV
.WVJTIVY]MPIL\WLQ[[]ILMPQUNZWUPQ[VW\[WXZ]LMV\QV\MV\QWV\WQ[[]MIV
WZLMZIVLLM[XQ\M\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWVM`XMT\PM:][[QIVKQ\QbMV[NZWU;MZ
JQI;]KPIVIK\QWV_W]TLWVTaUISM\PM;MZJQIVPI\ZMLNWZ\PM<]ZS[LMMXMZ
_PQKP\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITJMTQM^ML_I[QUXW[[QJTM\WW^MZKWUM0M
KW]TL\PMVQVNWZU:MLKTQNNMIJW]\\PMKWV\MV\[WN6M[[MTZWLMw[TM\\MZJZW]OP\
\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZJa.WV\WV[M^MZITUWV\P[IOW)KKWZLQVO\W.WVJTIVY]M
\PM:][[QIV+PIVKMTTWZPILQVNWZUML\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ\PI\:][[QIVIVL)][
\ZQIV QV\MZM[\[ QV ;MZJQI _MZM QLMV\QKIT <PQ[ _I[ []NèKQMV\ NWZ \PM UQ[\Z][\
N]T*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\\WKWVKT]LM\PI\Q\_I[ITT\PM[IUM\W\PMWNèKQIT:][[QI
_PM\PMZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_W]TLJMWKK]XQMLQVN]\]ZMJaQ\[W_VWZ\PM)][
\ZQIVIZUa.WVJTIVY]MJMTQM^ML\PI\\PQ[_I[MÌK\Ta\PMKWV\ZILQK\QWV\PI\
XZW\MK\ML;MZJQI"PW_M^MZKTW[MQ\[ZMTI\QWV_Q\P:][[QI_I[)][\ZQIKW]TLVW\
ITTW_:][[QI_Q\PW]\OZMI\LIVOMZNWZQ\[MTN\WWKK]Xa;MZJQI\PM7\\WUIV
\MZZQ\WZQM[ \W_IZL[ 5WV\MVMOZW IVL \W KWUM W]\ \W \PM)LZQI\QK [MI)\ \PM
[IUM \QUM \PM )][\ZQIV WKK]XI\QWV _W]TL JM ITUW[\ MY]ITTa ]VXWX]TIZ QV
;MZJQII[\PM7\\WUIVWVM0M\PW]OP\\PI\)][\ZQIKW]TLZ]TM;MZJQIWVTaJa
\PMxNWZKMWNJIaWVM\[y;\QTTQV[XQ\MWN\PM:][[QIVIVL)][\ZQIVI[[]ZIVKM[
\PI\\PM;MZJQIVVM]\ZITQ\aQV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO_IZ_W]TLXWTQ\QKITTaR][\[]Q\
\PMU\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaKMZ\IQVTaKW]TLVW\JM[I\Q[èML_Q\P[]JL]MLIVL
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV!,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W!
1JQL
1JQL
93
]VZMTQIJTM JMPI^QW]Z WN \PM ;MZJQIV OW^MZVUMV\ ?PMV \PM M`XMTTML 8ZQVKM
5QTWw[IK\Q^Q\QM[JMKIUMIOIQV\PM[]JRMK\WNUQ[\Z][\WN\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\
ZMOQUM\PMWNèKQIT*MTOZILMQUUMLQI\MTa\]ZVML\W:][[QI<PM:][[QIVIV
[_MZ_I[VMOI\Q^MIVLM^MVxW]\WNXZWXWZ\QWVy
1V\PMTI[\_MMSWN \PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZIT[\QTTKWV[QLMZML\PI\
)][\ZQI_I[XZMXIZML\WITTW_\PMXW_MZN]T:][[QIIKWV[QLMZIJTMILÎV\IOM
\P][JMKWUQVOQ\[MTNUWZMLMXMVLMV\8WXW^_PW[MLMXIZ\]ZMNZWU*MTOZILM
WVTaIUWV\PIOWPILJMMVKWV[QLMZMLI[I:][[QIVKWVKM[[QWVZM\]ZVML\W
BMU]V 6W_ M`KMX\ NWZ 5W]KPQV \PQ[ M`XMZQMVKML LQXTWUI\ IT[W SMX\ NZM
Y]MV\TaKZW[[QVOW^MZ\W*MTOZILMPM_I[LWQVOQ\[MKZM\TaWVTa\PQ[\QUMIVL
QV ITT TQSMTQPWWL QTTMOITTa 6M[[MTZWLMw[ TM\\MZ[ _MZM VW\ KW^MZML ]X QV *MT
OZILMIVaUWZM[W\PI\M^MV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITPQU[MTNKWV[QLMZML
Q\VMKM[[IZa\W_IZV\PMWNèKQIT[\PI\Q\_W]TLJMLQXTWUI\QKITTaQUXZ]LMV\\W
X]JTQ[P\PM:][[QIV+PIVKMTTWZw[TM\\MZLM[KZQJQVO\PM5IQMZPWNNMZw[UQ[[QWV
[MV\\W;MZJQIJa\PM>QMVVIOW^MZVUMV\[PWZ\TaJMNWZM.WV\WVw[IZZQÎTQVI
KWUXTM\MTa LQNNMZMV\ _Ia QV ZMTI\QWV \W \PM WNèKQIT)][\ZQIV M`XTIVI\QWV 0M
_I[M`XTIQVQVO\WPQ[;MZJQIVKWTTWK]\WZ[\PI\QN\PM8WZ\MWVTaZMITQbML\PI\\PM
;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[PILITZMILaNWZUWV\P[JMMVI_IZMWN\PMRWQV\IK\Q^Q\QM[WN
:][[QIIVL)][\ZQII[_MTTI[WN\PMQZQV[QVKMZQ\a+WV[\IV\QVWXTMKW]TLQV\MZ
XZM\\PQ[I[U]KP_WZ[MWNNMVKMIVL;MZJQI_W]TLJM[MMVI[ILQ[TWaITÎ[[IT
\PIVQ\_I[\PMKI[MWN\_WXW_MZ[_PQKPQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM\PMaVMQ\PMZKW]TL
VWZLIZMJMKWUXTM\MTa[QVKMZM_Q\P
7V\PMTI[\LIaWN ILZIUI\QKZMXWZ\_I[[MV\\W+TIZMVLWVNZWU
*MTOZILM IKKWZLQVO \W _PQKP 5W]KPQV QV I [MXIZI\M \ITS _Q\P \PM ;MZJQIV
8ZQVKMPILIVVW]VKML\PMMV\ZaWN\PM:][[QIVIZUaQV\W;MZJQI<PM[MVM_[
_MZMKWVèZUMLJW\PJa\PMQVNWZUI\QWVNZWU\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIIVL^MZQèML
VM_[IÎQTIJTM\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITQV;MZJQI!
<PM5WZVQVO0MZITL*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ,MKMUJMZ .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W! !
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W!6WVM\PMTM[[
\PM[Q\]I\QWV_I[VW\I[LZIUI\QKI[Q\KW]TL[MMU\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITQV
*MTOZILM WZ \W \PM JMTI\MLTa QVNWZUML *ZQ\Q[P X]JTQK <PM [\ZI\MOQK WKK]XI\QWV WN
?ITTIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI [PW_ML UIVa _MISVM[[M[ WN \PM :][[QIV IZUa QVKT]LQVO
\PM NIK\ \PI\ \PM :][[QIV[ KW]TL VW\ KW]V\ WV \PM IOZMMUMV\ _Q\P)][\ZQI _Q\PW]\
_PQKP\PMaVM^MZ]VLMZ\WWSIKIUXIQOVWV\PM-]ZWXMIVXW[[M[[QWV[WN\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZM<PM_IZ\ISQVOXTIKMJM\_MMV6W^MUJMZIVL2IV]IZaWV\PM,IV]JMMVLML
QV \PM :][[QIV LMNMI\[ VMIZ 3ITINI\ IVL +M\I\ <PM 7\\WUIV \ZWWX[ _MZM [\I\QWVML
94
;MZJQI\PM>QKM:MITU
x<PM WVTa ][M WN I XTMVQXW\MV\QIZa Q[ \W LQ[WJMa PQ[ QV[\Z]K
\QWV[)KTMZSWZUM[[MVOMZ_W]TLLWQNQ\Q[VMKM[[IZa[\ZQK\Ta
\WNWTTW_\PMUy
4WZL8ITUMZ[\WV
<PM QTTLQ[XW[Q\QWV WN \PM *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUIKa IVL Q\[ ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M QV
*MTOZILM\W_IZL[\PM8ZQVKMIVL+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[PILZMXZM[MV\MLIKWV[\IV\
QV \PM ZMTI\QWV[ WN \PM[M \_W KW]V\ZQM[ TWVO JMNWZM \PM _IZ JM\_MMV :][[QI
IVL\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMJZWSMW]\QV )\\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM_IZ\PM
WXMV QTTLQ[XW[Q\QWV IVL ZMN][IT _MZM [PW_V Ja MIKP IVL ITT ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[
WN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKaVW\WVTa\W_IZL\PM]VZMTQIJTMIVL_MIS8ZQVKMPQ[
XW_MZN]TMV\W]ZIOMIVLKWZZ]X\MLIVLIZJQ\ZIZaWTQOIZKPaJ]\IT[W\W_IZL\PM
M`XMTTML7JZMVW^QËNIUQTa_PW[M:][[WXPQTMQVKTQVI\QWV[NW]VLNI^W]Z_Q\P
\PMXMWXTM<PM;MZJQIVTMILMZ[VWUI\\MZPW_LQNNMZMV\IVLU]\]ITTaQVY]IZ
ZMT _MZM TQVSML \WOM\PMZ Ja \PM [\QTT QV[]NèKQMV\Ta [\ZWVO \PZMIL \W JM KITTML
\PMVI\QWVITXZWOZIUJ]\[]NèKQMV\TaXZM[MV\\WJMVW\QKMIJTMVW\WVTa\W\PM
*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITJ]\IT[W\W\PM^Q[Q\WZ[_PW^Q[Q\ML\PQ[8ZQVKQXITQ\aNWZ
\PMèZ[\\QUM<PMaITTIOZMML\PI\\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a[PW]TLJMMVTIZOMLXZQ
UIZQTa\W_IZL[\PM[W]\P<PMZMJaUWZMPQ[\WZQKIT\PIVM\PVQKXZQVKQXTM_I[
MUXPI[QbMLIKKWZLQVO\W\PM[XQZQ\WN\PI\\QUMKTIQUQVO\PI\QV\PQ[_Ia\PM
5MLQMÎT;MZJQIV-UXQZM_W]TLWVTaJMZMVM_ML.WVJTIVY]MLQLVW\U]KP
JMTQM^MQV[]KPIZO]UMV\[IVL\PMNIK\\PI\\PMZMITQbI\QWVWN\PM[M;MZJQIV
I[XQZI\QWV[_W]TLI\JM[\UMIV\PMLQ^Q[QWVWN\PM-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMaI[_MTTI[
\PI\\PQ[KW]TLJMUW[\MI[QTaKIZZQMLW]\_Q\P\PMPMTXIVL]VLMZ\PMXZW\MK
\QWVWN:][[QIUILMPQU\PMQZOZMI\M[\MVMUa
<PMW]\JZMMISWN\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[P_IZQV UIZSML\PMJMOQVVQVO
WNOZMI\PWXM[NWZ\PMUIRWZQ\aWN;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[<PM:][[QIV^QK\WZQM[
QV;UITT?ITTIKPQINZWU\PMJMOQVVQVOWN2IV]IZa <PQ[_IZKITTMLJa*MZVIZL
4WZaI[iNIT[MxZMIKPMLQ\[XMISQV\PM[XZQVO_PMV\PM:][[QIVIZUa[QMOML;QTQ[\ZQI
WV\PM,IV]JM_Q\PW]\[]KKM[[<PM:][[QIVIZUaèVITTa_Q\PLZM_QV2]VM I[
LMUIVLMLJa+W]V\6M[[MTZWLMIVL5IZ[PIT8I[SaM^QÍQV\PMMVLWN ?*I]UOIZ\
XX!{#*4WZai4I;MZJQMM\TI/]MZZMLM+ZQUMMx1TQRI/IZIIVQV { BJWZVQSZILWÎ[IUMLR]VIZWLVWOVI]ÍVWO[S]XIWLZIVWO!QLMKMUJZI! XW^WLWUOWLQVRQKMZWLRMVRI*MWOZIL!![\Z {QV;MZJQIV"8ZWKMMLQVO[
WN8IXMZ[NZWU\PM1V\MZVI\QWVIT;KQMV\QèK5MM\QVOPMTLWV!IVL,MKMUJMZ! WVWKKI[QWVWN\PM\PIVVQ^MZ[IZaWN\PMJQZ\P*MTOZILM!!XX <PM?IZQV\PM-I[\i<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[x,MKMUJMZ X! .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !
95
L]ZQVO\PMèZ[\LMKILMWN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]ZaMVIJTMLIVI]\WVWUW][M`
Q[\MVKMWN\PM;MZJQIVQV[]ZOMV\[\I\M)N\MZ\PM^QK\WZQM[QV\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[P
_IZQV !;MZJQI_I[OZIV\MLI]\WVWUaJa\PMXMIKM\ZMI\aXZW^Q[QWV[IVL
TI\MZ\PMTWVOXZWUQ[ML\MZZQ\WZQITM`XIV[QWV<PMOMVMZITJMTQMNXZMÎQTMLQV
;MZJQI \PI\ \PQ[ _IZ I[ _MTT KW]TL VW\ JM MVLML IVa LQNNMZMV\Ta .WVJTIVY]M
\PW]OP\\PI\\PMZM_I[VW\U]KPWVMKW]TLLWQVWZLMZ\WKPIVOM[]KPIVI\\Q
\]LMWN\PM;MZJQIVTMILMZ[0MPWXMLM^MVTM[[\PI\\PMLMMXZWW\ML:][[WXPQTM
LQ[XW[Q\QWVQV\PMXMWXTMKW]TLJMUILMPIZUTM[[)\\PI\UWUMV\PMPILVQKM
_WZL[\W[IaNWZ\_W;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[WVTa/IZIIVQVIVL5IZQVW^QË_PQTM
\PM;MZJQIVX]JTQK_I[KWV^QVKML\PI\.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVPILWVTaINM_
TWaITNWTTW_MZ[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a6M^MZ\PMTM[[ZMTaQVOWVPQ[MTM^MVaMIZ
TWVOSVW_TMLOMWN\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV;MZJQI.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PI\
\_WNIK\[_MZMKMZ\IQV"PMèZUTaJMTQM^ML\PI\LM[XQ\MUWUMV\IZaITTQIVKMWN
:][[QIIVL)][\ZQIVWVMWN\PMUPILIVaQV\MZM[\QVKZMI\QVO\PMMVTIZOMLIVL
M^MVTM[[\PMQVLMXMVLMV\;MZJQIV[\I\M#I[_MTTI[\PI\\PMQV\MZXZM\I\QWVWN\PM
8WZ\M{IKKWZLQVO\W_PQKP\PMIOZMMUMV\[JM\_MMV:][[QIIVL\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZM _MZM IVV]TTML _Q\P \PM JMOQVVQVO WN \PM [\I\M WN _IZ \WOM\PMZ _Q\P
\PMU\PMI]\WVWUaWN;MZJQI{_W]TLPI^M[QUQTIZKI\I[\ZWXPQKKWV[MY]MVKM[
[IUMI[\PMLQ^Q[QWVWN\PM-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMa0M[I_\PM[WT]\QWVQV\PM*ZQ\Q[P
QVQ\QI\Q^M)[Q\QV\MVLML\W[]XXWZ\\PMKWVèZUI\QWVWNI]\WVWUW][ZQOP\[WN
;MZJQI?ITTIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI PM I[[]UML \PI\ _Q\P \PM NWZMQOV []XXWZ\
/IZIIVQVIVL\PMOZW]XWNPQ[NWTTW_MZ[_PWU\PM?M[\MZVKWV\MUXWZIZQM[
KITTMLIXI\ZQW\QKVI\QWVITXIZ\a_W]TLJMIJTM\WZ]TM;MZJQIIVLOZIL]ITTa
KPIVOMQ\[+WV[\Q\]\QWV.WVJTIVY]M_I[KWV^QVKML\PI\XZ]LMV\ZMNWZU[IVL
\PMMVTIZOMUMV\WN;MZJQI_W]TLVW\WVTa[\ZMVO\PMV\PM7\\WUIVNZWV\TQVM
IOIQV[\:][[QIJ]\IT[W_MISMV\PMI[XQZI\QWV[WNW\PMZ*ITSIV+PZQ[\QIV[NWZ
M[\IJTQ[PQVOQVLMXMVLMV\[\I\M[1\[MMU[\PI\\PMQLMIIJW]\\PM\MZZQ\WZQITM`
XIV[QWVIVLKWV[\Q\]\QWVITZMKWV[\Z]K\QWVWN;MZJQI[\Z]KS.WVJTIVY]MQV\PM
JMOQVVQVOWNI]\]UVWN )TZMILaQV;MX\MUJMZPM_I[QVY]QZQVOIJW]\
\PMM\PVQKKWUXW[Q\QWVWN*]TOIZQIXZWUX\MLJa\PMIXXMIZIVKMWNITQVO]Q[\QK
UIXWV_PQKP\PM;W]\P;TI^WVQKZMOQWV[WN)][\ZQI_MZMUIZSMLIVL_PQKP
PMJMTQM^ML\WJM\PMXZWL]K\WN\PM:][[QIVXZWXIOIVLILQZMK\MLIOIQV[\>Q
MVVI0M_ZW\M\PMV\W+TIZMVLWVPW_\PM;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[KWV[QLMZML\PI\
;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS6W^Q;IL UIZ\ JZ[\ZQV;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV
,IQTa6W^Q;IL 5IZKP VWX
96
<PM4QVO]Q[\QK5IX8ZW^QLMLJa.WVJTIVY]M583!8:73-?
\PM ZQ^MZ 1[SIZ _I[ \PM VI\]ZIT JWZLMZ WN \PM ;MZJQIV M\PVQK \MZZQ\WZa QV \PM
-I[\1V\PMUQLLTMWN6W^MUJMZ_PMV\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[PPW[\QTQ\QM[WV\PM
,IV]JMPILITZMILa[\IZ\MLIVL\PMKZQ[Q[W^MZ\PM:][[QIV+WV[]T5W]KPQV
ZMIKPMLQ\[XMIS.WVJTIVY]M\PW]OP\\PI\\PM\QUMPILKWUMNWZ\PMLQXTW
UI\QK QVQ\QI\Q^M WN \PM ?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ 1V V]UMZW][ VMOW\QI\QWV[ _Q\P \PM
M`MZ\QWVWN\PMM^MZQVKZMI[QVOXZM[[]ZM[WV\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WKITTWNN
\PMQZPW[XQ\ITQ\a\W5W]KPQV\PM.ZMVKPIUJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_I[
\PMèZ[\\WQVNWZU\PM;MZJ[IJW]\\PMXZW[XMK\[NWZ\PMKWVèZUI\QWVWNI]
\WVWUaIVLQ\[x_QLMZJI[Q[y;QVKMPM[]KKMMLMLI\ILZIUI\QKUMM\QVOWV
\P6W^MUJMZLM[XQ\M\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIw[ZMILQVM[[\WXMZ[WVITTaKITTWNN\PM
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWVGGGGGGG;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W
6W Annus mirabilis – 1853
97
PW[XQ\ITQ\a\W\PM:][[QIV+WV[]TIVL\P][NZMM\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[WN\PQ[
]VXTMI[IV\VM[[\WXMZ[]ILM\PM8ZQVKMIVL;QUQË\WI[S5W]KPQV\PMU[MT^M[
\W TMI^M \PM \MZZQ\WZa WN ;MZJQI .WVJTIVY]M ][ML \PQ[ WKKI[QWV \W VMOW\QI\M
_Q\PW]\ KWV[]T\I\QVO :MLKTQNNM IVL +TIZMVLWV _Q\P \PM ;MZJQIV TMILMZ[ \PM
XZWOZIUIJW]\\PMM`\MV[QWVIVLZMNWZUWN\PM;MZJQIV[\I\MI[_MTTI[\PM
ZMIZZIVOMUMV\WNQ\[ZMTI\QWV[_Q\P\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM
.Q^MLIa[TI\MZPMQVNWZUML:MLKTQNNM\PI\PMZMIKPMLIVIOZMMUMV\I\
\PM [MXIZI\M UMM\QVO[ _Q\P \PM 8ZQVKM IVL 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ /IZIIVQV IJW]\
\PMMV\QZMXZWRMK\WN\PMZMKWV[\Z]K\QWVWN;MZJQIIVL\PM-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMa
.WVJTIVY]MVMMLML\PM8ZQVKMw[I]\PWZQ\aI[]VKMZ\IQVI[Q\_I[QVWZLMZ\W
XZM[MV\/IZIIVQV\WPQ[[]XMZQWZ[I[IVMOW\QI\WZWVIVMY]ITNWW\QVO<P][
\PM8ZQVKM[\I\MLI\\PMUMM\QVO\PI\PMPILPQU[MTNZMKWOVQbML\PMM`\ZMUM
XZW:][[QIVWZQMV\I\QWVWN;QUQËI]\PWZQbQVO/IZIIVQV\WKWV\QV]M\PM\ITS[
_Q\P\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZIT<PMM`\MV\\W_PQKPPM_I[]V[]ZMPQU[MTNQV
\PM[\MXPMPILR][\]VLMZ\ISMV[PW_MLPQ[KIZM\PI\VWJWLaM^MV;QUQËPQU
[MTN_I[\WJMIKY]IQV\MLI\IVaKW[\[_Q\P\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[]VLMZ_Ia.WV
JTIVY]M IVL /IZIIVQV QUUMLQI\MTa IOZMML ]XWV \PZMM [\IZ\QVO XWQV\[ \P][
[QUXTQNaQVO\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[/IZIIVQVIOZMML\PI\\PMXZWOZIU[PW]TLJMNWZ
\IK\QKITZMI[WV[QV\PMKWUXM\Q\QWVWN\PMXW_MZ[QVKWVéQK\I[_MTTI[W]\WN
KWV[QLMZI\QWV\W)][\ZQIQUXTMUMV\MLWVTaIN\MZ\PMMVLWN\PM_IZIVL\PI\
\PMZIQ[QVOWN;MZJQIQV\W\PMZIVSWNQVLMXMVLMV\[\I\M_W]TLJMXZMUI\]ZM
IVL LIVOMZW][ .WVJTIVY]M PW_M^MZ \IKQ\Ta IKKMX\ML \PI\ ;MZJQI _W]TL QV
M`KPIVOMNWZQ\[M`XIV[QWVIVL\PMZMNWZUWN\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVWNNMZTWaIT\aQV
[\MILWNITTQIVKMJMKI][MQ\[XIZ\QKQXI\QWVQV\PM_IZPILVW\JMMVUMV\QWVML
MQ\PMZQV\PMXZWRMK\WZQVIKKWUXIVaQVOTM\\MZ[I[_MTT\PI\QV\MZVITZMNWZU[
[PW]TLJMKIZZQMLW]\QVIKKWZLIVKM_Q\P\PM6I\QWVITXZQVKQXTM\PM6I\QWVIT
)LÎV\IOMZMOIZLTM[[WN8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZw[XMZ[WVITIUJQ\QWV[
6W .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM 6W^MUJMZ +WXa6W 1\_I[8PaTTQ[)]\a
_PWXWQV\MLW]\\W\PMM`Q[\MVKMWN\PQ[LWK]UMV\<PMLWK]UMV\_I[VW\M[XMKQITTa
XZM[MV\MLWV\PQ[WKKI[QWVJ]\TI\MZZM[MIZKPMZ[LQLVW\XIaOZMI\MZI\\MV\QWV\WQ\,]M
\WI\aXQVOMZZWZ\PMI]\PWZQV\PM\M`\LI\ML\PMXTIVI[WN 6W^MUJMZ _PQTMQ\[
KWZZMK\Y]W\I\QWV_I[OQ^MVQV\PMKWUUMV\[8P)]\aX
8ZWJIJTa\PQVSQVOWN\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMPMZMLQ\IZaZQOP\\W\PM\PZWVMJa
\PMNIUQTa3IZILRWZLRM^QË
98
<PM8ZW^Q[QWV[ILLML\WPQ[ZMXWZ\\W\PM)UJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM
WV 6W^MUJMZ _MZMQVNIK\.WVJTIVY]Mw[IVL/IZIIVQVw[XZWXW[Q
\QWVNWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWN\PM>QKM:MITUWN;MZJQI_Q\PQV\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM
<PMQLMIWN\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVOWN;MZJQII[\PM>QKM:MITUIVL\PM7\\WUIV-U
XQZMI[IL]ITQ[\QKUWVIZKPaPILVW\JMMV\PM[M\_WXWTQ\QKQIV[wWZQOQVITQLMI
.Q^MaMIZ[IOWI\\PM\QUM_PMV\PM?M[\MZV-]ZWXMPILJMMVKI]OP\QVI_I^M
WNZM^WT]\QWV[6QSWTIRM^QË\PM;MZJQIV3IXW]3MPIRIQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMPIL
UILMIXZWXW[Q\QWVNWZ\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PM;MZJQIV>QKM:MITUWVI[QUQTIZ
JI[Q[ +WV\ZIZa\W\PMWNNMZZMLXZWXW[Q\QWV_PQKP_I[[QUQTIZ\W5IZQVW^QËw[
XZWRMK\[\WXXMLI\Q\[èZ[\[\MXIVLZMUIQVMLTQUQ\ML\W\PMKWZZM[XWVLMVKM
JM\_MMVaW]VO;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[.WVJTIVY]M/IZIIVQVw[XZWRMK\ZMXZM[MV\
MLVM^MZ\PMTM[[\PM[MKWVL[\MXQV\PQ[LQZMK\QWV_PMVJW\P\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQI
IVL\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa_MZMQVKT]LMLQV\W\PMZMITQbI\QWVWN\PMXTIVIVL
_PMV\PM8WZ\MI[_MTTIT\PW]OPQVLQZMK\Ta_I[QVNWZUMLIJW]\Q\[KWV\MV\[
+WV\ZIZa\W\PM6QSWTIRM^QËw[XZWRMK\\PQ[WVMQUXTQMLITQUQ\MLM`XIV[QWVWN
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aJ]\IT[WQ\[QV\MZVITZMNWZU\PI\_W]TL[]Q\JW\P\PMQV\MZM[\[
WN/IZIIVQVw[XWTQ\QKITOZW]XIVLQV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITw[WXQVQWV\PM
7\\WUIVIVL*ZQ\Q[PQV\MZM[\[<PMèZ[\XZW^Q[QWVWN\PMXZWRMK\LMIT\QVNIK\
_Q\P\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMQV\MZVIT[\Z]K\]ZMWN\PMN]\]ZM[\I\M1\_I[MV^Q[IOML
NWZ;MZJQI\WOM\IZWTMIVL[\I\][QV-]ZWXM\PI\-OaX\ZMKMQ^MLWV\PMW\PMZ
XMZQXPMZaWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM1V\PQ[_Ia\PM;MZJQIVSQVOLWU_W]TLJM
ZMVM_ML\PM;]T\IV_W]TLVWUQVITTaPI^M\PMZWaIT\Q\TM_PQTM\PM+PZQ[\QIV
>QKM:Wa_W]TLKWV\QV]M\WZ]TMQ\[Î[[IT[\I\M<PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVWN\PQ[>QKM
:MITU_W]TLJMIVQUXZW^ML^MZ[QWVIVQUXZW^MLWZOIVQKTI_WN\PM<]ZS
Q[P !+WV[\Q\]\QWVIKKWZLQVO\W_PQKP\PMI]\PWZQ\aWN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT
_W]TLJMLQUQVQ[PMLQVNI^W]ZWN\PMxLMUWKZI\QKMTMUMV\y1V\PQ[OIUMIJW]\
\PMLMKZMI[QVOWN\PMQVé]MVKMWN\PMWTQOIZKPQKKW]VKQTQVNIUW][NWZQ\[:][
[WXPQTMWZQMV\I\QWV\PMKZMI\WZ[WN\PMXZWRMK\\ZQMLVW\\WOW\WWNIZIVLZMTa
\P
: 4R]QË 3VRQOI W 6IÍMZ\IVQR] [\Z { QV ;MZJQIV" <PM *WWS IJW]\
6IÍMZ\IVQM XX 1\ [MMU[ PW_M^MZ \PI\ 6QSWTIRM^QË _I[ VW\ QVNWZUML
IJW]\ \PM VMOW\QI\QWV[ IVL \PM KWV\MV\ WN \PM XZWRMK\ IOZMML ]XWV Ja .WVJTIVY]M
IVL/IZIIVQV<PMZMQ[VW\ZIKMIJW]\Q\QV6QSWTIRM^QËv[KWZZM[XWVLMVKMIVL2WÎV
:Q[\QËQVNIK\I[KZQJML\PMXZWRMK\UMUWQZNZWU \W\PM;MZJQIV3IXW]3MPIRIQV
+WV[\IV\QVWXTMLM\MZUQVQVO\PMUQVQU]UWN\PM;MZJQIVLMUIVL[<PMUMUWQZI[SML
NWZ\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PMQVLMXMVLMV\;MZJQIIVLQ\[M`XIV[QWV\W\PM\MZZQ\WZQM[WN
\PM;MZJQIV,M[XW\QK[\I\MIVLQ\[IKKM[[\W\PM[MII\*IZIVL=TKQVRIVL\PMI]\WVWUa
WN\PMKP]ZKP<PQ[XZWRMK\_I[XZM[MV\ML\W\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa2:Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ
3ZQU[SI^WRVI{QV;MZJQIV";MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
99
WVMY]ITTaTWaIT:][[QIIVLI[IZ]TMUWZM[MTN_QTTMLIVLZMKSTM[[QV[\Q\]\QWV
WN\PM6I\QWVIT)[[MUJTa!<PMa[I_\PMZMNWZM\PM[WT]\QWVQV\PMLMUWKZI
\QbI\QWVWN\PMM`Q[\QVOM`MK]\QWVITQV[\Q\]\QWVVIUMTa\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTIVL
TWKITU]VQKQXITJWLQM[1V\PQ[KI[M/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM\PM+PZQ[\QIV
XW_MZ[NZQMVLTa\W_IZL\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_W]TLO]IZIV\MM\PM[\I\][WN
;MZJQI<PM7\\WUIVIZUa_W]TLTMI^MITT[MKWVLZIVSMLNWZ\QèKI\QWV[QV
\PM>QKM:MITU1\KW]TLXI[[\PZW]OP;MZJQI_Q\PW]\[\IaQVO_PMV\PM[Q\]
I\QWV_I[XMIKMN]TWV\PM[PWZ\M[\_Ia\W*W[VQI_Q\PW]\\PMZQOP\\WWKK]Xa
\W_V[WVQ\[XI[[IOM<PMKWUXW[Q\QWVWN\PM*MTOZILMOIZZQ[WVZMUIQVML
IVWXMVQ[[]M]VLMZ\PMKWVLQ\QWV\PI\\PMXIZ\QM[JW]VL\PMU[MT^M[\PI\Q\
_W]TLVW\JMXW[[M[[MLJaIVaW\PMZIZUaJa\PM)][\ZQIVWZ:][[QIVQVIVa
KI[M_Q\PW]\\PMXZQWZIOZMMUMV\WN\PMx;]T\IVIVL3QVOyIVLVW\QNaQVO\PM
XZW\MK\QVOXW_MZ[<PM;MZJQIV[\IVLQVOIZUa_W]TLJMTQUQ\ML\W [WT
LQMZ[IVLQ\[MV\QZMKWUXW[Q\QWV_W]TLPI^M\_WLZIN\[IVLQ\_W]TLJM[QO
VQèKIV\TaUWZMV]UMZW][J]\\PM;]T\IVKW]TLJIV\PMUWJQTQbI\QWV]VLMZ
LW]J\N]TKQZK]U[\IVKM[
<PM_QLM[\ZMTQOQW][\WTMZIVKM_W]TLJMM[\IJTQ[PMLQV\PM>QKM:MITU
J]\\PM7Z\PWLW`+P]ZKP_W]TLJMM[\IJTQ[PMLI[\PM[\I\MZMTQOQWV<PM+WV
[\IV\QVWXTM8I\ZQIZKP_W]TLJMI\\PMPMILWN\PMKP]ZKPPQMZIZKPaI[I[XQZQ
\]ITPMILIVL\PM>QKM:WaI[I[MK]TIZWVM+Q^QT+WLM_W]TLJMQUXZW^ML
IVL [QUXTQèML IKKWZLQVO \W \PM UWLMT WN \PM +WLM 6IXWTMWV _PMZMI[ \PM
+ZQUQVIT+WLM_W]TLIT[WJM[QUXTQèMLIVLNZMMWNTMOITIUJQO]Q\QM[
<PM Y]M[\QWV WN \PM \MZZQ\WZQIT M`XIV[QWV WN ;MZJQI ZMXZM[MV\ML VI\]
ZITTa\PMUW[\QV\MZM[\QVO[MOUMV\WN\PQ[IOZMMUMV\:W]OPTa;MZJQI_W]TL
M`XIVL\W_IZL\PM;W]\PIVL\PM-I[\QV[]KPI_Ia\PI\Q\[\MZZQ\WZaI\\PI\
\QUM_W]TLJMQVKZMI[MLNWZITUW[\\PZMM\QUM[<PMJWZLMZ[WN\PM;MZJQIV
!
.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PM\ZILQ\QWVIT;MZJQIV)[[MUJTa\WJMIVWKPTWKZI\QK
QV[\Q\]\QWVQUUI\]ZM\WXIZ\QKQXI\MQVXWTQ\QK[.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM
6W^MUJMZ +WXa6W!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM 6W^MUJMZ +WXa6W 8ZWXW[Q\QWV
1JQL8ZWXW[Q\QWV
;UMLMZM^W;WSWT1JQL8ZWXW[Q\QWV
1JQL8ZWXW[Q\QWV
1JQL8ZWXW[Q\QWV
1JQL8ZWXW[Q\QWV!
)N\MZ \PM \MZZQ\WZa WN \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI IUW]V\ML \W SU)KKWZLQVO\W.WVJTIVY]M{/IZIIVQVw[XZWXW[IT\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN\PM>QKM:MITU
_W]TLIUW]V\\WIJW]\!SU.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ
.7 !+WXa6W 8ZWXW[Q\QWV
100
<PM;MZJQIV>QKM:MITU
101
>QKM:MITU_W]TLJM[M\QVIKKWZLIVKM_Q\P\PMM\PVQKIVL\WITM[[MZM`\MV\
OMWOZIXPQKXZQVKQXTM[<PMJWZLMZ_W]TLNWTTW_\PMKW]Z[MWN\PM,IV]JM]X
\W \PM UW]\P WN \PM ZQ^MZ 1[SIZ IVL NZWU \PMZM ]X[\ZMIU \W Q\[ [W]ZKM VMIZ
;WèI <PM LQZMK\QWV WN \PM JWZLMZQVO TQVM \W JM LZI_V NZWU \PMZM \W \PM
?M[\ _I[ VW\ KTMIZ <PM XZWRMK\ [\QTT MV^Q[IOML IVVM`QVO \PM ZMOQWV WN 6W^Q
8IbIZ\W;MZJQIIVLIZI\PMZ]VKTMIZTaLMèVMLZMOQWVWN=XXMZ)TJIVQI1\_I[
TWOQKIT\W\ISM\PI\\PMUW]V\IQVUI[[Q^MWNoIZIQUXW[MLQ\[MTNI[IJWZLMZ
[W\PI\\PMZMOQWV[WN8MËIVL8ZQbZMV_W]TLJMQVKT]LMLQV\W\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN
\PM>QKM:MITU\PI\PMTLI^MZa[QOVQèKIV\XTIKMQV\PM;MZJQIV\ZILQ\QWVIVL
\PMQZIVVMÌ\QWV\W;MZJQIZMXZM[MV\MLIV]VI^WQLIJTMXIZ\WNITTXTIV[NWZ\PM
ZMVM_ITWN\PM;MZJQIV[\I\M)OZMI\MZXIZ\WN\PM3W[W^WIVL5M\WPQRIZMOQWV
_W]TLJMQVIVaKI[MQVKT]LMLQV\W\PMMV^Q[IOML>QKM:MITUJMKI][M.WVJ
TIVY]M\PW]OP\;MZJQI[PW]TLPI^M\PMIKKM[[\W\PM[MIJMKI][MQ\_I[\PMUW[\
QUXWZ\IV\XZMZMY]Q[Q\MNWZ\PMMUIVKQXI\QWVWNQ\[MKWVWUaIVL\PMXZW\MK
\QWVWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PQV\MZM[\[I\\PM*ITSIV[<PMXZWRMK\\P][MV^Q[IOMLNWZ\PM
>QKM:MITUWN;MZJQI\WPI^MIKKM[[\W\PM)LZQI\QK;MIKWI[\[\IZ\QVONZWU\PM
[W]\PWN4RM)TM[[QW\W\PMVWZ\P_M[\MZVIKKM[[\W=TKQVR,]TKQOVWQV\PM
TMVO\PWNIJW]\èN\aSQTWUM\MZ[4RMIVL=TKQVR_W]TLJMKWUMNZMMXWZ\[NWZ
ITTKW]V\ZQM[QVITTQIVKM_Q\P\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_PQTM\PMQUXWZ\K][\WU[
L]\QM[QNLQNNMZMV\NZWUK][\WUIZa_W]TLJMMY]ITQbML 6WZ\PNZWU=TKQVR\PMVM_JWZLMZ[_W]TLJMRWQVML\W\PM5WV\MVMOZQV
JWZLMZ[QVKWZXWZI\QVO\PQ[ZMOQWVQV\W\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN\PM>QKM:MITU!<PQ[
xXZMLI\WZa[UITT[\I\My_PW[MTW_[QOVQèKIVKM_I[ZM^MZ[MTaXZWXWZ\QWVI\M\W
Q\[XW[[QJTMQUXIK\WV\PMXMIKMQV\PM-]ZWXM_W]TLJM\P][VM]\ZITQbML
.WVJTIVY]M IKKMX\ML []KP I [WT]\QWV WN \PM 5WV\MVMOZQV Y]M[\QWV XZQUIZ
QTaPI^QVOJMMV_WVW^MZJa/IZIIVQVw[IZO]UMV\[IKKWZLQVO\W_PQKP\PM
XWX]TI\QWVWN\PQ[XWWZZMOQWV_PWU\PMPQ[\WZQKITNI\MKZ]MTVI\]ZMIVLIZQL
.WVJTIVY]MIKKMX\ML\PMIZO]UMV\[WN[WUM;MZJQIVKWTTWK]\WZ[IKKWZLQVO
\W_PWU\PMZMOQWVQV_PQKP\PMXWX]TI\QWV[XMISQVO;MZJQIVTIVO]IOMKIUMI[NIZ
I[6QSWXWTR_PQTMITQ\\TMN]Z\PMZ\W\PM-I[\Q\_I[KWV[QLMZIJTaQV\MZUQ`ML_Q\P\PM
?ITTIKPQIV <]ZSQ[P IVL \PM /ZMMS TIVO]IOM[ .WVJTIVY]M \W +TIZMVLWV GGGGGGG
;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W
6W 8ZWXW[Q\QWV !
1JQL8ZWXW[Q\QWV
;ZJ[SMVW^QVMUIZ\ JZ@@OWL[\Z!QV;MZJQIV";MZJQIV
,IQTa5IZKP VW@@aZX!
102
TIVL \]ZVML QV\W ZWJJMZ[ Ja \ZILM _W]TL QUUMLQI\MTa UQ` _Q\P \PM XWX]
TI\QWV WN ;MZJQI /IZIIVQV KTIQUML \PI\ XZ]LMV\ KWTWVQbI\QWV XWTQKa _W]TL
TMIL QV M^MV \_W \PQZL[ WN 5WV\MVMOZQV[ TMI^QVO \PMQZ PWUMTIVL QV I [PWZ\
\QUMIVL[M\\TMITTW^MZ;MZJQI<PM5WV\MVMOZQVY]M[\QWV_W]TLJM[WT^MLQV
\PQ[_IaIVL5WV\MVMOZW_PW[MTMILMZ[PILXZM^QW][TaXMZ[Q[\MV\TaZMN][ML
M^MV\PMVW\QWVWN\PMQZKW]V\ZaJMQVOIXIZ\WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_W]TL
OM\NWZUIT[\I\][IKKMX\IJTM\W\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[I[IXIZ\WN\PMI]\WVWUW][
>QKM:MITU.ZWU\PMVWZ\PMZVXIZ\WN5WV\MVMOZW\PMJWZLMZ_W]TLM`\MVL
\W_IZL*W[VQIIVLZMIKPQVO\PMWTLJWZLMZWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIWV\PM
ZQ^MZ,ZQVI
<PMTI[\8ZW^Q[QWV[PW_[VM^MZ\PMTM[[\PM\Z]MOWITWN\PMXZWRMK\IVL
NIZZMIKPQVOKWV[MY]MVKM[WNQ\[QUXTMUMV\I\QWVKW]V\MLWVJa.WVJTIVY]M
IVL/IZIIVQV+WV\ZIZa\W\PMW\PMZXZWRMK\[NWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWN\PM;MZJQIV
QVLMXMVLMV\[\I\M\PQ[\QUM\PMZMOQWV[WN*W[VQIIVL0MZbMOW^QVI_W]TLVW\
JMQVKWZXWZI\MLQVQ\I[_MTTI[\PMZMOQWV[WN5IKMLWVQIXWX]TI\MLJa\PM;TI
^WVQKIVL;MZJQIVXWX]TI\QWV6M^MZ\PMTM[[M`KMMLQVOJaNIZ\PM;MZJQIVM\P
VQK\MZZQ\WZQM[\PM;MZJQIV>QKM:MITU_W]TLJMJW]VL\WMVKW]ZIOM\WOM\PMZ
_Q\PQ\[[]bMZIQVIVLXZW\MK\QVOXW_MZ[\PMQUUQOZI\QWVWN\PMVMQOPJW]ZQVO
;TI^WVQKIVL+PZQ[\QIVXWX]TI\QWV\WQ\[\MZZQ\WZa<PQ[_W]TLJMI]VQY]M
VI\QWVITZMNWZUWN\PM-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMa_PMZM\PMM`KPIVOMWNXWX]TI\QWV
QUXWZ\IV\NWZ;MZJQIIVLNIQZTaILÎV\IOMW][NWZ\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQV\MZ
M[\[I[_MTT_W]TLJMKIZZQMLW]\<PM<]ZSQ[PMTMUMV\_W]TLJM[\ZMVO\PMVML
QV\PMW\PMZ-]ZWXMIVXW[[M[[QWV[WN\PM-UXQZM\PMN]\]ZMMUIVKQXI\QWVWN
*]TOIZQIV[IVL)TJIVQIV[UILMUWZMLQNèK]T\IVL\PMQZKWWXMZI\QWV_Q\P\PM
;MZJ[UILMQUXW[[QJTM1VILLQ\QWV\WITT\PQ[;MZJQIKZMI\MLJa\PMOWWL_QTT
WN\PM8WZ\MIVL[Y]MMbMLQVJM\_MMV:W]UMTQIIVL*W[VQI_W]TL\]ZVQ\[
VI\QWVITI[XQZI\QWV[\W_IZL)][\ZQI\PMITTaWN:][[QI
.WVJTIVY]M/IZIIVQVw[XTIVLQLVW\PI^MIUI\KPQVQ\[KWUXZMPMV
[Q^MVM[[IUWVOKWV\MUXWZIZa[\I\MIVLZMNWZUXZWOZIU[XZM[MV\ML\W\PMNWZ
MQOVLQXTWUIKQM[5]KPTI\MZI\\PMMVLWN2IV]IZa )TMS[I2IVSW^QËQVPQ[
KWV^MZ[I\QWV_Q\P7ZTW^[XWSMIJW]\\PMXZM\MV[QWV[\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aM`XMK\ML
I[ I ZM_IZL NWZ RWQVQVO \PM _IZ WV \PM [QLM WN :][[QI <PZMM LMUIVL[ \PI\
2IVSW^QËXZM[MV\MLX]\\PMMÎK]I\QWVWN\W_V[QV\W\PMèZ[\XTIVIVLWVTa
QVKI[MWN^QK\WZa{\PMM`XIV[QWVWN;MZJQI\W_IZL*W[VQIIVLx7TL;MZJQIy
1JQL8ZWXW[Q\QWV
103
IVLQ\[XZWKTIUI\QWVNWZ\PMQVLMXMVLMV\SQVOLWU<PM:][[QIVLQXTWUI\
LQLVW\\ISMIVaWJTQOI\QWV[\W_IZL\PM;MZJ[J]\QVKI[MWN;MZJQIMV\MZQVO
\PM_IZIVLQ\[^QK\WZa[]KPKWVKM[[QWV[_MZM[MMVI[KMZ\IQVTaPWXMN]T<PM
:][[QIVXIZ\aQV;MZJQIXZM[MV\ML[QUQTIZLMUIVL[QVQ\[KWZZM[XWVLMVKM_Q\P
.WV\WV 6M^MZ\PMTM[[ _PQTM .WVJTIVY]Mw[ XZWRMK\ _I[ UILM IVL WNNMZZML I\
\PM\QUMXZMKMLQVO\PMXMISWN\PMLQXTWUI\QKKZQ[Q[\PM:][[QIVXIZ\aw[UW^M
KIUM\WWTI\M?PMVQV5Ia ;\MNIV;\MNIVW^QË<MVSINWZ_IZLMLPQ[XZWR
MK\NWZ\PMLQ^Q[QWVWN\PM-]ZWXMIV<]ZSMa\W\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[
QV;\8M\MZ[J]ZO\PMNI\MWN\PM_IZWV\PM,IV]JMPILITZMILaJMMVLMKQLML
\W\PMLIUIOMWN:][[QI+WV\ZIZa\W.WVJTIVY]M/IZIIVQVw[XTIVVWVMWN
\PMIJW^MUMV\QWVMLXZWXW[Q\QWV[QUXTQML\PMQV\MZVITZMNWZUWN;MZJQI
,M[XQ\M JMQVO M`KMTTMV\Ta LM^Q[ML IVL \PM \QUM NWZ UISQVO Q\ X]JTQK
KIZMN]TTa KPW[MV \PM XZWRMK\ NWZ \PM M[\IJTQ[PQVO WN \PM ;MZJQIV>QKM:MITU
_I[KWVLMUVML\WNIQT]ZM2]LOQVO\PI\Q\_W]TLJMXW[[QJTM\WKIZZaQ\W]\WVTa
IN\MZ\PM_IZQ\[I]\PWZ[WUQ\\ML\WUMV\QWV\PI\M^MVQV\PQ[KI[MQ\_W]TLJM
XW[[QJTM\WLW[W[]KKM[[N]TTaWVTaQNQVILLQ\QWV\W:][[QI)][\ZQI_I[LMNMI\ML
I[_MTT0W_M^MZITZMILaQV\PMI]\]UVWN Q\JMKIUMKTMIZ\W\PMTMILMZ[
WN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa\PI\)][\ZQIQV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO_IZ_W]TLVW\WVTa
ZMUIQVW]\WNQ\J]\\PI\èVITTa\PMNIK\QWVQVKTQVML\W_IZL\PM?M[\MZVXW_
MZ[_W]TLXZMÎQTQVQ\[OW^MZVUMV\*M[QLM[\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_I[VW\
ZMILa\WKWV\ZQJ]\MJaQ\[MTN\W\PM[]KKM[[WNQ\[;]bMZIQVIVLQ\[ITTQM[IVL\PM
VMIZN]\]ZM_W]TLèVLQ\[TMILMZ[PQXM^MVUWZM]VLMKQLMLIVLUWZM\PIV[][
XQKQW][JMKI][MWNQ\[WJ^QW][IVL^MZaQUXZ]LMV\KWVVMK\QWV[_Q\P:][[QI
<PQ[_I[_PaITZMILaQV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN,MKMUJMZ:MLKTQNNMQVPQ[ZMXWZ\\W
+TIZMVLWVKWV[QLMZML.WVJTIVY]Mw[QVQ\QI\Q^M\WJM_Q\PW]\IXXZWÎTIVL\PM
XZWRMK\NWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWN\PM>QKM:MITUI[]VZMITQ[\QK<PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[
)TMS[I 2IVSW^QË { SVMb] *MÍ NMJZ]IZ 2 :Q[\QË [\Z ! QV
;MZJQIV")TMS[I2IVSW^QË\W\PM8ZQVKM>QMVVI.MJZ]IZa 2:Q[\QËX!
<MVSIv[XTIVMV^Q[IOML\ISQVOI_IaWN\PM-]ZWXMIVXW[[M[[QWV[NZWU\PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZMIVL\PMQZLQ^Q[QWVIUWVO/ZMMKM;MZJQIIVL*]TOIZQI)KKWZLQVO\W
\PQ[XTIV;MZJQI[PW]TLJWZLMZ*]TOIZQI_Q\P\PMZQ^MZ[1[SIZIVL5M[\I/ZMMKMI\\PM
JWZLMZ[WN\PMIV\QY]M5IKMLWVQIIVL\PMUW]V\IQV[WN8ZWSTM\QRM1\Q[QV\MZM[\QVO
\PI\IKKWZLQVO\W\PQ[XTIV;MZJQIOM\[IVIKKM[[\W\PM)MOMIV;MINZWU\PMUW]\P
WN\PMZQ^MZ5M[\I\W3IÎTIQVKT]LQVO\PM5W]V\)\PW[IVL<PM[[ITWVQSQJ]\VW\
\W\PM)LZQI\QK;MIIT\PW]OPQ\_W]TLQVKT]LM\PMZMOQWV[WN;SILIZIVL*W[VQIIVL
0MZbMOW^QVI.QVITTa5WV\MVMOZW_W]TLVW\JMIVVM`ML\W;MZJQI,;\ZIVRISW^QË
8TIV;\MNIVI;\MNIVW^QËI<MVSMWXWLMTQM^ZWX[SM<]Z[SMQb OWLQVMi8WTQ\QSIx{
104
[ILWZI\\PM8WZ\MKTIQUML\PI\\PMZM_I[VWxQUUMLQI\MVMMLyNWZ[]KPIVIK
\Q^Q\aIVL\PI\Q\[QUXTMUMV\I\QWV_W]TLOQ^MZQ[M\WVM_PWXM[IVLPIVLW^MZ
\PM;MZJ[\W\PM:][[QIV[1VPQ[\ITS_Q\P:M[PQL8I[PI:MLKTQNNMUMV\QWVML
\PMKWVèZUI\QWVWN\PMITZMILaM`Q[\QVOI]\WVWUaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aI[QU
UMLQI\M[\MX[NWZ\PMXIKQNaQVOWN;MZJ[Q\[MY]ITQbQVO_Q\P?ITTIKPQIIVL5WT
LI^QIIVLWNNMZZQVO\PMXZW[XMK\WNKWV[\Q\]\QWVITZMNWZU[<PQ[_I[NWTTW_ML
Ja:MLKTQNNMw[[PIZX_IZVQVO\W\PM;MZJQIVIOMV\I\\PM8WZ\MPW_M[[MV\QITQ\
_I[NWZ;MZJQIVQV\MZM[\[\PI\\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aZMUIQVMLQVXMIKM-`XTIQVQVO\W
+TIZMVLWV\PMX]ZXW[MN]TVM[[WN[]KPIUW^M:MLKTQNNMMUXPI[QbML\PI\IN\MZ
PQ[\ITS_Q\P:M[PQL8I[PI\PM8WZ\MPILITZMILa[\IZ\MLXZMXIZQVOI0I\Q[PMZQN
\WKWVèZU\PMI]\WVWUaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI
UIR![\Z{QV;MZJQIV";\MNIV;\MNIVW^QK{<MVSIw[8TIVWV,Q^Q[QWVWN\PM
<]ZSMaQV-]ZWXMWN 8WTQ\QSI{5Ia!XX+WV\MUXWZIZa:][[QIV
PQ[\WZQIV2WUQVQW\PMZ_Q[M^MZ[MLQV\PM;\8M\MZ[J]ZOv[LQXTWUI\QKIZKPQ^M[LQLVW\
UMV\QWV<MVSIw[XZWRMK\2WUQVQ-\]LMLQXTWUI\QY]M[]ZTIO]MZZMLM+ZQUMM {
XIZ]VIVKQMV\LQXTWUI\M8IZQ[ :MLKTQNNM\W+TIZMVLWV,MKMUJMZ .7 !I6W
+0)8<-:<0:--
)66=;*-441{ <=:616/8716<16<0-?):<0-7:1-6<)<1767.)=;<:1)
1V.MJZ]IZa \PM;\I\M+W]V[MTTWZ2MZMUQRI;\IVWRM^QË_I[LQ[XI\KPML
\WWVMWN\PMè^MVM_TaM[\IJTQ[PMLUQTQ\IZaLQ[\ZQK\[.Q^M;\I\M+W]V[MTTWZ[
X]\\PMU[MT^M[I\\PMPMILWN\PMXMWXTMw[IZUaQV\PMZMOQWV[LM\MZUQVMLNWZ
\PI\WKKI[QWV<PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\PWXML\PI\QVKI[MWN\ZW]JTMQ\KW]TL
KW]V\WVIJW]\WVMP]VLZML\PW][IVLUMV]VLMZIZU[;\IVWRM^QËI_IZMWN
\PM [MZQW][VM[[ WN \PI\ UWUMV\ [MV\ \PM NWTTW_QVO LZIUI\QK KQZK]TIZ \W \PM
TWKITI]\PWZQ\QM["
xjaW]UIaQVNWZUM^MZaJWLa\PI\Q\Q[\PM_Q[PWN0Q[0QOPVM[[\PM
8ZQVKM\W][M\WOM\PMZ_Q\PPQ[OW^MZVUMV\8ZI^Q\MTR[\^WITTXW[[QJTMUMIV[
\WXZW\MK\\PMXMWXTMIVLW]Z.I\PMZTIVLNZWU\PM_IZIVL\PMJTWWL[PMLIVL
I\\PM[IUM\QUM\WOM\\PMXMWXTMZMILaNWZ\PMLMNMVKMWNW]ZUW[\JMTW^ML
.I\PMZTIVL[W\PI\Q\_W]TLJMIJTMQVKI[MWNI\\IKSWVIVaXIZ\WN\PQ[TIVL
IVLW]ZNZMMLWUXIQLQVJTWWL\WWNNMZ[\ZWVOZM[Q[\IVKM_WZ\PaWN\PM;MZJQIV
XMWXTMj
j <PM <]ZSQ[P IZUa Q[ [Q\]I\ML IZW]VL W]Z JWZLMZ[ WZ VW\ NIZ NZWU
\PMUIVLQ\_I\KPM[][.ZWU\PM)][\ZQIV[QLMIOIQV\PM)][\ZQIVIZUaPI[\PM
[IUM\I[S.ZWU\PM[QLMWN?ITTIKPQI\PM:][[QIVIZUQM[[\QTTQV_IZ_Q\P\PM
<]ZS[PI^MOW\KTW[MZ\WW]ZJWZLMZ[)VLNZWUW\PMZ[QLM[\PZW]OPXWTQ\QKIT
_Ia[I[XMKQITIVL[MZQW][QV\MZM[\Q[LQZMK\MLI\][IVLW]ZIK\[?MIZMJMQVO
\PZMI\MVML"QNI[UITTM[\]VZM[\\ISM[XTIKMQVW]ZKW]V\ZaWZQNQ\[MMU[\W\PM
XIZ\QKQXIV\[WN\PM_IZ\PI\_MPI^M^QWTI\ML\PMXZM[KZQJMLTI_[\PM[MIZUQM[
_QTTI\\IKSW]Z.I\PMZTIVLIVLKWVY]MZ][Ja\PMNWZKMWNIZU[
1\ Q[ [IQL \PI\ QN WVM _PWM^MZw[ NWZMQOV IZUa Q\ UQOP\ JM _W]TL [\MX
WVW]ZTIVL\PMW\PMZ\_W_W]TLQUUMLQI\MTaLW\PM[IUM1V\PQ[_IaW]Z
.I\PMZTIVL_QTTJMKWUMI]VQ^MZ[ITJI\\TMèMTLIPMIZ\PWNJTWWLa_IZ[W\PI\
W]ZOMVMZIT_MTTJMQVO_W]TLJMLM[\ZWaMLIVL_ZMKSML\PMXWTQ\QKITJMQVOWN
106
;MZJQIèVITTaP]UQTQI\MLIVLPWZZQJTMZ]QVUQ[MZaIVLLQ[I[\MZNWZ\PMMV\QZM
.I\PMZTIVL\PMMV\QZMXMWXTM_W]TL\ISMXTIKMy
)T\PW]OPM^MZa\PQVOXWQV\MLW]\\W\PMKMZ\IQV\aWN\PMQUXMVLQVOMV\Za
WN\PM:][[QIVIZUaQV\W;MZJQI\PMJMOQVVQVOWN LQLVW\JZQVOIVa\PQVO
VM_5WZMW^MZ\PMZ]UW]Z[JMOIVQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIJW]\XW[[QJTM:][[QIV
_Q\PLZI_ITNZWU?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI<PM:][[QIVNWTTW_MZ[\ZQML\WLMVa
[]KPVM_[[IaQVOPW_\PMIZZQÎTWNWVM:][[QIV]VQ\QV\PMMI[\MZVXIZ\[WN
;MZJQI_I[XW[[QJTMM^MV]VLMZKMZ\IQVKQZK]U[\IVKM[<PMaSMX\[\I\QVO\PI\
;MZJQI U][\ VW\ IKKMX\ KPIVOM[ WN IVa SQVL QV \PM NWZUIT LMèVQ\QWV WN Q\[
I]\WVWUaI[[MZ\QVO\PI\VW\WVTa\PMIVV]TUMV\WN\PM:][[QIVXZW\MK\WZI\M
J]\IVaKPIVOMWNXZM^QW][0I\Q[PMZQN[_W]TLKWV\ZQJ]\M\W\PMN]\]ZMXZIK\QKIT
IVV]TUMV\WN\PM;MZJQIV[W^MZMQOV\aQ\[MTN
<PMVM_[[XZMILQVOQV;MZJQIIJW]\\PM:][[QIV_Q\PLZI_IT_MZMVW\
OZW]VLTM[[ <PM 8WZ\M \PI\ PIL N]TTa ZMKW^MZML LQXTWUI\QK QVQ\QI\Q^M ITZMILa
QV\PM[XZQVOTI[\aMIZIVLL]ZQVO\PMI]\]UVQV[XQ\MWN\PMLMNMI\I\;QVWX
TML QZZMKWVKQTIJTM IVL JMTTQOMZMV\ XWTQKa \W \PM ]\UW[\ Z][PML \W QVNWZU
WNèKQITTa JW\P \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ IVL \PM NWZMQOV KWV[]T[ IJW]\ \PM
]T\QUI\]U OQ^MV \W 8ZQVKM 5MV[PQSW^ Ja \PM ?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ 1bbM\ 8I[PI
MV\P][QI[\QKITTaUILMQ\X]JTQKPW_\PMKWUUIVLMZWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PéMM\IN\MZ
\PMITTQML_IZ[PQX[[IQTMLQV\W\PM*TIKS;MIPILOQ^MV8ZQVKM5MV[PQSWÎV
]T\QUI\]UIK\]ITTaLMUIVLQVO\PMTQJMZI\QWVWN\PM:WUIVQIVXZQVKQXITQ\QM[
-^MV.WVJTIVY]M_I[VW\XZMXIZML\WJMTQM^MQV\PM8WZ\Mw[VM_[ZMN][QVOM^MV
\PMUMZM\PW]OP\\PI\\PM*ZQ\Q[PéMM\KW]TLJWUJIZL\PMKWUUMZKQITKQ\QM[
WZVMOW\QI\M\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[_Q\P5MV[PQSW^_PW
PILVW\M^MVJMMVI]\PWZQbMLNWZ[WUM\PQVOTQSM\PI\1\Q[VW\KMZ\IQV_PM\PMZ
PM[PIZMLPQ[LW]J\[_Q\P\PM;MZJQIVXZQVKMI[_MTTJ]\\PMTI\\MZZ][PML\W
2 ;\IVWRM^QË NMJZ]IZ 2;); QV ;MZJQIV" 2 ;\IVWRM^QË .MJZ]IZa 2; ); 4MWXWTL :IVSM _ZW\M"i<PI\ _I[ I [QOVQèKIV\ M^MV\
QUXW[[QJTM\WNWZOM\QV\PMPQ[\WZaWN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za\PI\\PM]VIZUMLXMWXTM
{_Q\PR][\ITQ\\TMWXXWZ\]VQ\a\WLQ[XTIaQ\[UQTQ\IZaXW_MZ{LMKQLMLI\\PM\QUMWN
\PMOZMI\-]ZWXMIVKZQ[Q[\W]VLMZ\ISM\PMUMI[]ZM[\WLMNMVLQ\[QVLMXMVLMVKM_Q\P
IZU[IVLITTQ\[UQOP\JMKI][M_Q\PW]\\PMQVLMXMVLMVKMWNIZU[\PMZMQ[VWXWTQ\QKIT
QVLMXMVLMVKMI\ITTWV\PQ[-IZ\PxX!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 +WXa6W
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM!2IV]IZa .7 ?*I]UOIZ\XX{ Annus belli – 1854
107
\PM*MTOZILM8I[PI\WXMZ[WVITTaM`XZM[[PQ[LW]J\[QV\W\PMIKK]ZIKaWN\PM
ZMKMQ^MLVM_[1V\PQ[_IaPMWVTaILLQ\QWVITTaKWUXZWUQ[MLPQU[MTNJMNWZM
\PM8WZ\M1\[MMUMLI[QN.WVJTIVY]MNMT\KWUXI[[QWVNWZIUWUMV\\W_IZL\PM
;MZJQIVZ]TMZ_PW_I[W^MZXW_MZMLVW\WVTaJa_MISVM[[M[J]\_I[NZMY]MV\Ta
[PW_QVOI[]ZXZQ[QVOTIKSWNZM[W]ZKMN]TVM[[QV[MV[Q\Q^MLQXTWUI\QKQ[[]M[<PQ[
_I[_PaPMPILIUMM\QVO_Q\PPQUIVLIL^Q[MLPQUVW\\WNWTTW_\PM:][[QIV
IL^QKM IVa UWZM M`KT][Q^MTa IQUML \W ]X[M\ PQ[ ZMTI\QWV[ _Q\P \PM 8WZ\M 0M
LM[KZQJML\W\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ\PI\\PM0I\Q[PMZQNIJW]\\PMKWVèZUI\QWVWN
\PM ;MZJQIV XZQ^QTMOM[ _I[ IV M`XZM[[QWV WN \PM ;]T\IVw[ JMVM^WTMVKM _PQTM
PMKITTMLN]Z\PMZUIQV\MVIVKMWNZMO]TIZZMTI\QWV[_Q\P:][[QIIx\ZMI[WVy0M
_I[IOIQVNWZKML\WTQ[\MV\W\PM8ZQVKMTIUMV\QVOPW_QVKI[MWNWVM[QLML
IVV]TUMV\WN\PM:][[QIVXZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ;MZJQIPQ[XW[Q\QWV_W]TLJMKWUM
]V\MVIJTM<PM;MZJQIVXZQVKM_PQ[XMZQVOTaKWUXTIQVMLWN\PM[\ZWVOXZM[[]ZM
WN\PMx:][[QIVIL^WKI\M[y;QUQËIVL<MVSI_PW_MZM[Q\\QVOI\\PI\UWUMV\
QV\PMVM`\ZWWU.QVITTaWVMUWZMXZWUQ[MNWTTW_ML\PI\\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQI
_W]TLVW\]VLMZ\ISMIVa\PQVO_Q\PW]\\PMXZQWZIOZMMUMV\_Q\P.WVJTIVY]M
PQU[MTN
<PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[_MZMVW\I[IZ]TM\WW[QVKMZM_Q\P\PM+WV[]T[WN
/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM;UITT\PQVO[WNINWZUITVI\]ZMUILM\PQ[QV[QVKMZQ\a
WJ^QW][<P][\PM8ZQVKMIXWTWOQbML\W.WVJTIVY]MNWZVW\QV^Q\QVOPQU\W\PM
6M_AMIZZMKMX\QWVR][\QNaQVOPQU[MTNJaPQ[QVR]ZMLNWW\<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T
PW_M^MZVW\QKML\PMTIKSWNK][\WUIZaKWVOZI\]TI\WZa^Q[Q\[UILMMIZTQMZJa
\PM8ZM[QLMV\IVL\PMUMUJMZ[WN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT;WUM;MZJQIVUQVQ[\MZ[
XIQLPQUI^Q[Q\J]\\PMZM_MZMLQOVQ\IZQM[_PWR][\QèML\PMQZVWVIXXMIZIVKM
JaNMIZ
+WV\ZIZa \W >]ÍQË _PW _I[ KWV[QLMZML Ja ITT UMIV[ \W JM \PM UW[\
[QOVQèKIV\ :][[QIV NWTTW_MZ QV \PM KW]V\Za \PM QVé]MV\QIT ,]SM 3VQËIVQV
PQU[MTN KWUUIVLMZQVKPQMN WN \PM ;MZJQIV IZUa I[SML .WVJTIVY]M \W
ZMKMQ^MPQU0W_M^MZWVMKW]TLVW\M`XMK\NZWU\PMKWUUIVLMZWN;MZJQIV
^WT]V\MMZ[ QV ;W]\PMZV 0]VOIZa \W PI^M I LQNNMZMV\ I\\Q\]LM NZWU >]ÍQË
3VQËIVQV_I[^MZa_WZZQML#PMOI^M\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITPQ[M[\QUI\M
WN \PM JITIVKM WN XW_MZ[ QV \PM NWZ\PKWUQVO _IZ \PI\ _I[ WJ^QW][Ta JI[ML
WV\PM:][[QIVXZWXIOIVLIIVLPQ[QUIOQVI\QWV)TTW_QVO\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWN
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 +WXa6W
2IV]IZa .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 108
?M[\MZVXW_MZ[PI^QVO\PMXZMLWUQVIVKMI\\PM[MIPMZMN]\ML\PM[MZQW][VM[[
WN\PMM`XMK\I\QWV[\PI\IUQTTQWVWN:][[QIV[WTLQMZ[_W]TLJMKPMKSMLJMNWZM
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM0MJMTQM^ML\PI\\PM_IZWV\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN:][[QIPIL\WMVL
QVOTWZQW][Ta\PM[IUMI[\PMKIUXIQOVWN6IXWTMWV1J]\PM_I[UWZM[]ZM
\PI\ Q\[ éIUM _W]TL [XZMIL ITT W^MZ -]ZWXM _PQKP [Q` UQTTQWV :][[QIV IVL
WVMP]VLZML\PW][IVL8MZ[QIV[WTLQMZ[_W]TLZ]VW^MZIVL\]ZVQV\WI[PM[
0W_M^MZQ\_I[VW\MI[a\WQUXZM[[.WVJTIVY]MXIZ\QK]TIZTa_Q\P\PMèO]ZM[
\PI\_MZMY]M[\QWVIJTMITZMILaI\\PM\QUMWN:][[QIVWKK]XI\QWVWN?ITTIKPQI
IVL 5WTLI^QI <PM ?M[\ TMIZV\ I TM[[WV NZWU \PM 6IXWTMWVQK _IZ[ :][[QI
[PW]TLIT[W][M\PQ[I[Q\[I\\IKSWV-]ZWXMWZ1VLQIKW]TLMVLQV\PM[IUM_Ia
I[_MTT<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITPW_M^MZLQLVW\JMTQM^M\PI\\PM:][[QIV
IZUa_I[KIXIJTM\WKIZZaW]\N]TTUWJQTQbI\QWV<PM[WTLQMZ[PIL\WJMNMLIVL
I\\PI\UWUMV\IKKWZLQVO\W\PMQVNWZUI\QWVPMPIL\PM:][[QIVIZUa_I[WV
\PMJZQVSWNP]VOMZ3VQËIVQVJMKIUM[PISMVJ]\VW\MVW]OP[WI[\WKW^MZ
]X\PMZMITZMI[WVNWZPQ[^Q[Q\0M\ZQML\W_QVW^MZ\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZIT
NWZ\PM^QM_XWQV\IKKWZLQVO\W_PQKPQVPQ[WXQVQWV\PMKIXQ\]TI\QWVWN;MZJQI
_W]TLVW\WVTaJMR][\QèMLQVKI[MWN:][[QIVQVÎ[QWVJ]\\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[
[PW]TL\PMVXZM^MV\\PM7\\WUIVIZUa\WMV\MZ\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN8ZQVKQXITQ\a
.WVJTIVY]MLQLVW\M^MVLMQOV\WOQ^MI\Z]MIV[_MZTQUQ\QVOPQU[MTN\W\PM
[\I\MUMV\ \PI\ +WV[\IV\QVWXTM QV ILLQ\QWV \W ÎTQLTa M[\QUI\QVO \PM N]\]ZM
M^MV\[_I[M^MVXZMXIZML\WZMIK\MVMZOM\QKITTaIVLY]QKSTa
;M^MZITLIa[TI\MZ/IZIIVQVQVNWZUML\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZIT\PI\
\PMXZM^QW][\ITS[PILLMMXTaQUXZM[[ML\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM,]SM.WVJTIVY]M
PW_M^MZKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PMxVM\_WZSWN:][[QIVQV\ZQO]M[y_I[[WLMV[MIVL
èZU\PI\Q\_W]TLJMLQNèK]T\\W[I^M;MZJQINZWU\PMNWZ\PKWUQVOxQUUMV[M
WJ[\IKTM[y0MIT[WZMKMQ^ML\PMVM_[\PI\WVM:][[QIVLQ^Q[QWV_W]TLMV\MZ\PM
ZMOQWVWN6MOW\QVQV5IZKPIVL\PI\\PM;MZJQIVNWZKM[LMXTWaMLIZW]VL\PM
ZQ^MZ<QUWSQV[\MILWNZM[Q[\QVOQ\_W]TLIK\I[IZMIZO]IZLWNQ\[éIVS[;MZJQI
PIL\WJMXZMXIZMLNWZ[]KPWKKI[QWV[IVL\PMTQVS[JM\_MMVQ\IVL:][[QIK]\
WNN I[ U]KP I[ XW[[QJTM .WVJTIVY]M \PW]OP\ \PI\ \PM ZMUWÎT WN 5W]KPQV
NZWUBMU]VI[_MTTI[WN\_W:][[QIV[]JRMK\[;QUWVW^QËIVL5WUÍQTW^QË
NZWU *MTOZILM _I[ I XZMZMY]Q[Q\M NWZ \PQ[ 1bbM\ 8I[PI MVLMI^W]ZML \W LMIT
_Q\P\PQ[Y]M[\QWV_Q\PIXTMV\aWN\IK\WNNMZZQVO8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ\WLMKQLM
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 1JQL ;ZJQRIi;ZJ[SQ LVM^VQSx UIZ\ IXZQT JZ QV ;MZJQIV
;MZJQIi;MZJQIV,IQTax5IZKP)XZQT VW
Annus belli – 1854
;\MÎV8M\ZW^QË3VQËIVQV
109
110
JaPQU[MTNPW_IVL\W_PI\M`\MV\PM_W]TLKIZZaW]\\PM8WZ\Mw[WZLMZ\WM`XMT
\PM:][[QIV[]JRMK\[<PMIV[_MZPMOW\KWUXZWUQ[ML\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKMJ]\
Q\NZMMLPQUNZWUXZM[[]ZM\WIKMZ\IQVLMOZMM"\PM8ZQVKMR][\QèMLPQU[MTNJa
\PMNIK\\PI\ITT:][[QIV[]JRMK\[QV;MZJQI_MZM]VLMZ\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWV
<PMèZ[\VM_[IT[WIZZQ^MLIJW]\\PMKZW[[QVOWN\PM:][[QIV]VQ\[QV\W
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI)T\PW]OP\PMa[WWVXZW^ML\WJM]V\Z]M\PMaLQL
VW\KI][MIVaOZMI\MZM`KQ\MUMV\QV*MTOZILM<PMNWZMQOVKWV[]T[KW]TLWVTa
VW\QKMI^MZaUQTLVMZ^W][VM[[QV\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]T/MVMZITw[ZMIK\QWV_PW
PILXZM^QW][TaKTIQUML\PI\\PM^MZaXZM[MVKMWN\PM:][[QIV[]JRMK\[QV;MZJQI
PI^QVOWVTaJMMVIKWV[MY]MVKMWN\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWVWVTa_I[MÌK\Ta
\PMO]IZIV\MM\PI\\PM:][[QIVIZUa_W]TLVW\I\\IKS\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a6W_
KWV\ZIZa\W\PQ[PM_I[\PQVSQVOWN_Q\PLZI_QVO\PQ[XZW\MK\QWVIVLITTW_QVO
\PM7\\WUIVIVL\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WM`XMT\PMU!
<PM8WZ\Mw[0I\Q[PMZQN_I[M`XMK\MLQV*MTOZILMJ]\L]M\W\PMJMTQMN
\PI\\PMJQO_IZ_W]TLNWTTW_\PMKWVèZUI\QWVWNJMVMè\[Q\[MTN_I[KWV[QLMZML
\WJMQV[]NèKQMV\<PM:][[QIVXZWXIOIVLI_I[TQ^MTaIVLWNNMZZML;MZJQI\PM
XZW[XMK\ WN OZMI\ OIQV[ ;WWV M^MV \PM ][]ITTa IV`QW][ 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ
KWV[QLMZML Q\ IXXZWXZQI\M \W \ITS _Q\P \PM ?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ IJW]\ \PMU 1V
PQ[\ITS_Q\P.WVJTIVY]MPMSMX\UMV\QWVQVOPW_:][[QIWNNMZZML\MZZQ\WZQIT
M`XIV[QWV\W;MZJQIIVL\WPQ[NIUQTa\PMZQOP\WN\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWVLMNMVLQVO
PQU[MTN NZWU XW[[QJTM IKK][I\QWV[ NWZ LQ[TWaIT\a [\I\QVO \PI\ \PQ[ _W]TL JM
OZIV\ML\W;MZJQIJa\PM8WZ\MQ\[MTNIN\MZ\PM_IZ0MIT[WI[SML\PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T/MVMZIT\WKWV[QLMZ\WOM\PMZ_Q\P/IZIIVQVXW[[QJTMKWVKM[[QWV[\W
;MZJQI IKKMX\IJTM \W \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM IVL Q\[ ITTQM[ <PMZM _I[VWW\PMZ
KW]Z[M WXMV NWZ .WVJTIVY]M J]\ \W KWV[MV\ KWV^QVKQVO +TIZMVLWV \PI\ PM
_I[ LWQVO [WUM\PQVO TQSM \PI\ WVTa JMKI][M \PM VMOW\QI\QWV[ _MZM [\ZQK\Ta
KWVèLMV\QIT IVL \PI\ PM _W]TL QVKT]LM PQ[ XZWRMK\ IJW]\ \PM XZW\MK\QWV WN
*ZQ\Q[PKWUUMZKQITQV\MZM[\[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aQV\W\PMZMY]QZMLLWK]UMV\
<PQ[\QUMPMQV\MVLML\WZMO]TIZTaQVNWZU+TIZMVLWVIVL:MLKTQNNMIJW]\\PM
KW]Z[M WN \PM \ITS[ 0Q[ OWIT _I[ \W UISM \PM OZIVIZQM[ WN \PM UQL*ITSIV[
IKKM[[QJTM\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P\ZILMI^WQLQVO\PMWJ[\IKTMWN)][\ZQIVK][\WU[IVL
[\QU]TI\QVO\PM*ZQ\Q[PMKWVWUaIVL\PMMUIVKQXI\QWVWN\PM;MZJ[I\\PM[IUM
!
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 2IV]IZa .7 IVL
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 ,5IK3MVbQMXX .WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 Annus belli – 1854
111
\QUM0MJMTQM^ML\PI\\PMQVé]MVKMWN:][[QIIVL)][\ZQIWV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
_W]TL_MISMVQV\PQ[KI[M
)\TI[\WV\P2IV]IZa -\PMU8I[PIIZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILMJZQVOQVO
_Q\PPQU\PM0I\Q[PMZQNWN\PM8WZ\MKWVèZUQVO\PMI]\WVWUaWN;MZJQIIVL
IVV]TTQVO\PM:][[QIVXZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZQ\<PM7\\WUIVLQOVQ\IZaQUUMLQI\MTa
LMUIVLMLNZWU\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WWZOIVQbM\PI\Q\_I[NWZUITTaZMIL
JMNWZM \PM OI\PMZML LQOVQ\IZQM[ NZWU ITT LQ[\ZQK\[ WN \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a IVL \PM
XMWXTMw[TMILMZ[;]KPILMUIVLUM\_Q\PIOMVMZITLQ[IXXZWÎTIVLNWZ\PI\
ZMI[WV \PM ZMILQVO KMZMUWVa _I[ XW[\XWVML NWZ UWZM \PIV \_W _MMS[ <PM
?M[\MZVKWV[]T[PILIOIQV\PMQZPIVL[N]TT\WXZMXIZM\PMNWZUITZMKMQ^QVOWN
\PM0I\Q[PMZQN<PMUIRWZQ\aWN;MZJQIVTMILMZ[_I[X]JTQKTa_QTTQVO\WIKKMX\
\PM0I\Q[PMZQNJ]\WVTaIVIUMVLMLWVMIVLQV[]KPI_Ia\PI\Q\[\I\ML\PI\
:][[QIUIQV\IQVMLQ\[XZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ;MZJQIIVL\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a{\PMZQOP\
\W ZMUIQV [\ZQK\Ta VM]\ZIT .WVJTIVY]M KWV[QLMZML []KP IV I\\Q\]LM I _WZ[M
[WT]\QWV\PIV\PMLQZMK\LMKTIZI\QWVWN_IZ\W\PM8WZ\MJ]\VM^MZ\PMTM[[PM
PIL \W OM\ ITT WN PQ[ KWTTWK]\WZ[ KWV^QVKML QV\W \PQ[ QVKT]LQVO /IZIIVQV I[
_MTT)VLIOIQVITTMaM[_MZMNWK][MLWV8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ_PWU.WVJTIVY]M
\PQ[\QUMI[_MTT]VIUJQO]W][Ta[\ZM[[MLPW_\PM_IZ_W]TL[WWVJZMISW]\
WV\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN;MZJQII[IKWV[MY]MVKMWN\PMZMN][ITWN\PM0I\Q[PMZQN
-\PMU8I[PITMN\I^MZaNI^W]ZIJTMQUXZM[[QWVWV.WVJTIVY]M)T\PW]OP
Q\ _I[ LQNèK]T\ NWZ \PM *ZQ\Q[P KWV[]T \W JM NI[KQVI\ML Ja [WUM ;MZJQIV WZ
7\\WUIVQ[[]MPM_I[QVNIK\QUXZM[[MLJa\PMXMZ[WVITQ\aWN\PM7\\WUIV
MUQ[[IZa_PWUPMLM[KZQJMLQVPQ[TM\\MZ\W:MLKTQNNMI[xML]KI\MLIVLTWaITy
-^MV QN -\PMU 8I[PI LQL VW\ XW[[M[[xKIXIJQTQ\a SMMVVM[[ IVL èZUVM[[y PM
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M \W +TIZMVLWV *MTOZILM ! 2IV]IZa .7 -^MV
WV2IV]IZa<PM<QUM[ZMXWZ\ML\PI\\_W0I\Q[PMZQN[
0I\Q[PMZQN[_MZMXZMXIZMLNWZ;MZJQI"WVM
_MZM XZMXIZML NWZ ;MZJQI" WVM
IVV]TTQVO\PM:][[QIVXZW\MK\WZI\MIVL\PMW\PMZO]IZIV\MMQVOITT\PMZQOP\[\W;MZJQI
KWVèZUMLJaMIZTQMZ\ZMI\QM[<PM[W]ZKMWN<PM<QUM[M`XMK\ML\PI\\PM8WZ\MQN8ZQVKM
)TMS[IVLIZ []KKMMLML \W SMMX ;MZJQI I_Ia NZWU \PM _IZ \PM NIUQTa 3IZILRWZLRM^QË
_W]TLJMOZIV\ML\PMZQOP\\W\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWVIN\MZ\PM[QOVQVOWNXMIKM;MZ^QI*MTOZILM
,MKMUJMZ <PM<QUM[2IV]IZa <PM0I\Q[PMZQN[
0I\Q[PMZQN[LI\MLQV\PMiTI[\LIa[
LI\ML QV \PM iTI[\ LIa[
WN ,MKMUJMZ TI[\ LIa[ WN \PM UWV\P WN :-*2=4->)4 x KWVèZUML QV
WVM LWK]UMV\ \PM ;MZJQIV ZQOP\[ NZWU \PM MIZTQMZ :][[W7\\WUIV IOZMMUMV\[ IVL
UILM\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIMY]ITQVZQOP\[_Q\P?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI_PW[M
XZQ^QTMOM[WZQOQVI\MLNZWU\PMWTL\QUM[{@>1IVL@>11KMV\]ZQM[<PM\ZIV[TI\QWVWN
\PM.MZUIV\M`\[MMQV2:Q[\QËXQV;MZJQIV
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM .MJZ]IZa .7 <PM;MZJQIV
X]JTQK VI\]ZITTa _MTKWUML \PM XI[PI KWTLTa _PQTM \PM :][[WXPQTM KQZKTM[ M`XZM[[ML
112
KW]TL IKY]QZM \PMU ZQOP\ QV KWWXMZI\QWV _Q\P PQU <PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[
_MZMIOIQV[\\PMOI\PMZQVOWNITIZOMZV]UJMZWNVI\QWVITTMILMZ[QV*MTOZILM
<PM WNèKQIT[ R][\QèML \PMU[MT^M[ Ja \PM VMML NWZ \PM LQ[\ZQK\ LQOVQ\IZQM[ \W
ZMUIQVQV\PMQZZMOQWV[I\\PM\QUMWNQUUMLQI\MLIVOMZWN_IZ<PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T/MVMZITKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PMZMI[WV_I[QV\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[wNMIZ
\PI\WVM[]KPUMM\QVOKW]TL\]ZVQV\WI6I\QWVIT)[[MUJTa<PMLQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV
IVLLMMX:][[WXPQTMNMMTQVO[_W]TLUISM\PMOI\PMZMLXMWXTMw[ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[
]VXZMLQK\IJTM \W IV M`\MV\ []NèKQMV\ NWZ \PM 8ZQVKM IVL PQ[ MV^QZWVUMV\ \W
JMKWUM[MZQW][TaINZIQLNWZ\PMQZXW_MZ
1\[MMU[\PI\\PQ[Y]M[\QWVJMKIUMI\Z]MWJ[\IKTM_PQKP\MUXWZIZQTa
KWWTML\PMZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV\PM8WZ\Mw[MUQ[[IZaIVL\PM;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[<PM
NIK\\PI\I_MMSIN\MZPQ[IZZQÎT-\PMU8I[PILQ[K][[ML\PMM`Q[\QVOXZWJTMU[
I\\PMUMM\QVO_Q\P/IZIIVQVIVL5IZQVW^QËQ[[MTN[]NèKQMV\<PM;MZJQIV
I]\PWZQ\QM[_MZM[WPMTXTM[[\PI\\PMaI[SML\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZIT\WI\\MVL
\PQ[UMM\QVOQVWZLMZ\WQV\MZKMLMQV\PMQZNI^W]Z.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PM
+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[w IV`QM\QM[ \W JM QV[]NèKQMV\Ta OZW]VLML QV \PQ[ KI[M J]\
IVaPW_ PM IL^Q[ML -\PMU 8I[PI \W TQUQ\ PQ[ ZMY]M[\ \W \PM XZM[MVKM WN \PM
PMIL[IVLTMILMZ[NZWU\PMVMIZJaLQ[\ZQK\[<PQ[QV\MZ^MV\QWVJZW]OP\PQU\PM
[aUXI\PQM[WN\PM;MZJQIVLQOVQ\IZQM[_PW_MZMKWUQVO]XIVLKWVOZI\]TI\ML
PQU L]ZQVO \PM JITT WZOIVQbML QV PWVW]Z WN \PM 8ZQVKM[[M[ )VL \PM 8ZQVKM
WJTQOML PQU[MTN NWZ \PM ]UX\MMV\P \QUM \PI\ IN\MZ []KP IV M`XZM[[QWV WN
NZQMVL[PQXIVL\Z][\PM_W]TLK]\ITTKWVVMK\QWV[_Q\P\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa
)[UIVa\QUM[JMNWZM.WVJTIVY]M[WWVPILWVPIVL\PMQVNWZUI\QWV\PI\\PQ[
^W__I[JZWSMVITZMILa\PMVM`\LIa_PMV5W]KPQV_I[IOIQVZMKMQ^MLJa\PM
;MZJQIVZ]TMZIVLPQ[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ
<PM:][[QIVMV^WaLQLVW\IL^Q[MIVaUWZM\PM[PISMV8ZQVKM\W[QUXTa
ZMN][M\PM0I\Q[PMZQNJ]\PM\ZQML\PZW]OPPQU\WJZMIS\PM]VQ\aWN\PM[UITT
LQXTWUI\QKKWZX[QV*MTOZILM0MI[[MZ\ML\PI\QN\PMXZW\MK\WZI\M_I[\ISMV
M^MV QVNIV\QTM PW[\QTQ\a \W_IZL[ PQU ;ZJ[SQ LVM^VQS KITTML \PQ[ LQOVQ\IZa i;UM\MV
8I[PIy y+WVN][ML 8I[PIx )T[W 5I\QRI *IV _PW IN\MZ \PM IVVW]VKMUMV\ WN \PM
MUIVKQXI\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV+PZQ[\QIV[_ZW\MWVWLMQVPWVW]ZWN\PM;]T\IVPIL\W
TMI^M\PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PMXZWNM[[WZI\\PM4aKM]UIVL_Q\PLZI_NZWUX]JTQKTQNM;ZJ[SQ
LVM^VQS6W^Q;IL2IV]IZa VWIVL;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS6W^Q;IL.MJZ]IZa
VWQV;MZJQIV,WVI]N]Z[\MV\P]UMZi?QVMZBMQ\]VOx5Q\\_WKP,MV
6W!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM .MJZ]IZa .7 #;MZ^QI!
2IV]IZa<PM<QUM[ 2IV]IZa Annus belli – 1854
113
I_IaNZWU:][[QIIVLQ\[LQXTWUI\QKZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[PILVWZQOP\\WI\\MVL\PM
0I\Q[PMZQNZMILQVOKMZMUWVa\PMVQ\_W]TLJMTWOQKITNWZ\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN
W\PMZOZMI\XW_MZ[\WJMIJ[MV\JMKI][MW\PMZ_Q[MQ\_W]TLUMIV\PI\\PMa
_W]TL\PMU[MT^M[\ISM\PMXZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a5W]KPQV\PW]OP\
\PI\PM_W]TL\P][IKPQM^M\_WOWIT["XZQUIZQTaPMM`XMK\ML\PMLQ^Q[QWVWN\PM
LQXTWUI\QKKWZX[IVL\PMV\PM)][\ZQIVIVL8Z][[QIVZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WNèKQITTa
VM]\ZIT _W]TL ZMN][M \W I\\MVL \PM KMZMUWVa# IVL IN\MZ \PI\ PM PWXML \PI\
\PM8WZ\Mw[LWK]UMV\_W]TLTW[MQ\[[QOVQèKIVKMQ\W\PMZ_Q[M_W]TLPI^MPIL
.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PMZIQ[MLY]M[\QWV_I[W]\WNXTIKMJMKI][M\PM
;MZJQIVI]\WVWUaPILJMMVM[\IJTQ[PMLI\\PM\QUM_PMV\PMZMPILJMMVVW
NWZMQOVKWV[]T[IVLPMPQU[MTNPILWNèKQITTaJMMVXZM[MV\L]ZQVO\PMZMILQVOWN
\PM0I\Q[PMZQNIJW]\\PMIXXWQV\UMV\WN8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ0MLQLVW\KWV[QLMZ
\PQ[Q[[]M\WJMQUXWZ\IV\IVL_I[XZMXIZMLVW\\WKWUM\W\PMKMZMUWVaWVTa
QV\PMIJ[MVKMWNQV^Q\I\QWVWZJMKI][MQ\_I[\WJMPMTLQV\PMXITIKMIVLVW\
QV\PMNWZ\ZM[[I\\PMQV^Q\I\QWVWN\PM*MTOZILM8I[PII[JMNWZM
<PMIZZQÎTWN\PM0I\Q[PMZQNLQLZMITTaNWZIUWUMV\ZMUW^M\PMQUUMLQI\M
LIVOMZWN\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQI0W_M^MZ\PMLQXTWUI\QK\MV[QWV[LQLVW\
KMI[M;QUQËLQLVW\PQLMPQ[QVKTQVI\QWV\W_IZL[:][[QIIVLKWVèLML\WWVM
WN \PM LQ[\ZQK\ PMIL[ _PW _I[ \W ITT IXXMIZIVKM[ KTW[M \W .WVJTIVY]M \PI\
\PM;MZJQIVVM]\ZITQ\a_I[\MUXWZIZaIVL\PI\I\IKWV^MVQMV\\QUMQ\_W]TL
\]ZV QV\W \PM _IZ ITTQIVKM _Q\P \PM :][[QIV IZUa)\ \PM [IUM \QUM -\PMU
8I[PIMV\MZ\IQVML\PM\PW]OP\WNPI^QVO5W]KPQVIZZM[\ML<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T
/MVMZIT[]KKMMLMLQVLQ[[]ILQVOPQUNZWU\PQ[QV\MV\QWVXWQV\QVOW]\\W\PM
NIK\\PI\\PM:][[QIVMUQ[[IZa_I[]VLMZ\PMXZW\MK\QWVWN)][\ZQI0MIL^Q[ML
-\PMU8I[PI\WKWUXTM\MTaZM^MITJaUMIV[WN\PMLQXTWUI\QKXZM[[]ZM[\PM
ZWTMWN\PM)][\ZQIVUQTQ\IZaI]\PWZQ\QM[QV5W]KPQVw[IK\Q^Q\QM[IVLQUXMLMQV
\PQ[_Ia\PMLQXTWUI\QKXW[Q\QWVWN>QMVVIQV\PM-]ZWXMIVXWTQ\QK[
*MNWZM\PM0I\Q[PMZQN_I[NWZUITTaIKKMX\MLQV;MZJQI.WVJTIVY]MPIL
PIL\WTQ[\MVWVKMIOIQV\W\PM8ZQVKMw[TIUMV\I\QWV[IVLI[[]ZIVKM[\PI\MIZTQMZ
UQ[\ISM[ I ZM[]T\ WN :][[QIV IL^QKM _W]TL VW\ JM ZMXMI\ML .QVITTa WV \P
.MJZ]IZa PM_I[IJTM\WQVNWZU+TIZMVLWVIJW]\\PMZM[WT]\QWVJa_PQKP
\PM 8ZQVKM IVL ;\I\M +W]VKQT IKKMX\ML \PM 8WZ\Mw[ 0I\Q[PMZQN <PM *ZQ\Q[P
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM.MJZ]IZa .7 ;ZJ[SQ
LVM^VQSQV;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa.MJZ]IZa VW7VTaILIaMIZTQMZ
<PM <QUM[ X]JTQ[PML \PM VM_[ \PI\ LM[XQ\M \PM OMVMZIT LQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV QV ?ITTIKPQI
\W_IZL[\PM:][[QIVWKK]XI\QWVI]\PWZQ\QM[\PMZM_I[IVW\QKMIJTMUI[[ZM[XWV[MWN
/ZMMS[*]TOIZQIV[)ZVI]\[IVLi[M^MZIT;MZ^QIV[xRWQVQVO\PM^WT]V\MMZ]VQ\[_PQTM
114
+WV[]T /MVMZIT JMTQM^ML \PI\ \PM [PWZ\KWUQVO[ WN OZIV\ML XZQ^QTMOM[ _MZM
NW]VL MÌK\Ta QV \PM NIK\ \PI\ \PMa LQL VW\ WNèKQITTa LMèVM \PM VM]\ZITQ\a WN
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a0MM`XTIQVMLPW_\PQ[TWWSMLUWZMTQSMINZIUM_WZS_Q\PQV
_PQKP\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[KW]TLUIQV\IQVXMIKMQV\PMKW]V\Za\PIV\PM
ZMKWOVQ\QWVWN\PM[\I\M[W^MZMQOV\a
-\PMU 8I[PIw[ LMXIZ\]ZM LQL VW\ UMIV \PM MVL WN \ZW]JTM[ NWZ \PM
;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[;WWV\PMVM_[_I[X]JTQ[PMLQV\PM-]ZWXMIVVM_[XIXMZ[
PW_ \PM 8WZ\Mw[ MUQ[[IZa I[SML NZWU *MTOZILM I N]TT XIaUMV\ WN \ZQJ]\M NWZ
NW]Z aMIZ[ QV ILÎVKM -^MV \PM *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUIKa KW]TL VW\ LMKTIZM \PM[M
VM_[_Q\PKMZ\IQV\aI[]V\Z]M[W\PI\.WVJTIVY]M_I[NWZKML\WZMTaWVPQ[
OWWLZMTI\QWV[_Q\P-\PMU8I[PII[[]ZQVOPQ[[]XMZQWZ[WN\PMQZQVIKK]ZIKa
-^MVI[UITTV]UJMZWNVM_[XIXMZ[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aLQLVW\ZMUIQVY]QM\
<P][ I\ \PM MVL WN .MJZ]IZa QV \PM IVVM` WN \PM [MUQWNèKQIT ;ZJ[SM VW^QVM
<PM;MZJQIV6M_[XIXMZ[IVIZ\QKTMIXXMIZMLIJW]\\PMITTMOML]XZQ[QVOWV\PM
1WVQIV1[TIVL[\PMWVTaXIZ\WN\PM*ITSIVXMVQV[]TI]VLMZ\PMILUQVQ[\ZI\QWV
WN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TI[SMLNWZIVM`XTIVI\QWVJ]\\PMWJTQOQVO
5IZQVW^QËWVTaKWVèZUML\PI\Q\_I[\PMUI\\MZWN\PM\ZIV[TI\MLVM_[NZWU
7[\,M]\[KPMXW[\I[_MTT\PI\\PMIZ\QKTM[UWZMQVKTQVML\W_IZL*ZQ\IQV_W]TL
JMX]JTQ[PMLQVN]\]ZM
1V\PMJMOQVVQVOWN5IZKP 5W]KPQVLMKQLML\WTMI^MBMU]VIVL
OW \W *]KPIZM[\ <PQ[ VM_[ _I[ I ZMTQMN \W \PM *MTOZILM 8I[PI IVL *MTOZILM
?M[\MZV +WV[]T[ IVL Q\ KWQVKQLML QV \QUM _Q\P \PM IVVW]VKMUMV\ WN \PM
*ZQ\Q[P +IJQVM\w[ ZM[WT]\MVM[[ VW\ \W MV\MZ \PM _IZ _Q\P :][[QI XZQWZ \W \PM
TMOITLM\MZUQVI\QWVWN\PMZQOP\[WN\PM7\\WUIV+PZQ[\QIV[IVL\PMQZZIQ[M\W
IKMZ\IQVTM^MT!<PMZMIK\QWV[QV*MTOZILM_MZM]VM`XMK\ML\W[]KPIVM`\MV\
\PI\.WVJTIVY]MZMUIZSML\PI\\PQ[VM_[TMN\ILMMXMZQUXIK\\PIVQ\_W]TL
PI^MJMMV\PMKI[M_Q\P\PMKIX\]ZMWNx\PMMV\QZM:][[QIV*TIKS;MIéMM\y
8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZVW_[\I\MLQVPQ[MÌT\I\QWV\PI\Q\_I[\PMUI\\MZWNIUWZIT
^QK\WZa WN /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV IVL .ZIVKM IVL [WUM ;MZJQIV XWTQ\QKQIV[ [\IZ\ML
WXMVTa\WM`XZM[[\PMQZTWaIT\a\W\_WOZMI\XW_MZ[
\PMNWZUMZ8ZQVKMWN;MZJQI5QTWKIUMVMIZMZ\W\PMJWZLMZQVWZLMZ\WWZOIVQbM\PM
W^MZ\PZW_ QV ;MZJQI WVKM \PM :][[QIV[ KZW[[ML \PM ,IV]JM <PM <QUM[ >QMVVI !
.MJZ]IZa.MJZ]IZa .WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM.MJZ]IZa .7 1JQL
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5IZKP .7 5IZKP8;
1JQL
115
<]ZVQVO8WQV\QV\PM)][\ZQIV8WTQKa
.ZWU\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\QKIZKPQ^M[Q\UIaJMKWVKT]LML\PI\\PMXWTQKa
WN )][\ZQI _I[ \PM OZMI\M[\ ]VSVW_V Y]M[\QWV QV \PM KZQ[Q[ \PI\ ZMIKPML Q\[
XMISJa\PMJZMISQVOW]\WN\PM:][[W<]ZSQ[P_IZQV 7VTaPITNIaMIZ
JMNWZM )][\ZQI PIL JMMV WV \PM ^MZOM WN WKK]XaQVO ;MZJQI 1\ [MMUML VW_
\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa\PZMI\MVQVOTaKWVKMV\ZI\MLWV\PMJIVS[WN\PMZQ^MZ[
;IÎIVL\PM,IV]JMI[[MUJTML[WI[\WKWIK\_Q\P\PM:][[QIVIZUaQVI
OQ^MVUWUMV\1VKI[MWNIRWQV\QVÎ[QWVWN\PM)][\ZQIVIVL:][[QIVIZUQM[
QV\W;MZJQI\PMZMOQWVWN*W[VQIIVL0MZbMOW^QVIQV_PQKPTQ^MLV]UMZW][
XWX]TI\QWVTWaIT\W\PM7\\WUIV[\I\M_W]TLJMVM]\ZITQbML_PQTM\PM,IV]JM
NZWV\TQVM_W]TLJMZMVLMZML[MV[MTM[[JaZIXQLJZMIS\PZW]OPWN\PMWKK]XaQVO
NWZKM[ \W_IZL[ \PM )LZQI\QK ;MI IVL ]VXZMLQK\IJTM ILÎVKM[ ITWVO \PM ZQ^MZ
>IZLIZ ÎTTMa <PM MV\QZM WXMZI\QWV QV \PM *TIKS ;MI _I\MZ[ I[ _MTT I[ \PM
LMNMVKMKWVKMX\WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMIXXTQML\PZW]OPW]\\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
_W]TLJM\P][UILM[MV[MTM[[
.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZMLQ\KMZ\IQV\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa_W]TLQV\MZ^MVM
WV\PM7\\WUIV\MZZQ\WZa0Q[WVTaLQTMUUI_I[_PM\PMZ\PMa_W]TLIK\QV
ITTQIVKM _Q\P WZ IOIQV[\ \PM :][[QIV NWZKM[ VW\ LW]J\QVO \PI\ \PQ[ KWVéQK\
_W]TL\ISMXTIKMWV\PM7\\WUIV\MZZQ\WZaIVLM`KT][Q^MTa\W\PMLIUIOMWN
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM ;]KP IV I\\Q\]LM _I[ KWZZWJWZI\ML Ja \PM VM_[ IJW]\ *IV
2MTIÍQËw[[\I\MUMV\<PM)][\ZQIVOMVMZIT_PW_I[x\WWXZW]L\WJMLQ[KZMM\y
ITTMOMLTa IVW]VKML \PI\ )][\ZQI _W]TL [WWV QVÎLM ITT 7\\WUIV ZMOQWV[
ITWVO \PM ;IÎ IVL \PM ,IV]JM M`XTIQVQVO \PQ[ LMKQ[QWV Ja \PM -UXMZWZ
.ZIVb2W[MXPw[ZM[WT]\MVM[[VW\\WITTW_:][[QI\WxOWJMaWVLKMZ\IQVTQUQ\[y
.WVJTIVY]MNMIZML\PM\WW[\ZWVO)][\ZQIVUQTQ\IZaOIZZQ[WVQV)VKWVIIVL
_I[ ]ZOQVO _PWTMPMIZ\MLTa \PM IK\Q^Q\QM[ WN \PM ?ITTIKPQIV QUUQOZIV\[ NWZ
\PM WZOIVQbI\QWV WN \PM ]XZQ[QVO IOIQV[\ \PM :][[QIV[ QV ;UITT ?ITTIKPQI
+WV\ZIZa \W \PM IJW^M \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T /MVMZIT UWZM IVL UWZM KIUM \W
JMTQM^M \PI\ )][\ZQI KWV^QVKML WN \PM :][[QIV _MISVM[[ _I[ QVKZMI[QVOTa
LQ[\IVKQVO Q\[MTN NZWU ;\ 8M\MZ[J]ZO <PM *MTOZILM 8I[PI [WWV PIL I\ PQ[
LQ[XW[IT\PMQVNWZUI\QWV\PI\\PM:][[QIV[]JRMK\[QV;MZJQI_W]TLJMLMXZQ^ML
1V \PM [XZQVO WN 5IZ[PIT 8I[SaM^QÍ IVL /MVMZIT 2WUQVQ KTIQUML \PI\
\PMa_MZMKWZZM[XWVLQVO_Q\P<[IZ6QSWTIa1IVL\PI\iWVMKIVOW\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTM
MQ\PMZ_Q\P>QMVVIWZ^QI>QMVVIx2:Q[\QËX QV;MZJQIV
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 1JQL
116
WN\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWVI[_MTTI[\PI\QVKI[MWN\PM:][[QIVWKK]XI\QWV
WN 6MOW\QV \PM )][\ZQIV IZUa _W]TL KZW[[ W^MZ QV\W ;MZJQI \W WKK]Xa \PM
KWV^MVQMV\ [\ZI\MOQK XW[Q\QWV[ NWZ \PM NWZ\PKWUQVO _IZ _Q\P :][[QI )
_MMSTI\MZ\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]T/MVMZIT:ILW[I^TRM^QË[\QTTSMX\LMTIaQVO\PM
_Q\PLZI_IT WN \PM XZW\MK\QWV \W \PM :][[QIV []JRMK\[ ZM[QLQVO QV ;MZJQI
.WVJTIVY]M_I[VW_WN\PMWXQVQWV\PI\)][\ZQI_I[[WQ[WTI\MLIVLQZZM[WT]\M
\PI\\PM8WZ\MKW]TLNZMMTa_Q\PLZI_\PM*MZI\IJW]\PQ[IXXWQV\UMV\NZWUQ\[
+WV[]T/MVMZIT?PMV)TMS[I2IVSW^QË_I[[MV\\W>QMVVIWVVL2IV]IZaI[
\PM]VWNèKQITLQXTWUI\QKZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MWN;MZJQI_PWU.WVJTIVY]MLM[KZQJML
I[IVW\WZQW][:][[QIVNWTTW_MZ\PM?M[\MZV+WV[]T[_MZMKWV^QVKML\PI\PQ[
UW[\QUXWZ\IV\\I[S\PMZM_W]TLJM\WUIQV\IQV\PMKWV\IK\_Q\P\PM:][[QIV
IUJI[[ILWZ <PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T /MVMZIT JMTQM^ML \PI\ \PQ[ QVNWZUI\QWV _I[
KWVèZUML_PMVPMPMIZL\PI\\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUI\8WXWÎ\[MKZM\UMM\QVO[
_Q\P \PM 8ZQVKM IVL ;QUQË PIL [XWSMV IJW]\ \PM TQSMTQPWWL WN KZMI\QVO \PM
;MZJQIVSQVOLWU]VLMZ\PMXZW\MK\QWVWN)][\ZQIIVL:][[QI,]ZQVO\PQ[
\QUMZMQVNWZKMUMV\[_MZMKWV[\IV\TaKWUQVO\W\PM[WKITTMLWJ[MZÎ\QWVKWZX[
QV*IVI\IVL_IZ[\MIU[PQX[WN\PM)][\ZQIVéMM\_MZMM`XMK\MLQVBMU]V
_PQTM\PM[PQX[WN\PM,IV]JMKWUXIVa_MZMOQ^MV\PMUMVIKQVOWZLMZ]VLMZ
\PM\PZMI\WNXMVIT\a\WOI\PMZQVBMU]VJMNWZM\P.MJZ]IZa
<P][ R][\ JMNWZM \PM ^MZa XZWKTIUI\QWV WN \PM 8WZ\Mw[ 0I\Q[PMZQN \PM
)][\ZQIVIZUa_I[WVTaI[\MXI_IaNZWU\PMUQTQ\IZaWKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQI
<PMZM_I[I_QLM[XZMILJMTQMN\PI\\PMM^MV\]ITZMJMTTQWVQV;MZJQIPIL\WJM
MÌK\Ta \PM ZM[]T\ WN Q\[ QV\ZQO]M[ <PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T I[[]UML \_W XW[[QJTM
W]\KWUM[WN\PMM`Q[\QVO\MV[QWV["\PMèZ[\IKKWZLQVO\W_PQKP\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa
_W]TLMV\MZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a\WXZM^MV\\PMZMILQVOWN\PM0I\Q[PMZQN]VLMZ\PM
XZM\M`\WN\PMLIVOMZWN\PM]XZQ[QVOQV\PMKW]V\Za#IVL\PM[MKWVLIKKWZLQVO
\W _PQKP IN\MZ \PM :][[QIV NWZKM[ MV\MZ \PM \MZZQ\WZa WN ;MZJQI \PM )][\ZQIV
IZUa _W]TL Q\[MTN WKK]Xa I XIZ\ WN \PM KW]V\Za .WVJTIVY]M VM^MZ\PMTM[[
_I[UWZMQVKTQVML\WJMTQM^MPW_)][\ZQIPILVWQV\MV\QWVWNXZW\MK\QVO\PM
7\\WUIV ZQOP\[ J]\ WVTa \W KWTTMK\xQ\[ W_V XIZ\ WN \PM JWW\ay 0M KW]TL
PMIZNZWU\PM)][\ZQIV[UWZMIVLUWZMNZMY]MV\Ta\PM[\I\MUMV\[IKKWZLQVO
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM .MJZ]IZa .7 Annus belli – 1854
117
\W_PQKPx\PM*MTOZILMKQ\ILMTQ[I3IQ[MZTQKPXZWXMZ\ayWVTa\MUXWZIZQTaOQ^MV
]X\W\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM!
4I\M QV \PM IN\MZVWWV WN \P .MJZ]IZa +W]V\ +WZWVQVQ \PM
+WUUIVLMZ WN \PM )][\ZQIV WJ[MZÎ\QWV NWZKM[ ^Q[Q\ML *MTOZILM 1V \PM
LQ[K][[QWV _Q\P \PM *MTOZILM 8I[PI PM LQL VW\ WNNMZ ILMY]I\M M`XTIVI\QWV[
ZMOIZLQVO \PM QV\MV\QWV[ WN \PM )][\ZQIV IZUa 0M ^Q[Q\ML \PM *ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]TI\M ]VIVVW]VKML J]\ PM LQL VW\ èVL .WVJTIVY]M \PMZM <PM M`\MV\
WN\PMWUVQXZM[MV\\MV[QWVKW]TLJM\M[\QèMLJa\PMNIK\\PI\L]ZQVOI[PWZ\
KWV^MZ[I\QWV\PMUMUJMZ[WN\PM+WV[]Tw[NIUQTa\PMU[MT^M[X]\Y]M[\QWV[\W
PQUVW\QV\PMTMI[\LQ[KZMM\IJW]\\PMX]ZXW[MWNPQ[^Q[Q\IVL\PMQV\MV\QWV[
WN\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQI0MTQUQ\MLPQU[MTNWVTa\WQVLQKI\MUMVIKQVOTaPW_\PM
X]ZXW[MIVL\PML]ZI\QWVWNPQ[[\Ia_W]TLJMLM\MZUQVMLJa\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO
M^MV\[)bQb8I[PI[WWVQVNWZUML\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_PI\PM\ITSMLIJW]\_Q\P
+WZWVQVQ<PM)][\ZQIVIZUaKWUUIVLMZPILITTMOMLTaI[SMLNWZIVWNèKQIT
M`XTIVI\QWV_Pa\PM7\\WUIV\ZWWX[PILVW\JMMV_Q\PLZI_VNZWU*W[VQI
I[aM\IVLPILM^MVI[SML_PMV\PQ[_W]TLJMLWVM<PMaW]VOXI[PI_I[
[W_WZZQMLIN\MZ\PQ[\ITS\PI\PMKWV[]T\ML.WVJTIVY]MPW_\WILR][\LMNMVKM
IK\Q^Q\QM[XTIV[WN\PM7\\WUIVIZUa_Q\P\PW[MWN\PM;MZJQIV.WVJTIVY]M
QUUMLQI\MTa ZM\]ZVML I ^Q[Q\ \W +WZWVQVQ <PM QUXZM[[QWV PM PIL IN\MZ \PM
\ITS_I[I[PMPQU[MTNILUQ\\MLTI\MZXZQUIZQTaM`\MZQWZIVL^MZa[]XMZèKQIT
+WZWVQVQ [MMUML \W JM I XWTQ\QKITTa IUJQ\QW][ IVL QV[QVKMZM KWTTWK]\WZ
)T\PW]OP]V[]ZMWNPQ[KIXIJQTQ\a\WZMXMI\\PQ[IJ[]ZLLQITWO]MNZWU_PQKP
PMPILUWZMQUXZM[[QWV[TMN\\PIVUMUWZQM[\PM*ZQ\WVI[[M[[ML\PI\x)][\ZQI
_Q[PM[ \W QUXW[M Q\[MTN I[ \PM KIZZQMZ WN JITIVKM JM\_MMV :][[QI IVL \PM
?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ \PI\ _QTT [QLM _Q\P \PM IOOZM[[WZ XW_MZ _PW[M ^QK\WZa _QTT
JZQVOQ\JMVMè\y<PMN]\]ZMXZW^MLPM_I[ZQOP\<PMKPIVOMQV\PM;MZJQIV
!
1JQL <PM >QMVVI 4TWaL SMX\ ZMXWZ\QVO \PI\ \PM M[KIXML ZM^WT]\QWVIZQM[
NZWU !_MZMèVLQVOZMN]OMQV\PM;TI^WVQKXZW^QVKM[WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM1\[
KWUUMV\I\WZ[]VLMZ\PM\Q\TM[i5]\QVaxIVLi<ZMI[WVxIVVW]VKML\PI\\PMJTWWLZML
éIO WN \PM N]\]ZM U]\QVa MVLIVOMZQVO)][\ZQI KW]TL IK\]ITTa JM [MMV NZWU BMU]V
<PM [\MX[ WN \PM )][\ZQIV LQXTWUIKa LI\QVO NZWU \PM 4MQVQVOMVw[ UQ[[QWV [MMUML
KWUXTM\MTa NZ]Q\TM[[ _PQTM \PM :][[QIV \ZQ]UXP VW_ [MMUML I[ Q\[ OZMI\M[\ LMNMI\
)][\ZQI.MJZ]IZai<PM<QUM[x.MJZ]IZa .WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM .MJZ]IZa .7 1\ Q[
QV\MZM[\QVO\PI\:Q[\QËIVL;\ZIVRISW^QËLQLVW\UMV\QWVPQ[^Q[Q\
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM.MJZ]IZa .7 1JQL
118
I]\PWZQ\QM[w I\\Q\]LM \W \PM 8WZ\Mw[ LWK]UMV\ _PQKP .WVJTIVY]M KWV[QLMZML
\W JM \PM ZM[]T\ WN ZMKMV\ :][[QIV LMNMI\[ IVL ]VQ\ML [\IVKM WN \PM ?M[\MZV
XW_MZ[JZW]OP\IJW]\IKMZ\IQVKPIVOMQV\PMI\\Q\]LMWN\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQI
I[PM[UIZ\TaWJ[MZ^ML
<PMKPIVOMQV\PMI\\Q\]LM_I[VW\èVITaM\<PM)][\ZQIVVM_[XIXMZ[
KWV\QV]ML_ZQ\QVOIJW]\M^MV[WTLQMZ[WV\PM[W]\PMZVJWZLMZ[WN\PM
-UXQZM VW\ IVVW]VKQVO \PMQZ XW[[QJTM \ZIV[NMZ \W <ZIV[aTÎVQI IVL /ITQKQI
1\_I[M`XMK\MLQV*MTOZILM\PI\QVKI[MWN\PM:][[QIV\ZWWX[MV\MZQVO;MZJQI
\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa_W]TLQUUMLQI\MTaWKK]Xa;UMLMZM^WIVLoIJIK_PMZMI[
*MTOZILM _W]TL JM TMN\ I[QLM L]M \W \PM XZM[MVKM WN I [\ZWVO OIZZQ[WV IVL
NWZMQOV LQXTWUI\[ 5W]KPQV _PW PIL ]V\QT ZMKMV\Ta JMMV OM\\QVO ZMILa \W
èVITTaTMI^M\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN)][\ZQI[WWV[\IZ\MLKWUQVO\W*MTOZILMIOIQV
<PM I[[]ZIVKM[ WN \PM)][\ZQIV LQXTWUIKa _MZM \PMV N]\QTM \PI\ \PM :][[QIV
QVÎ[QWVWV;MZJQI_I[IK\]ITTaXZM^MV\MLJa\PMQZQV\MZ^MV\QWV.WVJTIVY]M
_W]TLZI\PMZTWWSNWZQ\[KI][MQVI^MZaKWTL_QV\MZIVL\PMQKM\PI\UILM\PM
[IQTQVOWV\PMZQ^MZ[QUXW[[QJTM
1V\PMJMOQVVQVOWN5IZKP)][\ZQI[\IZ\MLM^MVWNèKQITTa\WILUQ\PW_
Q\[ZMILQVM[[\WWKK]Xa;MZJQI_I[M`KT][Q^MTaXZMKWVLQ\QWVMLJa\PMIOZMMUMV\
WN\PM8WZ\MIVL?M[\MZVXW_MZ[)][\ZQI_I[VW_WNNMZQVOM^MV\W_Q\PLZI_
Q\[XZW\MK\QWVW^MZ\PM:][[QIV[]JRMK\[J]\.WVJTIVY]MIL^Q[ML\PM.WZMQOV
7NèKMVW\\WIXXZW^M\PM)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWV1VKI[M\PMVMMLIZW[MNWZ\PM
)][\ZQIV UQTQ\IZa QV\MZ^MV\QWV .WVJTIVY]M \PW]OP\ \PI\ I VM]\ZIT WXQVQWV
_W]TLJMM[[MV\QIT\WM[\QUI\M[]KPIVMML1VILLQ\QWVQ\Q[QV\MZM[\QVO\PI\
PM{KTIQUQVO\PI\\PM7\\WUIVXI[PITIKSML\PMQVNWZUI\QWV\PI\PMPQU[MTN
_I[OQ^QVOPQU\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T/MVMZIT\PMM`XMZQMVKMIVL\PMSVW_TMLOM
WN\PM;MZJQIVXZW^QVKM[IVL\PM)][\ZQIVIVL8Z][[QIV+WV[]T[\PMKZMLQJQTQ\a
IVL I]\PWZQ\a { XMZ[WVITTa ZMKWUUMVLML PQU[MTN I[ IV IZJQ\MZ QV\W _PW[M
PIVL[\PMNI\MWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aKW]TLJM[INMTaMV\Z][\ML1\Q[]VLMZ[\IVLIJTM
\PI\ )][\ZQI _I[ VW\ _QTTQVO \W KWUXTM\MTa OQ^M _Ia <PM )][\ZQIV +WV[]T
/MVMZIT :ILW[I^TRM^QË PIL R][\ I\ \PM JMOQVVQVO WN 5IZKP ZMY]M[\ML NZWU
TWKIT I]\PWZQ\QM[ \W JZQVO JMNWZM PQU ITT )][\ZQIV []JRMK\[ IVL QUUQOZIV\[
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM.MJZ]IZa .7 1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM.MJZ]IZa .7 +TIZMVLWVw[TM\\MZWN5IZKP .WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM 5IZKP .7 119
0MQVZQKP^WV0M[[ L]ZQVOPQ[RW]ZVMa\PZW]OP\PMXZW^QVKM[WN;MZJQI)TT\PW[MZM[QLQVOQV\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a_Q\PW]\VMKM[[IZaLWK]UMV\[WZ_PW_MZMXZWKTIQUMLI[XWTQ\QKIT
WNNMVLMZ[[PW]TLJMIZZM[\MLIVLPIVLMLW^MZ\W\PM)][\ZQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[)[
\PMM`\ZILQ\QWVWNM[KIXMLKWV^QK\[_I[IK][\WUIZaXZIK\QKMJM\_MMV\PM\_W
KW]V\ZQM[\PQ[ZMY]M[\ZMXZM[MV\MLIXZW^WKI\QWVNWZ\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[
1N\PMKWUXTQIVKM_Q\P7\\WUIVWZLMZ[_I[XZM^QW][TaIKWVLQ\QWVNWZ\PMVWV
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5IZKP .7 <PMZMXWZ\MZ
WN<PM<QUM[NZWU>QMVVI_ZW\MWV5IZKPIJW]\\PMR][\QèMLVMMLWN)][\ZQI\W
[MK]ZMQ\[[W]\PMZVJWZLMZ[0W_M^MZQVM`XTIVI\QWVWN\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[vXWTQKa
PM[\I\ML\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVWN\PMXIZ\[WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMM^MVQN
KIZZQML W]\ \W XZM[MZ^M \PM JITIVKM _Q\P W\PMZ /ZMI\ 8W_MZ[ LQ[Z]X\ML Ja \PM _IZ
_W]TLVW\WVTaJM]VIKKMX\IJTM\W4WVLWVIVL8IZQ[J]\_W]TL]VI^WQLIJTaLIUIOM
>QMVVI)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x5IZKP 5I\QRI*IVKTIQUML\PI\\PMZMM`Q[\MLI
[MKZM\IOZMMUMV\JM\_MMV>QMVVI+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVL\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[IJW]\\PM
\MUXWZIZa)][\ZQIV WKK]XI\QWV WN \PM ZMOQWV[ ILRIKMV\ \W \PM JWZLMZ[)N\MZ[\ZWVO
;MZJQIVZM[Q[\IVKMIVLXZMXIZI\QWV[NWZ\PMLMNMVKM\PQ[XTIV_I[IJIVLWVMLèZ[\Ja
\PM8WZ\M5*IVw7UMVQbI3ZQU[SWOZI\IwS]\1¡[\Z);)6=CQV;MZJQIV"5
*IVw)JW]\5a[MTN,]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV?IZwJW`1¡X);)6=E
120
WKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQIJa\PM)][\ZQIVIZUaIN\MZ\PQ[ZMY]M[\Q\[MMUML\PI\
\PMNI\MWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aJMKIUMM`KT][Q^MTaLMXMVLMV\WV\PMQTT_QTTWN\PM
WNèKQIT)][\ZQI;QUQËIXXMITML\W\PM*MTOZILM8I[PII[SQVOPQU\WUMLQI\M
_Q\P+WZWVQVQ)bQb8I[PIPI^QVO\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITw[[]XXWZ\_MV\
XMZ[WVITTa \W BMU]V WV IKKW]V\ WN \PQ[ XZWJTMU <PM )][\ZQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[
OI^MQV\PMV\PW]OPVW\X]JTQKTa":ILW[I^TRM^QËw[RW]ZVMa\PZW]OP;MZJQI_I[
VW\XW[\XWVMLJ]\Q\_I[IOZMML\PI\WVTa\PW[M)][\ZQIV[]JRMK\[_PWPIL
VWZMI[WV_PI\[WM^MZNWZIV`QM\a_W]TLI_IQ\PQUQV;MZJQIV\W_V[)TTW\PMZ
Q[[]M[_MZMTMN\\WJMZM[WT^MLJM\_MMV>QMVVIIVL+WV[\IV\QVWXTM <PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\P][PIVLMLW^MZWN\PMQZW_VNZMM_QTTIXIZ\
WN\PMQZ[W^MZMQOV\aWVTaQVWZLMZ\WI^WQL\ISQVO[QLM[QV\PMNWZ\PKWUQVO_IZ
0W_M^MZ\PM8WZ\Mw[XZM[\QOM_I[KWVèZUMLWVTaNWZIUWUMV\"QV\PQ[[IUM
\ITS)bQb8I[PI_I[VW\QèML\PI\\PMLMKQ[QWVPILITZMILaJMMVUILMNWZ\PM
)][\ZQIVIZUa\WWKK]Xa*W[VQIIVL0MZbMOW^QVI_PMZMI[\PMNI\MWN;MZJQI
LMXMVLMLWV_PM\PMZ\PMXMIKM_W]TLJMUIQV\IQVML<PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa
PW_M^MZVW_PIL\PMO]IZIV\MM[IJW]\\PM)][\ZQIVJMPI^QW]ZIVL\PI\_I[
_Pa.WVJTIVY]MKW]TLITZMILaTM[[LQ[\Z][\N]TTaTWWSI\\PM)][\ZQIVIZUaWV
\PM;IÎIVL\PM,IV]JM1\[MMU[\PI\PMPQU[MTN_I[ITZMILaITQ\\TMQVLQNNMZMV\
I[\W_PM\PMZ\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa_W]TLMV\MZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a)\IUMM\QVO\PI\
PMKITTMLx[QVKMZMy;MOQZIVLPQU[MTN[MMUML\WPI^MQVLQKI\ML[WUM\PQVOTQSM
\PI\\W/IZIIVQV!<PMNWZUMZ8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ[\IZ\MLQUUMLQI\MTa
[\I\QVOQV[]KPIKI[M\PI\M^MZa;MZJ_W]TLJMKWUMxIO]MZQTTMZWyIVL;MZJQI
_W]TLJMLZMVKPMLQVJTWWL0W_M^MZPM[WWVKWUXW[MLPQU[MTNI_IZM\PI\
\PZMI\MVQVO_Q\PLM[XIQZ_I[VW\\PMJM[\XWTQKaWNITTIVLKWVèZUML\PI\\PM
WKK]XI\QWV\MUXWZIZQTaKIZZQMLW]\Ja\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKP\WWX[_W]TLJM
_MTKWUM
<PM_IZJZW]OP\IJW]\V]UMZW][]VM`XMK\ML\]ZV[QV\W\PMZMTI\QWV[
JM\_MMV ;MZJQI IVL )][\ZQI _PQKP _MZM M`\ZMUMTa LZIUI\QK L]ZQVO \PM
MV\QZM VQVM\MMV\P KMV\]Za <P][ QV \PM JMOQVVQVO WN )XZQT \PM ;MZJQIV
OW^MZVUMV\MV\MZMLQV\W\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[_Q\P\PM)][\ZQIVOW^MZVUMV\IJW]\
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM 5IZKP .7 )TZMILaI\\PI\\QUM\PM?M[\MZVWJ[MZ^MZ[_MZMIJTM\WNIZ[QOP\MLTaKWVKT]LM
\PI\ZMOIZLTM[[WNPW_IVL_PW)][\ZQI]VQ\ML_Q\PIVL\PMUW^M[Q\UILMQ\U][\JM
I\ITW[[QV\PMMVL)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x5IZKP !
121
Jovan Marinović
\PMQUXWZ\WNZQéM[IVL[WUMIZ\QTTMZa<PMVMOW\QI\QWV[PILJMO]V
WVTa [M^MZIT _MMS[ JMNWZM 8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ _W]TL [MVL I 5MUWZIVL]U \W
\PM /ZIVL>QbQMZ -IZT WN +TIZMVLWV IVL \PM PMIL WN \PM .ZMVKP LQXTWUIKa
QV _PQKP PM WNèKQITTa KWUXTIQVML WN JMTTQOMZMV\ IVL QVÎLQVO QV\MV\QWV[ WN
)][\ZQI \W_IZL[ PQ[ KW]V\Za 3W[\I 5IOIbQVW^QË ZMKWZLML PW_ /IZIIVQV
IVL 5IZQVW^QË \PMU[MT^M[ _MZM \PM I]\PWZ[ WN \PM 5MUWZIVL]U \M`\ \PI\
TMN\I[\ZWVOQUXIK\WV\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[IVLKWWTMLWNN\PMZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV
)][\ZQIIVL;MZJQINWZ\PMTI[\\QUML]ZQVO\PM_IZ<PM8ZQVKMIOZMML\W[]KP
I[\MXIN\MZIUMM\QVO_Q\P\PM/ZIVL,]SM)TJZMP\\PI\PMM`XMZQMVKMLI[
P]UQTQI\QVOIN\MZ_IZL[J]\WVKM\PMKWV\MV\[WN\PM5MUWZIVL]U_MZMUILM
X]JTQK\PMZMTI\QWV[_Q\P)][\ZQIJMKIUM\Z]Ta\MV[M0W_M^MZLM[XQ\M\PMNIK\
<PM VMOW\QI\QWV[ IJW]\ \PQ[ X]ZKPI[M [\IZ\ML ITZMILa QV \PM JMOQVVQVO WN
7K\WJMZWN\PMXZM^QW][aMIZ2:Q[\QËXQV;MZJQIV.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM
*MTOZILM )XZQT .7 )]O[J]ZO /IbbM\M _ZW\M I\ \PM MVL WN 5IZKP
\PI\)][\ZQI PIL ZMIKPML \PM IOZMMUMV\ _Q\P ;MZJQI IVL 5WV\MVMOZW IKKWZLQVO \W
_PQKP\PM[MXZQVKQXITQ\QM[PIL\WZM\IQVN]TTVM]\ZITQ\aIVLQV\]ZV\PMaKW]TLKW]V\
WV\PM)][\ZQIV[]XXWZ\QV\PMQV\MZVITIVLNWZMQOVXWTQKaIVL\PMXZW\MK\QWVNZWU\PM
NWZ\PKWUQVO_IZ)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x5IZKP 8ZM^WL5MUWZIVL]UIWLIXZQTI );)6=QV;MZJQIV"<PM
<ZIV[TI\QWVWN\PM5MUWZIVL]UWN)XZQT );)6=
5MUWIZQsQ^W\WXQ[3W[\M5IOIbQVW^QËI);)6=! [\ZQV;MZJQIV"
5MUWQZ[*QWOZIXPaWN3W[\I5IOIbQVW^QË);)6=! X
122
\PI\ \PM ;MZJQIV 5MUWZIVL]U PIL I [PWZ\ XWTQ\QKIT MNNMK\ \PQ[ _I[ \PM èZ[\
LWK]UMV\NZWU;MZJQI\PI\_I[WNèKQITTa\ZIV[TI\ML\PW]OPNZWU\PM.ZMVKP
IVLQVKT]LMLQV\W\PMWNèKQITXIXMZ[WN\PM*ZQ\Q[P8IZTQIUMV\
;\QTT\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[_MZMVW\_MTTQVNWZUML[WNIZ
I[\PMM^MV\[QV\PM_WZTL_MZMKWVKMZVML)TZMILaWV \P)XZQTWVMKW]TLZMIL
<PM<QUM[PW_6IXWTMWV111IVL0áJVMZMI[QTaIOZMML\WIXXZW^M\PMXWTQKa
WN)][\ZQIIVL.ZIVKM]V\QT\PMXZM[MV\LIa<PMWZLMZWN[\MX[QV\PMXMZQWL\W
KWUM_I[KTMIZTaLMèVML"QVKI[MWN\PM:][[QIVKZW[[QVOWN\PM,IV]JM\PM
)][\ZQIVIZUa_W]TLKWVKMV\ZI\M\ZWWX[WV\PMJWZLMZ[WN;MZJQIIVL*W[VQI
IVLQNQ\[]KKMMLMLQVKZW[[QVO\PMUW]V\IQV*ITSIV[)][\ZQI_W]TLLMKTIZM_IZ
\W:][[QI1V[XQ\MWNM^MZa\PQVO\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\KWV\QV]ML\ZaQVO
\WJ]aNZWU)][\ZQIIOZMI\Y]IV\Q\aWNIZU[QV^M[\QVOQV\W\PQ[IKWV[QLMZIJTM
IUW]V\WNUWVMa_PQKPPILITZMILa[\IZ\ML\WJMKWTTMK\ML\PZW]OPI[XMKQIT
\I` <PM?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ _MZM Y]Q\M KWVN][ML")][\ZQI _I[ XZMXIZML \W IZU
;MZJQIIT\PW]OPI_IZM\PI\\PM[MIZU[QN\PM_IZJZWSMW]\_W]TLZI\PMZJM
][MLIOIQV[\\PM7\\WUIVIVLQ\[W_VIZUa\PIVIOIQV[\:][[QI7V\PMW\PMZ
PIVL\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\_I[_QTTQVO\W[XMVL\PMPIZLKWTTMK\MLUWVMa
QV)][\ZQI<PMY]M[\QWVWNLQ[\Z][\JMKIUMIK\]ITTaIVWJ[\IKTM<PM)][\ZQIV
OW^MZVUMV\PILI[SMLNWZO]IZZIV\QM[\PI\\PMIZU[_W]TLVW\JM][MLIOIQV[\
Q\ IVL \PM ;MZJQIV OW^MZVUMV\ _I[ VW\ ZMILa \W OW NIZ QV ]VLMZ\ISQVO WN
NWZUITWJTQOI\QWV[\W_IZL[)][\ZQIKW]V\QVOXMZPIX[WV\PMNIK\\PI\Q\_W]TL
JMIJTM\WUISM\PMIZ\QTTMZaQ\[MTN)VL[W\PMXZMXIZI\QWV[NWZ\PM_IZ_MV\
<PM8ZQVKMWN;MZ^QI\W\PM-IZTWN+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM )XZQT:MMLJa )XZQT .7 <PMTM\\MZ_I[LI\ML)XZQT "0W][MWN+WUUWV[
8IZTQIUMV\IZa 8IXMZ[ 5MUWZIVL]U ILLZM[[ML Ja \PM ;MZ^QIV /W^MZVUMV\ \W \PM
;]JTQUM 8WZ\M :M[XMK\QVO \PM 7KK]XI\QWV WN \PI\ 8ZQVKQXITQ\a Ja )][\ZQIV \ZWWX[
8ZM[MV\ML \W \PM 0W][M WN +WUUWV[ Ja +WUUIVL WN 0MZ 5IRM[\a QV X]Z[]IVKM
WN\PMQZ)LLZM[[WN2]VM >WT4@@11XX! ,,<PM)UMZQKIV
ZMILMZ[ WN \PM i6M_ AWZS ,IQTa <ZQJ]VMx TMIZVML IJW]\ \PM 5MUWZIVL]U WN \PM
;MZJQIV /W^MZVUMV\ IVL Q\[ QVé]MVKM WV \PM *ZQ\Q[P XWTQKa I\ \PM MVL WN 2]Ta NZWU\PMXMVWN3IZT5IZ`PQU[MTNi<PQ[XZW\M[\WN\PM;MZJ[JZQTTQIV\Ta[PW_[I\\PM
[IUM\QUMPW_MV\P][QI\QKITTa\PMXMWXTMWN?ITTIKPQII_IQ\ML\PMMV\ZaWN)][\ZQIV[
QV\W\PM?ITTIKPQIxKWVKT]LML\PQ[TMIZVML[XMK\I\WZWN\PM-]ZWXMIVKQZK]U[\IVKM[
/-ZVRISW^QËMLQ\WZ3IZT5IZS[{.ZQLZQP-VOMT[,MTI\WU*MWOZIL![\Z
{ QV ;MZJQIV" 3IZT 5IZ`.ZQLZQKP -VOMT[?WZS[ ^WT *MTOZILM ! XX
.ZIVKMi<PM<QUM[x )XZQT .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM)XZQT .7 Annus belli – 1854
123
WV .WVJTIVY]M PQU[MTN KW]TL NMMT QV ;MZJQI \PM OMVMZIT M`XMK\I\QWV[ WN \PM
:][[QIV IZUa MV\Za IVL \PM)][\ZQIV [QLM KWV\QV]ML _Q\P \PM KWV[\Z]K\QWV
WNKWUU]VQKI\QWV[IZW]VLBMU]VIVL_Q\P\PMIXXWQV\UMV\WNKWUXTM\MTa
KWUXZWUQ[ML WNèKMZ[ QV ^QM_ WN \PM 8WZ\M \W \PM PQOP XW[Q\QWV[ QV \PM
WJ[MZÎ\QWVKWZX[1V\PMUQLLTMWN)XZQT\PMKZQ[Q[ZMIKPMLQ\[bMVQ\P<PM
<QUM[QV4WVLWVX]JTQ[PML\PMVM_[NZWUQ\[>QMVVIZMXWZ\MZWV\P)XZQT
IKKWZLQVO \W _PQKP \PM :][[QIV \ZWWX[ MV\MZML WV \PM ;MZJQIV OZW]VL VMIZ
:IL]RMÎK<PMMV\ZaWN\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa_I[\PMVM`XMK\MLIVLQ\KW]TLJM
[IQLR][\QèML ;QUQTIZVM_[IT[WSMX\IZZQ^QVOQV\PMNWTTW_QVOLIa[J]\[WWV
Q\JMKIUMKMZ\IQV\PI\\PM:][[QIV\ZWWX[_MZMWVTaJ]QTLQVO\PMJZQLOMWV\PM
,IV]JM7J^QW][TaNIT[M\PM[MVM_[_MZMR][\QèMLJa\PMITTMOMLXI[[QVOWNI
KMZ\IQV:][[QIV]VQ\\PZW]OP\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a1\LQLVW\KWUM
\W\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN;MZJQI\PW]OPQ\_I[WV\PM^MZOMWNPIXXMVQVOXMZPIX[
èZ[\ WN ITT JMKI][M \PM JI\\TM JM\_MMV \PM :][[QIV IVL <]ZSQ[P IZUQM[ [WWV
\WWSXTIKMVMIZ+M\I\_PMV\PM:][[QIVIZUa_I[LMNMI\MLIVLNWZKMLQV\W
ZM\ZMI\!<PM_IZLIVOMZW^MZ;MZJQI[\IZ\MLOZIL]ITTa\WNILMI_Ia)TZMILa
QV \PM UQLLTM WN 5Ia \PM )][\ZQIV UQTQ\IZa XZM[[]ZM _I[ LQZMK\ML \W_IZL
5WV\MVMOZW 0MZbMOW^QVI IVL 6WZ\PMZV )TJIVQI <PM 5WV\MVMOZQV 8ZQVKM
,IVQTWQ[[]ML\PMXZWKTIUI\QWVWV \P)XZQT KITTQVONWZ\PMOMVMZIT
_IZ IOIQV[\ \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM .IKML _Q\P \PM _IZ IVL XWTQ\QKIT ZMITQ\a
\PM 5WV\MVMOZQV Z]TMZ Y]QKSTa _Q\PLZM_ IVL ZMILQTa M`KPIVOML \PM :][[QIV
XZW\MK\QWVNWZ\PM)][\ZQIVWVM0W_M^MZQ\UIaJMWVMLZIUI\QKXMZQWLNWZ
;MZJQIKIUM\WIVMVLJ]\WVTaIN\MZ\PM:][[QIVWKK]XI\QWVWN?ITTIKPQIIVL
5WTLI^QIJMKIUM]V[][\IQVIJTM
<PM:][[QIV?Q\PLZI_ITNZWU?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
<PM_Q\PLZI_ITWN\PM:][[QIVIZUaNZWU?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI_I[
\PMM`XMK\MLVM_[QV\PM-]ZWXMIVKIXQ\IT[J]\\PMKWVVMK\QWV[WN\PM;MZJQIV
I]\PWZQ\QM[_Q\P\PM:][[QIVKWUUIVLMZ[IVLLQXTWUI\[I[_MTTI[WKKI[QWVIT
?PI\KWTWVMT;\ZI\QUQZW^QË_I[TQSMQV\PMMaM[WN\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZIT
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM)XZQT .7 ?M[\UWZTIVL\PM*ZQ\Q[P
)UJI[[ILWZQV)][\ZQI_ZW\MQV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN)XZQT\PI\\PM)][\ZQIV\ZWWX[_W]TL
XZWJIJTaMV\MZ;MZJQIQV\_WLIa[WVTa0M[\I\MLPW_M^MZ\PI\\PMa_W]TLVW\LW\PQ[
_Q\PW]\\PMIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PM?M[\MZVITTQM[)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x)XZQT <PM:][[QIV[QV;MZ^QIi<PM<QUM[x)XZQT !
)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x)XZQT ?*I]UOIZ\X!
)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x5Ia 124
LMèIV\ LMUWV[\ZI\QWV[ WN TWaIT\a \W :][[QI Ja \PM ;MZJQIV LQOVQ\IZQM[ LQL
VW\MVL<PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[_MZMXIZ\QK]TIZTaIVVWaMLJa\PMY]M[\QWVWN
\PM[\I\][WN\PM0MIL;KPWWT;]XMZ^Q[WZ;QUWVW^QË_PW_I[M^MVOQ^MV\PM
LMILTQVM]V\QT!\P)XZQTJa\PM7\\WUIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WTMI^M\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\aIVL\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\WNNMZZML\WXIaPQ[[ITIZaZMO]TIZTa
\PZW]OPW]\PQ[IJ[MVKM,M[XQ\MITTLW]J\[IZW][MLJa\PM:][[QIV_Q\PLZI_IT
NZWU;UITT?ITTIKPQIIVLQVKZMI[QVOTaXZW?M[\MZVJMPI^QW]ZWN)][\ZQI\PM
:][[QIVMUQ[[IZQM[[\QTTSMX\WVXI[[QVO\PZW]OP;MZJQI7VMWN\PMUJZW]OP\
\PMXZWKTIUI\QWVWN<[IZ6QSWTIa1\W5WV\MVMOZWIVLWKKI[QWVITTa\PMZM_MZM
KI[M[WN;MZJQIVTMILMZ[_PWLQLVW\SVW_PW_\WPQLM\PMQZMV\P][QI[UNWZ
:][[QIVXTIV[JMNWZM\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[;W5QTQ^WRM8M\ZW^QËUWZMSVW_V
I[ *TIbVIÎK WV PQ[ ZM\]ZV NZWU 5M\b _PMZM PM PIL I\\MVLML \PM UQTQ\IZa
[KPWWT[\ZIVOMTaMVW]OPXI[[ML\PZW]OP;\8M\MZ[J]ZO)[[WWVI[PMIZZQ^ML
\W*MTOZILMPM^Q[Q\ML\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]T/MVMZITIVL[\I\MLJMNWZMPQUPW_
+W]V\6M[[MTZWLM_I[LM\MZUQVML\WKIZZaWV_Q\P\PM_IZNWZIN]TTY]IZ\MZ
WNIKMV\]Za_PMZMI[QV8M\ZW^QËw[WXQVQWV.ZIVKMMV\MZML\PM_IZ_Q\PVW
QV\MZM[\[WNQ\[W_V[QUXTa\ZQKSMLJa\PMx^QTM)TJQWVy
<PM 8WZ\M èVITTa ILWX\ML I ^MZa UWLMZI\M I\\Q\]LM KWVKMZVQVO \PM
Y]M[\QWVWN;QUWVW^QË1\_I[VW\XZMXIZML\W][MNWZKMIT\PW]OP\PM?M[\MZV
KWV[]T[ PIL ITZMILa \PZMI\MVML \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ _Q\P \PM )][\ZQIV
<PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM;MZJQIVTMILMZ[LQLVW\UQ[[\PMWXXWZ\]VQ\a\WXZM[MV\
\PMU[MT^M[WVWNèKQITWKKI[QWV[ILWZVML_Q\P:][[QIVLMKWZI\QWV[VW\QKMIJTaWUQ\\QVO
\WILL\W\PMU\PMLMKWZI\QWV[OQ^MVJa\PM;]T\IV.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM
)XZQT .7 .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM)XZQT .7 .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 +WXa6W
)JW]\ \PM [KPWWTQVO WN *TIbVIÎK [MM"> 8I^TW^QËi;ZX[SQ [\]LMV\Q ] 8IZQb] !{
x1SVR{@@@111*MWOZIL! [\Z!{CQV;MZJQIV">8I^TW^QËi;MZJQIV
;\]LMV\[QV8IZQ[ !{ x02JS{@@@111*MTOZILM! XX!{E
5I\QRI *IV XWQV\ML W]\ TI\MZ \PI\ Q\ _I[ IK\]ITTa 8M\ZW^QË I[ I TMILMZ WN
\PM :][[QIV NIK\QWV QV ;MZJQI _PW PIL KWQVML \PM XTIV \WOM\PMZ _Q\P \PM :][[QIV
OW^MZVUMV\IJW]\\PM]XZQ[QVOQV\PM;TI^WVQKXZW^QVKM[WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI\
\PMUWUMV\_PMV\PM:][[QIVIZUaKZW[[ML\PM,IV]JM0W_M^MZLM[XQ\M\PMNIK\\PI\
\PM:][[QIV\ZWWX[NW]OP\WV\PMZQOP\JIVS[WN\PQ[ZQ^MZJao]UTIIVL;QTQ[\ZQI\PM
]XZQ[QVOPILVW\èVITTa\ISMVXTIKM5*IVw7UMVQbI3ZQU[SWOZI\Iw0IZ\QRM5I\QRM
*IVI1¡[\Z);)6=QV;MZJQIV"5*IVw)JW]\5a[MTN,]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV
?IZwJW`1¡X);)6=
125
IZUa<PM8ZQVKMw[VMXPM_,RWZLRM[WWVIZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILM_PWPIL]V\QT
\PMV[MZ^MLI[IVWNèKMZQV\PM:][[QIVIZUa,M[XQ\MITTXZW\M[\[Ja\PM*ZQ\Q[P
IVL .ZMVKP +WV[]T[ /MVMZIT \PM *MTOZILM 8I[PI PQU[MTN XMZ[WVITTa èVITTa
ZMKMQ^MLaW]VO3IZILRWZLRM^QËIT\PW]OPPMPILVMQ\PMZXZM^QW][Ta[]JUQ\\ML
PQ[ZM[QOVI\QWV\W\PMXW[Q\QWVQV\PM:][[QIVIZUaVWZZMVW]VKMLPQ[[\I\][
WN\PM7\\WUIV[]JRMK\
)\ \PM \QUM _PMV \PM Z]UW]Z[ _MZM KQZK]TI\QVO QV *MTOZILM \PI\ I
:][[QIVNWW\PWTL_I[WZOIVQbMLQV\PM-I[\WN;MZJQIIVL\PI\[WUMUQTQ\IZa
UI\MZQIT_I[\ZIV[NMZZML\PMZMIKMZ\IQV:][[QIVKWTWVMTIZZQ^ML\WBMU]V
<PQ[ \QUM \PM )][\ZQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ ZMN][ML \W Q[[]M PQU \PM XMZUQ\ \W KZW[[
W^MZ\W*MTOZILMJ]\\PMZMNWZMPQ[KWTTWK]\WZIPQOPWNèKQITNZWU\PM5QVQ[\Za
WN \PM 1V\MZQWZ _MV\ \W UMM\ PQU QV BMU]V) [XMKQIT MV^Wa WN \PM ;MZJQIV
OW^MZVUMV\{)\IVI[QRM6QSWTQË[M\WNNNWZ?ITTIKPQII\\PI\\QUM<PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T/MVMZITSVM_NZWU\PMJMOQVVQVO\PI\\PM\Z]MOWIT[WN6QSWTQËw[UQ[[QWV
_MZM\W[\IZ\VMOW\QI\QWV[_Q\P.WV\WVQV?ITTIKPQI 1VILLQ\QWV\PM;MZJQIV
<]ZSQ[P ZMTI\QWV[ _MZM M`XW[ML \W \PM UW[\ LQNèK]T\ KPITTMVOM[ M`XMZQMVKML
[W NIZ <PM ZMILQVM[[ WN \PM 8WZ\M VW\ OW \W \PM MVL QV \PM XMZ[MK]\QWV WN
;QUWVW^QË_I[VW\_MTKWUMLQV;MZJQI<PMXMZ[MK]\QWVWN5I\QRI*IV_Q\P
\PMXIZ\QKQXI\QWVWN[\]LMV\[I[_MTTQVLQKI\ML\PI\;QUWVW^QËIVL\PMWNèKQIT
;MZJQI_MZMQV^WT^MLQVI\Z]MIV\Q<]ZSQ[PQVKQLMV\!<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TPIL
\PMQVNWZUI\QWV\PI\;QUWVW^QËPQU[MTN[\WWLJMPQVL\PMXMZ[MK]\QWVWN5I\QRI
*IV_PWPILITTMOMLTaWZLMZML\PM[\]LMV\[\WI\\IKSPQUXPa[QKITTaI[[WWVI[
IVWKKI[QWVIZW[MVW\NMIZQVOIVaKWV[MY]MVKM[<PMXZMLQK\QWV[WN\PMWTL
IVL[QKS1bbM\8I[PIIVL\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[IOIQVKWUXTM\MTaLQNNMZML?PQTM
\PM8I[PIWVTaKWUXTIQVMLWN\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ;QUQËw[MV^QZWVUMV\
TWaIT\W\PM:][[QIV[.WVJTIVY]MJMTQM^ML\PI\\PM;MZJQIVXWTQKa_W]TLVW\
JM[QOVQèKIV\TaINNMK\MLJa\PMZMUWÎTWN\PM:][[QIVXIZ\aTMILMZ<PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T/MVMZITLQLVW\UMV\QWV\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWN\PM8ZQVKMw[IJLQKI\QWVI[aM\
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 )6QSWTQË*QWOZIèRI)\IVI[QRI6QSWTQËI);)6=JZ #2:Q[\QË[\Z{
QV;MZJQIV")\IVI[QRM6QSWTQËv[*QWOZIXPa);)6=VW #2:Q[\QËXX{
6QSWTQËWNèKQITTaPIL\WJ]a<ZIV[QTÎVQIVPWZ[M[NWZ\PM;MZJQIVIZUa
J]\PMLQLVW\[]KKMMLQV\PQ[.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 1JQL
126
J]\\PMIVITWOaQ\[MTNJM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKMIVLPQ[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_I[MVW]OP
QVQ\[MTN\PI\MV\MZ\IQVQVO[]KP\PW]OP\[_I[VW\NIZNZWUPQUx<PM6I\QWVIT
8IZ\ay_I[VW\V]UMZW][IVLQ\_I[Q[WTI\MLIVLQ\[TMILMZ/IZIIVQV[\I\ML
\PI\M^MVQV\PMKI[MWNIVWNNMZ\WPMIL\PMOW^MZVUMV\WZ\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN\PM
1V\MZQWZPMKW]TLVW\IKKMX\Q\JMKI][MWNPQ[^MZa[UITTQVé]MVKMKI][MLJa
\PM_WZSWN\PM8ZQVKMw[KIUIZQTTIIVL\PM:][[QIVTWaITQ[\[0MSMX\I[[]ZQVO
\PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T /MVMZIT \PI\ QV \PM M`Q[\QVO KQZK]U[\IVKM[ PM PIL UWZM
QVé]MVKMI[IXZQÎ\MXMZ[WV
)\\PI\^MZa\QUM_PMV\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[JMOIV\WJMTQM^MQVITT\PM
UWZMKMZ\IQV)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVWN*W[VQIIVLM^MV;MZJQII[IXW[[QJTMIVL
M^MV][MN]T[WT]\QWV\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[[MMUML\WPI^MTW[\ITT\IK\QV\PMQZ
XWTQKaWNSMMXQVO\PMJITIVKMJM\_MMV\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[1\_I[VW\WVTa\PI\QV
NZWV\WN\PMIJIVLWVML:][[QIV+WV[]TI\MZMUIQVMLI\_MV\aUM\MZPQOPUI[\
WV_PQKPOTQ\\MZML\PMKWTW]Z[WN\PM:][[QIV\ZQKWTW]ZMLéIOIVL\PMQUXMZQIT
\_WPMILMLMIOTM[PQVMLWV\PM\WXIVLVW\WVTa_MZM\PMUMM\QVO[WN\PM
;MZJQIV XWTQ\QKQIV[ _Q\P \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUI\[ NZMY]MV\ IVL KWV[XQZI\WZQIT
J]\\PMM\MZVITTaQZZM[WT]\M8ZQVKM[\IZ\ML\WJMPI^MQVI^MZaKWTL_Ia_Q\P
\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[?PMVCalghoun\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV?ITTIKPQIIZZQ^ML
\W*MTOZILMWVPQ[_Ia\W*W[VQI\PM8ZQVKMZMN][ML\WZMKMQ^MPQU]VLMZ\PM
ZI\PMZ ]VKWV^QVKQVO XZM\M`\ WN I PMILIKPM )\ \PM MVL WN 5Ia \PM ;MZJQIV
WNèKQIT[NIQTML\W^Q[Q\\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TI\MWVWKKI[QWVWN\PM9]MMV>QK\WZQIw[
JQZ\PLIa<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_PW[M\OZMI\[\WZM\WLQXTWUI\QKM\QY]M\\MIVL
_Q\POZMI\XMZ[Q[\MVKMPILJMMVTMILQVO\PMLQ[X]\MZMOIZLQVO\PMQV[]T\\W\PM
*ZQ\Q[P éIO [M^MZIT aMIZ[ IOW KW]TL VW\ NWZOQ^M \PQ[ \W \PM ;MZJQIV WNèKQIT[
)\\PM\QUM_PMV\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\[MV\è^M;\I\M+W]V[MTTWZ[\W\PM
XZW^QVKM[ \W XZMXIZM \PM XMWXTM NWZ \PM _WZ[\ Q\ JMKIUM KMZ\IQV \PI\ Q\ _I[
UWZM JMTTQOMZMV\ \PIV \PM ;MZJQIV XMI[IV\Za =VLMZ \PM XZM[[]ZM WN \PM
XMWXTM\PMV]UJMZWNLIa[QVI_MMSXTIVVMLNWZWJTQOI\WZaUIVWM]^ZM[_MZM
ZML]KMLNZWU\PZMM\W\_W)JILQUIOMWN\PMUQTQ\IZaXW_MZWN;MZJQISVW_V
[QVKMTWVOLM\MZQWZI\MLM^MVUWZMQV\PMMaM[WN\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[<PMWTL
.WVJTIVY]Mw[ \PM[Q[ \PI\ \PM KWUJI\Q^MVM[[ WN \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a QVPIJQ\IV\[
LMXMVLML WV \PMQZ KPIVKM[ NWZ XT]VLMZ [MMUML KZMLQJTM <PM KW]ZIOM KW]TL
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 5Ia
127
WVTaJMQV[XQZMLJaI_IZWNKWVY]M[\QV\W_PQKP;MZJQI_W]TL]VLW]J\MLTa
MV\MZIN\MZ\PMNITTWNo]UTIIVL;QTQ[\ZQI<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITIKK][ML
\PM 8ZQVKMw[ VMXPM_ IVL 5QTQ^WRM 8M\ZW^QË NWZ \PM XZMLWUQVIVKM WN \PM
UQTQ\IV\XIZ\aIUWVO\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\<PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM;\I\M<ZMI[]Za
_MZMIT[WUW^ML\W3ZIO]RMÎKNWTTW_MLJaVW\WZQW][;QUWVW^QË)KKWZLQVO
\W .WVJTIVY]Mw[ QVNWZUI\QWV \PMZM _MZM KIVVWV[ I\ \PM LQ[XW[IT WN \PM
;MZJQIVIZUa\PI\_W]TLXZQUIZQTaX[aKPWTWOQKITTa\PIVQVZMITQ\a]VI^WQLIJTa
QUXZW^M\PMXZW[XMK\[WN;MZJQIQVIXW[[QJTM_IZ<PMZM_I[VW\PQVOTMN\NWZ
\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITJ]\\WZMXZWIKPJQ\\MZTa\PM8WZ\MNWZPI^QVOUWZM
\Z][\QV\PM;MZJQIV3IXW]3MPIRIQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM\PIVQVPQ[_MTTUMIV\
_IZVQVO[ZMOIZLQVO\PM;MZJQIVXZWOZIUWNOM\\QVOIZUML
2][\I\\PI\\QUMINWZMQOVXWTQ\QKITM^MV\W^MZ[PILW_ML\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[
QV;MZJQI<PM.ZMVKP\ZWWX[LQ[MUJIZSMLQV\PM8WZ\WN8QZIM][WV\P5Ia
\P][ [\IZ\QVO \PM \PZMMaMIZTWVO XMZQWL WN UQTQ\IZa WKK]XI\QWV WN \PM UW[\
QUXWZ\IV\ PIZJW]Z QV \PM 3QVOLWU WN /ZMMKM <PM NW]Z\P KMV\]Za [QVKM
\PMNITTWN+WV[\IV\QVWXTMMVLMLR][\IaMIZJMNWZMI\\PM\QUM_PMV8ZQVKM
5MV[PQSW^PILITZMILaTMN\Q\<PZW]OPW]\V]UMZW][/ZMMSZMOQWV[]VLMZ\PM
7\\WUIVWKK]XI\QWVUQTTMVIZQIVXZWXPMKQM[[XZMILIVL\PMUIRWZQ\aWN\PM
/ZMMSXWTQ\QKQIV[JMTQM^ML\PI\\PMUWUMV\PILKWUMNWZ\PMZMITQbI\QWVWN\PM
x5MOITM1LMIy-^MV3QVO7\\WKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PM?M[\MZVITTQM[KW]TLJM_WV
W^MZNWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWNWVMJQO/ZMMS[\I\MI[IKW]V\MZJITIVKM\W\PM:][[QIV
QVé]MVKM?PMVPMLQLVW\[]KKMMLQVLWQVO\PQ[PM\PW]OP\TQSMW\PMZ/ZMMS
[\I\M[UMV \PI\ \PM XTIV NZWU \PM \QUM WN \PM ?IZ NWZ 1VLMXMVLMVKM KW]TL
JM QUXTMUMV\ML )[ 2> 3WNI[ [PZM_LTa WJ[MZ^ML \PM WNèKQIT /ZMMKM _I[
KWV^QVKML\PI\ITTJILKWV[MY]MVKM[UQOP\JMI^WQLMLQN\PM_IZ_I[TMLJax\PM
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM5Ia .7 6W <PM ZMXWZ\MZ WN \PM 4WVLWV <QUM[ ZMXWZ\ML WV 5Ia NZWU>QMVVI \PI\
IVMUMZOMVKa[\I\MPILJMMVQV\ZWL]KMLQV;MZJQIIN\MZ\PMTI[\JI\\TM[JM\_MMV\PM
:][[QIVIVL7\\WUIVIZUQM[I\\PM,IV]JM)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x5Ia 1JQL?PMVQ\Q[\PMY]M[\QWVWNOM\\QVO;MZJQIIZUML\PMLQNNMZMVKMJM\_MMV
\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL\PM.ZMVKPXWTQKa\W_IZL[;MZJQIQ[VW\QKMIJTM<PMNIK\\PI\\PM.ZMVKP
OW^MZVUMV\_I[QVKT]LMLNZWU\PM^MZaJMOQVVQVOQV\W\PMY]M[\QWVWNKIVVWV[KW]TL
JMM`XTIQVMLJaIOZMI\QVéW_WN\PM.ZMVKPKIXQ\ITQVITUW[\ITT-]ZWXMIVKW]V\ZQM[QV
\PMUQLLTMWN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]ZaM^MVJMNWZM\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
.ZIVKMJMKIUMI[MZQW][KWUXM\Q\WZWN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVXZMLWUQVIV\]V\QT\PMVM^MVQV
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM;.IZWYPQX
?*I]UOIZ\<PM+ZQUMIV?IZX
128
/ZMMS[IVLVW\/ZMMKMy0W_M^MZKWV\ZIZa\W\PM/ZMMSZM^WT]\QWVXMZQWLI\
\PM\QUMXZQWZ\W\PM+ZQUMIV?IZQVILLQ\QWV\W\PMZMJMTTQW][/ZMMS[\PMZM
_I[IT[W/ZMMKMWV_PQKP\PMXZM[[]ZMKW]TLJMM`MZ\MLIVL_PQKPKW]TLJM
X]VQ[PML!
1\ [MMU[ \PI\ ;MZJQIV XWTQ\QKQIV[ PIL VW QTT][QWV[ \PI\ QV KI[M WN IVa
UWZM [MZQW][ KZQ[Q[ \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a _W]TL JM LQZMK\Ta X]\ QV LIVOMZ ?Q\P
\PM LMXIZ\]ZM WN \PM 8ZQVKM IVL \PM OW^MZVUMV\ \W 3ZIO]RMÎK \PM \MUXMZ[
KWWTMLWNNQV*MTOZILM<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TZMOZM\\ML\PI\/IZIIVQVPILTMN\
\PM KIXQ\IT _Q\P \PM 8ZQVKM JMKI][M \PM QVKTQVI\QWV WN PQ[ W\PMZ KWTTWK]\WZ[
\W_IZL[ \PM ?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ []LLMVTa QVKZMI[ML 7VM .WVJTIVY]Mw[ UIV WN
KWVèLMVKMNZWU\PMxZIVSWN\ZILM[UMVyI[[]ZMLPQUL]ZQVO\PM\ITS\PI\QN
\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKP+WV[]TI\M[_MZMKTW[ML\PM)][\ZQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[_W]TL
QUUMLQI\MTaKTW[M\PM+][\WU[LW_VIVLQV\PI\_IaXZIK\QKITTa[MQbMWVMPITN
WN\PMNWZMQOVOWWL[WV\PM_Ia\W*MTOZILM-^MV5I\MRQË_PW_I[QV\PM
5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[QVKPIZOMWN5IZQVW^QËw[L]\QM[L]ZQVOPQ[UQ[[QWV
QV8IZQ[KWV[QLMZMLQ\IXXZWXZQI\M\WQVNWZU\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITPW_
\PM:][[QIVXIZ\aQV\PMKW]V\Za_I[M`\ZMUMTa_MISIVL\PI\\PM\W\ITUQTQ\IZa
IK\Q^Q\QM[_MZMQVNIK\LQ[[]ILQVO)][\ZQINZWUQ\[QV\MV\QWV\WWKK]Xa;MZJQI
IVL\P][MVLIVOMZ\PM7\\WUIV[W^MZMQOV\a5I\MRQËKTIQUMLPW_\PM:][[QIV[
_MZM KMZ\IQV \W TW[M J]\ .WVJTIVY]M SVM_ \PI\ \PM ;MZJQIV X]JTQK UW[\Ta
W^MZM[\QUI\ML:][[QIVXZW[XMK\[IVLPILKWV\MUX\[NWZ)][\ZQIVQV\MV\QWV[
VWUI\\MZPW_KMZ\IQVQ\_I[\PI\\PM:][[QIVIZUa_I[TW[QVO\PM_IZIVL\PI\
\PM)][\ZQIV\ZWWX[_MZMOZIL]ITTaUW^QVO\W_IZL[<ZIV[QTÎVQI
<PM:][[QIV_Q\PLZI_ITNZWU?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI_I[QVXZWOZM[[
_PMV\PM)][\ZQIV/ZIVL,]SM)TJZMP\IZZQ^ML\WBMU]V<PM)][\ZQIVZWTM
QVLQ[[]ILQVO:][[QINZWUN]Z\PMZWNNMV[Q^MWV\PM*ITSIV[_I[ITZMILaKMZ\IQV
[W\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKaJMKIUMU]KPUWZMQVKTQVML\W\PM)][\ZQIVIK\Q^Q\QM[
!
2>3WNI[1V\MZVI\QWVITIVL,WUM[\QK8WTQ\QK[QV/ZMMKML]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV
?IZ6M_AWZS! X .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM 5Ia .7 6W
<PMZMXWZ\MZWN<PM<QUM[NZWU>QMVVIXZIQbMLQVPQ[ZMXWZ\X]JTQ[PMLI\\PM
JMOQVVQVOWN2]VMPW_XZQVKQXTML\PM;MZJQIVXZQVKM_I[IVL\PM[]KKM[[WNPQ[VM]\ZIT
XWTQKa<PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[KWUXTM\MTaLQ[\IVKML\PMU[MT^M[NZWU\PMXWTQKaWN\PM
8ZQVKMWN5WV\MVMOZWJMNWZM\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x2]VM ? *I]UOIZ\ X # /IZIIVQV { 5IZQVW^QË] UIR 8Q[UI [\Z
{ #2:Q[\QË[\ZQV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË 5Ia 4M\\MZ[
XX { #2:Q[\QËX
129
\W_IZL ;MZJQI +TIZMVLWV KWV[QLMZML Q\ VMKM[[IZa \W QVNWZU \PM +WV[]T
/MVMZITQV*MTOZILMPW_\PM*ZQ\Q[P+IJQVM\PILZMTQIJTMQVNWZUI\QWV\PI\\PM
)][\ZQIVIZUa_W]TLVW\MV\MZ;MZJQI_Q\PW]\ZMI[WVIVLQN\PMWKK]XI\QWV
VM^MZ\PMTM[[\WWSXTIKM\PMVI[PM[\I\MLQ\_W]TLJMWN][M\W\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZM<PM8WZ\MQ\[MTN[MMUMLVW\\WJMKWV^QVKMLQV\W\PMOWWL_QTTWN
>QMVVI)\\PMZMKMX\QWVWZOIVQbMLQVBMU]V\PM;MZJQIVXZQVKM_I[VW\\PM
WVTaKI][MWN\MV[QWV[JMKI][M\PM*MTOZILM8I[PI]VLMZ\PMXZM\M`\WNQTTVM[[
[MV\PQ[MUQ[[IZQM[_PWPW_M^MZ_MZM[PW_VVWWNèKQITPWVW]Z[<PM;MZJQIV
XZQVKMVMMLML[WUMXMZ[]I[QWV\WKWUMIVL_PMVPMèVITTaIOZMMLPMKIUM
LMKWZI\ML_Q\P\PM:][[QIVUMLIT[=VM`XMK\MLTa\PM/ZIVL,]SMw[KWTLVM[[
LQLVW\TMIL\W[WUMOZMI\MZQVKQLMV\[<PM8ZQVKM_I[[MI\MLI\\PM\IJTMWV
PQ[ ZQOP\ [QLM I[ \PM MTLM[\ LQOVQ\IZa XZM[MV\ IVL \PM /ZIVL ,]SM )TJZMP\
KWUXTM\MTa QV IKKWZLIVKM _Q\P PQ[ UQTQ\IZa IXXMIZIVKM [XMV\ \PM M^MVQVO
_Q\PW]\M[KWZ\IVLIVa[XMKQITXZW\MK\QWV<PMZMTI\QWV[IUWVO)][\ZQI\PM
7\\WUIV -UXQZM IVL ;MZJQI LQL VW\ PW_M^MZ JMKWUM TM[[ ]VLMZ[\IVLIJTM
IVL\PZMI\MVQVO"\PM:][[QIVIOMV\[KWV\QV]ML\W\ZI^MT\PZW]OP;MZJQI_Q\PW]\
IVaWJ[\IKTM[IVLWVMWN\PMUPQLQVO]VLMZ\PMZIVSWNXZQM[\_I[JZIbMVTa
ZMKMQ^ML Ja \PM 8ZQVKM IVL ;QUQË <PM /ZIVL ,]SM)TJZMP\ _PW ZMN][ML \W
LQVM_Q\P\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIMUQ[[IZQM[_PQTM[IQTQVOJa\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[
LQL VW\ TQ^M \W JM OZMM\ML Ja \PM [IT]\M WN PWVW]Z èZML NZWU Q\[ _ITT[ <PM
XZM\M`\IKKWZLQVO\W_PQKP;MZJQI_W]TLTMIL\PM_IZWVTax\WLMNMVLQ\[MTN y
.WVJTIVY]MVW_KWV[QLMZMLI[IVQVIXXZWXZQI\MR][\QèKI\QWVNWZQV\ZQO]M[\PI\
\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaIVL\PM;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[[XZMILIOIQV[\)][\ZQIIVL\PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZM
<PM UQLLTM WN 2]VM JZW]OP\ IJW]\ KMZ\IQV XZWOZM[[ QV NI^W]Z WN \PM
8WZ\MIVL\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[\PI\LQLVW\OW]VVW\QKMLJa\PMI\\MV\Q^MMaM
WN\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITQV*MTOZILM<PM5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[QV
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_I[LMXW[ML_PQTM5IQMZPWNNMZWVMWN\PMUW[\XZWUQVMV\
+TIZMVLWV\W.WVJTIVY]M.WZMQOV7NèKM2]VM .7 !6W
<PM<QUM[X]JTQ[PMLWV2]VM\PMVM_[\PI\\PM8WZ\MIOZMML_Q\P\PM\MUXWZIZa
)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVWN5WV\MVMOZW-^MV\PMLQZMK\QWVWNXW[[QJTM)][\ZQIVILÎVKM
\PZW]OP \PM [UITT 8ZQVKQXITQ\a _I[ LM\MZUQVML 7NèKQIT +WV[\IV\QVWXTM PW_M^MZ
KWV[QLMZML\PI\\PMIOZMMUMV\LQLVW\ZMNMZ\W\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN0MZbMOW^QVI*W[VQI
IVL ;MZJQI I[ _MTT M`KMX\ QV \PM KI[M WN VMML IVL _Q\P \PM IOZMMUMV\ WN ITT ITTQM[
.ZIVKMi<PM<QUM[x2]VM .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM 2]VM .7 !6W
1JQL
130
)][\ZQIV PQOP WNèKMZ[ _PW _I[ IT[W KTW[M \W :][[QI _I[ [MV\ \W \PM VM_
XW[Q\QWVQVNIZI_Ia*MZTQV<PMZMNWZM;QUQËKWV[QLMZMLQ\VMKM[[IZa\WTM\
.WVJTIVY]MSVW_UWZMZM[WT]\MTa\PIVJMNWZM\PI\\PMZM_W]TLJMVW]XZQ[QVO
QV;MZJQI1\_I[QUXWZ\IV\\W\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ\W_QV\PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T W^MZ JMKI][M ;MOQZ PIL ITZMILa NWZ_IZLML I VMOI\Q^M ZMXWZ\ IJW]\
\PMI\\Q\]LMWN\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQI\WPQ[OW^MZVUMV\<PQ[_I[ VW\UM\_Q\P
OZMI\]VLMZ[\IVLQVO\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TPILM^MVQVNWZUML\PMIUJI[[ILWZQV
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM\PI\;MZJQIPILZMKMQ^ML\PMM`XZM[[QWV[WNJMVM^WTMVKMIVL
[]XXWZ\NWZQ\[XWTQKaNZWUWVMWN\PMPQOPM[\XTIKM[QV\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa
0M PIL \PM QVNWZUI\QWV IKKWZLQVO \W _PQKP +W]V\ 6M[[MTZWLM PQU[MTN PIL
_ZQ\\MV\W\PM8ZQVKM\PI\xPM_QTTJMNWZOQ^MVM^MVIP]VLZMLQV[]T\[PMKW]TL
UISMIOIQV[\\PMXZW\MK\QVOXW_MZWVTaJMKI][MWN\PMIZLW]Z_Q\P_PQKP\PM
;MZJQIVXMWXTMXZMXIZMLNWZ\PM_IZy
1\KW]TLJMVM^MZ\PMTM[[JMTQM^ML\PI\\PM;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[_W]TLVW\
Ja \PMU[MT^M[ UISM IVa UW^M \PI\ _W]TL TMIL \PMQZ KW]V\Za QV\W \PM _IZ
;WWV \PM ;\I\M +W]V[MTTWZ[ _MZM _Q\PLZI_V NZWU \PM XZW^QVKM[ XZMXIZQVO
NWZ\PMLMNMVKMWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a *]\I[\PMXZMXIZI\QWV[NWZ\PM_IZ_MZM
KWUXTM\MLIVL\PM;MZJQIVXMWXTMZMUIQVMLKWVN][MLIVLIZUMLUWZM\PIV
M^MZ.WVJTIVY]MZMKWUUMVLML\PI\\PQ[TI[\UW^M[PW]TLVW\JMMV\Z][\ML
\WIVaWVMMT[MJ]\\W)][\ZQI6IUMTa\PMPMTXTM[[8WZ\MKW]TLVW\LQ[IZU\PM
XMWXTMIZZM[\\PM:][[QIVIOMV\[IVL[\QTTXMZNWZU[WUM\ZQéMJ]\QV\PMMaM[
WN\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T^MZaQUXWZ\IV\L]\a[]KPI[NWZQV[\IVKM\PMJZQVOQVO
LW_VWN\PMUI[\QVNZWV\WN\PMNWZUMZ:][[QIV+WV[]TI\MIVL\ISQVOI_Ia
WN \PM :][[QIV LMKWZI\QWV[ -^MV ;QUQË _I[ TMN\ [XMMKPTM[[ Ja .WVJTIVY]Mw[
VM_ QV\MZXZM\I\QWV WN \PM QV\MZVI\QWVIT TI_ IKKWZLQVO \W _PQKP \PM ZMTI\QWV
WN)][\ZQI\W_IZL;MZJQI_I[VW\I[WVM[\I\M\WIVW\PMZJ]\I[\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZM\W_IZLQ\[UQVQ[\MZ:M[PQL8I[PIITTMOMLTaLQ[UQ[[MLJMKI][MWN\PM
XZW:][[QIVXWTQKaPMTML!
1JQL.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2]VM .7 !6W
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 2]VM .7 ! 6W 2WÎV:Q[\QËQVPQ[[\]La;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVIQV;MZJQIV";MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV
?IZ_ZQ\\MV[M^MZITLMKILM[TI\MZ[\I\ML\PI\\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaPILITZMILaI\
\PI\\QUMKWVLMUVMLWNèKQIT;MZJQIJMKI][MWNPMZVM]\ZITQ\aM^MVWXMVTa[PW_QVO
LQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV2:Q[\QËX!
1JQL
!
:M[PQL 8I[PI _I[ ;\ZI\NWZL LM :MLKTQNNMv[ XZW\MOÎ _PW KWV[QLMZML \PI\ PM
_W]TL JM \PM UW[\ KIXIJTM WVM WN KIZZaQVO W]\ QV\MZVIT ZMNWZU[ QV \PM 7\\WUIV
131
>QMVVI [WWV PMIZL WN \PM KWV\MV\[ WN \PM )XZQT 5MUWZIVL]U _PQKP
\PM 8ZQVKM IVL \PM ;MZJQIV OW^MZVUMV\ PIL ILLZM[[ML \W \PM 8WZ\M IVL \W
\PMWNèKQIT*ZQ\IQVI[_MTT ;W)TTOMUMQVMBMQ\]VO[WNIZNZMY]MV\TaQVKTQVML
\W :][[QI _ZW\M PW_ \PM ;MZJ[ xTQ^ML _Q\P \PMQZ XQO[y _PQTM ;ZJ[SM VW^QVM
KWVKQTQI\WZa[\I\ML\PI\;MZJQIPILJMMVX]\]VLMZIZU[UIVa\QUM[[QVKM J]\\PM;MZJQIVIZUaPILVM^MZKZW[[ML\PMJWZLMZ[WN;MZJQI )VLQVMNNMK\
Q\[MMUML\PI\QV;MZJQI_PW[MI]\PWZQ\QM[_MZMW\PMZ_Q[MI[IZ]TM\WZVIXIZ\
Ja [MZQW][ QV\MZVIT Y]IZZMT[ VW_ KWUXTM\M ]VQ\a XZMÎQTML /IZIIVQV _PW
WVTaQV\PM\ITS_Q\P\PM*ZQ\Q[PZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MIOZMML_Q\POZMI\LQNèK]T\a\PI\
\PM LQ[IZUIUMV\ WN \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a _W]TL JM ][MN]T KTIQUML \PI\ JW\P \PM
+PIQZUIVWN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTIVL\PMLQZMK\WZWN\PM*MTOZILMXWTQKMJMTQM^ML
\PI\ M^MV \PM LW_VNITT _W]TL JM JM\\MZ []J[\Q\]\QWV NWZ \PM ;MZJ[ \PIV \PM
LQ[IZUIUMV\ 1V\PMJMOQVVQVOWN2]Ta\PM/ZIVL,]SM)TJZMP\IVLOMVMZIT
0M[[PMTLIZM^QM_WN[M^MV\PW][IVL)][\ZQIV[WTLQMZ[QVBMU]V 1VPQ[\ITS
_Q\P.WVJTIVY]M0M[[LMKTIZMLPW_\PMx[Q\]I\QWV[QOVQèKIV\TaLM\MZQWZI\MLy
IN\MZ\PMX]JTQ[PQVOWN\PM5MUWZIVL]U\PI\_I[_Pa\PMOM\\QVO]VLMZIZU[
KW]TL JM VW_ QV\MZXZM\ML WVTa I[ IV IK\ WN ZMJMTTQWV 0M IVVW]VKML \PI\ QN
-UXQZM)T\PW]OPPM[]KKMMLMLQVOM\\QVOPQUJIKS\WPQ[WTLXW[Q\QWV:MLKTQNNMPIL
\W ILUQ\ WVTa I aMIZ TI\MZ \PI\ PM _I[ _ZWVO QV PQ[ I[[M[[UMV\? - 5W[[Mi<PM
:M\]ZVWN:M[KPQL8I[PI)V1VKQLMV\QV\PM+IZMMZWN4WZL;\ZI\NWZLLM:MLKTQNNMx
-VOTQ[P0Q[\WZQKIT:M^QM_!>WT 6W!X
<PM8ZQVKMWN;MZ^QI\W\PM-IZTWN+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM )XZQT:MMLJa )XZQT .7 <PMTM\\MZ_I[LI\ML)XZQT 5MUWZIVL]U
)XZQT );)6=6WQV;MZJQIV3W[\I5IOIbQVW^QË[\I\MLQVPQ[UMUWQZ[
\PI\ 2WÎV 5IZQVW^QË PIL LZIN\ML \PM 5MUWZIVL]U I\ \PM XZWXW[IT WN /IZIIVQV
5MUWIZQ sQ^W\WXQ[ 3W[\M 5IOIbQVW^QËI );)6= JZ ! QV ;MZJQIV" 3W[\I
5IOIbQVW^QËv[5MUWIQZ[*QWOZIXPa);)6=VW! <PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T LQL VW\ èVL Q\ M^MV VMKM[[IZa \W ZMUQVL PQ[ []XMZQWZ[
IJW]\ \PM ! M^MV\[ ;ZJ[SM VW^QVM R]T QV ;MZJQIV" <PM ;MZJQIV
6M_[XIXMZ2]Ta .WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 2]Ta .7 ! 6W <PM
ZMXWZ\MZWN<PM<QUM[NZWU>QMVVIZMXWZ\MLQV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN2]Ta\PI\\PMWNèKQIT
)][\ZQILQLVW\LMUIVL\PMZM\IQVQVOWN\PMXZW\MK\WZI\M0W_M^MZ)][\ZQI_W]TLVW\
ITTW_M[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\aZIVQKITZ]TQVO[WNTWKIT7\\WUIVXI[PI[WVQ\[JWZLMZ[)][\ZQI
i<PM<QUM[x2]Ta )\\PI\\QUM/IZIIVQVKWV[QLMZML\PI\N]TT]VQ\aWNNWZKM[
JM\_MMV PQ[ W_V IVL )TMS[I 2IVSW^QËv[ NWTTW_MZ[ WV WVM [QLM IVL \PW[M WN )KQSI
6MVILW^QËWV\PMW\PMZWVM_I[VMKM[[IZa/IZIIVQV{5IZQVW^QË]R]VQRIR]TI
8Q[UI[\Z!{QV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË2]VM2]Ta 4M\\MZ[XX!{
132
\PMXWX]TI\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[VW\LQ[IZUMLPM_W]TLKMZ\IQVTaOM\
\PM I]\PWZQbI\QWV \W WKK]Xa \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a <PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T KWV[QLMZML
Q\ è\\QVO \W IL^Q[M \PM )][\ZQIV OMVMZIT \W ZMXMI\ ITT \PQ[ \W \PM ;MZJQIV
MUQ[[IZQM[ <PM;MZJQIV[QLM[MMUML\WPI^MTM[[\IK\\PIV\PM)][\ZQIVWVM
6WJWLaMT[MJ]\)KQSI6MVILW^QË_I[[MV\\WBMU]VVW\WZQW][[QVKMMIZTQMZ
NWZPQ[QVKTQVI\QWV\W_IZL[:][[QI 0MXZM[MV\ML\PMITZMILa][MLR][\QèKI\QWV
\W\PM/ZIVL,]SMUISQVO\PM8WZ\MXIZ\QITTaZM[XWV[QJTMNWZIZUQVO;MZJQI /ZIVL ,]SM )TJZMP\ PW_M^MZ Y]QKSTa JZWSM ]X \PM UMM\QVO ,QXTWUI\QK
W]\_Q\\QVO[MMUML\WPQUKWUXTM\MTaQVIXXZWXZQI\MIN\MZ\PMX]JTQ[PQVOWN\PM
;MZJQIV5MUWZIVL]U0MKWV[QLMZML\PMIXXTaQVOWN\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\
\W)][\ZQIIN\MZ[]KPIVQV[]T\I[QUXMZ\QVMVKM0MKWTLTaIVL[PIZXTaUILM
[]KPPQ[I\\Q\]LMKTMIZ\W\PM;MZJQIVMV^WaIVLK]\LW_V\PM\ITS\PI\PILR][\
[\IZ\ML<PQ[\QUM\PM,]SMw[LMXIZ\]ZM_I[NWTTW_MLJa\PM\_MV\aWVMKIVVWV
[IT]\MMÌK\TaI[MV^Q[IOMLNWZWNèKQITWKKI[QWV[+WV\ZIZa\W\PMM`XMK\I\QWV[
\PM)][\ZQIV]VQ\[LQLVW\KZW[[\PM;IÎIVL\PM,IV]JMILIaTI\MZ<PM\PZMI\
WN)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWV\PI\PILJMMVQVKM[[IV\TaPW^MZQVONWZIN]TTaMIZW^MZ
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQILQLVW\KWUMVMIZQ\[ZMITQbI\QWVWV\PQ[WKKI[QWV 5MV\QWVMLQVIV\QKQXI\MLIVLXZWJIJTaQVNWZUITIOZMMUMV\_Q\P:][[QIQV\PM
[]UUMZWN \PMWKK]XI\QWVJMKIUMZMTMÎV\I\\PM\QUM_PMV\PM:][[W
<]ZSQ[P_IZWV\PM,IV]JMJTIbML]XQV\PMI]\]UVIVL_QV\MZ\PZMI\MVQVO
IOIQVQV\PM[XZQVOIVL[]UUMZWN 6M^MZ\PMTM[[Q\JMKIUMKMZ\IQVQV2]Ta
\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa_W]TLOW\W_IZL[\PM-I[\\W?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
_PMZM\PM:][[QIVIZUa_I[P]ZZQMLTaMÎK]I\MLNZWU
.QVITTaWV \P2]Ta\PM8WZ\Mw[WZLMZ[NWZ]ZOMV\LQ[IZUIUMV\WN;MZJQI
IZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILM6W_M^MV;QUQËKW]TLVW\I^WQL\W[WT^M[]KPIVQ[[]M
;MMUQVOTaZMKWVKQTML_Q\P\PMQVM^Q\IJQTQ\aWNQ\[QUXTMUMV\I\QWVPMI^WQLML
\W LQ[K][[ \PM LM\IQT[ ,M[XQ\M SVW_QVO NWZ KMZ\IQV \PI\ \PM LQ[IZUIUMV\ WN
\PMXMWXTM\W_PWU\PMIZU[_MZMTQJMZITTaLQ[\ZQJ]\MLIVL\PMUWVMaNWZ
Q\XZM^QW][Ta\ISMV\PZW]OPI[XMKQIT\I`_W]TLJMKIZZQMLW]\WVTaQVKI[MWN
1JQL
2:Q[\QË{
1V \PM 7\\WUIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ _MZM KWUXTM\MTa IOIQV[\ \PM )][\ZQIV
QV\MZ^MV\QWV1V\PMJMOQVVQVOWN2]Ta\PM*MTOZILM8I[PI_ZW\M\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
\PIVSQVOPQUWV\PM;]T\IVw[JMPITNNWZPQ[iTWaIT\aZM[WT]\MVM[[IVLIJ[WT]\MITTMOQIVKM
L]ZQVO\PMKZQ[Q[x)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x2]Ta Annus belli – 1854
133
Toma Vučić-Perišić
NWZMQOVWKK]XI\QWV /IZIIVQV_I[VW\VW_\PMWVTa;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV\PM
?M[\MZVKWV[]T[KW]TLVMOW\QI\M_Q\P-^MV>]ÍQË\PM[aUJWTWN\PM:][[QIV
XIZ\aQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_PWPILVWQV\MZM[\QVMQ\PMZSMMXQVO\PM8ZQVKMWV
\PM\PZWVMJaI^WQLQVO\PMKWVéQK\WZPQ[IL^MZ[IZQM[QVXW_MZIN\MZ\PMUMM\QVO
_Q\P\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV7ZIÎITTMOMLTaIKKMX\MLPQ[IZO]UMV\[XZWUQ[QVO
\PI\PM_W]TLXMZ[WVITTaMVLMI^W]Z\WI[[]ZMKMZ\IQV;MZJQIVTMILMZ[QV\W\PMQZ
ÎTQLQ\a !,]ZQVO\PQ[\QUM4]JZQTMN\3ZIO]RMÎKJMKI][MWNPQ[LQ[IOZMMUMV\
_Q\P\PM8ZQVKMIJW]\\PMXZWOZIUWN\PMKIVVWVUIV]NIK\]ZMJ]\\PMZMNWZM
\PM UIVWM]^ZM[ KWV\QV]ML ITT W^MZ \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a _Q\P \PM KWTTMK\QWV WN
PQOP\I`M[NWZ\PMIZUa<PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ[WWVKTIQUML\PI\Q\_I[
VMKM[[IZaNWZ;MZJQI\WRWQV\PM8WZ\MIVLQ\[ITTQM[!<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2]Ta 2]Ta .7 !6W
)JW]\IZUIUMV\[MM/2ISQË,;\ZIVRISW^QËXX{QV;MZJQIV
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM )]O][\.7 !6W
!
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM )]O][\ .7 ! 6W /IZIIVQV _I[ WN \PM WXQVQWV \PI\ Q\ _I[ \PM Y]M[\QWV WN WVM[QLML KWVKM[[QWV WN
WNèKQIT .ZIVKM \W )][\ZQI /IZIIVQV 5IZQVW^QË] /ZWKSI [MX\MUÎZQRI 8Q[UI[\ZQV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË]/ZWKSI ;MX\MUJMZ 4M\\MZ[X
134
VW\[XMKQITTa_QTTQVO\WJMTQM^MPQU<PM\]ZVNWZ;MZJQI\WKWUUQ\Q\[MTNQV\PQ[
_IZKIUMI\\PMUWUMV\_PMV\PM_IZPILITZMILaJMMVUW^QVOI_IaNZWUQ\[
MI[\MZVJWZLMZ[<PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[wKWTTWK]\WZ[KTIQUMLQV\PM[M\ITS[PW_
/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKMQV\PMQZXWTQKaWNTQ\MZITXZM[MZÎ\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV
[W^MZMQOV\aLQLVW\TMI^MIVaZWWUNWZ\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWN\PMZMVM_IT WN \PM
;MZJQIV SQVOLWU .WVJTIVY]M SMX\ ZM\WZ\QVO _Q\P \PM Y]M[\QWV IJW]\ \PM
KPIZIK\MZWN\PMLQNNMZMVKMJM\_MMV\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL\PM:][[QIVXWTQKa\W_IZL[
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<[IZ6QSWTIa1X]JTQKTaJW]VLPQU[MTN\PI\;MZJQI?ITTIKPQI
IVL5WTLI^QI_W]TLZM\IQV\PM[IUM[\I\][M^MVQV\PMKI[MWN\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZMJZMISLW_V:][[QIPILWVTaxN]Z\PMZML_QLM[XZMILQTT][QWV[yKWV\ZIZa
\W/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM\PI\_MZMIT_Ia[ZMILa\Wx[]XXWZ\ZMI[WVIJTMIVL
XZIK\QKITLMUIVL[y!
)TT I\\MUX\[ NWZ /IZIIVQV \W MV\MZ \PM OW^MZVUMV\ IOIQV ZMUIQVML
]V[]KKM[[N]T I\ \PI\ \QUM <PM XZMKWVLQ\QWV \W OM\ ZMKWVKQTML èZ[\ _Q\P
)][\ZQI_I[]VIKKMX\IJTM\W\PQ[XZ]LMV\IVLXZW]L;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV_PQTM
PM KWV[QLMZML PQ[ PMILQVO \PM 5QVQ[\Za WN .WZMQOV )NNIQZ[ PIZLTa NMI[QJTM
IVL ZMITQ[\QK _Q\P \PM [MTN_QTTML 8ZQVKM IVL PQ[ MV\W]ZIOM! .WVJTIVY]M
\PW]OP\PW_Q\_W]TLJMUWZM][MN]TNWZ\PMNWZUMZ8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ
_PW IVa_Ia WKKI[QWVITTa IL^Q[ML ;QUQË \W WKK]Xa I VWUQVITTa []JWZLQVI\M
XW[Q\QWV QV \PM OW^MZVUMV\ IVL TI\MZ M^MV \ISM W^MZ \PM 5QVQ[\Za WN \PM
1V\MZQWZ1\[MMUML\PI\/IZIIVQVKWV[QLMZML[]KPXTIVI[IKKMX\IJTM[W\PI\
QNQ\[]KKMMLMLPM_W]TLM^MV]VLMZ\ISM\PMWJTQOI\QWV\WZMUW^MWVMIN\MZ
IVW\PMZITT\PMXZWJTMU[\PI\PIL]V\QTZMKMV\TaQV\MZNMZML_Q\P\PMZMTI\QWV[
WN*MTOZILM_Q\P\PM8WZ\MIVLQ\[ITTQM[!0W_M^MZ\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[VW\
KWV^QVKML\PI\\PMIXXWQV\UMV\WN/IZIIVQV\W[]KPIVQVé]MV\QITXW[Q\QWV
QV\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\KW]TLQ\[MTNUWZM[QOVQèKIV\TaKPIVOM\PMXWTQKaWN
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a1V\MZVI\QWVITXZMKWVLQ\QWV[[PW]TLJMKZMI\MLNWZ[WUM\PQVO
TQSM\PI\IVLNWZ\PI\ZMI[WVPMXZWXW[ML\W:MLKTQNNM\WM[\IJTQ[PIN\MZ\PM
)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWVWN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QII[XMKQèKKW]V\MZJITIVKMQV
!
j?PQTM:][[QIVPILWN\MVJMMV[MMV\WNI^WZ[WUMLMT][QWV{_PMVWJRMK\[
WNPMZW_V_MZMTQSMTa\WJMN]Z\PMZMLQV\PMQV\MZÎTJM\_MMV\PMPITT]KQVI\QWVIVL\PM
LQ[MVKPIV\UMV\{IVLQVQTT][QWVY]Q\M\W\PMXWQV\1JQL
!
1JQL/IZIIVQV5IZQVW^QË]/ZWKSI[MX\MU 8Q[UI[\Z{
QV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË/ZWKSI ;MX\MUJMZ 4M\\MZ[X
!
1JQL
135
*W[VQI ;MZJQI IVL *]TOIZQI! .WZ \PQ[ X]ZXW[M PM XZWXW[ML \PM WXMVQVO WN
[M^MZIT*ZQ\Q[PUQTQ\IZaIVLKWUUMZKQIT[\I\QWV[WV\PM)LZQI\QK;MI+WTWVMT
:ILW[I^TRM^QËPILIT[WMV\MZ\IQVML_Q\P[QUQTIZ\PW]OPM^MVUWZMZILQKITQLMI[
2][\I\\PI\\QUMXZWJIJTaWVPQ[W_VQVQ\QI\Q^MPM\ZQML\W_QV.WVJTIVY]M
W^MZNWZ\PMQLMI\PI\\PM+WV[]T[WN*ZQ\IQV.ZIVKMIVL)][\ZQI_Q\P\PMQZ
KW]V\ZQM[w[]XXWZ\IVLQV\PMKIXIKQ\aWN[XMKQITKWUUQ[[QWVIQZM[\ISMW^MZ
\PM OW^MZVQVO WN ;MZJQI .WVJTIVY]M LW]J\ML \PM [MZQW][VM[[ WN \PM UW^MZ
J]\VW\\PMXZIK\QKITQ\aWNPQ[XZWXW[IT[\I\QVO\PI\\PM[M\PZMMXW_MZ[KW]TL
[]KKM[[N]TTa Z]TM ;MZJQI ]VLMZ \PM KWVLQ\QWV \PI\ :][[QI IVL TM[[ QV\MZM[\ML
8Z][[QI _MZM M`KT]LML 6M^MZ\PMTM[[ Q\ _I[ KTMIZ \W PQU \PI\ \PM )][\ZQIV
LQXTWUIKa_I[[\ZQ^QVO\WM`KPIVOM\PM:][[QIVQVé]MVKM_Q\PQ\[W_VI[_MTT
I[\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVIZUa_I[I\UIVaXWQV\[_Q\PQVZMIKPWN;MZJQI_PQTM\PM
ITTQML\ZWWX[_MZMNIZI_IaNZWU\PM)][\ZQIVJWZLMZ[!
<PM*MOQVVQVOWN\PM)][\ZQIV;]XZMUIKa
)\\PMMVLWN;MX\MUJMZ\PM]VWNèKQIT;MZJQIVMV^Wa)TMS[I2IVSW^QË
ZM\]ZVML NZWU >QMVVI! <PM M`XMZQMVKML XWTQ\QKQIV JWZV I[ IV )][\ZQIV
[]JRMK\IVLSVW_VNWZQ\[TWaIT\a\W>QMVVIQUUMLQI\MTa[\IZ\ML\WLQ[KZMM\Ta
XZWUW\M\PMQLMIIJW]\\PMM[\IJTQ[PUMV\WN\PMNWZUIT^QKIZQW][)][\ZQIV
XZW\MK\WZI\M W^MZ ;MZJQI QV[\MIL WN \PM IVV]TTML :][[QIV WVM! ?PQTM \PM
>QMVVIVM_[XIXMZ[_ZW\MIJW]\\PMKMZ\IQV\aWN;MZJQIMV\MZQVO\PM)][\ZQIV
XWTQ\QKIT WZJQ\ \PM 8ZQVKM ]V_QTTQVOTa I[ K][\WUIZa ILUQ\\ML \W PQ[ NWZMQOV
KWTTWK]\WZ[ PW_ IN\MZ ITT \PM \]ZV[ PQ[ XWTQKa PIL WVTa WVM KIZL TMN\ { \PM
)][\ZQIVWVM
<PM WNèKQIT ;MZJQI ZMUIQVML QVKWV[Q[\MV\ ]V\QT \PM ^MZa MVL QV Q\[
ZMTI\QWV[ _Q\P W\PMZ XW_MZ[?PQTM OZIL]ITTa LQ[\IVKQVO NZWU :][[QI Q\ _I[
!
1JQL1V5Ia\PMWNèKQIT)][\ZQIWNNMZZML\PM?M[\MZVITTQM[\WWKK]Xa;SILIZ
NZWU_PMZM_PMVVMKM[[IZaQ\KW]TLWKK]XaKMZ\IQV/ZMMSZMOQWV[WZ5WV\MVMOZW?
*I]UOIZ\X
!
,]ZQVO\PQ[\QUM\PM.ZMVKPIVL*ZQ\Q[PNWZKM[_WV\_W[QOVQèKIV\^QK\WZQM[
I\+ZQUMI1V\PMUQLLTMWN;MX\MUJMZ\PMa[\IZ\ML_Q\P\PM[QMOMWN;MÎ[\WXWT\WTI[\
WVMN]TTaMIZIVL\PMW]\KWUMWN\PMMV\QZM_IZ_W]TLLMXMVLWVQ\[NI\MIT\PW]OP\PQ[
_I[VW\KWUXTM\MTaKTMIZ\W\PMKWV\MUXWZIZQM[?*I]UOIZ\XX
!
2 :Q[\QË 8ZWXI[\ WTQOIZPQRM [\Z { QV ;MZJQIV" 2 :Q[\QË <PM .ITT WN
7TQOIZKPaXX
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W#
4R:Q[\QËX QV;MZJQIV"4R:Q[\QËX 136
IXXZWIKPQVO)][\ZQI VW\ WVTa JMKI][M WN XWTQ\QKIT WZ UQTQ\IZa XZM[[]ZM[ J]\
IT[WQV\PMPWXM\PI\QV\PQ[_IaQ\_W]TLVW\KWUXTM\MTaJZMIS]X_Q\PIVaWN
\PMXIZ\QM[QV\PMK]ZZMV\_IZ<PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\\ZQMLI\\PM[IUM\QUM
\W[I\Q[NaI[U]KPI[XW[[QJTMQ\[;]bMZIQVI[_MTT1NXWTQ\QKITKWVKM[[QWV[_MZM
VW\XIZ\QK]TIZTaNI^W]ZIJTMNWZWNèKQIT;MZJQI\PMJZQJMKW]TLMI[QTa\ISM\PMQZ
XTIKM<PM+PIQZUIVWN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aLMèVML\PMZ]TM[
WN\PMXWTQKa\W_IZL[\PM8WZ\MQVI^MZa[QUXTQèML_Ia[IaQVO"x,WI[5W]KPQV
[Ia[IVLOQ^MI\QX\W\PM8WZ\M\PI\_QTTXWQ[WVQ\I\\PMMVLy! <PMZMNWZM\PM
;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\IVL\PM8ZQVKM[MV\\PM\W\ITWN\PZMM\PW][IVLL]KI\[\W
5IZQVW^QËQV8IZQ[WVTaNWZ\PMX]ZXW[MWNJ]aQVOI[]Q\IJTMXZM[MV\NWZ\PM
XW_MZN]T :M[PQL 8I[PIw[ LI]OP\MZQVTI_!! .WVJTIVY]M èZUTa JMTQM^ML \PI\
\PM ]VZM[WT^ML [\I\][ WN ;QUWVW^QË IVL SMMXQVO WN UWZM IVL UWZM QTT 1bbM\
8I[PII\\PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PMKWUUIVLMZWN\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[_I[ILQZMK\
KWV[MY]MVKMWN\PM[a[\MUI\QKKWZZ]X\QVOWN\PM8WZ\MJaQ\[;MZJQIVÎ[[IT[
<WMV\Z][\5IZQVW^QË_Q\P[]KPI\IèZ[\OTIVKMVW\[WQUXWZ\IV\\I[SUMIV\
WV\PMW\PMZPIVLIVW\PMZXZMXIZML\]ZVQV\PM;MZJQIVLQXTWUI\QKIK\Q^Q\a
5IZQVW^QË\P][PIL\PMWKKI[QWV\WXMZ[WVITTaJZQVO\PMM`XMV[Q^MXZM[MV\\W
*MTOZILMJMKI][M[M^MZIT_MMS[TI\MZPM_I[ZMKITTMLNZWU8IZQ[0W_M^MZ
^MZJITTa TWaIT \PMa _MZM \W )][\ZQI IVL \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM \PM ;MZJQIV
WNèKQIT[ KWV\QV]ML \W JM UWZM \PIV ZMILa \W UISM LQNNMZMV\ KWVKM[[QWV[ \W
:][[QI<PMZ]UW]Z[XZMIL\PI\5IZQVW^QËMIZVMLIJILZMX]\I\QWVJMKI][M
WN PQ[ UMM\QVO[ _Q\P \PM .ZMVKP LQOVQ\IZQM[ .WVJTIVY]M PW_M^MZ KTIQUML
\PI\[]KPUMM\QVO[PIL\ISMVXTIKMMIZTQMZI[_MTTJ]\\PI\PQ[ZMKMV\^Q[Q\\W
4WVLWV_I[KZ]KQITNWZ5IZQVW^QËw[NI\M_PMZMPMUM\\PM-IZTWN+TIZMVLWV
\PMPMILWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !
;ZJQRI i;ZJ[SQ LVM^VQSx IÔ][\ [MX\MUJIZ JZ QV ;MZJQIV"
;MZJQIi;MZJQIV ,IQTax )]O][\ ;MX\MUJMZ VW <PQ[ VM_[ _I[ \ISMV
W^MZJai<PM<QUM[xI[_MTT)][\ZQIi<PM<QUM[x;MX\MUJMZ 1\Q[QV\MZM[\QVO
\PI\UWZMLM\IQTML*ZQ\Q[PWZ.ZMVKP[W]ZKM[IJW]\5IZQVW^QËv[UQ[[QWVPI^MVW\JMMV
NW]VL]V\QTXZM[MV\4R)TMS[QËX!QV;MZJQIV
7VMXIZ\WN\PM;MZJQIVX]JTQK[][XMK\ML_PI\PQ[]VWNèKQITZWTMQV8IZQ[
_I[<PMVM_[\PI\PM[MV\PQ[VW\QKM_PQTMWVPQ[_Ia_I[KWUUMV\MLJaWTLLMUIVL[
\WZM\QZMPQU\WOM\PMZ_Q\P/IZIIVQVIVLUW^M\PMUW]\WNXWTQ\QK[;ZJQRIi;ZJ[SQ
LVM^VQSx ! VW^MUJIZ JZ ! QV ;MZJQIV" ;MZJQI i;MZJQIV ,IQTax !
6W^MUJMZ 6W !
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W
!!
137
)N\MZ \PM èZ[\ ^QK\WZQM[ I\ \PM +ZQUMI
OZMI\MZ QV\MZM[\ WN \PM *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUIKa NWZ
\PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI KMI[ML 6M^MZ\PMTM[[
.WVJTIVY]MNWTTW_ML\PMLM^MTWXUMV\WNM^MV\[
KWV^QVKML \PI\ PQ[ QVé]MVKM _I[ [\QTT OZMI\MZ
\PIV\PMIK\]ITXZM[MVKMWN\PM*ZQ\Q[P[\I\MIVL
Q\[ IZUa WV \PM *ITSIV 8MVQV[]TI <PM WNèKQIT
;MZJQI []KKMMLML \W ZMN][M WKKI[QWVIT ZMY]M[\[
NZWU \PM 8WZ\M NWZ èVIVKQIT IQL NWZ Q\[ _IZ
MVLMI^W]Z[ _Q\P U]KP TM[[ MNNWZ\ \PIV MIZTQMZ
XZM[[]ZM[ \PI\ _W]TL QVM^Q\IJTa TMIL QV\W \PM
IZUMLKWVéQK\_Q\P:][[QIWZ\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<PMWNèKQIT*MTOZILMM^MV[I_
Q\ []Q\IJTM \W R][\QNa \PM ZMN][IT NWZ PMTXQVO Q\[
”British Soldier after the
;]bMZIQV Ja \PM ITTMOML LQ[IOZMMUMV\ WN /ZMI\
1855. Winter”, Sedmica
*ZQ\IQV IVL .ZIVKM _Q\P []KP x^QWTI\QWV WN
\PM ;MZJQIV VM]\ZITQ\ay .WVJTIVY]M VI\]ZITTa
ZMRMK\ML []KP XZM\M`\[ J]\ PM PIL VW WKKI[QWV IVa UWZM WN M`MZ\QVO OZMI\
XZM[[]ZMWV\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[
<PMNI\MWN;MZJQI_I[VW_UWZMQV\PMPIVL[WN)][\ZQIIVLQ\[MMUML
I[QN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKaIT[WTM[[IVLTM[[QV\MZM[\MLQV\PMNI\MWN;MZJQI_I[
\ZaQVO\WXZW\MK\Q\[W_VQV\MZM[\[][QVO\PMZM[MV\N]TVM[[WN)][\ZQI\W_IZL[
W\PMZ/ZMI\8W_MZ[1\_I[\PM^QK\WZaWN\PMITTQMLIZUaI\)TUI\P;MX\MUJMZ
\PI\MÌK\TaOI^MZQ[M\W[]KPJMPI^QW]Z<PMI\\Q\]LMWN)][\ZQIQV\PM
_IZZM[]T\MLQV\PM_Q\PLZI_ITWN:][[QINZWU\PM*ITSIV[IVLQ\[
LMNMV[Q^MWV\PM:][[QIV\MZZQ\WZa_PMZM\PM_IZUW^ML\W<PMZMNWZMQ\_I[
IK\]ITTa)][\ZQI\PI\PIL\WZMKWQTNZWUIVa:][[QIV[]KKM[[IVL\W\ZaM^MV
UWZM\W[]XXZM[[\PM:][[QIVXZWXIOIVLIIUWVOQ\[XWX]TI\QWV.WVJTIVY]M
PILVW\PQVOVQKM\W[IaNWZ\PMMLQ\QVOXWTQKaWN;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS<PM;MZJQIV
,IQTa \PM QVé]MV\QIT VM_[XIXMZ X]JTQ[PML QV ;MZJQIV QV 6W^Q ;IL 1V \PM
Q[[]M NZWU [\;MX\MUJMZ\PMVM_[XIXMZZMXWZ\MLIJW]\\PMLMKQ[Q^MLMNMI\
WN \PM ITTQML IZUa IVL éMM\ \PI\ ITTMOMLTa \WWS XTIKM I\ \PM +ZQUMI <PM
.WVJTIVY]M \W +TIZMVLWV *MTOZILM ! ;MX\MUJMZ .7 !
6W ;ZJ[SQ LVM^VQS ! [MX\MUJIZ QV ;MZJQIV" <PM ;MZJQIV ,IQTa !
;MX\MUJMZ 138
*ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUI\QK ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[ KTIQUML \PI\ []KP XZWXIOIVLI VW\ WVTa
PIZUML \PM QV\MZM[\[ WN \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM IVL \PM ?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ J]\
UW[\WNITT)][\ZQIQ\[MTN<PQ[_I[_Pa\PM*ZQ\Q[PIUJI[[ILWZQV>QMVVI4WZL
?M[\UWZTIVLPQU[MTN_I[[WWVQV[\Z]K\ML\WTWLOM\PMXZW\M[\JMKI][MWN\PM
_ZQ\QVOWN;ZJ[SQ,VM^VQS<PMIV[_MZKIUMNZWU\PM)][\ZQIVVM_[XIXMZ[
QVKTQVML \W_IZL :][[QI IKK][QVO .WVJTIVY]M IVL ;MOQZ WN \ZaQVO \W UISM I
XI[PITQKW]\WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI
<PM ;MZJQIV X]JTQK M`XMZQMVKML \PM :][[QIV LMNMI\[ I\ \PM +ZQUMI
UIQVTaI[\PMQZW_V"\PM\_MV\aWVMKIVVWV[IT]\MNZWU\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[
UIZSQVO\PM^QK\WZaI\)TUI]VXTMI[IV\Ta[]ZXZQ[MLJW\P8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
IVL \PM ?ITTIKPQIV 8ZQVKM ;\ZQJMQ _PW PIXXMVML \W JM QV ;MZJQI I\ \PI\
\QUM <PM LMRMK\QWV WN ;MZJ[ KI][ML QTT NMMTQVO[ _Q\P \PM?M[\MZV KWV[]T[
?PMV\PM8ZQVKMw[JQZ\PLIa_I[KMTMJZI\MLQV7K\WJMZ.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML
\PI\\PMWUQ[[QWVWNWNèKQIT*ZQ\Q[PKWVOZI\]TI\QWV[_W]TLJMIÎTQLIV[_MZ
\W \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ _PW WVTa [M^MZIT UWV\P[ IOW PIL VW\ LMMUML Q\
IXXZWXZQI\M\WKWVOZI\]TI\MPQUWV\PMWKKI[QWVWN9]MMV>QK\WZQIw[JQZ\PLIa .WVJTIVY]M_I[Q[WTI\MLQV[]KPILMKQ[QWVJ]\\PMZMNWZM;MOQZPIL\WJMIZ\PM
[KMVMWN8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZVW_XZWUX\MLJa\PMKIUIZQTTI_MIZQVO\PW]OP
TM[[ LMèIV\Ta J]\ [\QTT KWV[XQK]W][Ta \PM N]TT [XTMVLW]Z WN \PM PQOP :][[QIV
LMKWZI\QWV[
1V\PMI]\]UVWN \PMVM_JQ[PWX[WWVIN\MZOZIL]I\QWVNZWU\PM
-KKTM[QI[\QK)KILMUa QV :][[QI IZZQ^ML \W oIJIK!?PI\ \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T
SVM_ IJW]\ \PQ[ \_MV\aMQOP\aMIZWTL JQ[PWX _I[ M`\ZMUMTa ]VNI^W]ZIJTM
XZQUIZQTaNWZ\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[<PMIV[_MZPMZMKMQ^ML\W\PMY]M[\QWV
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM 6W^MUJMZ .7 !6W
i<ZQM[\M/IbM\\MxIVLi7[\,M]\[KPM8W[\x
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W!
1\ Q[ QV\MZM[\QVO \PI\ []KP IV WUQ[[QWV WKK]ZZML WVTa I UWV\P IN\MZ \PM
8ZQVKMIVL\PM+W]VKQTIXXMITML\W+TIZMVLWVIVL\PM*ZQ\Q[P8IZTQIUMV\\WZMVLMZ
XZW\MK\QWV\W;MZJQINZWU)][\ZQI.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W
!
<PM N]\]ZM 5M\ZWXWTQ\IV 5QPIQTW 1\ Q[ QV\MZM[\QVO \PI\ 5M\ZWXWTQ\IV 8M\IZ
[M^MZIT aMIZ[ IOW IK\]ITTa [I_ 5QTWRM 2WÎVW^QË N]\]ZM 5M\ZWXWTQ\IV 5QPIQTW IVL
2WÎV:Q[\QËI[PQ[XW[[QJTM[]KKM[[WZ[,R;TRMXÍM^QË1[\WZQRI;ZX[SMXZI^W[TI^VMKZS^M
7LXWÍM\SI@1@^MSILWSZIRI,Z]OWO[^M\[SWOZI\I*MWOZIL!![\Z QV
;MZJQIV",R;TRMXÍM^QË<PM0Q[\WZaWN\PM;MZJQIV7Z\PWLW`+P]ZKP.ZWU\PM*MOQVVQVO
WN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za\W\PM-VLWN\PM;MKWVL?WZTL?IZ*MTOZILM!!XX
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W
139
IJW]\\PMVM_JQ[PWXw[SVW_TMLOMIVLM`XMZQMVKM_I[\PI\PMPILM`\ZMUMTa
OZMI\xZMTQOQW][IZLW]Zy,Q[\Z][\N]T.WVJTIVY]M[I_QV\PM_WZSWN\PMVM_
JQ[PWXIVM`\MVLMLPIVLWN\PM:][[QIVLQXTWUIKaIVL\PMXTW\QV_PQKPQV
;MZJQIIN\MZ\PMIZKPJQ[PWX{\PM)][\ZQIV[]JRMK\VW_\PM:][[QIVWVM[PW]TL
JMQVI]O]ZI\ML
<Z]Ta Q\ [MMUML \PI\ \PW[M NM_ NWTTW_MZ[ WN .ZIVKM IVL /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV
LQ[IXXMIZMLQV;MZJQI=XWVPQ[ZM\]ZVNZWU8IZQ[2WÎV5IZQVW^QËZMUIQVML
WVTaNWZI[PWZ\\QUMI\\PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PMPMILWN\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV
)NNIQZ[<PMXZWXW[IT[\PI\;MZJQII\\PM\QUM_PMV\PM_IZUW^MLI_IaNZWUQ\[
JWZLMZ[[PW]TLI\TMI[\UWLMZI\MTa[QLM_Q\P\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[_MZMZMRMK\ML
-^MV/IZIIVQV_PW[\IaMLQV/ZWKSINWZITWVO\QUMIN\MZPQ[ZM\]ZVNZWU
IJZWILKIUM\W*MTOZILMQVWZLMZ\W^Q[Q\PQ[NZQMVLIVL[MKZM\TaTMIZVIJW]\
ITT\PW[MVM_[_PQKPKW]TLVW\PI^MJMMVUMV\QWVMLQV\PMKWZZM[XWVLMVKM
:MUIQVQVOWVTa^MZa[PWZ\TaQV*MTOZILMPM^Q[Q\ML.WVJTIVY]MM^MV\_QKM<PM
M`XMZQMVKML;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIVLQLVW\SVW_PW_\WPQLMPQ[LM[XIQZJMNWZM
\PM*ZQ\WV0M[\I\ML\PI\QN)][\ZQIMV\MZMLQV\W\PM_IZ_Q\P:][[QI_Q\PQV
\PMVM`\[M^MZITUWV\P[\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN ;MZJQI_W]TL
IT[W JMKWUM ]VI^WQLIJTM 0M _I[ []ZM \PI\ QN \PQ[ PIXXMVML ;MZJQI _W]TL
x[QVSQV\WJIZJIZQ[UyNWZITWVOMZ\QUM<PMLMXIZ\]ZMWNNWZMQOV\MIKPMZ[IVL
\]\WZ[ NZWU ;MZJQI [MMUML \W KWVèZU \PI\ PM _I[ ZQOP\ QV ITT \PM[M OTWWUa
M`XMK\I\QWV[
<PMXWTQ\QKITMTQ\MWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_I[VW\_WZZQMLU]KP
Ja \PM \PZMI\ WN \PM )][\ZQIV WKK]XI\QWV 5IVa ;MZJQIV XWTQ\QKQIV[ _MZM
KWV^QVKML\PI\)][\ZQI8Z][[QIIVL:][[QIPILZMIKPMLIVIOZMMUMV\IJW]\
\PM N]\]ZM RWQV\ XZW\MK\WZI\M WN ITT /ZMI\ 8W_MZ[ W^MZ \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a
,M[XQ\MXMZ[Q[\MV\ZMN]\I\QWV[Ja\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[Q\_I[JMTQM^ML\PI\Q\
<PM Z][[QèKI\QWV WN ;MZJQI \PZW]OP \PM KP]ZKP ZMXZM[MV\[ I ZMTI\Q^MTa
]VM`XMK\MLI[[M[[UMV\I[\PMZMXWZ\[IJW]\\PMQVLMXMVLMVKM
QVLMXMVLMVKMWN\PM;MZJQIVXMWXTM
WN \PM ;MZJQIV XMWXTM
NZWU\PM+P]ZKPXZMÎQTMLQVMIZTQMZaMIZ[<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[,MKMUJMZ
X! 6I\]ZITTa\PM[M\ITS[_MZMVW\UMV\QWVMLQV\PMKWZZM[XWVLMVKMJM\_MMV
\PM \_W ;MZJQIV XWTQ\QKQIV[ /IZIIVQV { 5IZQVW^QË] /ZWKSI VWMU Q
1[\Q/ZWKSIVWMU!LMS 8Q[UI[\Z!{QV;MZJQIV"/IZIIVQV\W
5IZQVW^QË/ZWKSI6W^ IVL1JQL"/ZWKSI6W^!,MK 4M\\MZ[
XX!{
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ .7 !6W
;MM"8Q[UIVIXWUMVM[\ZQV;MZJQIV"4M\\MZ[ZMUIZS[X
140
_W]TLJMQTTMOIT\WLMVa\PMZQOP\WNXIZ\QKQXI\QWVM^MV\W\PMLMNMI\ML:][[QI
QV\PMKWTTMK\Q^MO]IZIV\MM[\PI\\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[QV\MVLML\WOQ^M;MZJQI
<_W 7\\WUIV XI[PI[ XZM[MV\ QV *MTOZILM IT[W IK\ML IOIQV[\ \PM ?M[\MZV
XW_MZ[wQV\MZM[\[)N\MZ*M[[QU8I[PI.WVJTIVY]MKTIQUML\PI\\PM7\\WUIV
ILUQVQ[\ZI\WZ[JMTWVOQVO\W\PMxWTL[KPWWTyKIUM\W*MTOZILM_PWPIZJW]ZML
LQ[\Z][\ \W_IZL[ ITT +PZQ[\QIV XW_MZ[ :MUQVLMZ[ \PI\ /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV IVL
.ZIVKMXIQLNWZ\PM7\\WUIVIZUaLQLVW\XIZ\QK]TIZTaQUXZM[[\PMIOML1bbM\
8I[PIJ]\\PM8I[PIw[I\\Q\]LM\W_IZL[)][\ZQIIVLW\PMZXW_MZ[TMN\ZWWUNWZ
\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[\WKWV[Q[\MV\TaPWXM\PI\\PMa_W]TL[]KKMMLWV\PM
LQ^Q[QWVJM\_MMV\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[VW\WVTa\WXZM[MZ^M\PMVM]\ZITQ\aJ]\IT[W
\WM`XIVL\PMJWZLMZ[IVLZIQ[M\PM[\I\][WNQ\[[\I\M
6M^MZ\PMTM[[ \PM MVL WN QUUMLQI\M LIVOMZ WN _IZ IVL \PM XZMÎQTQVO
QVé]MVKMWNWVM/ZMI\8W_MZQV;MZJQIPILWVMJILKWV[MY]MVKMI[_MTT<PM
\ZILQ\QWVITKWVéQK\[JM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTM`Q[\QVO_Q\PW]\
JZMISL]ZQVO\PMXI[\MTM^MVaMIZ[LQ[IXXMIZMLQV\PM XMZQWL6W_
I KMZ\IQV XMIKM IVL \PM KPIVOM QV \PM XWTQ\QKIT WZQMV\I\QWV WN \PM [\I\M OI^M
ZQ[M\WVM_ZQÎTZQM[_PQKPJMOIV_Q\P\PM8ZQVKMw[QV\MV\QWV\WLQ[UQ[[\PM
OW^MZVUMV\.WVJTIVY]M_ZW\M\W+TIZMVLWVITZMILaWVVL,MKMUJMZIJW]\
\PMUMM\QVO_Q\PIKMZ\IQV;MZJQIVWNèKQIT;MZ^QIVMUXTWaMM_PWI[SMLPQU
\W XI[[ \W +TIZMVLWV \PM ;MZJQIV _Q[P \W PI^M I NWZMQOV XZQVKM MV\PZWVML
]VLMZ\PMXZW\MK\QWVWN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM.WVJTIVY]MLQLVW\ZM^MIT
\PQ[WNèKQITw[QLMV\Q\a_PW_I[KWV[QLMZML\WJM[]NèKQMV\TaQVé]MV\QIT[WI[\W
[MVLI_WZLIJW]\[WUM\PQVO\W\PMPMILWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKaKTIQUQVO
\PI\ [M^MZIT ;MZJQIV TMILMZ[ _MZM JMPQVL \PM UMV\QWVML XTIV <PM \QUM WN
KMTMJZI\QWVWN;\)VLZM_<PM.QZ[\+ITTMLIVL;\6QKPWTI[LQLVW\JZQVOVM_
\MV[QWV[)V]UJMZWNLM\IQT[_MZMTMN\W]\\PI\UILM\PM:][[QIVQVé]MVKM
WV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWJ^QW][<PM[MLIa[M^MV\PMUI[\QVNZWV\WN\PM:][[QIV
+WV[]TI\M_I[X]TTMLLW_V-^MZa\PQVOXI[[MLXMIKMN]TTaIT\PW]OP\PMKQ\QbMV[
XZM[MV\_MZM[PW]\QVOQV[]T\[IOIQV[\/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV<PMWVTaLQNèK]T\a_I[\W
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ .7 !6W
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 !:MTaQVO
WVVI\QWVITIVL.ZMVKP[W]ZKM[[WUMI]\PWZ[XTIKM\PMKZQ[Q[QVZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV\PM
8ZQVKMIVL\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTI[_MTTI[\PMQLMIIJW]\JZQVOQVOINWZMQOVXZQVKMWV\PM
;MZJQIV\PZWVMQV\PMaMIZ /2ISQËQ,;\ZIVRISW^QËXX{QV;MZJQIV"/
2ISQËIVL,,;\ZIVRISW^QËXX{
141
èVLI^WT]V\MMZ_PW_W]TLNWZIOZMI\ZM_IZLWNWVML]KI\K]\LW_V\PMTI[\
[aUJWTWN\PM:][[QIV[\I\MQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a.QVITTaWVMWN\PMXI[[MZ[Ja
]VLMZ\WWS\PQ[\I[SJ]\Q\\]ZVMLW]\\PI\PM_I[IV1\ITQIV <PMMVLWN\PMaMIZ_I[UIZSMLJa\PMèVIT\ZQ]UXPWN\PM)][\ZQIV
QVé]MVKMQV;MZJQI<PM?M[\MZVLQXTWUI\[KW]TLJM[I\Q[èML_Q\P\PQ[JMKI][M
\PM :][[QIV QVé]MVKM _I[ []XXZM[[ML IVL \PM ;MZJQIV I[XQZI\QWV[ KPMKSML
0W_M^MZMQ\PMZ\PM*ZQ\Q[PWZ\PM.ZMVKPLQXTWUIKQM[KW]TLVW\OM\\PMUMZQ\
NWZ\PQ[WZNWZ\PM[]KKM[[WN\PM7\\WUIVIZUaWV\PM,IV]JM<PM[IUMI[
_Q\P \PM MÎK]I\QWV WN ?ITTIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI ;MZJQI IT[W ZMRMK\ML :][[QI
\PIVS[\W\PMZM[WT]\MKPIVOMQV\PM)][\ZQIVXWTQKa)VL_PQTMUIVaXMWXTMQV
;MZJQI[\QTTLMKMQ^ML\PMU[MT^M[KW]V\QVOWV\PMXW[[QJTMKPIVOMQV\PM)][\ZQIV
IVL8Z][[QIVXWTQKQM[QVKI[MWN^QK\WZaWN\PM:][[QIVIZUa8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
ZM\]ZVMLNZWU>QMVVIXZMXIZML\WKWV[\Q\]\MIVM_OW^MZVUMV\\PI\_W]TLVW\
WVTaJMQV\PMQV\MZM[\J]\IT[WI\\PMXTMI[]ZMWN>QMVVI!)KKWZLQVO\WZMTQIJTM
QVNWZUI\QWV IN\MZ \PM IZZQÎT \W *MTOZILM PM èZ[\ IKY]IQV\ML \PM )][\ZQIV
+WV[]T:ILW[I^TRM^QË_Q\P\PMKWUXW[Q\QWVWN\PI\OW^MZVUMV\2]LOQVOJa
Q\[[]XXW[MLKWUXW[Q\QWVQ\KW]TLJM[IQL\PI\\PMMV^Q[IOMLOW^MZVUMV\_I[
NWZUMLWVTaIKKWZLQVO\W\PMQLMI[WN\PM8ZQVKMIVLPQ[KTW[M[\NWTTW_MZ[1\
_I[ITUW[\_Q\PW]\M`KMX\QWVKWV[\Q\]\MLNZWU\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZw[ZMTI\Q^M[
<PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZIVL\PM5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[PIL\P][\W
JMKWUM3WV[\IV\QV6QSWTIRM^QË\PM;MZJQIV3IXW]3MPIRIQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM
IVL)TMS[IVLIZ3IZILRWZLRM^QËw[[WVQVTI_<PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PM;MZJQIV)OMV\
QV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_I[[]XXW[ML\WJM\ISMVW^MZJa)^ZIU8M\ZWVQRM^QËw[[WV
_PW PQU[MTN _I[ [WWV \W JMKWUM \PM Z]TMZw[ [WVQVTI_ 2M^ZMU 6MVILW^QË
\PM 8ZQVKM[[ 8MZ[QLIw[ NI\PMZ _W]TL \ISM W^MZ \PM 5QVQ[\Za WN \PM 1V\MZQWZ
<PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PM5QVQ[\MZWN.QVIVKM_I[MV^Q[IOMLNWZ)KQSI6MVILW^QË
VW\WZQW][ _Q\P \PM ?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ IVL \PM 5QVQ[\Za WN 2][\QKM [PW]TL JM
PMILMLJaIVW\PMZ6MVILW^QË{)VI[\I[
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W#
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM!,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W5MUWIZQ
sQ^W\WXQ[ 3W[\M 5IOIbQVW^QËI );)6= JZ ! [\Z {! Q ;ZJ[SQ LVM^VQS LMKMUJIZ JZ!!QV;MZJQIV"3W[\I5IOIbQVW^QËv[5MUWQZ[*QWOZIXPa);)6=
6W! XX{!IVL<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa,MKMUJMZ 6W!!
!
2:Q[\QË8ZWXI[\WTQOIZPQRMXQV;MZJQIV"2:Q[\QË<PM.ITTWN7TQOIZKPa
X
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W
.WVJTIVY]MLM[KZQJMLPQUI[iIL_IZNWNM^QTXZWXMV[Q\QM[x1JQL
142
?PMVQVNWZUMLIJW]\\PMQV\MVLMLKWUXW[Q\QWVWN\PMVM_OW^MZVUMV\
:ILW[I^TRM^QËQUUMLQI\MTa]VLMZ[\WWL\PI\VMXW\Q[U_I[\PMUIQVXZQVKQXTMQV
Q\[KWV[\Q\]\QWV0M[I_QV\PQ[\PM[QOVWN\PM]T\QUI\M_MISVM[[WN\PM8ZQVKMw[
XW_MZ\PI\NZWU\PMUWUMV\WN\PMVM_OW^MZVUMV\IXXWQV\UMV\Q\[PW]TL
JMKWUXTM\MTaZMTaQVOWV)][\ZQI<PQ[_I[_PaPMKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PMM`\MV\
WNQ\[XW_MZ_I[M[[MV\QITNWZQ\[[\IJQTQ\aIVL[][\MVIVKM0MLQ[[]ILML8ZQVKM
)TMS[IVLIZKIZMN]TTa][QVO\PM[IUMIZO]UMV\[\PM:][[QIV[PILI\WVM\QUM
<PMOW^MZVUMV\KWUXW[MLWN\PM8ZQVKMw[ZMTI\Q^M[_W]TL[MZ^MI[PMKTIQUML
\W \PM ?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ \W MVLIVOMZ \PM ^MZa []Z^QÎT WN 3IZILRWZLRM^QË[ QV
XW_MZI\\PM8WZ\M:ILW[I^TRM^QËI[SML\PM8ZQVKM\WUISMKMZ\IQVKPIVOM[
QVPQ[XTIV0MXZWXW[ML\_WKPIVOM[\PI\_W]TLUISM\PMOW^MZVUMV\UWZM
)][\ZWXPQTM JZQVOQVO Q\ I\ \PM [IUM \QUM OZMI\MZ QVé]MVKM _Q\P \PM XMWXTM
<P][)TMS[I 2IVSW^QË [PW]TL JMKWUM \PM 5QVQ[\MZ WN 2][\QKM IVL \PM ,]SM
3VQËIVQV{\PM5QVQ[\MZWN\PM1V\MZQWZ
<PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T JMTQM^ML \PI\ \PM UW[\ QUXWZ\IV\ OWIT WN \PM
)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKaVW__I[\WVM]\ZITQbM\PMXWTQ\QKITQVé]MVKMIVL\P_IZ\
KWUUMZKQITQV\MZM[\[WN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV.WZ\PM\QUMJMQVO:][[QIKMI[ML\WJM
\PM NWZJQLLMV \WXQK QV ;MZJQI -^MV TI\MZ M^MZTI[\QVOTa KI]\QW][ 2WÎV :Q[\QË
\PMV\PM\_MV\aNW]ZaMIZWTLMUXTWaMM_PWPILZMKMV\TaZM\]ZVMLNZWUPQ[
[\]LQM[QV*MZTQVIVL8IZQ[X]JTQ[PML\PM8IV[TI^QKUIV][KZQX\\PI\LZM_\PM
I\\MV\QWVWNM^MZITMZ\.WVJTIVY]M_Q\PQ\[\PM[M[IJW]\\PMUWZITLW_VNITTWN
\PM?M[\IVL\PMVM_TQOP\\PI\_W]TL[\IZ\KWUQVONZWU;MZJQI1\KW]TLJM
[IQL\PI\Q\_I[IK\]ITTa\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM_PW
JMKIUM]VLM[QZIJTM<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TSMX\ZMKMQ^QVO\PMVM_[NZWU[M^MZIT
[QLM[ PW_ \PM)][\ZQIV +WV[]T _I[ NZMY]MV\Ta IL^Q[QVO \PM ;MZJQIV WNèKQIT[
\W I^WQL KWUU]VQKI\QWV _Q\P \PM ?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ <P][ QV WVM aMIZ WVTa
\PM*ZQ\Q[P)][\ZQIVZMTI\QWV[QV;MZJQIUILMIN]TTKQZKTM"\PMLW]J\NZWU\PM
[]UUMZWN _I[NWTTW_MLJaLQ[\Z][\IVLPW[\QTQ\aQV\PMI]\]UVIVL\PM
_QV\MZWN \W\]ZVQV\W_IZUMZIVLM^MVXIZ\VMZ[PQXZMTI\QWV[_Q\P
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM ,MKMUJMZ .7 ! 6W
6W^MUJMZ<PQ[KWUJQVI\QWVPW_M^MZTI[\MLNWZI[PWZ\\QUM;2WÎVW^QË
=[\I^WJZIVQ\MTRQ[\ZQV;MZJQIV";2WÎVW^QË<PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[X
C0MIZO]MLE"i\PI\7TL-]ZWXM_I[_WZVW]\IVL\PM_IZU\PWNKQ^QTQbI\QWV
KW]TLWVTaJMQUXIZ\ML\WQ\IOIQVJa\PMJTIbMWNQV\MTTQOMVKM_PQKPQZZILQI\M[;MZ^QIx
1JQL#>8I^TW^QË[\Z!{!QV;MZJQIV">8I^TW^QËXX!{!
143
\PM :][[QIV _Q\PLZI_IT IVL \PM KPIVOM QV)][\ZQIV XWTQKa .QVITTa _Q\P \PM
M[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PM)][\ZQIVLWUQVI\QWV\PMLQ[\Z][\JMKIUMIOIQVIKWUUWV
LMVWUQVI\WZNWZITTZMTI\QWV[<PQ[_I[_Pa.WVJTIVY]Mw[[\I\MUMV\LQLVW\
[MMU[\ZIVOM_PMVPMKW]TLVW\ZMKITTIVWKKI[QWVL]ZQVO\PMXZMKMLQVO\MV
aMIZ[_PMV)][\ZQIPILJMMVQVKTQVML\W_IZL[/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM
1JQL2][\\PMV;ZJ[SQLVM^VQSQV6W^Q;IL_ZW\M_Q\PVW\QKMIJTMUITQKMIJW]\
\PMQTTP]UW]ZWN4WZL:MLKTQNNMQVLQ[\IV\+WV[\IV\QVWXTM_PMZMI[iPQ[TILaNZMY]MV\Ta
[PML[\MIZ[_PQTMJW\PWN\PMUIZMOZQM^QVOW^MZ\PMTW[[IVL[PMLLQVOWNJMI]\QN]T
-VOTQ[PJTWWLQVNZWV\WN;MÎ[\WXWT\]ZZM\[x;ZJ[SQLVM^VQSLMKMUJIZ JZ
!!QV;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa,MKMUJMZ 6W!!
+0)8<-:.7=:
)66=;8)+)*141;{ ;-:*1)4-.<<7)=;<:1))6,<71<;-4.
x)TUW[\L]ZQVO\PMMV\QZMaMIZ_MXIZ\MLNZWU[M^MZITLIa[IOW _MPIL
M`XMK\ML\PMUWUMV\QV_PQKP\PMéIUMWN_IZ_W]TL[MQbMW]ZPMIZ\P[
J]\ ]V\QT XZM[MV\ _M _MZM [W T]KSa IVL KZW[[ML W^MZ XMIKMN]TTa ITT \PM
LMX\P[WN\PQ[^MZaMV\IVOTML-I[\MZVY]M[\QWV?Q\P\PMZMUWÎTWN\PM
_IZ \PMI\ZM \PM LIVOMZ[ WN _IZ UW^ML I_Ia NZWU ][ IVL []VS QV LMMX
[QTMVKM _M _MZM M`XMK\QVO \W PMIZ \PM XW_MZN]T _WZL WN IVa KWVNMZMVKM
IJW]\W]ZNI\Mjy
;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa\P2IV]IZa 6W
1V \PM XMZQWL WN KWUXTM\M XMIKM JMOIV WV \PM *ITSIV[ <PM
MÎK]I\QWVWN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI_I[KWUXTM\ML<M[[ITQIIVL5IKMLWVQI
_MZM XIKQèML IVL 5WV\MVMOZW _I[ QVKWZXWZI\ML QV\W \PM )][\ZQIV XWTQ\QKIT
WZJQ\ ?Q\P \PM ZMUWÎT WN \PM _IZ \PMI\ZM \W \PM NIZ I_Ia +ZQUMI TIKSQVO
TIVLJWZLMZ[_Q\P:][[QIQV-]ZWXM\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM[MMUML\WJMTM[[
QV\MZM[\ML QV ;MZJQI <PM )][\ZQIV XWTQ\QKIT []XZMUIKa QV \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a
[MMUMLITWOQKITW]\KWUMWN\PMWVMaMIZTWVOKZQ[Q[IVLQVIVaKI[MQ\KW]TL
VW\[MMUUWZM\PZMI\MVQVO\PIV\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
ITZMILaKIZZQMLW]\_Q\P\PMXMZUQ\NZWU\PM8WZ\M<PMLQ[IXXMIZIVKMWN\PM
QUUMLQI\M :][[QIV LIVOMZ UILM \PM KWV[\IV\Ta KI]\QW][ ?M[\MZV KWV[]T[
QV *MTOZILM _WZZQML )N\MZ \PM \_WaMIZTWVO KZQ[Q[ _PMV \PM KMV\ZM WN \PM
-]ZWXMIV KWVéQK\ _I[ WV \PM *ITSIV[ \P][ UISQVO ;MZJQI \PM NWK][ WN \PM
QV\MZVI\QWVITI\\MV\QWV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[VW_IOIQVX]\JIKSWV\PMUIZOQV
WN-]ZWXMJMKWUQVOUMZMTaIXMZQXPMZaWN\PM-UXQZM_PW[MNI\MPIL\WJM
LMKQLML[WUM_PMZMMT[M
?*I]UOIZ\XX{#8;PZWMLMZX#2:Q[\QËX!QV;MZJQIV
Annus pacabilis – 1855
145
1UUMLQI\MKWV[MY]MVKM[WN\PQ[KPIVOM_MZM\PMZMVM_MLKPIVOMWN
.WVJTIVY]Mw[ I\\Q\]LM \W_IZL)][\ZQI IVL \PM MVL WN PQ[ KWVKWZL _Q\P \PM
.ZMVKP+WV[]T?WZZQMLJaLQ[\]ZJMLJITIVKMWNNWZKM[JM\_MMV)][\ZQIIVL
\PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM QV \PM JMOQVVQVO WN PM [\IZ\ML \W \PQVS IJW]\
\PMOZIL]ITQV\MZVITZMNWZUWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a0MPILVWQTT][QWV[\PI\PQ[
VW\QWV KW]TL JM KIZZQML W]\ _Q\PW]\ \PM KWUXTM\M ZMUWÎT WN \PM :][[QIV
IVL[]XXZM[[QWVWN\PM)][\ZQIVQVé]MVKMQV;MZJQI)_IZMWN\PMNIK\\PI\
\PMTWVO[QMOMWN;MÎ[\WXWTLMKZMI[ML\PMITZMILaTQUQ\MLQVé]MVKMWN\PM
?M[\MZVXW_MZ[\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TXZWXW[ML\W[\IZ\_Q\P\PMKI]\QW][IVL
[TW_ XZWKML]ZM NWZ /IZIIVQVw[ ZM\]ZV QV\W \PM OW^MZVUMV\ WVTa IN\MZ Q\[
QVM^Q\IJTMNITT,Q[\Z][\N]T\W_IZL[\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WNW\PMZ/ZMI\8W_MZ[
QV ;MZJQI PM [\QTT JMTQM^ML \PI\ I [QOVQèKIV\ QVé]MVKM KW]TL JM IKPQM^ML
\PZW]OPaW]VO)bQb8I[PI_PW_I[VW_KWUXTM\MTaTWaIT\WPQUQV[XQ\M
WN ITT MIZTQMZ KZQ\QKQ[U[ <PM MVL WN \PM NWZMQOV XWTQ\QKIT \MV[QWV[ JZW]OP\
.WVJTIVY]M QV\W KWVéQK\ _Q\P ;ÎO]Z <PMZM Q[ VW LW]J\ \PI\ /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV
IVL.ZIVKMPILIRWQV\OWITQV\PMLMNMVKMWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMJ]\\PMQZ
NWZMQOVXWTQ\QKITXZQWZQ\QM[SMX\KPIVOQVOL]ZQVO\PI\\QUM1V\PMJMOQVVQVO
\PM.ZMVKPUW\Q^M[_MZMQV[XQZMLJa\PMPI\ZMLIVLZQÎTZa\W_IZL[:][[QI
_PQTM/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV[\MXXMLQV\W\PMKWVéQK\UWZMKI]\QW][TaXZWUX\MLJa
Q\[W_VQV\MZM[\\WXZM[MZ^M\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM<PMZWTM[KPIVOMLL]ZQVO
\PM _IZ" _PMZMI[ \PM *ZQ\Q[P X]JTQK WXQVQWV TML \PM +IJQVM\ \W \PM ZILQKIT
PW[\QTQ\a \W_IZL[ :][[QI 6IXWTMWV 111 ZMKWOVQbML \PM N]\]ZM QLMIT .ZMVKP
ITTaQV\PM_MISMVML:][[QIV-UXQZM<P][\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM
[\IZ\ML VW_ \W XTW\ QV\ZQO]M[ IJW]\ PQ[ *ZQ\Q[P KWTTMIO]M QV IV MNNWZ\ \W
\]ZV\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIIOIQV[\PQU_PQTM\PM.ZMVKPOW^MZVUMV\IK\Q^MTa
XIZ\QKQXI\ML QV \PM XZWOZIU WN \PM IZUQVO WN ;MZJQI <PM ZMTI\QWV[ _MZM
LQ[Z]X\MLI\\PMUWUMV\_PMV\PMKTIZQèKI\QWVWNIVaUQ[]VLMZ[\IVLQVO[
JM\_MMV \PM?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ _I[ [\QTT UWZM \PIV TQSMTa ;ÎO]Z PIL ITZMILa
MIZTQMZJMMVXTIVVMLNWZ\ZIV[NMZIVL.WVJTIVY]MKW]TL\PMZMNWZMOQ^M^MV\
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !6W
8;PZWMLMZXX{
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 2IV]IZa .7 ! 6W 0W_M^MZ\PQ[_I[VW\IVQ[WTI\MLKWVéQK\"Q\TI[\MLQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMJMNWZMIVLIN\MZ
\PM+ZQUMIV?IZZMIKPQVOQ\[XMISQV\PMKWVéQK\JM\_MMV;\ZI\NWZLLM:MLKTQNNMIVL
<PW]^MVMT)V\WQVM-LW]IZL<PW]^MVMT45+I[Mi),]MTWN/QIV\[QVWTL;\IUJ]T
;\ZI\NWZL>MZ[][<PW]^MVMTx2W]ZVITWN5WLMZV0Q[\WZa>WT6WX
146
\WPQ[QTT\MUXMZ\W_IZL[PQU<PMVM_.ZMVKP+WV[]T_PW_I[[]XXW[ML
\W IZZQ^M _W]TL IVa_Ia IKKWZLQVO \W \PM XZMLM\MZUQVML WXQVQWV QVQ\QI\M
LQNNMZMV\XWTQKa\W_IZL[\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
1VILLQ\QWV\W\PMXMZ[WVITKPIVOM[QV\PMOW^MZVUMV\NZWU,MKMUJMZ
\PM 8ZQVKMw[ XTIV \W KWV[\Q\]\M I VM_ OW^MZVUMV\ IVL XZM[MV\ \PM
VM_LQZMK\QWVWN\PM[\I\MXWTQKaI[PQ[XMZ[WVIT\ZQ]UXPLQLVW\[]KKMML
0Q[XWTQ\QKITQ[WTI\QWVWVKMUWZMUIVQNM[\MLQ\[MTNQVN]TTNWZ\PM6M_AMIZ
IKKWZLQVO\W\PM2]TQIVKITMVLIZ<PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]T_I[VW\QV*MTOZILM
I\\PI\\QUMIVLW\PMZNWZMQOVLQXTWUI\QKZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[IVL;MZJQIVTMILMZ[
_MZM [W QTTLQ[XW[ML \W_IZL[ PQU \PI\ PM LMKQLML PQU[MTN \W _Q\PLZI_ \W
3ZIO]RMÎK\WI^WQL\PM]VXTMI[IV\NIK\\PI\UIVaWN\PMU_W]TLVW\IXXMIZ
NWZ\PMKWVOZI\]TI\QWV[I\\PM+W]Z\<P][\PM8ZQVKM_PWMIZTQMZ][ML\WZ]V
I_Ia\W3ZIO]RMÎKQVNIKMWN\PM]T\QUI\]U[Ja\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[[]LLMVTa
[\IZ\ML LWQVO \PQ[ JMKI][M WN PQ[ W_V ]VXWX]TIZQ\a 6W_ /IZIIVQV IT[W
[\IZ\ML\WJMPI^MKWV[XQZI\WZQITTaQVPQ[\ITS[_Q\P\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T)_IZM
WN\PMQUUMLQI\MNWZMQOVLIVOMZNWZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aL]ZQVO\PMèZ[\XMZQWL
WN _IZ PM OI^M XZMNMZMVKM \W \PM KPIVOM WN \PM [\I\][ IVL \PM M`XIV[QWV
WN ;MZJQI QV[\MIL WN \W \PM QV\MZVIT ZMNWZU[ _WZSQVO ITUW[\ I[ I Z]TM QV
IOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PMQZZM[WT]\MZ]TMZ1V\PMJMOQVVQVOWN PMZMITQbML
\PI\ WVTa \PM QV\MZVIT ZMNWZU[ _W]TL JM NMI[QJTM QV ;MZJQI 0M KWV[QLMZML
\PM8ZQVKMw[LMXW[ITI[IèZ[\[\MXQV\PQ[LQZMK\QWV_Q\PW]\_PQKPQ\_W]TL
JM QUXW[[QJTM \W IKPQM^M W\PMZ XTIV[ -^MV M^MZKI]\QW][ .WVJTIVY]M LQL
VW\_Q[P\WZMN][M\W\ITSIJW]\\PQ[_Q\P\PMUIVWN[]KPIOZMI\\Z][\I[
/IZIIVQV 0M QUUMLQI\MTa _IZVML PQU \PI\ \PM ;]T\IV PIL IV M`KT][Q^M
ZQOP\\WLQ[UQ[[IVLIXXWQV\IVM_Z]TMZQV;MZJQI)T\PW]OPPM_I[WN\PM
WXQVQWV \PI\ /IZIIVQV IVL 5IZQVW^QË _MZM \PM TWOQKIT KIVLQLI\M[ IUWVO
\PM;MZJ[.WVJTIVY]M_I[KWV^QVKML\PI\\PMa_W]TLVW\JMIKKMX\IJTM\W
>QMVVI R][\ I[>]ÍQË IVL ;QUQË _W]TL VW\ JM QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTMw[ NI^W]Z
<PQ[_I[_PaL]ZQVO\PM\ITSPM_I[\PMèZ[\WVM\WWXMV\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWNI
NWZMQOVMZKWUQVO\W\PM;MZJQIV\PZWVM7V\PMW\PMZPIVL/IZIIVQV_PW
[\QTTNMIZML\PMMV\ZaWN\PM)][\ZQIVIZUaQV\W;MZJQI[I_QV[]KPIKPIVOM
WVTaIXZWOZM[[\WJM_MTKWUML
1\_I[JMTQM^ML\PI\;ÎO]Z_I[\ZIV[NMZZML\W*IOPLILI[IX]VQ[PUMV\;ZJ[SQ
LVM^VQSR]T JZ 1V;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa2]Ta 6W ;MMXIOM
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa 6W
147
<PMZMUWÎTWN3VQËIVQVIVL2IVSW^QËNZWU\PMOW^MZVUMV\JZW]OP\
VM_ MVMUQM[ \W 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ 1V[\MIL WN \PM \_W )][\ZQIV NWTTW_MZ[
5IZSW^QË IVL 5IOIbQVW^QË _MZM IXXWQV\ML _PW[M XWTQ\QKIT WZQMV\I\QWV LQL
VW\ U]KP LQNNMZ J]\ \PMa MVRWaML [QOVQèKIV\Ta TW_MZ ZMX]\I\QWV _Q\P \PM
XMWXTM-^MV)TMS[I2IVSW^QËSVW_VI[IV)][\ZWXPQTMIVL\PM8ZQVKMw[UIV
VW__MV\QV\W\PMM`\ZMUMWXXW[Q\QWV0MSMX\[\I\QVOPW_\PMMV\QZM[a[\MU
_I[[WKWZZ]X\ML\PI\Q\_I[WV\PM^MZaMLOMWNLM[\Z]K\QWV_PQTMIKK][QVO\PM
8ZQVKMWN\PMIJ[MVKMWNIVaKIZMNWZ\PMQV\MZM[\[WN\PMXMWXTM!
<PMVM_[ZMIKPQVO\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TQV*MTOZILM_MZM]X[M\\QVO<PM
ZMTQIJTM[W]ZKM[NZWULQNNMZMV\[QLM[IOZMML\PI\8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZXMZ[]ILML
Ja PQ[ []ZZW]VLQVO[ TML Ja \PM QVé]MV\QIT 6MVILW^QË[ PIL M^MV LMKQLML \W
QV^Q\M WV PQ[ W_V \PM)][\ZQIV IZUa QV\W ;MZJQI <PQ[ _I[ _Pa .WVJTIVY]M
[MQbMLMIKPWXXWZ\]VQ\a\W[QUXTaXZM[MV\PQ[^QM_WN\PM_IaW]\WN\PMM`Q[\QVO
KZQ[Q[\PMZMOQUMQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aNW]VLQ\[MTNQV<PMZMNWZMM^MVL]ZQVOIV
WZLQVIZa\ITS_Q\P\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ8ZML[\I^VQS;QUQË_PWUPM
_I[IL^Q[QVOQVZMOIZL\WxILUQV[\ZI\Q^MIVLè[KITQ[[]M[yPMUMV\QWVML\PI\
NWZ\PM[\IJQTQbI\QWVWN[Q\]I\QWVQV;MZJQIQ\_W]TLJMJM[\NWZ\PM8ZQVKM\W
ZMIKPIVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PMTMILMZ[WN\PMVI\QWVITXIZ\a.WVJTIVY]MPIL
\PMZMTQIJTMQVNWZUI\QWV\PI\\PM8ZQVKMPILZMIKPMLIVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PM
)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKaXZQWZ\W\PMPWTLQVOWN\PM>QMVVI+WVNMZMVKM<PQ[_I[
:MXWZ\MZWN<PM<QUM[NZWU>QMVVIZMXWZ\ML\PI\IN\MZ\PMIJW^MUMV\QWVML
ZMUWÎT NZWU \PM XW[\ \PM :][[QIV XIZ\a IOIQV XZMÎQTML QV ;MZJQI )][\ZQI i<PM
<QUM[x.MJZ]IZa !
0M[\I\ML\PI\\PM8ZQVKMPILNWZaMIZ[VMOTMK\MLPQ[X]JTQKWJTQOI\QWV[\ISQVO
IVL SMMXQVO \PM UWVMa NZWU \PM KQ^QT TQ[\ 0M PIL ITTMOMLTa KWTTMK\ML IV IUW]V\
MY]IT\W XW]VL[[\MZTQVO.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 ! 6W 2IV]IZa# )V\QË i6MSM JZQ\IV[SM ^M[\Q W ;^M\WIVLZMR[SWR
[S]X\QVQxBJWZVQSbIQ[\WZQR]5I\QKM[ZX[SM6W^Q;IL[\Z!1V;MZJQIV"
)V\QË;WUM*ZQ\Q[P6M_[IJW]\\PM;IQV\)VLZM_)[[MUJTay8ZWKMMLQVO[NWZ\PM
0Q[\WZaWN5I\QKI;ZX[SI6W^Q;ILX!
<PM >QMVVI +WVNMZMVKM TI[\ML NZWU 5IZKP \W \PM MVL WN )XZQT =VLMZ \PM UMLQI\QWV WN ,ZaW]V LM 4P]a[ \PM +WVNMZMVKM WNNMZZML \PM IOZMMUMV\
WVVM]\ZITQbI\QWV\PI\Q[\PMTQUQ\I\QWVWN_IZéMM\[QV\PM*TIKS;MI)[[QOVQèKIV\
KPIVOM[ \WWS XTIKM JW\P QV :][[QI IVL QV /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV <[IZ 6QSWTIa 1 LQML _PQTM
8ITUMZ[\WV ZMXTIKML )JMZLMMV I\ \PM PMIL WN \PM *ZQ\Q[P +IJQVM\ Q\ _I[ M`XMK\ML
\PI\\PMèVITIOZMMUMV\_W]TLJMZMIKPML<PMVMOW\QI\QWV[NIQTMLIVL\PM[QMOMWN
;MÎ[\WXWTKWV\QV]ML_PQTM,M4Pa][_I[ZMUW^MLNZWUPQ[XW[\)28<IaTWZXX{
#4R)TMS[QË[\Z QV;MZJQIVX 148
_Pa ]VLMZ \PM XZM[[]ZM WN \PM +W]V\ *]WT PQU[MTN \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[
JZWSMWNN_Q\P\PMKWV[XQK]W][IVL[aUJWTQK:][[WXPQTMXWTQKa7V\PMW\PMZ
PIVL\PM8ZQVKMITTMOMLTa[]JUQ\\ML\W\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa\PMKW]V\MZ
KWVLQ\QWV[NWZPQ[KWUXTM\M[]JWZLQVI\QWV)][\ZQI\PMZMNWZM[PW]TLM`MZ\Q\[
QVé]MVKMI\\PM+WVNMZMVKMNWZ\PMN]TèTTUMV\WNNW]ZZMY]M[\[\PI\KW]TLJM
ZI\PMZ KITTML \PM I[XQZI\QWV[ WN \PM 8ZQVKM PQU[MTN \PIV WN PQ[ 8ZQVKQXITQ\a
)][\ZQI_I[M`XMK\ML\WIL^WKI\MNWZ\PMOZIV\QVOWN\PMZQOP\\W\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWV
\W \PM 3IZILRWZLRM^QË NIUQTa \PM KPIVOM WN \PM +WV[\Q\]\QWV ZML]KQVO \PM
XW_MZ WN \PM ;\I\M +W]VKQT ITTMOMLTa QUXW[ML Ja \PM :][[QIV LQXTWUIKa
\PM 8ZQVKMw[ ZQOP\ \W JIVQ[P èN\MMV ;MZJQIV TMILMZ[ IUWVO \PMU /IZIIVQV
>]ÍQËIVL5IZQVW^QËIVL\PMMÎK]I\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIVOIZZQ[WV[NZWU\PM
NWZ\ZM[[M[
<PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa[WWVTM\8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZSVW_\PI\PMKW]TL
VW\M`XMK\\PM[]XXWZ\JMNWZMOQ^QVOUWZMèZUO]IZZIV\QM[WNPQ[TWaIT\a<P][
:ILW[I^TRM^QËI[SML;QUQËNWZ]ZOMV\XMZ[WVITKPIVOM[QV\PMOW^MZVUMV\\PM
IXXWQV\UMV\ WN 3VQËIVQV IVL 2IVSW^QË IVL ZMUWÎT WN )KQSI 6MVILW^QË
<PQ[ ZMY]M[\ _I[ NWTTW_ML Ja I \PZMI\ \PI\ KI][ML WVM UWZM ZM\]ZV WN \PM
]VNWZ\]VI\M8ZQVKMNZWUPQ[[PMT\MZQV3ZIO]RMÎK1\_I[KTMIZTaXWQV\MLW]\
\W;QUQË\PI\\PMTIKSWNKWWXMZI\QWVWN\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[UQOP\TMIL\W
\PMIOZMMUMV\JM\_MMV>QMVVIIVL;\8M\MZ[J]ZOZM[]T\QVOQV\PMZM\]ZVWN
5QPIQTW 7JZMVW^QË \W \PM \PZWVM )T\PW]OP :ILW[I^TRM^QË IZO]ML \PI\ []KP
IUW^M_W]TLVW\JMUM\JaUWZM[MZQW][WXXW[Q\QWVNZWU\PM8WZ\MIVLQ\[
ITTQM[.WVJTIVYMKWV[QLMZMLPQ[\PZMI\[I[\ZQ^QITIVLQV[]NèKQMV\TaXZ]LMV\
)\\PMMVLWN2IV]IZa\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITQV^Q\ML5I\QË\PMPMILWN
\PMLMXIZ\UMV\QV\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[_PW_I[VW\QèML\PI\\PM
WNèKQIT*ZQ\IQVKWV[QLMZMLQVKWZZMK\\PMQV\MZNMZMVKMWNNWZMQOVXW_MZ[QV\PM
KWV[\Q\]\QWVWN\PMVM_OW^MZVUMV\0MIOIQV[\I\MLPW_/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV_W]TL
<PM ZMXWZ\MZ WN <PM<QUM[ NZWU>QMVVI [\I\ML ZMTaQVO WV \PM _ZQ\QVO[ Ja
\PM )][\ZQIV VM_[XIXMZ[ \PI\ \PM ;MZJQIV TMILMZ[ _MZM _WZZQML JMTQM^QVO \PI\ \PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a_W]TLJMXI[[MLW^MZI\\PM+WVOZM[[<PM)][\ZQIV[W]ZKM[[\I\ML\PI\\PM
WNèKQIT;MZJQI_Q[PML\PMRWQV\XZW\MK\WZI\MWN\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[W^MZ;MZJQIWZ\WX]\
Q\JM\\MZ\PMO]IZIV\MMWN\PM;MZJQIVZQOP\[I[;MZJQIKW]TLITTMOMLTaXZW\MK\Q\[MTNWV
Q\[W_V<PM<QUM[5IZKP <PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[VW\[]ZM_PM\PMZ\PQ[QVKT]LML\PM*MTOZILMNWZ\ZM[[
I[_MTT.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa .7 !6W
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM.MJZ]IZa .7 !6W
149
KWV\QV]MVW\\WQV\MZNMZM_Q\P\PMQV\MZVITKQZK]U[\IVKM[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
<PM8ZQVKMPW_M^MZNW]VLQ\VMKM[[IZa\WI[S)bQb8I[PINWZ\PMXZW\MK\QWV
_PWPILVWW\PMZ_IaW]\J]\\WKWUXTIQV\W\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T
8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ\P][LQLVW\OM\\PMXWTQ\QKITI[[Q[\IVKMNZWU)][\ZQI
_PQKP [MMUQVOTa PM _IV\ML UWZM \PIV PM IK\]ITTa VMMLML Q\ 7V \PM W\PMZ
[QLM\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTIT[WOW\ZW][MLLM\MZUQVML\WXZM[MZ^MQ\[XW_MZ<PM
8ZQVKM_I[ZMY]M[\MLJaI[XMKQITZM[WT]\QWV\WLMUWJQTQbM\PM[\IVLQVOIZUa
IVL\WJZQVOJIKS\PM;\I\M<ZMI[]ZaNZWU3ZIO]RMÎK]VLMZ\PMN]TTKWV\ZWTWN
\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT)[\PMXMZQWLWNNIQZ[_I[OM\\QVOKTW[M.WVJTIVY]M_IZVML
\PM;MZJQIVOW^MZVUMV\WNXW[[QJTM]VZM[\[IVLI[IOWWLMÌUXTMLZM_\PM
I\\MV\QWV \W \PM QV^Q\I\QWV[ WN \PMxVI\QWVIT XIZ\ay ]VZM[MZ^MLTa []XXWZ\QVO
\PMXZM[MZÎ\QWVWN\PMM`Q[\QVO[\I\M0M[\QTTJMTQM^MLPW_M^MZ\PI\QV[XQ\M
WNLQUQVQ[PMLUQTQ\IZaLIVOMZNZWU)][\ZQI\PMXZMÎQTQVO)][\ZQIVQVé]MVKM
QV ;MZJQI _I[ VW\ IVa UWZM \PM O]IZIV\MM WN [\IJQTQ\a <PM)][\ZQIV +WV[]T
PQU[MTNQVPQ[WXQVQWV_I[[WKWUXZWUQ[MLJaPQ[XWTQ\QKITQVKWV[Q[\MVKa\PI\
VWWVMJMTQM^MLPQUIVa\PQVOM^MV*IZWV*W]ZY]MVMaW\PMZ_Q[MXW[Q\Q^MTa
QVKTQVML 0W_M^MZ\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[PILVWKPWQKM,M[XQ\M\PMVM_[IJW]\
\PMILLQ\QWVITUWJQTQbI\QWVWN\PM:][[QIVIZUaVWJWLaPILIVaQTT][QWV[\PI\
:][[QI KWV[QLMZML ;MZJQI I[ Q\[ ITTa WV \PM *ITSIV[! <PI\ _I[ _Pa <QUW\MR
3VMM^QËIVWNèKQITKTW[M\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ_I[VW_[MV\\W>QMVVI<PM
\Z]MIQUWNPQ[UQ[[QWV_I[WVTa\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMZMKWOVQ\QWVWN\PMZQOP\\W
\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWVNWZ\PM8ZQVKMw[NIUQTa_PQTMX]JTQKTaPM_MV\\PMZM\WVMOW\QI\M
\PMZIQT_IaKWV[\Z]K\QWVIVL\PMM`XTWQ\I\QWVWN\PM5IRLIVXMSUQVM<PM
)TMS[I;QUQË{SVMb]RIV]IZ 0IZ\QRM,;\ZIVRISW^QËIJ
);)6=1V;MZJQIV")TMS[I;QUQË\W\PM8ZQVKM2IV]IZa 8IXMZ[WN
,;\ZIVRISW^QËJ);)6=
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM .MJZ]IZa .7 !+WXa6W :ILW[I^TRM^QË_Q\PQV\PMXMZQWLWN[M^MZITLIa[\PZMI\MVML\PM8ZQVKM_Q\P\PM
W^MZ\PZW_IVLI\\MVLML\PM_MLLQVOWNPQ[LI]OP\MZ1JQL
!
+WV\ZIZa\W5WV\MVMOZWIVL/ZMMKM+MZ\IQV:][[QIVLWK]UMV\[NZWU\PQ[
XMZQWLWUQ\\ML\WUMV\QWV;MZJQIM^MVI[IVI]\WVWUW][ZMOQWV_Q\PQV\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZM1JQL
.WVJTIVY]MTI\MZTMIZVML\PI\3VMM^QË_I[QVNIK\[MV\JMKI][MKW]V\*]WT
I[SML \PM 8ZQVKM \W [MVL PQU [WUMJWLa _PW KW]TL XZM[MV\ \PM ;MZJQIV LMUIVL[
JMNWZM\PM+WVNMZMVKM.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5IZKP 5IZKP
.7 !6W
150
UQ[[QWVWN5I\QRI*IV_PWIZZQ^ML\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTMQV2IV]IZa _I[
TM[[ SVW_V )N\MZ I [MZQM[ WN LQNèK]T\QM[ PM PIL M`XMZQMVKML L]ZQVO *IV ZM[QOVML NZWU PQ[ XW[Q\QWV IVL _MV\ QV\W I [MKZM\ LQXTWUI\QK UQ[[QWV
I\\PM8WZ\M)T\PW]OPèVIVKMLJa\PM[\I\MPM[\IaMLQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMQV
\PM KIXIKQ\a WN I XZQÎ\M XMZ[WV _PW XZM[MV\ML IV M`\MV[Q^M XZWRMK\ WN \PM
VM_[\I\][WN7\\WUIV;TI^[\W\PM8WZ\M\PM?M[\MZVIUJI[[ILWZ[IVL\PM
X]JTQKI[_MTT*IVw[QLMI_I[\PI\\PMMUIVKQXI\QWVWN+PZQ[\QIV[[PW]TLJM
XMZNWZUML XZQUIZQTa _Q\PQV \PM TMOIT IVL XWTQ\QKIT NZIUM_WZS WVTa PM _I[
UWZM QV NI^W]Z WN \PM ITTWKI\QWV WN KMZ\IQV ZQOP\[ \W TWKIT [MTNOW^MZVUMV\[
IVL\PMZMOQWV[XWX]TI\MLJa\PMU2W]ZVITLM+WV[\IV\QVWXTMX]JTQ[PML\PM
M`KMZX\[NZWU\PQ[XTIVIVL_PMV\ITSQVO\WQ\[I]\PWZQ\_I[UW[\NI^W]ZIJTa
KWUUMV\MLWVJa\PM/ZIVL>QbQMZ:M[PQL8I[PIPQU[MTN*IV[]KKMMLML\W
_QV W^MZ \PM .ZMVKP 1\ITQIV 8QMLUWVL IVL 8Z][[QIV IUJI[[ILWZ[ NWZ PQ[
XTIV J]\ :MLKTQNNM IJW]\ _PWU PM TI\MZ _ZW\M \PI\ PM _I[xWUVQXW\MV\ QV
+WV[\IV\QVWXTMy I\ \PI\ \QUM XZM^MV\ML Q\[ WNèKQIT IKKMX\IVKM IZO]QVO \PI\
\PMXZQVKQXTMWNVI\QWVITQ\a[PW]TLVW\JMIKKMX\MLQV\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI\
IVaKW[\
<PM ;MZJQIV NWZMQOV XWTQKa MV\MZML \PM aMIZ WN I[ KWUXTM\MTa
LMèVML<PQ[_I[_Pa\PMVM_[IJW]\\PMLMI\PWN\PM:][[QIV<[IZKI][ML
[]ZXZQ[MIVL[ILVM[[QV\PMX]JTQKJ]\VW\PQVOUWZM\PIV\PI\.WVJTIVY]M
ZMKWZLMLPW_Q\_I[NZMY]MV\Ta\PW]OP\QV*MTOZILM\PI\_Q\P\PMIZZQÎTWN\PM
VM_\[IZ\W\PM:][[QIV\PZWVM\PMXW[[QJQTQ\a_W]TLJMWXMVML\WMVL\PM_IZ
JaIVIOZMMUMV\<PM;MZJQIVX]JTQKKWV\QV]ML\WJMQVKTQVML\W:][[QIJ]\Q\
_I[UWZM\PIVM^MZIOIQV[\\PM_IZ.WZ\PI\^MZaZMI[WVQ\_I[XW[[QJTMNWZ
[WUMW\PMZXW_MZ\WZMXZM[MV\I[WUM_PI\KPIVOML:][[QIVXWTQKaQV;MZJQI
;]KP XW[[QJQTQ\a _I[ [XWZILQKITTa QVLQKI\ML QV \PM +WV[]Tw[ \PW]OP\[ L]ZQVO
\PM\_WaMIZTWVOLQXTWUI\QKKZQ[Q[IVL\PM_IZ6M^MZ\PMTM[[IT\PW]OPPM[I_
5 *IV i4M[ ;TI^M[ LM <]ZY]QMx 0IZ\QRM 5I\QRM *IVI 1 ¡ [\Z !{ QV
;MZJQIV"8IXMZ[WN5I\QRI*IV1¡X!{)ZKPQM^M;);)
5*IVi7UMVQbI3ZQU[SWOZI\Ii0IZ\QRM5I\QRM*IVI1[\ZQV
;MZJQIV"5*IVi)JW]\5a[MTN,]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV?IZi8IXMZ[WN5I\QRI*IV1
X)ZKPQM^M;);)
<[IZ6QSWTIa1LQMLWV .MJZ]IZa5IZKP <PIVS[\W\PM\MTMOZIXP
\PM VM_[ IJW]\ PQ[ LMI\P ZMIKPML 4WVLWV NZWU ;\ 8M\MZJW]ZO QV NW]Z PW]Z[ WVTa
_PQTMPITNIKMV\]ZaMIZTQMZ \PMVM_[IJW]\PQ[OZIVLNI\PMZw[LMI\P<[IZ8I^TM
\ZI^MTTMLNWZN]TT\PZMM_MMS[5Z^QKMio]UILQVSIx UIZ\ OWL>6W
[\Z!QV;MZJQIV";VQXXM\[io]UILQVSIx 5IZKP aZ>6WX!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5IZKP .7 !6W
151
)][\ZQIMIZTQMZI[IVM`XWVMV\WN\PM:][[QIVXWTQKaNZWU\PMMVLWN PM
KWV[QLMZML\PI\8Z][[QI_I[M`KT][Q^MTaZMXZM[MV\QVO\PM:][[QIVQV\MZM[\[<PM
3QVOWN8Z][[QIIVL\PM\WXUQTQ\IZaTMILMZ[_MZMXIZ\QK]TIZTaQVNI^W]ZWN\PM
:][[QIVXWTQKa\PI\_I[_PaQ\_I[KWV[QLMZML\PI\*MZTQVILWX\ML\PMZWIL\W
VM]\ZITQ\aM`KT][Q^MTaJa\PMNMIZ\PI\QNQ\MV\MZMLQV\W\PM_IZWV\PM[QLMWN;\
8M\MZ[J]ZO\PMNZWV\TQVM[NZWU\PM,IV]JMIVL+ZQUMI_W]TLJM\ZIV[NMZZML
\W\PM:PQVM.WVJTIVY]MJMTQM^ML\PI\\PM8Z][[QIV+WV[]T5MZZWVQJMKIUM
IV]VWNèKQITZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MWN:][[QIQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a<PMIZ\QKTMWV;MZJQI
X]JTQ[PML QV \PM *MZTQV VM_[XIXMZ[ JMPQVL _PQKP _I[ \PM 8Z][[QIV 3QVOw[
ILR]\IV\\PMQVé]MV\QITOMVMZIT/MZTIKPLQ[K][[MLITT\PMXZWJTMU[\PI\\PM
RWQV\XZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[_W]TLWVMLIaJZQVO\W\PM
IL^WKI\M[ WN \PM 7\\WUIV [W^MZMQOV\a )V IVWVaUW][ I]\PWZ _PW I[ \PM
*ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T [][XMK\ML _I[ 5MZZWVQ PQU[MTN [\I\ML \PI\ I \Z]M KTW[MVM[[
M`Q[\MLJM\_MMV8Z][[QIIVL;MZJQIR][\JMKI][MJW\PWN\PMUPILXZWKTIQUML
KWUXTM\M VM]\ZITQ\a L]ZQVO \PM +ZQUMIV ?IZ .WVJTIVY]M IZO]ML PW_ ITT
\PW[M_PWKWV[QLMZML\PI\;MZJQI_I[MV\Q\TML\WVM]\ZITQ\aVMOI\MLQVMNNMK\
\PM[W^MZMQOV\aWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM;]KPPQ[I\\Q\]LMPW_M^MZ_I[VW\
[]XXWZ\MLJa\PM[UITTLQXTWUI\QKKWZX[M`KMX\QVO\PM.ZMVKPZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M
WVTa_PWI\\PMUWUMV\LQLVW\M^MVPI^M\PMZIVSWN\PM+WV[]T
6M]M8ZM][[Q[KPMBMQ\]VO*MZTQV 5IZKP 6W1V
1VPQ[UWVWOZIXP
PQ[ UWVWOZIXP
;MZJQIIVL<]ZSMaQV\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za4MWXWTL:IVSM_ZW\MIJW]\\PM+ZQUMIV
?IZIT[WWV\PMJI[Q[WN[M^MZIT5MZZWVQw[ZMXWZ\[1V\PM[]UUMZWN \PM8Z][[QIV
LQXTWUI\^Q[Q\MLI^QTTIOMKTW[M\W*MTOZILM_PMZMPM_I[_IZUTaZMKMQ^MLXZQUIZQTa
JMKI][M PM _I[ QV\ZWL]KML I[ xZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M WN \PM :][[QIV <[IZw[ JZW\PMZQVTI_
_PWU \PMa ;MZJ[ 6* ) IT_Ia[ KITTML vW]Z \[IZwy 4 :IVSM ;ZJQRI Q <]Z[SI ]
LM^M\VIM[\WU^MS]*MWOZIL ![\Z!QV;MZJQIV"4:IVSM;MZJQIIVL<]ZSMaQV
\PM6QVM\MMV\P+MV\]Za*MTOZILM !X!
<PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T M^MV KWUXTIQVML IJW]\ \PM QV[QVKMZQ\a WN \PM .ZMVKP
LQXTWUIKa,]ZQVO;ÎO]Zw[[\IaQV;MZJQIPMTMIZVMLJa[PMMZKPIVKM\PI\\PM.ZMVKP
MVOQVMMZMondain_I[VW\IJW\IVQ[\I[\PMa_MZMWNèKQITTaQV\ZWL]KQVOPQUJ]\I
UQTQ\IZaIL^Q[WZIVLKZMI\WZWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aLMNMVKM[a[\MU
152
+WV[\Q\]\QWVIT:MNWZUIVL\PM1V\ZWL]K\QWV
WN8IZTQIUMV\IZQ[U
x0MZ0QOPVM[[\PM9]MMVWN-VOTIVLQ[\PMZQKPM[\JMKI][M[PMPI[\_WPW][M[
<PM .ZMVKP -UXMZWZ U][\ [I\Q[Na PQU[MTN _Q\P \_W KPIUJMZ[ ;I`W?MQUMZ
0MZbWO[ IZM [I\Q[èML M^MV _Q\P WVM KPIUJMZ <PM 3QVO WN 8Z][[QI IVL \PM
)][\ZQIV -UXMZWZ PI^M KIJQVM\[ \PM ;]T\IV PI[ \PM 8WZ\M IVL \PM 8WXM \PM
+PIQZy
o]UILQVSI \P)XZQT ^WT1>6WXX
1\[MMU[\PI\Q\JMKIUMWJ^QW][QV \PI\\PMZMNWZU[_MZMVMKM[[IZa
NWZ\PMN]\]ZMWN;MZJQI)TUW[\ITTXWTQKaUISMZ[QV;MZJQIPIL\PM[IUMWXQVQWV
NWZ \PMQZ W_V LQNNMZMV\ ZMI[WV[ IVL \PM /ZMI\ 8W_MZ[ IOZMML UWZM WZ TM[[
\PI\\PMZM_I[IVMMLNWZKPIVOM[.WVJTIVY]MPW_M^MZJMTWVOML\W\PMZIZM
WVM[_PW[M^QM_WN\PMKPIVOM[_I[VW\KWUXTM\MTaLM\MZUQVMLJa\PMK]ZZMV\
XWTQ\QKITQV\MZM[\[)KKWZLQVO\WPQUQ\_I[VW\IVaUWZMM[[MV\QIT\WKPIVOM
;MZJQIR][\\WXZW\MK\JM\\MZ\PM*ZQ\Q[PQV\MZM[\[IVL\W[\ZMVO\PMV\PMITTQM[QV
\PMKI[MWN_IZ_Q\P:][[QIWZ)][\ZQI1VN]\]ZMQ\_I[VMKM[[IZa\WXZW\MK\VW_
NZWU;MZJQIQ\[MTN\PM[MV[Q\Q^MXWTQ\QKITJITIVKMWV\PM*ITSIV[<PQ[_I[_PaPM
XZWXW[MLQVI[XMKQITZMXWZ\\W+TIZMVLWVKWV[\Q\]\QWVITKPIVOM[\PI\_W]TL
LMKZMI[M XWTQ\QKIT \MV[QWV[ QV ;MZJQI IVL UISM Q\[ XWTQ\QKIT WZQMV\I\QWV M^MV
UWZMUWLMZI\M <PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]Tw[XZWXW[ITM[[MV\QITTaQUXTQML\WKPIVOM
\PMVI\]ZMWNWVTaWVMQV[\Q\]\QWVXZM[KZQJMLJa\PM<]ZSQ[P+WV[\Q\]\QWVNZWU
<PMLQ^Q[QWVWNXW_MZMV^Q[IOMLJa\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVJM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKM
\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTIVL\PM)[[MUJTa_I[VW\QVNWZKMIVaUWZM1V.WVJTIVY]Mw[
WXQVQWV ]VLMZ \PM M`\MZVIT QVé]MVKM \PM QV[\Q\]\QWV []KP I[ \PM )[[MUJTa
KWV\QV]ML\WM`Q[\ITUW[\WVTaNWZUITTa_PQTM\PMKW]V\ZaIT_Ia[QVKWVéQK\
_I[ Z]TML Ja \PM +W]VKQT WTQOIZKPa IVL \PM 8ZQVKM)VL R][\ I[ \PM 8ZQVKMw[
TQUQ\MLKIXIJQTQ\QM[UILMQUXW[[QJTMM^MV\PMQUXTMUMV\I\QWVWN\PMKIXIKQ\a
WN\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITTaMV^Q[IOMLUWVIZKPQKITXW_MZQV\PM[IUM_IaQV\PM
*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]Tw[WXQVQWV\PMXW_MZN]T;\I\M+W]VKQTM[\ZIVOMLNZWU\PMXMWXTM
IVLKWV[MZÎ\Q^MQVQ\[WTQOIZKPQKVI\]ZM_I[QVKIXIJTMWNW^MZKWUQVO[MZQW][
QV\MZVITIVLQV\MZVI\QWVITKZQ[M[;MZJQI_I[XI[[QVO\PZW]OP.WVJTIVY]M[I_
\PM[WT]\QWVNWZ\PMM`Q[\QVOKWV[\Q\]\QWVITKZQ[Q[QVTQ\MZITQUXTMUMV\I\QWVWN
\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVIVLM[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PM)[[MUJTaI[IXMZUIVMV\QV[\MILWN
)[PMXZWXW[MLQVPQ[6W^MUJMZXZWRMK\QVWN .WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM5IZKP .7 !6W
153
\MUXWZIZa QV[\Q\]\QWV )_IZM WN \PM LQ[ILÎV\IOM[ WN JQO I[[MUJTQM[ _PQKP
_Q\PW]\ XZQWZ LMUWKZI\QK MTMK\QWV[ IVL XZM^QW][Ta LM\MZUQVML XZWKML]ZM
_MZMI\\MVLMLJa[M^MZIT\PW][IVLWNIOQ\I\MLXMI[IV\[.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML
\PI\\PM)[[MUJTa[PW]TLVW_JMWZOIVQbMLI[IZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MJWLa;]KPI
XIZTQIUMV\_W]TLJMKWUXW[MLWN[M^MV\aLMX]\QM[MTMK\MLNZWUITT[M^MV\MMV
LQ[\ZQK\[QV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIVL\PM*MTOZILM<W_V[PQX)_IZM\PI\_QLM[\ZI\I
WN;MZJQIVXWX]TI\QWV_MZMèZUTaTWaIT\W:][[QIIVLI[IZ]TMM`KMX\QWVITTa
[]OOM[\QJTM.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZMLQ\VMKM[[IZa\WTQUQ\\PMUIVLI\M[WN[]KP
IVI[[MUJTa\WKW]V[MTTQVOIVLKWV\ZWTTQVO1VNIK\JM[QLM[\PMKMV\ZM[WNXW_MZ
IZW]VL\PM8ZQVKMKWV[Q[\QVOWNIZUaKWUUIVLMZ[IVL\PMXW_MZN]TKTQY]MWN
6MVILW^QË[IVL\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT[]XXWZ\MLJa\PMKQ^QT[MZÎV\[wWTQOIZKPa
XZW\MK\QVO\PMZQOP\[OZIV\MLJa\PM<]ZSQ[P+WV[\Q\]\QWVVW_\PMQV[\Q\]\QWV
WN\PM)[[MUJTa_W]TLJMM[\IJTQ[PML<PQ[VM_QV[\Q\]\QWV_W]TLLZI_Q\[
I]\PWZQ\a NZWU \PM LMUWKZI\QK TMOQ\QUIKa IVL Q\[ XW_MZ _W]TL JM JI[ML
WV \PM SVW_TMLOM WN KQZK]U[\IVKM[ IVL \PM ZQOP\ \W IV WNèKQIT I\\Q\]LM )[
OZMI\IKPQM^MUMV\[WN[]KPQV\MZXZM\I\QWVIVLILLQ\QWVITUQVQUITTMOQ[TI\Q^M
XZMKQ[MQV\ZWL]K\QWVWN\PM<]ZSQ[P+WV[\Q\]\QWV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T[I_\PM
M[\IJTQ[PQVOWNILMUWKZI\QKxÎT^MyNWZLMKZMI[QVOWN\MV[QWV[QV\PMXMWXTMI[
_MTTI[NWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWNIVML]KI\MLXIZTQIUMV\IZaMTQ\MXZM[MV\QVXWTQ\QK[
\PI\_W]TL[]XXZM[[M`KMX\QWVITTa[\ZWVOQVé]MVKMWN\PM:][[WXPQTMKTMZOa
)T\PW]OP NIZ[QOP\ML \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]Tw[ ZMNWZUQVO QLMI[ _MZM VW\
WVTa UQ[]VLMZ[\WWL Ja \PM .WZMQOV 7NèKM I[ M`XMK\ML J]\ \PMa _MZM VW\
MV\P][QI[\QKITTa IKKMX\ML Ja I [UITT V]UJMZ WN ;MZJQIV XWTQ\QKQIV[ KTW[M \W
PQU!-^MV/IZIIVQV\PW]OP\\PI\Q\_W]TLJMUWZM][MN]T\W\MUXWZIZQTa
KPIVOM \PM JITIVKM WN XW_MZ[ JM\_MMV \PM 8ZQVKM IVL \PM ;\I\M +W]VKQT QV
NI^W]ZWN\PMZ]TMZ1VPQ[\ITS_Q\P;QUQËPMIZO]ML\PI\ZML]KQVO\PMV]UJMZ
WN KW]V[MTTWZ[ _I[xI OTI[[ WN XWQ[WV \PI\ PIL \W JM LZIQVMLy <PM [WT]\QWV
_I[WVTaQV\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[wXZM[[]ZMWV\PM8WZ\MVW\\WOZIV\\PMNIUQTa
WN 3IZILRWZLRM^QË \PM ZQOP\ \W \Q\TM []KKM[[QWV I[ _MTT I[ \PM QZZM\ZQMÎJTM
XZMNMZMVKM\WWVMWN\PMKWVéQK\QVO[QLM[QV\PMQV\MZVITXWTQ\QKIT[\Z]OOTM[QV\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a<PMWVTa_Ia\WXZW\MK\\PM7\\WUIVI]\PWZQ\aQV.WVJTIVY]Mw[
WXQVQWV_W]TLJM\PMIXXWQV\UMV\WNINWZMQOVMZI[\PMZ]TMZWN;MZJQI
!
.WVJTIVY]M_I[MUJQ\\MZML"i7VMWN\PM]VXTMI[IV\L]\QM[WNILQXTWUI\QK
ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MQV\PMXWWZTaKQ^QTQbMLKW]V\ZaQ[\PI\WVTa[M^MZITXMWXTMWNXWTQ\QKIT
[QOVQèKIVKM TQ^M QV Q\ _PW[M IK\[ UWZM NZMY]MV\Ta LM[MZ^M WVTa KWUUMV\ J]\ VW\
XZIQ[M<PQ[Q[_PaUa\I[SQ[WN\MVZMX]T[Q^My.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM!
5IZKP .7 !6W
154
<PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[_MZMVW\XWX]TIZ_Q\P\PMW\PMZ/ZMI\8W_MZ[
MQ\PMZ1V)XZQT \PMQVLQ[XW[Q\QWVWN)][\ZQIIVL:][[QI_I[IOIQVN]TTaNMT\
_PMVQV[MXIZI\M\ITS[_Q\P+W]V\*]WTIVL/WZKPISW^3VMM^QËw[I\\MUX\[
_MZM ZM[WT]\MTa ZMN][ML *]WT IOIQV ZMNMZZML \W \PM 5MUWZIVL]U NZWU \PM
TI[\aMIZ_PQKPPMKWV[QLMZML\WJMIVM`XZM[[QWVWNLQ[\Z][\ IVLPI\ZMLWN
\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQI\W_IZL[)][\ZQI7V\PMW\PMZPIVL\PM:][[QIV-UJI[[a
QV>QMVVI KWV[QLMZML \PI\ \PM .ZMVKP IVL *ZQ\Q[P QVé]MVKM èVITTa XZMÎQTML
QV ;MZJQI ;]KP IV WJ[MZÎ\QWV VI\]ZITTa XZQUIZQTa QVLQKI\ML \W I KWUXTM\M
IJ[MVKMWN:][[QIVQVé]MVKMWV\PM;MZJQIVKQZK]U[\IVKM[J]\Q\KIUMW]\
L]ZQVO\PM\ITS[\PI\3VMM^QËPIL_Q\P/WZKPISW^\PI\;\8M\MZ[J]ZO_I[VW\
QV\MZM[\MLQVN]\]ZM_QVVQVOW^MZWN\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[<PMIJ[MVKMWN
\PM ;MZJQIV []XXWZ\ L]ZQVO \PM èZ[\ [\IOM[ WN \PM _IZ \PMZMNWZM \WWS I_Ia
ITTXZW[XMK\[NWZ;MZJQI\WZMTaWV:][[QIQV\PMVMIZN]\]ZM)\\PM[IUM\QUM
\PM 8WZ\M OI^M ;MZJQI I XMZ[XMK\Q^M WN I\ TMI[\ QVLQZMK\ XIZ\QKQXI\QWV QV \PM
NWZ\PKWUQVO VMOW\QI\QWV[ I[SQVO \PM 8ZQVKM \W IXXWQV\ PQ[ ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M
_PW_W]TLPI^MIVIL^Q[WZaZWTMQV)TQ8I[PIw[LMTMOI\QWV<PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ
_I[WZLMZMLJaITM\\MZNZWU\PM>QbQMZ\WIXXWQV\WVMWN\PMKIVLQLI\M[NZWU
\PM WNèKQIT TQ[\ _PW _W]TL JM ]VKWVLQ\QWVITTa IKKMX\ML <PM 8ZQVKM PIL \W
KPWW[MNZWU1TQRI/IZIIVQV)TMS[I;QUQËIVL2M^ZMU6MVILW^QË.WVJTIVY]M
JMTQM^ML\PI\\PM8ZQVKM_W]TLZI\PMZKPWW[MPQ[NI\PMZQVTI_\PIV/IZIIVQV
_PW_I[]VIKKMX\IJTM\W)][\ZQIIVL:][[QIWZ;QUQË_PW_I[QTT<PMKPWQKM
WN6MVILW^QËPW_M^MZKW]TLOZMI\TaMVLIVOMZ\PM8ZQVKMJMKI][M\PMZM_MZM
[WUMXMWXTMQV;MZJQI_PW[\I\ML\PI\\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aPIL\PMZQOP\\WTMILQ\[
NWZMQOVXWTQKaQVLMXMVLMV\TaI[_MTTI[JMKI][M\PMTQUQ\MLNZMMLWUWNIK\QWV
IVLXW[[QJTMNIQT]ZMWN6MVILW^QËw[MNNWZ\[_W]TLPIZUUWZM\PMZ]TMZ\PIV
\PM NIQT]ZM WN IVW\PMZ XMZ[WV WV \PI\ XW[Q\QWV <PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T \PW]OP\
\PI\\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[[PW]TL[\QTTIXXWQV\\PMQZW_VZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MQV\PM
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM)XZQT .7 !6W
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM)XZQT .7 !6W;Iè
XIISVMb]!IXZQT 0IZ\QRM,ZIOQM;\ZIVRISW^QËIJQV;MZJQIV"
;Iè8I[PI\W\PM8ZQVKM!)XZQT 8IXMZ[WN,ZIOQI;\ZIVRISW^QËJ
)TZMILaQV5IZKP;QUQËTMN\;MZJQINWZ\ZMI\UMV\io]UILQVSIx
io]UILQVSIxUIZ\
UIZ\ OWL1>6W[\Z QV;MZJQIV"io]UILQVSIx5IZKP
5IZKP ^WT1>6WX
^WT 1> 6W X ?PMV;QUQË[]JUQ\\MLPQ[ZM[QOVI\QWVI\\PMMVLWN\PMaMIZPMLQL\PQ[QV/IZIIVQVw[
WXQVQWVJMKI][MWN\PM8ZQVKMw[JILI\\Q\]LM\W_IZL[PQU7W[\I^KQ)TMS[M;QUQËI1/
! );QV;MZJQIV")JW]\\PM:M[QOVI\QWVWN)TMS[I;QUQË1/! );
155
7\\WUIVLMTMOI\QWVJW\PQVWZLMZ\WZMUIQVQVOWWLZMTI\QWV[_Q\P\PM8WZ\M
IVL \W XZW\MK\ \PM I]\WVWUW][ [\I\][ WN \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a 0M IT[W ZMXWZ\ML
IJW]\\PMNIQT]ZMWN\PM\_WaMIZTWVOMNNWZ\[WN\PMxVI\QWVITXIZ\ay\WKPIVOM
\PMZMOQUMXZWUW\QVO\PMWXQVQWVIJW]\\PMVMMLNWZ\PMKPIVOMWN\IK\QK[
IVL\PMN]\]ZM]VKWVLQ\QWVIT[]XXWZ\\W\PMM`Q[\QVO;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[
<PM IOZMMUMV\ LMèVML Ja \PM XZW\WKWT[ WN \PM >QMVVI +WVNMZMVKM
LQL VW\ ZM[WT^M \PM ]V[\IJTM IVL VW\ [W KTMIZ [Q\]I\QWV QV ;MZJQI?PMV \PM
VM_[ IJW]\ \PM WNNMZZML IOZMMUMV\ IZZQ^ML \W *MTOZILM /IZIIVQV NW]VL Q\
VMKM[[IZa\WM`XZM[[PQ[IV`QM\aNZWU\PMXW[[QJTM)][\ZQIVWKK]XI\QWV8ZQVKM
)TMS[IVLIZ LQL VW\ PQLM PQ[ LQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWV M^MV NZWU \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T
JMKI][ML]ZQVO\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[:][[QIPILLQ[XTIaMLKWUXTM\MTIKSWNQV\MZM[\
QV;MZJQI6M^MZ\PMTM[[M^MV_Q\PW]\[MZQW][[]XXWZ\;MZJQIOIQVMLKMZ\IQV
O]IZIV\MM[Ja\PM>QMVVI+WVNMZMVKMXZWXW[IT[\PI\_W]TLOM\IKTMIZXWTQ\QKIT
NWZU WVM aMIZ TI\MZ <P][ \PM )VVM` + WN \PM ;MKWVL 8ZW\WKWT LM\MZUQVML
\PI\ \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a UQOP\ JM WKK]XQML WVTa XMVLQVO IV IOZMMUMV\ Ja \PM
/ZMI\8W_MZ[.WVJTIVY]MNW]VLKWUNWZ\QV\PM)Z\QKTMWN\PM)OZMMUMV\
OQ^QVO \PM 8WZ\M \PM M`KT][Q^M ZQOP\ \W MV\MZ ;MZJQI _Q\P Q\[ IZUa J]\ M^MV
\PQ[[W^MZMQOVZQOP\_I[KWVLQ\QWVMLJa\PM)VVM`WN\PM8ZW\WKWTNWZXZQWZ
IXXZWÎTWN\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[1VPQ[ZMXWZ\\W\PM)UJI[[ILWZI\\PM8WZ\M\PM
*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUI\\ZQML\WXWQV\W]\PW_\PMJITIVKMJM\_MMV\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[
QV ;MZJQI IN\MZ \PM _IZ QN Q\ MVLML Ja XZW^Q[QWV[ QV \PM>QMVVI +WVNMZMVKM
KWVKT][QWV[_W]TLJMQLMV\QKIT\W\PMWVMNZWU[XZQVO <PMIKPQM^MUMV\[WN\PM+ZQUMIV?IZNWZ;MZJQI_MZMI[IZ]TM\PMZM[]T\
WNKQZK]U[\IVKM[IVLVW\WN\PMXTIVWZ\PM[SQTTWN\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[
0W_M^MZM^MVKPIVKMIKPQM^MUMV\[KW]TLVW\KPIVOM\PMQUXZM[[QWVWN\PM
KWUXTM\MXWTQ\QKITZM\ZMI\<PMKWVéQK\[_Q\PQV\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\WTQOIZKPa
QV KWV\QV]MLNZWU_PMZM\PMaPILJMMVKPMKSMLQV\PMUQLLTMWN <PMNI\MN]TLQ^Q[QWVPILJMMVJ]ZLMVML\_WaMIZ[IOWJa\PMLMI\P[WN)^ZIU
8M\ZWVQRM^QË IVL ;\WRIV ;QUQË IVL QV Ja \PM LMI\P WN IVW\PMZ ;MZJQIV
TMILMZ\PMZMOQUMTMIVMLWVIVL_PWUQVKZMI[QVOTaQ[WTI\ML8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
ZMTQMLWV?PMV;\MÎV8M\ZW^QË3VQËIVQVLQMLWV\P5Ia \PM[WZZW_
[M\QV*MTOZILMIVL;MZJQI<PM,]SMw[N]VMZIT_I[\PMWVTaXW[[QJTMWKKI[QWV
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5Ia .7 !6W!
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM 5Ia .7 ! 6W # ;
2WÎVW^QË=[\I^WJZIVQ\MTRQ[\ZQV;MZJQIV"+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[jX
156
\W [WUMPW_ LMUWV[\ZI\M \PM )][\ZQIV;MZJQIV NZQMVL[PQX KI][ML Ja \PM
UMUWZQM[WN_IZQV\PM;W]\PMZV0]VOIZa
<PM LQXTWUI\QK Q[WTI\QWV WN ;MZJQI _I[ WJ^QW][ UWZM \PIV M^MZ [W
\PI\M^MV\PM9]MMVw[JQZ\PLIaKI][MLKWUXTM\MTaLQNNMZMV\ZMIK\QWV[ \PIV I
aMIZ IOW )TUW[\ VWJWLa NZWU \PM WNèKQIT[ UQ[[ML \W KWVOZI\]TI\M \PM 0MZ
5IRM[\aw[ +WV[]T /MVMZIT WV \PQ[ WKKI[QWV IT\PW]OP PM PQU[MTN JMQVO ^MZa
XZW]LLQLVW\MQ\PMZZMUQVLIVaJWLaWN\PQ[WZWNèKQITTaQV^Q\M.WVJTIVY]M
PILZMI[WV\WI[[]UM\PI\\PQ[]VM`XMK\MLKWZLQITQ\a_I[\WJMXZQUIZQTaL]M
\W\PMJMPI^QW]ZWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLMTMOI\QWVI\\PM>QMVVI+WVNMZMVKM0W_M^MZ
\PMZMKW]TLVW\JMU]KP][MNZWU[]KPI[]LLMVKPIVOMJMKI][M\PM*ZQ\Q[P
XWTQKa\W_IZL[;MZJQIPILITZMILaJMMVLM\MZUQVML_PQTM\PMXMWXTMNI^W]ZQVO
:][[QIOW\[WIOQ\I\ML\PI\\PMPQOPM[\XWTQ\QKITI]\PWZQ\QM[PIL\WOQ^MIX]JTQK
IVVW]VKMUMV\<PMQVKWV[Q[\MVKaWN\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQI_I[VW\\PMWVTaWVM
\PI\KWV\ZQJ]\ML\W[]KPI[Q\]I\QWV)TQ8I[PI\PM7\\WUIVVMOW\QI\WZI\\PM
>QMVVI+WVNMZMVKM[\WXXMLQV*MTOZILMWVPQ[ZM\]ZV\W+WV[\IV\QVWXTM1\
[MMU[\PI\M^MZa\PQVO\PI\_I[PIXXMVQVOIZW]VL\PM7\\WUIV8I[PIL]ZQVO
PQ[[PWZ\[\Ia_I[èZ[\WNITTIV]VLMZPIVLIVL]VXTMI[IV\QV\ZQO]M0MèZ[\
PMIZL\PI\\PMQV[]JWZLQVI\M;\I\M+W]VKQTZMN][ML\PM8ZQVKMw[XZWXW[IT\WITTW\
IKMZ\IQVIUW]V\WNUWVMaNWZ\PMX]ZKPI[MWNIOQN\NWZPQU[MTN1V[]T\MLI\
TMI[\X]JTQKTaPMZMN][ML\WIKKMX\IVaXZM[MV\_PI\[WM^MZJ]\PMIT[WWUQ\\ML
\WUMM\\PMNWZMQOVLQXTWUI\[[\ZM[[QVOQV\PQ[_Ia\PM7\\WUIV[]bMZIQV\a
W^MZ;MZJQI-^MV\PM8ZQVKMw[MNNWZ\[\WXZW^QLMIOQN\NWZPQULQLVW\QUXZW^M
PQ[UWWL\W_IZL[\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ0M\ITSML_Q\PPQUNWZ[M^MZITUQV]\M[
WVTa IVL I _PWTM PW]Z _Q\P /IZIIVQV .WVJTIVY]M _I[ QVNWZUML \PI\ \PM
\WXQK WN \PM \ITS[ _I[ \PM XW[[QJQTQ\a WN \PM )][\ZQIV WKK]XI\QWV I[ _MTT I[
NI^W]ZIJTM XZW[XMK\[ NWZ \PM XZWOZM[[ WN ;MZJQI ]VLMZ \PM KWVLQ\QWV WN \PM
8ZQVKMw[LQ[UQ[[IT
<PM KWVéQK\ JM\_MMV \PM 8ZQVKM IVL \PM ;\I\M +W]VKQT _I[ JMKWUQVO
UWZMIVLUWZM[MZQW][ /IZIIVQV\PW]OP\Q\VMKM[[IZa\WQVNWZUM[XMKQITTa
)TQ8I[PIIJW]\\PQ[IVL\PM?M[\MZVLQXTWUI\[JMOIV\W[MMXW[[QJTMPIZUN]T
KWV[MY]MVKM[QV\PMMUMZOQVOKZQ[Q[VW\WVTaNWZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aJ]\NWZ\PM
QV\MZM[\[WN\PMQZW_V[\I\M[!<PMXWTQKaWN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTKW]TLJMLM[KZQJML
7VTa5M\ZWXWTQ\IV8M\IZNWZOW\\WKWUM\W\PMKWVOZI\]TI\QWV[.WVJTIVY]M
\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM5Ia .7 !
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM 2]VM .7 !6W
)TMS[I;QUQË;\MNIV;\MNIVW^QË<MVSI 0IZ\QRM,;\ZIVRISW^QËI
QV;MZJQIV"8IXMZ[WN,;\ZIVRISW^QËJ);)6=
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2]VM .7 !6W!
157
UWZMI[IVIK\\W[XQ\M\PM8ZQVKM?PMV\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZQVWZLMZ\WQUXZW^M
\PMZMTI\QWV[_Q\P)][\ZQIWNNMZZML\WJ]QTLI:WUIV+I\PWTQKKP]ZKPIVL\W
èVIVKMQ\[UIQV\MVIVKM\PM+W]VKQTZMILQTaZMN][MLPQ[XZWXW[IT0MTXTM[[QV
NIKMWN\PM[MTN_QTTML+W]VKQT\PM8ZQVKM[WWVLMKTIZML\PI\KMZ\IQVTI_[QV
PQ[ WXQVQWV _MZM VW\ OWWL MVW]OP IVL PM _W]TL \PMZMNWZM KWV[QLMZ \PMU
QVÎTQLQVN]\]ZM)VM_KZQ[Q[_I[[\IZ\QVO\WMUMZOM<PMY]M[\QWV_I[_Pa
Q\\WWS[WUMTI_[UWZM\PIVILMKILM\WJMKWUMJILIVL_PI\_MZM\PMIK\]IT
I]\PWZQbI\QWV[WN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTQN\PMZ]TMZ_I[MUXW_MZML\WIVV]T\PM
TI_[/IZIIVQVIVL.WVJTIVY]MIL^Q[MLUWLMZI\QWV\W\PM8ZQVKMXWQV\QVO
W]\ PW_ \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ VMMLML KWVKWZL UWZM \PIV M^MZ JMNWZM \PM
XI[[QVOWNQUXWZ\IV\LMKQ[QWV[IJW]\\PM[\I\][WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
<PM;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[VMZ^W][TaI_IQ\ML\PMLMKQ[QWV[WN\PM-]ZWXMIV
)ZMWXIO][ IV`QW][ \PI\ )][\ZQI _W]TL JM OZIV\ML \PM XZW\MK\WZI\M W^MZ
;MZJQI<PMXWTQKaWN>QMVVI\W_IZL[\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[KWVN][QVOM^MV\PM
M`XMZQMVKMLNWZMQOVKWV[]T[_PWNWTTW_MLQV_WVLMZPW_\PMZMO]TIZKZQ[M[QV
\PMZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV\PM\_WKW]V\ZQM[_MZMIT\MZVI\QVO_Q\P\PMLMTQ^MZQM[WN
\PM)][\ZQIVIZU[/IZIIVQV_PW_I[R][\OM\\QVOZMILa\W\ZI^MT\W8IZQ[
IVL4WVLWVJMTQM^ML\PI\)][\ZQIKW]TL\ISM\PMXZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ;MZJQIWVTa
_Q\P\PMIXXZWÎTWN.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.WVJTIVY]MKWVèLML\W
PQUQVZIZMUWUMV\[WN[QVKMZQ\aPW_QV\PI\KI[Mx\_WWZI\TMI[\WVMKWV[]Ty
_W]TLTMI^M*MTOZILM
1JQL 2]VM .WZQV[\IVKM\PM+W]VKQTLMKQLML\WZMKITT3VMM^QËNZWU
>QMVVIZMN][QVO\WZMKWOVQbM\PMKW[\[PMPILUILM\PMZML]KI\[NWZQV\IVL
SZM]\bMZ[)TMS[I;QUQË\W\PM8ZQVKM 0IZ\QRM,;\ZIVRISW^QËIQV
;MZJQIV"8IXMZ[WN,;\ZIVRISW^QËJ );)6=
.WVJTIVY]MKWV[QLMZML\PI\UWZMTI[\QVOZMKWVKQTMUMV\_I[W]\WNXTIKM"i
VM^MZLQL\Z]MZMKWVKQTMUMV\OZW__PMZM_W]VL[WNLMILTaPI\MPIL[]VS[WLMMXx
1JQL
.WVJTIVY]MJMTQM^ML\PI\Q\_I[\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM[IUMXWTQ\QKITVMOTQOMVKM
I[_PMV;XIQV[]XXTQMLO]VXW_LMZ\W\PM6M\PMZTIVL[1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2]Ta .7 !6W<PM
>QMVVIZMXWZ\MZWN<PM5IVKPM[\MZ/]IZLQIVZMXWZ\MLQV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN)]O][\\PI\
\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[PILVW\I[aM\ZMIKPML\PMXWTQ\QKITIOZMMUMV\IJW]\\PMN]\]ZM[\I\][
WN ;MZJQI <PMZM ITTMOMLTa M`Q[\ML \_W XTIV[ WVM UILM I\ \PM 8WZ\M IVL []XXWZ\ML
Ja )][\ZQI _PQTM /IZIIVQV _I[ \PM I]\PWZ WN \PM W\PMZ WVM ZMXWZ\MLTa MVRWaQVO
\PM .ZMVKP []XXWZ\ )T\PW]OP \PM NWZUMZ 8ZQVKMw[ 8ZQUM 5QVQ[\MZ _I[ SVW_V NWZ
PQ[ PW[\QTQ\a \W_IZL[ :][[QI <PM 5IVKPM[\MZ /]IZLQIV ZMXWZ\MZ _I[ KWV^QVKML \PI\
/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVQ\[MTN_W]TLIOZMM_Q\P\PM7\\WUIVXZWXW[IT)][\ZQIi<PM5IVKPM[\MZ
/]IZLQIVx)]O][\ 158
*MZVIZL LM[ -[[IZ\[ \PM VM_
.ZMVKP +WV[]T /MVMZIT IZZQ^ML \W
*MTOZILMQV\PMUQLLTMWN)]O][\,M[
-[[IZ\[ _I[ ^MZa _MTT ZMKMQ^ML QV ;MZJQI
<PM;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[\PW]OP\\PI\PQ[
IXXWQV\UMV\ _I[ I [aUJWTQK JMOQVVQVO
WNIVM_XWTQKaWN8IZQ[\W_IZL[;MZJQI
_PQTM .WVJTIVY]M _PW _I[ Y]Q\M
XMZ[WVITI[IZ]TM_PMVPQ[ZMTI\QWV[_Q\P
KWTTMIO]M[_MZMQVY]M[\QWV_I[_WVW^MZ
Ja IV QVLQZMK\ XZIQ[M ILLZM[[ML \W PQU
Ja \PM VM_KWUMZ [\I\QVO I[ QV XI[[QVO
\PI\ *W]ZY]MVMa IVL +W]V\ ?ITM_[SQ
_MZM IUIbML Ja PQ[ ZMXWZ\[ [PW_V \W
\PMU Ja ?M[\UWZTIVL IVL +TIZMVLWV
QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM IVL 4WVLWV <PM
)TMÌVLZM.2+WTWVVI+W]V\
*ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T ZMKSWVML \PI\ PM _W]TL
?ITM_[SQ
MI[QTa []KKMML \W X]\ LM[ -[[IZ\[ QV I
[WUM_PI\ []JRMK\ML XW[Q\QWV QV _PQKP PM PIL ]V[]KKM[[N]TTa I\\MUX\ML \W
XTIKMPQ[XZMLMKM[[WZTWVO\QUMIOW)UWVOW\PMZ\PQVO[Q\_I[VMKM[[IZa\W
IKY]IQV\LM[-[[IZ\[_Q\P\PMQUUMLQI\MXI[\WN\PM)][\ZW;MZJQIVZMTI\QWV[
JMKI][MIN\MZ\PM\ITS_Q\P\PM+W]V\*]WTQV>QMVVIPMZMILQTaJMTQM^MLPW_
IK\]ITTa\PM;MZJ[NZWU\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_MZMZMITTa\PMWVM[XZMXIZML\W]VQ\M
_Q\P\PM0]VOIZQIVZM^WT]\QWVIZQM[I\I[]Q\IJTMUWUMV\)\TI[\QV\PM[]UUMZ
WN .WVJTIVY]MOW\IKPIVKM\WèVITTaLMèVM\PM)][\ZQIVXWTQKa\W_IZL[
:][[QI,]ZQVO\PMXI[\\_WaMIZ[PM\ZQML\WM`XTIQVQ\I[\PM[MKZM\ITTQIVKMWZ
WXMVPW[\QTQ\aWVTa\WM[\IJTQ[PIN\MZ\PMKWUXTM\M_Q\PLZI_ITWN:][[QINZWU
\PM*ITSIV8MVQV[]TI\PI\Q\_I[\PMY]M[\QWVWNIUJQÎTMV\ZMTI\QWV[LQZMK\Ta
LMXMVLMV\WV\PMXZMÎQTQVOK]ZZMV\QV>QMVVIIVL_PQKP_MZMPW[\QTM_Q\P
ZMOIZL\W[PWZ\\MZUOWIT[_PQTM\PMTWVO\MZUOWIT[UIQVTaKWQVKQLML
*MZVIZLLM[-[[IZ\[_I[MIZTQMZ\PM.ZMVKPKWV[]TQV?IZ[I_;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS
R]T JZ [\Z#/IZIIVQV5IZQVW^QË]*MWOZILR]TQRI 8Q[UI[\Z
!QV;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa2]Ta 6W X#/IZIIVQV\W5IZQVW^QË
*MTOZILM2]Ta 4M\\MZ[X !
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM!)]O][\ .7 !6W
1JQL
159
1\_I[VW\TWVOJMNWZM\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TOW\\PMKPIVKM\WINèZUPQ[
WXQVQWVQV\PMZMXWZ\\W+TIZMVLWVIJW]\\PMZMTI\QWV[JM\_MMV>QMVVIIVL;\
8M\MZ[J]ZO+WTWVMT:ILW[I^TRM^QËZM\]ZVMLNZWU>QMVVI_Q\P\PMQV[\Z]K\QWV[
M`KT]LQVOUWZMM`\MV[Q^MZMNWZU[I[_MTTI[XZIK\QKITQUXTMUMV\I\QWVWN[WUM
RWQV\XZW\MK\WZI\M0MZMKWUUMVLMLZM[\ZIQV\QVKWVéQK\[\W\PM8ZQVKMIVL
\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTIVLPM]VLMZ\WWS\PM\I[SPQU[MTNWNZMKWVKQTQI\QWVWN\PM
NIK\QWV[QV\PMKW]V\Za0MLQLVW\PQLM\PI\QVKI[MWNNIQT]ZMPM_W]TLVW\
[PZQVSNZWUIKPQM^QVO\PM[\IJQTQ\aQVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PM:][[QIVXIZ\a)bQb
8I[PILM[-[[IZ\[IVL.WVJTIVY]MRWQV\TaZMXTQML\W\PQ[JaIL^Q[QVO\PM8ZQVKM
\WTMI^M\PMLMKQ[QWV\W\PM8WZ\M8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ\P][NW]VLPQU[MTNNIKML
_Q\P\PMKPWQKM_PM\PMZ\WTM\\PM]VNI^W]ZIJTaQVKTQVML:][[QIVLQXTWUIKa\W
QUXW[M\PMOW^MZVUMV\WZ\W[]ZZMVLMZ\W\PMQTTLQ[XW[Q\QWVWN\PMWJ^QW][Ta
U]KP TM[[ QVé]MV\QIT 8WZ\M QV ;MZJQI 0M èVITTa IOZMML _Q\P \PM 8I[PI IVL
?M[\MZVKWV[]T[J]\VWJWLaJMTQM^ML
\PI\\PQ[_W]TLTI[\TWVO <Z]M QV^MK\Q^M[ IOIQV[\ \PM
*ZQ\Q[P KWV[]T[ QV \PM ,IV]JM
XZQVKQXITQ\QM[ [WWV JMOIV \W IXXMIZ
IOIQV QV [XQ\M WN KMV[WZ[PQX QV
\PM )][\ZQIV VM_[XIXMZ[! ;]KP I
[Q\]I\QWV _I[ VW\ KPIVOML M^MV Ja
\PMNITTWN;MÎ[\WXWT\PI\_I[UILM
X]JTQK WV \P ;MX\MUJMZ Ja
\PM \ZQ]UXPIT WVMP]VLZMLIVL
WVMKIVVWV[IT]\MNZWU\PM*MTOZILM
”British Heroism in a Battle with
Russians”, Sedmica
NWZ\ZM[[ )T\PW]OP PM PIL JMMV
1JQL#)TMS[I;QUQË\W\PM8ZQVKM)]O][\ 0IZ\QRM,;\ZIVRISW^QËI
QV;MZJQIV"8IXMZ[WN,;\ZIVRISW^QËJ);)6=
.WVJTIVY]M \W +TIZMVLWV *MTOZILM ;MX\MUJMZ .7 ! 6W
)\ \PM MVL WN \PM []UUMZ /IZIIVQV _ZW\M \W 5IOIbQVW^QË NZWU 8IZQ[
I[[M[[QVO \PI\ \PM KWVéQK\ JM\_MMV \PM 8ZQVKM IVL \PM ;\I\M +W]VKQT _I[ XZQUIZQTa
\PMKWV[MY]MVKMWN\PMQZTIKSWNZM[Q[\IVKM\WNWZMQOVQVé]MVKM[,
,;\ZIVRISW^QË1TQRI
;\ZIVRISW^QË
/IZIIVQV3ZIO]RMÎK"2MèUQRI5
!
i7M[\MZZMQKPQ[KPMBMQ\]VOx6W
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM;MX\MUJMZ .7 !6W
<PMTI[\\_WNWW\PWTL[QV;MÎ[\WXWT_MZMKIX\]ZMLWV!;MX\MUJMZ_PQTM\PMKQ\a
_I[KWUXTM\MTaKWVY]MZMLWV;MX\MUJMZ?*I]UOIZ\X
160
I[[]ZML WVTa \PZMM LIa[ IOW \PI\ ;MZJQI _W]TL TM\ \PM 8WZ\M LMKQLM WV \PM
KWV[\Q\]\QWV WN \PM OW^MZVUMV\)bQb 8I[PI PIL \W JM XMZ[]ILML VW\ \W I[S
NZWU\PM*MTOZILMI]\PWZQ\QM[\WSMMX\PMKQ\aNM[\Q^MTaQTT]UQVI\MLITTVQOP\7V
\PMW\PMZPIVL8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ_PW_I[\ZaQVOL]ZQVOITT\PQ[\QUM\WWNNMZ
XZWWN[WNPQ[TWaIT\a\W\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMLQLVW\èVLQ\è\\WKWVOZI\]TI\M
\PM8I[PIIVL\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[wKWV[]T[WV\PQ[OZMI\^QK\WZa
)\\PMUWUMV\WN\PMLMKQ[Q^M^QK\WZaWN\PMITTQMLIZU[I\\PM+ZQUMI
\PMZMTI\QWV[WN\PMQZZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[QV*MTOZILM_Q\P\PM;MZJQIVWNèKQIT[_MZM
[W]VLMèVMLIVLKWTL\PI\\PMa\PMU[MT^M[\PW]OP\Q\VMKM[[IZa\WXW[\XWVM
N]Z\PMZ \ITS[ ]V\QT /IZIIVQVw[ ZM\]ZV NZWU 8IZQ[ <PM *ZQ\Q[P;MZJQIV
ZMTI\QWV[ _MZM ILLQ\QWVITTa J]ZLMVML Ja \PM ]V[WT^ML U]ZLMZ WN \PM *ZQ\Q[P
[]JRMK\+ZIUMZI[_MTTI[Ja\PM[]XXWZ\ZMVLMZMLJa\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa\W
\PM8WZ\MZMOIZLQVO\PMKWV[\Z]K\QWVWN\PMZIQT_Ia\PZW]OP\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
<PMaLQLVW\KPIVOMU]KPM^MV_PMV/IZIIVQVZM\]ZVMLQV\PMUQLLTMWN
6W^MUJMZ )T\PW]OP \PM 8ZQVKM PIL MIZTQMZ JMMV QV ZMO]TIZ KWV\IK\[ _Q\P
PQ[NWZUMZ8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZIVLZMKMQ^MLIL^QKMNZWUPQUPMTMN\PQUVW_\W
_IQ\IVL\PMVPMJMPI^MLQVIXMZKMX\QJTaKWTL_Ia\WPQU<PMQUXZM[[QWV
QVOMVMZIT_I[M^MVUWZM]VNI^W]ZIJTMJMKI][M+W]V\*]WTPILXMZ[WVITTa
ZMKMQ^ML /IZIIVQV QV>QMVVI IVL OI^M PQU N]TT KZMLQ\ I[xWVM WN \PM UW[\
QUXWZ\IV\ XWTQ\QKQIV[ _QTTQVO \W [MZ^M ;MZJQIy 7NèKQIT )][\ZQI M^MV [\I\ML
\PI\\PMRWQV\XZW\MK\WZI\MWN/ZMI\8W_MZ[_I[XZIK\QKITTaITZMILaM[\IJTQ[PML
W^MZ \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI ,Q[\Z][\N]T \W_IZL[ \PM )][\ZQIV LQXTWUIKa
.WVJTIVY]MIL^Q[MLPQ[[]XMZQWZ[\WJMZM[MZ^MLIVLLW]J\N]T_PMV\PMOWWL
_QTTWN>QMVVI_I[QVY]M[\QWV7VTa[M^MZITLIa[TI\MZQ\XZW^ML\PI\IT\PW]OP
\PM)][\ZQIV5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[PMTL/IZIIVQVQVPQOPM[\MMU\PQ[
LQL VW\ UMIV \PI\ \PM)][\ZQIV +WV[]T /MVMZIT QV ;MZJQI _I[ QV[\Z]K\ML \W
[]XXWZ\PQ[ZM\]ZV\W\PMPMILWN\PMOW^MZVUMV\+WTWVMT:ILW[I^TRM^QË[\I\ML
1JQL;MX\MUJMZ
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W .WVJTIVY]M \W +TIZMVLWV 6W^MUJMZ .7 ! 6W 8WTQ\QKIT 6W \W \PM 8WZ\M 3WV[\IV\QV 6QSWTIRM^QË _ZW\M \W)TMS[I ;QUQË NZWU
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM\PI\\PM.ZMVKP)UJI[[ILWZ\WTLPQU\PI\\PM?M[\MZVXW_MZ[PIL
ZMIKPML IV IOZMMUMV\ _Q\P )][\ZQI IJW]\ \PM M[\IJTQ[PQVO WN I OW^MZVUMV\ _PQKP
_W]TL QVKT]LM 2IVSW^QË IVL /IZIIVQV 1\ [MMU[ \PI\ []KP I KWUJQVI\QWV _I[ VW\
_MTKWUMLM^MVJa/IZIIVQVKTW[M\W\PM;MZJQIV3IXW]3MPIRI6QSWTIRM^QË;QUQË
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM6W^MUJMZ .WVL3WV[\IV\QVI6QSWTIRM^QËI111
);)6=)11;)6=QV;MZJQIV".]VLWN3WV[\IV\QV6QSWTIRM^QË111););)
NWZUMZTaQV)11;);)
161
\PI\/IZIIVQVVW_U]KPKTW[MZ\W)][\ZQI_W]TLJMI[]Q\IJTMXMZ[WVNWZ
\PMKWWXMZI\QWV_Q\P)TMS[I2IVSW^QË_PWUPM[I_I[;QUQËw[VI\]ZITPMQZI\
\PMPMILWN\PMOW^MZVUMV\<PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[NMT\W]\_Q\\ML<PMMIZTQMZ
IOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKaPILJMMV\PI\/IZIIVQV[PW]TLKWUM
\W\PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZIVL\PI\)][\ZQI[PW]TLM`MZ\Q\[
QVé]MVKMQV\PMOW^MZVUMV\\PZW]OP2IVSW^QË6W__Q\P\PMIQLWN2IVSW^QË
)][\ZQI OIQVML \PM QVé]MVKM WV \PM 8ZQVKMw[ []ZZW]VLQVO[ IVL \PM :][[QIV
XIZ\a[]NèKQMV\\WKWV[\Q\]\M\PMOW^MZVUMV\_Q\PW]\OZMI\MZWJ[\IKTM[
-VLWN IVL\PM6M_/W^MZVUMV\QV;MZJQI
<PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T QV ;MZJQI ITZMILa QV \PM UQLLTM WN 6W^MUJMZ
WNNMZZML\PM.WZMQOV7NèKM\W\ITSIJW]\\PM[\IZ\QVOXWQV\[WN\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[
_Q\P;QZ0IUQT\WV;MaUW]Z\PMNWZUMZ*ZQ\Q[PIUJI[[ILWZQV;\8M\MZ[J]ZO
_PWPILJMMVLQ[XI\KPML\W>QMVVI[WUM\QUMIOW.WVJTIVY]Mw[VW\QWVWN
\PMZMNWZU[QV\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMLQNNMZZMLNZWU\PMWNèKQITKWVKMX\WN\PM
*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa"PMLQLVW\JMTQM^M\PI\\PMMUIVKQXI\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV
+PZQ[\QIV[IVL\PMQUXTMUMV\I\QWVWNKMZ\IQVTQJMZITZMNWZU[_W]TLJZQVOI
UWZMTI[\QVOXMIKMIVLPM_I[\PMZMNWZMQVNI^W]ZWN\PM\PM[Q[IJW]\\PMVMML
NWZM[\IJTQ[PQVOWNI]\WVWUW][+PZQ[\QIV[\I\M[WVQ\[-]ZWXMIVXMZQXPMZa
1\_I[VW\XW[[QJTM\WOM\;MZJQIJIKS]VLMZ\PMN]TT7\\WUIVI]\PWZQ\aIVL
.WVJTIVY]M_I[[]ZM\PI\Q\_W]TLJMMY]ITTaPIZUN]T\WOQ^MQ\KWV[QLMZIJTM
\MZZQ\WZQIT M`XIV[QWV QVLMXMVLMVKM IVL TMI^M Q\ QV \PM XZM[MV\ [\I\][ <PM
IOZIZQIVKPIZIK\MZWN\PMKW]V\ZaQ\[UWLM[\UI\MZQITZM[W]ZKM[IVL\PMTW_
K]T\]ZITTM^MTWN\PMXMWXTMITTTML\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T\WILWX\\PM^QM_\PI\
\PMXZWOZM[[WN;MZJQI_I[VW\XW[[QJTM1NQ\_I[TMN\QV\PMXZM[MV\KWVLQ\QWV
Q\ _W]TL KWV\QV]M \W JM x\PM :][[QIV KWTWVa QV \PM UQLLTM WN -]ZWXMy IV
WJ[\IKTM\W\PMZIQT_IaKWV[\Z]K\QWVLM^MTWXUMV\WN\ZILMIVLIVQV[\QOI\WZ
WNZMJMTTQWVQV\PM[]ZZW]VLQVOZMOQWV[<PQ[_I[_PaPMXZWXW[MLIUWLMZI\M
\MZZQ\WZQITM`XIV[QWVWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aI[PMPILXZWXW[ML\_WaMIZ[IOW
.WVJTIVY]M \W +TIZMVLWV *MTOZILM 6W^MUJMZ .7 ! 6W
6W
)bQb8I[PIIVL:ILW[I^TRM^QËIOZMML\PI\)KQSI6MVILW^QË_I[IK\]ITTa\PM
iZWW\WNITTM^QT[xQV\PM8ZQVKMw[[]ZZW]VLQVO[J]\.WVJTIVY]MLQLVW\UQ[[\PI\NWZ
2IVSW^QËPM[]LLMVTa[\WXXMLJMQVOWVTaIxUITM^WTMV\W`yIVLJMKIUMx\PMUIVWN
[]XZMUMQLMI[y1JQL
.WVJTIVY]M\W0IUUWVL*MTOZILM6W^MUJMZ !
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W
162
IVLM[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PM0W][MWN:MXZM[MV\I\Q^M[I[\PM\PQZLNIK\WZWNXW_MZ
1VPQ[ZMXWZ\\W:MLKTQNNM[MV\WV\P7K\WJMZPMIOIQVXZM[MV\MLPQ[^QM_IJW]\
\PMZMNWZU[WV\PM*ITSIV[;\IZ\QVONZWU\PMNIK\\PI\?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
XTIaML \PM ZWTM WN IV WJRMK\ QV \PM KWUXM\Q\QWV WN /ZMI\ 8W_MZ[ L]ZQVO \PM
XZMKMLQVO LMKILM[ PM \PW]OP\ \PI\ QV \PM N]\]ZM ;MZJQI _W]TL JM I ]VQ\QVO
NIK\WZ NWZ ITT VMQOPJW]ZQVO ZMOQWV[ M`KMX\ ?ITTIKPQI 0M IZO]ML \PI\ \PM
[\Z]OOTMNWZ\PM]VQ\QVOWNNW]ZUQTTQWVWN;MZJ[IVLW\PMZ;W]\P;TI^[_W]TL
WVTa JM KPMKSML WVKM IVW\PMZ \_W I]\WVWUW][ ;W]\P;TI^WVQK [\I\M[ _MZM
M[\IJTQ[PML
1\ Q[ QV\MZM[\QVO \PI\ .WVJTIVY]M VW_ XIQL [XMKQIT I\\MV\QWV \W \PM
Y]M[\QWVWN*W[VQIIVL0MZbMOW^QVI_PQKPQV\PMXZWXW[ITNWZ\PMM`XIV[QWV
IVLZMNWZUWN\PM;MZJQIV[\I\MWN \P6W^MUJMZ PMPIL[QUXTaWUQ\\ML
+WV\ZIZa \W /IZIIVQV _PW _Q\PW]\ LW]J\ KWV[QLMZML *W[VQI I[ I ;MZJQIV
ZMOQWVWZPQ[KWTTMIO]M+ITOPW]VNZWU*]KPIZM[\_PW_PMV\ZIV[NMZZML\W\PQ[
ZMOQWV\WWSWVTa<]ZSQ[PQV\MZXZM\MZ[_Q\PPQU.WVJTIVY]M_I[N]TTaI_IZM
WN\PMKWUXTM`Q\aQV\PMZM[WT]\QWVWNQ\[[\I\][)KKWZLQVO\WPQ[SVW_TMLOM
\PM 5W[TMU XWX]TI\QWV QV *W[VQI _I[ UWZM V]UMZW][ \PIV \PM +PZQ[\QIV
WZ\PWLWÌVLKI\PWTQK )T\PW]OP\PM*W[VQIV5W[TMU[\PMU[MT^M[ILUQ\\ML
\PI\\PMaPIL+PZQ[\QIVZWW\[\PMQZZM\]ZV\W\PMWTLZMTQOQWVWZ\PMIVVMÌ\QWV
WN\PMQZKW]V\Za\W;MZJQI_W]TLUMIV\PMTW[[WNXZQ^QTMOM[IVL\PMIJWTQ\QWV
WNNM]LITQ[U<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T_I[KMZ\IQV\PI\[]KPXZW[XMK\[_W]TL\]ZV
\PM *W[VQIV 5W[TMU[ QV\W QZZMKWVKQTIJTM WXXWVMV\[ WN \PQ[ QLMI 7V \PM
W\PMZPIVLIVM`KM[[Q^MXW_MZWNWVMWN\PMI]\WVWUW][ZMOQWV[_Q\PQV\PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZM_W]TLMVLIVOMZVW\WVTaQ\[QV\MOZQ\aJ]\\PM*ZQ\Q[PQV\MZM[\[
I[ _MTT)KKWZLQVO \W PQ[ XZWXW[IT[ Q\ _I[ \PMZMNWZM VMKM[[IZa \W M[\IJTQ[P I
KW]V\MZJITIVKM \W \PM MVTIZOML ;MZJQI QV \PM NWZU WN I]\WVWUW][ *]TOIZQI
\W \PM -I[\ WN \PM ZQ^MZ 1[SMZ _Q\P \PM KMV\ZM QV o]UTI WV \PM ,IV]JM IVL
_Q\P*W[VQI\W\PM?M[\WN\PMZQ^MZ,ZQVIIVL5WV\MVMOZW_Q\P5W[\IZI[Q\[
KIXQ\IT0W_M^MZITT\PQ[PIL\WJMQV.WVJTIVY]Mw[WXQVQWVTWVO\MZUOWIT[
<PQ[I[[M[[UMV\_I[VW\Y]Q\MKWZZMK\)\\PI\\QUM\PM\MZZQ\WZaWN\PM7TL
0MZbMOW^QVI TI\MZ 6WZ\P?M[\MZV 5WV\MVMOZW _Q\P Q\[ 7Z\PWLW` XWX]TI\QWV _I[
IT[W I XIZ\ WN \PM XZW^QVKM [W \PI\ QV \PM JMOQVVQVO WN \PM VQVM\MMV\P KMV\]Za \PM
V]UJMZ WN 7Z\PWLW` XWX]TI\QWV KIUM KTW[M \W \PM V]UJMZ WN 5W[TMU[ _PQTM \PM
+PZQ[\QIV[\PM+I\PWTQK[IVL\PM7Z\PWLW`_MZM[WUM_PI\UWZMV]UMZW][\PIV\PM
5W[TMU[ < ;\WRIVW^QË *ITSIV[SQ [^M\W^Q { XZÎ Q XW[TMLVRI -^ZWXI *MWOZIL !!
[\Z QV;MZJQIV"<;\WRIVW^QË<PM*ITSIV?WZTL[{\PM.QZ[\IVL\PM4I[\-]ZWXM
*MTOZILM!!X Annus pacabilis – 1855
163
WN\PM?M[\QVQ\[UQ[[QWVNWZ\PMXZM[MZÎ\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQV\MOZQ\a
QV-]ZWXM<PMèZ[\[\MXQV\PMQUUMLQI\MN]\]ZM_W]TLJM]VLW]J\MLTa\PM
M[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PMXWTQ\QKIT[\IJQTQ\aQV;MZJQI<PMXZMZMY]Q[Q\M[NWZ\PQ[_MZM
\WZM[WT^M\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM<]ZSQ[PM[\I\M[W]\[QLM\PM_ITT[WN\PM*MTOZILM
NWZ\ZM[[ IVL \W IXXWQV\ I OW^MZVUMV\ UWZM QVKTQVML \W /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV IVL
.ZIVKM!
<PMIXXWQV\QVOWN\PMOW^MZVUMV\QVKTQVML\W\PM?M[\MZV8W_MZ[_I[
KMZ\IQVTa\PMUW[\LQNèK]T\\I[S-^MVQN\PMa[]KKMMLMLQVJZQVOQVOQ\IJW]\
_Q\P8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZJaXZM[[]ZM[IVLXZWUQ[M[.WVJTIVY]MIVLLM[-[[IZ\[
_MZMKMZ\IQV\PI\Q\_W]TLJMUM\_Q\P\PM]VQ\MLWXXW[Q\QWVWN)][\ZQIIVL
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI[_MTTI[\PI\Q\_W]TLMVRWa^MZa[UITTI]\PWZQ\a_Q\P
W\PMZ;MZJQIVTMILMZ[IVL\PMXMWXTMQVKTQVML\W:][[QI7V\PMW\PMZPIVL
/IZIIVQV SVM_ ^MZa _MTT \PI\ ITT \PM IQL \PI\ 4WVLWV IVL 8IZQ[ KW]TL OQ^M
PQU_W]TLJM^MZJIT[]XXWZ\Ja\PM\_WKWV[]T[?Q\PI_ISMVMLIUJQ\QWV[
WN+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVL\PM)][\ZQIVIZUQM[QV?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI[]KPI
[]XXWZ\_W]TLJMNIZNZWUMVW]OP0W_U]KP\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[IJW]\\PM
KWV[\Q\]\QWVWN\PMVM_OW^MZVUMV\_MZMKWUXTQKI\ML_I[JM[\LM[KZQJMLJa
\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]T:ILW[I^TRM^QË+WUUMV\QVOIZ]UW]ZPMPILITTMOMLTa
PMIZLIKKWZLQVO\W_PQKPx\PMVI\QWVITXIZ\ay_I[\ZaQVO\WIXXWQV\INWZMQOV
XZQVKM QV XTIKM WN 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ PM I[[MZ\ML \PI\ Q\[ I]\PWZQ\a _W]TL
VW\JMKWUMOZMI\MZI\ITT1NPMITTW_ML/IZIIVQV\WLMXW[M\PMWTL8ZQVKM
:ILW[I^TRM^QËJWI[\ML\PI\\PM>QMVVIOW^MZVUMV\_W]TLQVIVaKI[MQUXW[MI
VM_XZQVKM\W;MZJQIWVQ\[W_V
:MTaQVOWVPQ[TWVO[\IVLQVOM`XMZQMVKM[MZ^QVOQV*MTOZILM\PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T \ZQML \W èVL I UWLMT Ja UMIV[ WN _PQKP \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[
KW]TL KWUM W]\ WN \PM [\ITMUI\M XW[Q\QWV \PMa NW]VL \PMU[MT^M[ QV IVL
OIQV I TQ\\TM UWZM JIKSQVO QV \PM XMWXTM I[ _MTT I[ ZM[Q[\IVKM \W \PM M`\MZVIT
QVé]MVKM[<MUXWZIZa_MISMVQVOWN\PM:][[QIVQVé]MVKMIVL\PM)][\ZQIV
IVL 7\\WUIV XZM[[]ZM[ \W TQUQ\ \PM ;MZJQIV I]\WVWUa _MZM UISQVO Q\
XW[[QJTMNWZ/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM\WKWUMQV\W\PMLMNMVKMWN\PM;MZJQIV
!
0MKTIQUML\PI\\PMM`Q[\MVKMWN\PM<]ZSQ[PM[\I\M[QV\PM*MTOZILM\W_V[PQX
XZM^MV\MLQ\[N]Z\PMZLM^MTWXUMV\.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM7K\WJMZ .7 !6W
i<PM -NNWZ\[ WN -]ZWXM \W ;I^M <]ZSMa IVL ,M\MZUQVM \PM ;\I\][ WN \PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\ax 1/ ! );# : 4R]QË 3VRQOI W i6IÍMZ\IVQR]x [\Z { QV
;MZJQIV":4R]QË<PM*WWSIJW]\6IÍMZ\IVQMX { 164
XMWXTM ZQOP\[ 6M^MZ\PMTM[[ Q\ _I[ VMKM[[IZa \W SMMX I [MV[M WN XZWXWZ\QWV
QVITT\PQ[<PMXZW\MK\QWVWN\PMXZQVKQXTMWNVI\QWVITQ\aLQLVW\WVTaQUXTa
\PM []XXWZ\ WN ZMY]M[\[ NWZ \MZZQ\WZQIT M`XIV[QWV WN ;MZJQI IVL M`\MV[QWV WN
Q\[I]\WVWUaJ]\Q\[QV\MZVITZMNWZUI[_MTT0W_M^MZ[]KPZMNWZU[KIZZQML
W]\IKKWZLQVO\W\PMXZQVKQXTMWNVI\QWVITQ\a_MZMI[IZ]TMWNILMUWKZI\QK
KPIZIK\MZ 1V WZLMZ \W KPIVOM \PM +WV[\Q\]\QWV WN ;MZJQI QV \PI\ LQZMK\QWV
UMIV\ILLQ\QWVITLMèVQ\QWVWN\PMQV[\Q\]\QWVWN\PM)[[MUJTaIVLOZIV\QVO
Q\ OZMI\MZ MUXW_MZUMV\[ /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV IVL .ZIVKM LQL VW\ ][]ITTa NI^W]Z
[]KP I [WT]\QWV JMKI][M \PM :][[QIV XIZ\a _W]TL \PMV OIQV I VM_ QVé]MVKM
WV\PM;MZJQIVXWTQKa_PQTM\PMQV[\Q\]\QWVWN\PM)[[MUJTaQ\[MTNKWUXW[ML
WN[M^MZIT\PW][IVL[WNIT_Ia[IZUMLXMI[IV\LMX]\QM[_W]TLJM\PM[W]ZKM
WNLQ[\]ZJIVKM[IVLN]\]ZMZMJMTTQWV[<PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITQV*MTOZILM
JMTQM^ML\PI\\PMUIQV\MVIVKMWN\PMM`Q[\QVO[Q\]I\QWV_W]TLITUW[\KMZ\IQVTa
PI^M\PM[IUMKWV[MY]MVKM[<PQ[_I[_PaPMIOIQVXZWXW[ML\W+TIVZMLWV
\WM[\IJTQ[P\PM0W][MWN:MXZM[MV\I\Q^M[I[\PM\PQZLXQTTIZWNXW_MZQV\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a 1V PQ[ ZMXWZ\ NZWU !\P ,MKMUJMZ PM XZM[MV\ML PQ[ QLMI QV
LM\IQT PI^QVO ITZMILa IVVW]VKML Q\ QV \PM +WV[\Q\]\QWV LZIN\ IVL \PM
5MUWQZ)KKWZLQVO\W.WVJTIVY]M\PM0W][MWN:MXZM[MV\I\Q^M[_W]TL
KWV[Q[\ WN [M^MV\a LMX]\QM[ NW]Z MTMK\ML NZWU MIKP WN [M^MV\MMV LQ[\ZQK\[ WN
\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_PQTM\PM*MTOZILM\W_V[PQX_W]TLMTMK\\_WLMX]\QM[<PM
0W][M WN :MXZM[MV\I\Q^M[ LQL VW\ WJTQOI\WZQTa PI^M \W ZMXTIKM \PM 6I\QWVIT
)[[MUJTaJ]\Q\_W]TLKMZ\IQVTa\ISMW^MZQ\[MUXW_MZUMV\[<PM)[[MUJTa
_W]TLPI^MI\PZMMaMIZTWVOUIVLI\MIVL\PMWJTQOI\QWV\WJMQV[M[[QWVNWZ
I\TMI[\NW]Z_MMS[XMZaMIZ<PMVI\QWVITZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MJWLaKWVKMQ^MLQV\PQ[
_Ia_W]TLJMJW\P]VIKKMX\IJTMNWZ:][[QIIVLIOIQV[\\PMQV\MZM[\[WN)][\ZQI
0W_M^MZ \PM +WV[]T _I[ KWV^QVKML \PI\ \PM IOZMMUMV\ WN ;\ 8M\MZ[J]ZO
KW]TL JM WJ\IQVML IN\MZ \PM ITTQML ^QK\WZa _PQTM )][\ZQI KW]TL [I\Q[Na Q\[MTN
_Q\P \PM KW]V\MZJITIVKM \PI\ \PM VM_ LMUWKZI\QK QV[\Q\]\QWV _W]TL PI^M QV
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM 6W^MUJMZ .7 !6W
6W6W^MUJMZ
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM!,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W!
1VPQ[XTIV[NWZQV\MZVITZMNWZU1TQRI/IZIIVQVLQLVW\XIaOZMI\MZ[QOVQèKIVKM\W\PM
)[[MUJTaI[\PMQV[\Q\]\QWV1VWVMWN\PMLZIN\[UILMQUUMLQI\MTaIN\MZ\PMKWVKT][QWV
WN\PM8IZQ[8MIKMPMMV^Q[IOMLI[QNQVKQLMV\ITTa\PI\6I\QWVIT)[[MUJTQM[[PW]TLVW\
JMKWV^MVMLQVN]\]ZMM`KMX\QVM`\ZIWZLQVIZaKI[M[[]KPI[\PMMTMK\QWVWN\PM8ZQVKMw[
NIUQTa1/ );:4R]QË3VRQOIWi6IÍMZ\IVQR]x[\Z QV;MZJQIV":4R]QË<PM
*WWSIJW]\6IÍMZ\IVQMX Annus pacabilis – 1855
165
\PMQV[\Q\]\QWV[WN\PM8ZQVKMIVL;\I\M+W]VKQT<PMQV\MZM[\WN/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV
_W]TLJMXZW\MK\MLJa\PMM[\IJTQ[PUMV\WN\PMTI[\QVOXMIKMQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
IVL\PMXZMÎQTQVOWNx\PMVI\QWVITXIZ\ayQV\PMVI\QWVITZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MJWLa
_PQKP.WVJTIVY]MPILVWLW]J\WN
7V\PMW\PMZ[QLM\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVOWN\PMVI\QWVITZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MJWLa
_I[VW\\PMWVTaKPIVOM\PI\\PM+ZQUMIVITTQM[\PW]OP\Q\VMKM[[IZa)[NIZI[
\PM;MZJQIVZ]TMZ_I[KWVKMZVML)bQb8I[PIIVL.WVJTIVY]MU]\]ITTaIOZMML
\PI\IXMZ[WVITKPIVOM_I[VMKM[[IZa;\QTT\PMQZ_Q[PM[_W]TLJMLQNèK]T\\W
IKPQM^M"\PMaMVMZOM\QKITTaZMN][ML\PM)][\ZQIVIZKPL]SM[I[XW[[QJTMNWZMQOV
KIVLQLI\M[_PQTMWVTa\PZMM;MZJ[_MZM\PW]OP\\WJM_WZ\PaWN\PMXZQVKMTa
\Q\TM1VILLQ\QWV\WWJ^QW][.WVJTIVY]Mw[IVL;ÎO]Zw[KIVLQLI\M[/IZIIVQV
IVL 5IZQVW^QË VW_ \PM 8WZ\Mw[ KIVLQLI\M _I[ UMV\QWVML NWZ \PM èZ[\ \QUM
{KIX\IQV5QI)VI[\I[QRM^QË<PMLMXW[ITWN\PM8ZQVKM\PI\V]UMZW][;MZJQIV
TMILMZ[ UW[\Ta \PW[M QVKTQVML \W)][\ZQI _MZM UMV\QWVQVO QV \PM \ITS[ _Q\P
NWZMQOVKWV[]T[NWZITUW[\IaMIZ\PMITTQMLKWV[]T[[\IZ\ML\WKWV[QLMZ[MZQW][Ta
WVTaI\\PMUWUMV\_PMV>QMVVIPILITZMILaOIQVMLKWUXTM\MQVé]MVKMWV
\PM;MZJQIVKQZK]U[\IVKM[1\[MMU[\PI\[]KPXWTQ\QKITKWUJQVI\QWV[KIUM
VW\WVTa\WWTI\MJ]\8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZU][\PI^MSVW_V[WUM\PQVOIJW]\
\PMU _PW PIL ITZMILa UILM PQ[ QV[]JWZLQVI\QWV SVW_V \W \PM ?M[\MZV
KWV[]T[JWI[\QVO\PMVWN\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWV
<PM ZMTI\QWV[ JM\_MMV \PM 8ZQVKM IVL \PM ?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ JMKIUM
XIZ\QK]TIZTa\MV[M_PMV\PMIZ\QKTMNZWU\PM:][[QIVVM_[XIXMZ<PM6WZ\PMZV
*MM)JMQTTML]6WZL_I[ZMXZQV\MLQV\PM;ZJ[SMVW^QVM,M[-[[IZ\[ZMKWOVQbML
QV \PM \M`\ IVL \PM \PZMI\MVQVO MLQ\WZw[ KWUUMV\ VW\PQVO TM[[ \PIV \PM
QV^Q\I\QWV\WU]ZLMZWNPQ[QUXMZI\WZ0MQUUMLQI\MTaTWLOMLIXZW\M[\_Q\P
\PM8ZQVKM_PWXZWUQ[ML\W[IVK\QWV\PMKMV[WZJ]\VW\\PMMLQ\WZI[_MTT
7VTaIN\MZN]Z\PMZXZM[[]ZM[PMIOZMML\WLQ[UQ[[JW\PWN\PMUIT\PW]OPPM
LQLVW\IVVW]VKMIVaN]Z\PMZ[\MX[WV\PQ[WKKI[QWV<PQ[_I[_PaQ\PIXXMVML
\PI\4IbQËIN\MZLQ[UQ[[ITNZWU\PMXW[Q\QWVWNKMV[WZZMUIQVMLI\\PMPMILWN
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM!,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W
1JQL
1\ _I[ UMV\QWVML QV \PM \M`\ \PI\ I []KKM[[N]T I[[I[[QVI\QWV WN \PM .ZMVKP
[W^MZMQOV _W]TL WXMV \PM LWWZ \W_IZL[ \PM KWVKT][QWV WN \PM XMIKM .WVJTIVY]M
\W +TIZMVLWV *MTOZILM ,MKMUJMZ .7 ! 6W ;ZJ[SM VW^QVM
VW^MUJIZ LMKMUJIZ JZ QV ;MZJQIV" <PM ;MZJQIV 6M_[XIXMZ 6W^MUJMZ,MKMUJMZ VW
166
5QI)VI[\I[QRM^QË
167
+WV[Q[\WZQ]UIVL\PMNWZUMZMLQ\WZ8WXW^QËZMUIQVMLQV\PM[\I\M[MZ^QKM
AW]VO2WÎV:Q[\QËKIUM\W\PMXW[Q\QWVWN\PMMLQ\WZSVW_VNZWUMIZTQMZNWZPQ[
QVKTQVI\QWV\W_IZL[:][[QI1VILLQ\QWV\WITT\PQ[LM[-[[IZ\[IVL.WVJTIVY]M
ZMKMQ^ML \PM N]TT \ZIV[TI\QWV WN \PM IZ\QKTM WVTa I _MMS IN\MZ \PM LQ[UQ[[IT WN
\PW[MQVY]M[\QWV0I^QVOZMILQ\QVN]TT\PMaNW]VLUIVaUWZMUW\Q^M[NWZ\PM
XZW\M[\J]\\PMY]M[\QWVPILITZMILaJMMVKTW[ML
<PMZM _I[ VW\PQVO TMN\ NWZ \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T J]\ VW\ \W NWZOM\ \PM
8ZQVKMw[ QV[]T\ JMTQM^QVO \PI\ Q\ PIL JMMV XZMUMLQ\I\ML 0M QVNWZUML \PM
IUJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIJW]\Q\I[_MTTI[;MaUW]Z\PM[XMKQIT*ZQ\Q[P
MV^WaQV>QMVVII[[M[[QVO\PM8ZQVKMw[JMPI^QW]ZQVPQ[ZMXWZ\[I[x\ZMI[WVy
IVLxIKKM[[WZa\W\ZMI[WVy1\KW]TLJM[IQL\PI\[]KPPQ[WXQVQWV_I[I[][]IT
VW\UM\_Q\PN]TT[]XXWZ\QV\PM.WZMQOV7NèKM<P][\PM;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[
PIL ZMKMQ^ML \PM )][\ZQIV QV\MZXZM\I\QWV WN \PM \ITS PMTL QV 4WVLWV Ja \PM
;\I\M ;MKZM\IZa +TIZMVLWV IVL \PM )][\ZQIV IUJI[[ILWZ +W]V\ +WTTWZMLW
M^MV JMNWZM .WVJTIVY]M PQU[MTN OW\ \PM WNèKQIT QVNWZUI\QWV ZMOIZLQVO \PQ[
)T\PW]OPQ\[I]\PMV\QKQ\a_I[[WWVLMVQMLJa\PM*MTOZILM+WV[]TI\M\PMITTMOML
+TIZMVLWVw[[\I\MUMV\\PI\x;MZJQIQ[VW\_WZ\PaWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PI\\MV\QWVy_I[
ZMKMQ^ML_Q\PRWaQV*MTOZILM
.QVITTaI\\PM^MZaMVLWN\PMaMIZ\PMVM_OW^MZVUMV\_I[IXXWQV\ML
)[M`XMK\ML)TMS[I2IVSW^QË_I[IXXWQV\MLNWZ\PM8ZQVKMw[8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ
.WZMQOVKWV[]T[_MZM\W\ITTaMUJQ\\MZMLJa\PMKWUXW[Q\QWVWN\PQ[OW^MZVUMV\"
:ILWÎV:IRI,IURIVW^QËSVW_VNWZPQ[QVKTQVI\QWV\W:][[QIIVL)][\ZQI
_I[IXXWQV\MLNWZ\PM5QVQ[\MZWN\PM1V\MZQWZ_PQTM5QTQ^WRM8M\ZW^QË_PW
PILJMMVZM\]ZVQVONZWU8IZQ[\W*MTOZILM^QI;\8M\MZ[J]ZOL]ZQVO\PM_IZ
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W
<PM;MZJQIVX]JTQKIT[W[PW_MLIVM`\ZMUMZM^WT\JMKI][MWN\PMXZM[[]ZM[WN\PM
.ZMVKP+WV[]T/MVMZITIVL\PM*MTOZILMXI[PI1\_I[[\I\ML\PI\xVM]\ZITQ\aUMIV[
JMQVOVMQ\PMZIVaJWLaw[VWZM^MZaJWLaw[yIVL\PI\_I[_Pa;ZJ[SMVW^QVM<PM;MZJQIV
VM_[XIXM[QV\PM\PQZLMLQ\QWVIN\MZ\PMQVKQLMV\X]JTQ[PML\PM\ZIV[TI\MLIZ\QKTMNZWU
<PM<QUM[_PQKP_I[^MZaWNNMV[Q^MNWZ:][[QI0W_M^MZ\PM;MZJQIVX]JTQKLQLVW\
]VLMZ[\IVL\PI\QVILLQ\QWV\WWJRMK\QWV[NWZ\PMTWaIT\aWN\PMWNèKQIT;MZJQI\W_IZL
:][[QIQ\[^MZaVM]\ZITQ\a_I[KPITTMVOML;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS LMKMUJIZ JZ!
[\ZQV;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa ,MKMUJMZ VW!X
.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM,MKMUJMZ +WXa6W
168
JMKIUM\PMPMILWN\PMXWTQKM.WVJTIVY]MKW]TLWVTaZMXWZ\PW_x)][\ZQIQ[
VW_Z]TQVO_Q\P;MZJQIJW\PQVQ\[W_VIVLQV\PMVIUMWN:][[QIy!
)TMS[I2IVSW^QË_I[I\\PMPMILWN\PMOW^MZVUMV\NZWU,MKMUJMZ ]V\QT!5Ia 6:WLQË4R1^2W^QË>TILM;ZJQRM {!! *MWOZIL!! [\Z!
QV;MZJQIV"4R1^2W^QË<PM/W^MZVUMV\[WN;MZJQI {!! *MTOZILM!! X!
<PMMV\IVOTMUMV\[IVLXZM[[]ZM[ZMTI\QVO\W\PMIXXWQV\UMV\WN)TMS[I2IVSW^QËTI[\ML
NWZIN]TTaMIZ)TZMILaL]ZQVO[]UUMZ\PM>QMVVIVM_[XIXMZ[_ZW\MIJW]\\PMTWVO
IJIVLWVMLQLMIWNM[\IJTQ[PQVOIUQVQ[\ZaKWUXW[MLWN\PM8ZQVKMw[XMWXTMNZWU\PM
6I\QWVIT8IZ\a\P][XZW^WSQVO_MIS8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ\WPI[\MV_Q\P\PMIXXWQV\UMV\
WN\PMVM_OW^MZVUMV\IVLaQMTL\W\PM)][\ZQIVLMUIVL[;ZJ[SQLVM^VQS IÔ][\
JZ QV;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa )]O][\ VW !
.WVJTIVY]M \W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM ! ,MKMUJMZ .7 ! +WXa
6W;M^MZITLIa[TI\MZ:ILWÎV,IURIVW^QË_I[IXXWQV\ML\W \PM;\I\M+W]VKQT
\WOM\PMZ _Q\P \PM 8ZQVKMw[ IQLMLMKIUX sQ^SW ,I^QLW^QË QV[\MIL WN 3VQËIVQV IVL
;\MÎV;\WRIVW^QË=SIb;I^M\]3VRI;ZJQRM6W!,MSMUJIZ 0IZ\QRM
,;\ZIVRISW^QËIJ );)6=QV;MZJQIV"<PM,MKZMM\W\PM+W]VKQTWN\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI6W!,MKMUJMZ 8IXMZ[WN,;\ZIVRISW^QË
J );)6=
+0)8<-:.1>-
)66=;8)+1;{ +76;<)6<16784-+76.-:-6+-)6,<0-8):1;+76/:-;;
1\ _I[ I XIZILW` \PI\ R][\ I\ \PM MVL WN IN\MZ \PM UQTQ\IZa IVL
KTW[M\W\PMèVITLQXTWUI\QK\ZQ]UXPWN\PMITTQM[W^MZ:][[QI\PMQVé]MVKMWN
.ZIVKMIVL*ZQ\IQVWV\PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[ZMIKPMLQ\[TW_M[\TM^MTL]ZQVO
\PMMV\QZM+ZQUMIV?IZ0I^QVOIXXWQV\ML\PMOW^MZVUMV\QVKTQVML\W)][\ZQI
IVL KWV^QVKML WN \PM N]TT []XXWZ\ WN >QMVVI \PM 8ZQVKM [\WXXML JMPI^QVO
QVLQNNMZMV\TaIVLKWVKMLQVOTa)[PMPILVM^MZJMMVKWV[Q[\MV\QVPQ[XWTQKa
[]KP KPIVOM ZM[]T\ML QV ZMXTIKQVO PQ[ MIZTQMZ TQ[\TM[[VM[[ JMNWZM \PM ?M[\MZV
KWV[]T[_Q\PQTT\MUXMZ?Q\P\PMM[\IJTQ[PUMV\WN\PMXZW)][\ZQIVOW^MZVUMV\
IVa XW[[QJQTQ\a NWZ MQ\PMZ \PM ZM\]ZV WN /IZIIVQV IVL PQ[ [aUXI\PQbMZ[ \W
XW_MZ WZ I\ TMI[\ \PMQZ XIZ\QKQXI\QWV QV Q\[ _WZS ZMUIQVML KTW[ML NWZ [WUM
\QUM +WV^QVKML WN \PM [QOVQèKIVKM WN ;MZJQI I[ I TQVS JM\_MMV)][\ZQI IVL
:][[QI.WVJTIVY]MKW]TLVW_ZMTaWVTaWV\W\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT\PMQV[\Q\]\QWV
PMKZQ\QKQbMLI[U]KPI[\PM8ZQVKMw[XMZ[WVITQ\a0MKW]V\MLWVWVTaNW]ZWN
Q\[UMUJMZ[JMTQM^QVOUWZMQV\W\PMQZWXXW[Q\QWV\W:][[QI\PIVPWXQVO\W
JM \PIVSML NWZ \PM *ZQ\Q[P []XXWZ\ NWZ \PMQZ IXXWQV\UMV\ 0W_M^MZ I\ \PM
UWUMV\_PMV\PM8ZQVKMPILITWaITOW^MZVUMV\\PMN]TT)][\ZQIV[]XXWZ\
IVL\PMWJMLQMVKMWN\PMLMRMK\ML:][[QIVXIZ\a\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTZMUIQVML
\PMWVTaIVLQV[]NèKQMV\XWTQ\QKITKW]V\MZJITIVKM
<PMKTI[PJM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTéIZML]X_PMVQ\[
+PIQZUIV;\MNIV;\MNIVW^QË<MVSIWJRMK\ML\W\PM8ZQVKMw[QV\MV\QWV\WIXXWQV\
)KQSI 6MVILW^QË \W \PM XW[Q\QWV WN \PM 5QVQ[\MZ WN .QVIVKM <PM 8ZQVKM
<PM;\I\M+W]VKQTIVVW]VKMLJaI[XMKQITZM[WT]\QWV\PI\Q\_W]TLMVLIVa
N]Z\PMZKWVéQK\_Q\P\PMZ]TMZ<PM8ZQVKM_I[_IZVML\PI\JaIXXWQV\QVO6MVILW^QË
PM^QWTI\ML\PM)Z\WN\PM4I_WV;\I\M+W]VKQT<PMKW]V[MTTWZ[_IZVML\PI\_Q\P
[]KPIXWTQKa\PM8ZQVKMIT[W^QWTI\ML\PMIZ\QKTM[!IVLWN\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWV
170
ZMRMK\ML\PMLMUIVL[\WKWUXTa_Q\P\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWV_PMV\PMIXXWQV\UMV\
WN UQVQ[\MZ[ _I[ QV Y]M[\QWV IKK][QVO <MVSI WN JMQVO ]VLMZ \PM QVé]MVKM
WN .ZMVKP IVL *ZQ\Q[P Z][M[ <PM Z]TMZ IVL \PM ;\I\M +W]VKQT _MZM U]\]ITTa
[WWXXW[ML\PI\\PMaKW]TLWVTaIOZMMQVXZQVKQXTMIJW]\TMI^QVOWN\PMèVIT
R]LOMUMV\\W\PM8WZ\M-^MV[]KPIVI\\Q\]LM[MZ^MLWVTaNWZ\PMQZKWV\QV]W][
U]\]IT IKK][I\QWV WN LQ[TWaIT\a IVL \ZMI[WV WN \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM <PM
*ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T \PW]OP\ \PI\ \PM 8WZ\Mw[ QV\MZ^MV\QWV KW]TL ZMM[\IJTQ[P \PM
JITIVKM WN XW_MZ[ QV \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a IVL TQUQ\ \PM)][\ZQIV QVé]MVKM <PM
8WZ\M PW_M^MZ LQL VW\ KWV[QLMZ []KP IK\Q^Q\a I[ ][MN]T IVL XMZPIX[ M^MV
XW[[QJTM _PQTM \PM .WZMQOV 7NèKM LQL VW\ [MMUQVOTa KWV[QLMZ \PI\ I [XMKQIT
IK\QWV_I[I\ITTVMKM[[IZaQV;MZJQIJMNWZM\PMèVITVMOW\QI\QWV[
<PM 8ZQVKMw[ I^MZ[QWV _I[ UW[\ NZMY]MV\Ta LQ[XTIaML QV UW[\ NWZUIT
LM\IQT[,]ZQVO\PM_IZPMOI^M^MV\\WPQ[LQ[[I\Q[NIK\QWVJaLMUWV[\ZI\Q^MTa
QOVWZQVO\PMLQXTWUI\QKM\QY]M\\MJaNIQTQVOL]ZQVO\PMKZQ[Q[QV\PMZMTI\QWV[
\W KWVOZI\]TI\M \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T WV WVM WN \PM ITTQML ^QK\WZQM[ WZ 9]MMV
>QK\WZQIw[ JQZ\PLIa 6W_ PM LQL VW\ KWVOZI\]TI\M PQU \PM 6M_ AMIZ
6M^MZ\PMTM[[I[\PM_IZPILITZMILaMVLML\PQ[UW\QÎ\ML\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT
\W [MVL ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M LMTMOI\QWV[ \W \PM *ZQ\Q[P IVL .ZMVKP KWV[]TI\M[ NWZ
KWVOZI\]TI\QWV[<PMKW]V[MTTWZ[_PWKIUMQVIXIZ\QK]TIZTaTIZOMV]UJMZ\W
\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TI\MZMIL\W.WVJTIVY]MI[XMKQITKWVOZI\]TI\QWVKIZL_Q[PQVO
\PM-VOTQ[P9]MMVITWVOIVLPIXXaZMQOV\PM^QK\WZa\WPMZIZU[I[_MTTI[I
TWVOIVLXZW[XMZW][ZMQOV\W\PM;]T\IV1\[MMU[I[QN\PQ[OZMM\QVO_I[_ZQ\\MV
\W XTMI[M \PM XZW]L *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUI\" QV ILLQ\QWV \W Q\[ TWaIT\a \W \PM 8WZ\M
\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTKWV[QLMZML\PI\\PM\I[SWN;MZJQI_I[N]TTMVRWaUMV\WNQ\[
ZQOP\[IVL\PMXZWOZM[[QVQ\[UI\MZQIT_MTNIZMIVLML]KI\QWV<PMaIT[W[\I\ML
\PI\Q\_I[PQU[MTN\PMa[I_QVITT\PQ[I[\PMUW[\QUXWZ\IV\UMLQI\WZIVL
[]XXWZ\MZ
\P][MVLIVOMZQVO\PM[\I\][WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIVLQ\[xUQ[[QWVIVLXTMLOMy)LZM[I
,ZI^VWO[I^M\ISVMb])TMS[IVLZ]WLLMKMUJZI QV;MZJQIV"<PM)LLZM[[
WN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT\W8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZWN,MKMUJMZ .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM!,MKMUJMZ .7 !+WXa6W
i?MKWUM;QZ\WWNNMZW]ZPMIZ\NMT\KWVOZI\]TI\QWV[\WaW]I[ZMXZM[MV\QVO\PM
/W^MZVUMV\WN\PM1TT][\ZQW][9]MMVWN-VOTIVL{5Ia0MZ5IRM[\aw[ZMQOVJMTWVO
IVL8ZW[XMZW][IVLUIa/WLOZIV\[]KKM[[\W0MZ)ZU[?M8ZIa_Q\PTQSMNMZ^W]Z
NWZ\PMPMIT\P8ZW[XMZQ\aIVL8W_MZWNW]Z/ZMI\4WZLIVL;]bMZIQV<PM;]T\IV
AW]IZMIKSVW_TMLOML\WSVW_W]ZXW[Q\QWV\PWZW]OPTaIVLI[PI^QVO[\ZQ^MV
KWV[\IV\TaNWZ\PMR][\LQ[\ZQJ]\QWVWN:QOP\[IVL\PMILÎVKMUMV\WNW]ZUI\MZQIT
QV\MZM[\[\PZW]OPMVTQOP\MVUMV\1\Q[JaaW]ZUMLQI\QWVITWVM_MKIVPWXMNWZ
Annus paci – 1855
171
1VKTQVML\W\PMIK\Q^MXWTQKaQV;MZJQI.WVJTIVY]MIV[_MZML\PMUQVIV
ITUW[\ZM^WT]\QWVIZa[XQZQ\M`XZM[[QVOXTMI[]ZM\PI\\PM;MZJQIVXMWXTM_MZM
LMNMVLQVO \PMQZ ZQOP\[ \PZW]OP \PM ;\I\M +W]VKQT <P][ Q\ _I[ WVTa [M^MZIT
UWV\P[IN\MZXZWXW[QVOKWV[QLMZIJTMLQUQVQ[PUMV\WNQ\[MUXW_MZUMV\[\PI\
\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]TKPIVOMLPQ[I\\Q\]LM\W_IZL[\PQ[WTQOIZKPQKQV[\Q\]\QWV
)[UITTMZV]UJMZWNKW]V[MTTWZ[KIUM\W\PM.ZMVKP+WV[]TIVL\PMQZ
ILLZM[[ IKKWZLQVO \W \PM VM_[ \PI\ ZMIKPML .WVJTIVY]M PIL VW\ JMMV [W
MV\P][QI[\QKIVLZM[WT]\M1VILLQ\QWVLM[-[[IZ\[_I[VW\_QTTQVO\W\ISMXIZ\
QV\PMZQÎTZQM[JM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM+W]VKQT[WPM\WTL\PM^Q[Q\WZ[PW_
\PMKWV[\Q\]\QWVITQ\aIVL\PMXZWOZM[[WN;MZJQILMXMVLMLxWVTaWV\PMUy0M
VI\]ZITTaLQLVW\PI^M\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIw[IVLPQ[*ZQ\Q[PKWTTMIO]Mw[[]XXWZ\
QV[]KPIVI\\Q\]LM1VPQ[èZ[\ZMXWZ\\W:MLKTQNNMQV \PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T
R][\ IOIQV UW^ML \PM Y]M[\QWV WN \PM 8ZQVKMw[ LMXW[IT 0M LQL VW\ UMV\QWV
\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWNINWZMQOVMZKWUQVO\W\PM;MZJQIV\PZWVMUWZMW^MZPM_I[
XZMXIZML\WQV\ZWL]KMPQ[KIVLQLI\M[/IZIIVQVIVL5IZQVW^QËI[QLMITPWTLMZ[
WN \PM M`MK]\Q^M XW_MZ )bQb 8I[PIw[ KIVLQLI\M KIX\IQV 5QI )VI[\I[QRM^QË
[MMUML\WPQUI[IVQLMITXQ^W\IZW]VL_PWUITTXIZ\QM[KW]TLJM]VQ\MLL]M
\WPQ[_MIT\PIVLVWVQV^WT^MUMV\QVWTLXWTQ\QKITKWVéQK\[
*MNWZM\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM8IZQ[8MIKM+WVOZM[[\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKa
_I[ WJ^QW][Ta \PM UW[\ KWV[Q[\MV\ IL^WKI\M WN \PM KWV\QV]IVKM WN \PM _IZ
0W_M^MZ[TW_IVLLZIUI\QKITTaQ\MV\MZML\PM_IZQV\PM-I[\*ZQ\IQVKWV\ZIZa
\W .ZIVKM PIL KTMIZTa LMèVML QV\MZM[\[ QV \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM _Q\P VW
QV\MV\QWV[ WN TQVSQVO \PMU \W Q\[ OMVMZIT -]ZWXMIV XWTQKa <PM *ZQ\Q[P OWIT[
PILèVITTaJMKWUM[WPQOP\PI\\PMQZIKPQM^MUMV\QUXTQMLKWUXTM\MZMUWÎT
WN:][[QINZWU\PM*ITSIV[IVLQ\[X]TTQVOI_IaNZWU\PM5MLQ\MZZIVMIV1\
_I[ LQNèK]T\ \W OM\ \PM []XXWZ\ WN ITTQM[ NWZ [WUM\PQVO TQSM \PQ[ IVL Q\ _I[
QUXW[[QJTM \W IZW][M \PMQZ _Q[P \W KWV\QV]M _Q\P \PM _IZ .WVJTIVY]M _I[
I_IZM WN \PI\ I[ _MTT <PM KWUXTM\M LMNMI\ WN :][[QI PM KWV[QLMZML \W JM
IV M[[MV\QIT XZMKWVLQ\QWV NWZ \PM KPIVOQVO WN \PM XWTQ\QKIT WZQMV\I\QWV WN
;MZJQILQLVW\\ISMXTIKMIVLVW_\PMTMILMZ[WNQ\[:][[WXPQTMXWX]TI\QWV
M`\ZQKI\QWVNZWU\PMLQNèK]T\QM[_MIZMVW_[]ZZW]VLMLJa{IVL_M[]XXTQKI\MaW]\W
][MaW]ZNIK]T\a_Q\P]VZM[MZ^MLMVMZOax.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM2IV]IZa
.7 !6W
1JQL
? *I]UOIZ\ X ? *I]UOIZ\ <PM 8MIKM WN 8IZQ[ ;IV\I *IZJIZI
! XX{
8;PZWMLMZXX{#4R:Q[\QË[\Z 1V;MZJQIV"4R:Q[\QËX Neutrality as Independence
172
ZMILQTa[QLML_Q\P)][\ZQIXZM[MV\QVO\PMW]\KWUMWN\PM_IZI[ILQXTWUI\QK
UIVWM]^ZM)JMTQMNM^MVXZMÎQTMLQV;MZJQI\PI\8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZZMUIQVML
WV\PM\PZWVMWVTa\PIVS[\WPQ[WXXW[Q\QWV\W.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV-^MV
WTL>]ÍQËNWZ_PWUPQ[KWV\MUXWZIZQM[_MZMITZMILa[IaQVO\PI\PM_I[QTTIVL
UMV\ITTaNMMJTMPI[\MVML\W>QMVVI\W^Q[Q\\PM:][[QIV-UJI[[a)TZMILaQV
\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PMaMIZPMQV^Q\ML\PM;MZJ[\W[QLM_Q\P\PM8ZQVKMIZO]QVO
\PI\PMZMKMQ^ML\PQ[WZLMZNZWU<[IZ)TMS[IVLIZ11PQU[MTN<PM:][[QIVXIZ\a
_I[XZMXIZMLM^MV\WITTW_KMZ\IQVKPIVOM[QV\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVQV\PMZ]TMZw[
NI^W]Z
<PM\Z]MXQK\]ZMWN\PM:][[QIVLMNMI\KIUM\WN]TTTQOP\WVTa[M^MZITLIa[
TI\MZIN\MZ\PMèZ[\VM_[IJW]\\PMXMIKMVMOW\QI\QWV[<PM8ZQVKMw[[]ZZW]VLQVO
_I[JW\P[]ZXZQ[MLIVLKWVN][MLIVLWVTa\PM)][\ZQIV[]XXWZ\TMN\Q\VMKM[[IZa
ZWWU\W[]Z^Q^M:ILW[I^TRM^QË_I[KWV^QVKQVO\PM8ZQVKMIVLPQ[NWTTW_MZ[WV
[M^MZITWKKI[QWV[\PI\)][\ZQIQVILLQ\QWV\W\PMZQOP\\W\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWV_W]TL
[MK]ZM[M^MZITUWZMQUXWZ\IV\KWVKM[[QWV[\W;MZJQI ,M[XQ\M\PQ[\PM*ZQ\Q[P
+WV[]T QV *MTOZILM M`XMK\ML \PI\ èVITTa \PM *ZQ\Q[P IVL .ZMVKP OIZZQ[WV[
_W]TLJM\PMWVM[\WJMLQ[XI\KPML\W*MTOZILM;UMLMZM^W6W^Q8IbIZIVL
)TMS[QVIK0W_M^MZQ\LQLVW\KWUM\W[]KPIVWZLMZWNM^MV\[
<PM 8MIKM +WVOZM[[ _I[ èVITTa PMTL QV 8IZQ[ WV \P .MJZ]IZa !
6M^MZ\PMTM[[ I[ \PM Y]M[\QWV[ ZMTI\QVO \W \PM [\I\][ WN +PZQ[\QIV[ QV \PM
:ILW[I^TRM^QË ][ML \W _ZQ\M \W \PM 5QVQ[\Za WN .WZMQOV)NNIQZ[ WVTa QV KI[M[
_PMV\PM8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZ_I[I;MZJNZWU;MZJQI1N\PM5QVQ[\Za_I[PMILMLJaI;MZJ
NZWU)][\ZQIPM_W]TLILLZM[[PQUXMZ[WVITTaI[x\PMUQVQ[\Zay\P][XWQV\QVOW]\\W
\PMKPIVOML[\I\][WN;MZJQIIVLQ\[LMXMVLMVKMWV)][\ZQI.WVJTIVY]M\PW]OP\\PI\
PMPILN]TTa[MMV\PZW]OP\PMXWTQKaWN>QMVVI[\I\QVO"iI\;IZIQM^W\PM)][\ZQIV[
\Z][\\W\Z]K]TMVKMI\*]KPIZM[\\WNWZKMIVLI\*MTOZILM\WQV\ZQO]Mx.WVJTIVY]M\W
+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM 2IV]IZa .7 !6W
!
<PM8MIKM+WVOZM[[MV[]MLWVTaIN\MZ:][[QIPILIKKMX\ML)][\ZQIw[]T\QUI\]U
WV2IV]IZa<PMJI[Q[NWZ\PM8MIKM+WVOZM[[PILITZMILaJMMVM[\IJTQ[PMLJaXMIKM
XZWXW[IT[WN\PMVM]\ZITXW_MZ[QV 1\_I[VW_VMKM[[IZaWVTa\WXMZ[]ILM\PM
[QLM[QVKWVéQK\\WKWVKT]LM\PMXMIKM,M[XQ\M\PMKIX\]ZMWN;MÎ[\WXWTJa\PM)TTQM[
QV I\MVLWN\PMaMIZ\PM:][[QIVIZUaKWVY]MZML3IZ[[\ZI\MOQKITTaQUXWZ\IV\
\W_VQV\PMMI[\WN)[QI5QVWZ<PM\PZMI\[WN\PM)TTQM[\PI\3ZWV[\IL\_W]TLJM\PM
VM`\\IZOM\_MZMWNVWIÎQT<PM:][[QIV[QLMKW]TLKW]V\WV\PMLMTIaI[\_WP]VLZML
\PW][IVLITTQML[WTLQMZ[NMTT^QK\QU[\WQTTVM[[M[IVLM`PI][\QWV<PMKWUUQ\UMV\WN
\PM )][\ZQIV IVL 8Z][[QIV VM]\ZIT XW_MZ[ UILM \PM \]ZVQVO XWQV\ QV \PM _IZ <PM
8MIKM+WVOZM[[QV8IZQ[_I[I\\MVLMLJa\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN[Q`/ZMI\8W_MZ[IVL
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_PWKWVKT]LML\PMXMIKMIOZMMUMV\QV\PMKW]Z[MWN\PQZ\aè^M
Annus paci – 1855
173
7\\WUIV -UXQZM IVL \PM N]\]ZM I]\WVWUa WN \PM \PZMM XZQVKQXITQ\QM[ PIL
ITZMILaJMMVZM[WT^MLL]ZQVO2IV]IZaI\\PM+WV[\IV\QVWXTM+WVNMZMVKM\PM
8IZQ[+WVOZM[[ZMUIQVMLQV\PM[MKWVLXTIVQV\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITw[
ZMXWZ\[ ) XIZ\ WN \PM XMIKM XZWKM[[ [QOVQèKIV\ NZWU \PM I[XMK\ WN ;MZJQIV
I[XQZI\QWV[_I[èVITTa[IVK\QWVMLJa\PM;]T\IVw[0I\QP]UIR]V\PI\IZZQ^ML
\W ;MZJQI I\ \PM MVL WN .MJZ]IZa 1\ [MMU[ \PI\ \PM *ZQ\Q[P +WV[]T _I[
\PMWVTaWVM_PW[I_\PMIKPQM^MLXWTQ\QKITW]\KWUMI[IKWUXTM\M^QK\WZa
<PM)][\ZQIVLQXTWUI\QKXW]KPJaUMIV[WN_PQKP\PMLWK]UMV\_I[[MV\
NZWU+WV[\IV\QVWXTM\W*MTOZILMPILLQ[IXXMIZML[WUM_PMZMWV\PM_IaQV
IZIOQVOZQ^MZIVL\PM;MZJQIV3IXW]3MPIRIQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMLQLVW\M^MV
LMMUQ\VMKM[[IZa\W[MVLWVMKWXa\W\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PMOW^MZVUMV\)bQb
8I[PI]VLMZ\PMQVé]MVKMWNPQ[NI\PMZ1bbM\IJ[MV\NZWU*MTOZILMI\\PI\\QUM
\]ZVMLILMINMIZ\W.WVJTIVY]Mw[XZWXW[IT[\PI\\PMKMZMUWVaWN\PMZMILQVO
WN\PM.MZUIV[PW]TLJMIKKWUXIVQMLJa\PMOZMI\M[\NM[\Q^Q\QM[.WZ7\\WUIV
WNèKQIT[0I\QP]UIR]V_I[ITZMILa\WWJQOIKWVKM[[QWV\PI\_W]TL\ISMI_Ia
ITT\PMOTQ\\MZNZWUMIKP^QK\WZaZMOIZLTM[[WNPW_UIRM[\QKQ\UIaJM
<PM VMOW\QI\QWV[ QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM Ja _PW[M LMKQ[QWV[ ;MZJQI PIL
NWZ\PM[MKWVL\QUM[QVKM JMMVMY]ITTMLQVQ\[[\I\][_Q\P?ITTIKPQIIVL
5WTLI^QI\WWSXTIKMNIZI_IaNZWU\PMX]JTQKMaM[IVLQ\_I[VW_WVLMZ\PI\
WTLMZ_ZQ\MZ[WN\PM;MZJQIVLQXTWUI\QKPQ[\WZaPILVW\_ZQ\\MVIJW]\\PMU
<PM[M VMOW\QI\QWV[ JM\_MMV \PM *ZQ\Q[P .ZMVKP IVL )][\ZQIV IUJI[[ILWZ
QV\MZV]VKQW WV WVM [QLM IVL \PM /ZIVL >QbQMZ WV \PM W\PMZ IZM SVW_V
JMKI][M WV \PQ[ WKKI[QWV \PM KWV\MV\[ WN \PM ;]T\IVw[ 0I\QP]UIR]V èVITTa
X]JTQ[PMLWV \P.MJZ]IZa _I[IOZMML]XWV<WIKMZ\IQVM`\MV\\PI\
_I[\PMXZMXIZI\QWVNWZ\PMRWQV\IK\QWVQV8IZQ[+TIZMVLWVWVTaNWZ_IZLML
[WUM:MLKTQNNMw[ZMXWZ\[\W+W_TMa\PM*ZQ\Q[PIUJI[[ILWZQV8IZQ[<PMJI[QK
Q[[]M[ ZMTI\ML \W \PM \PZMM XZQVKQXITQ\QM[ \PI\ PIL \W JM LQ[K][[ML QV 8IZQ[
PILITZMILaJMMVLMèVMLQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM1\Q[QV\MZM[\QVO\PI\\PM.ZMVKP
LIa[I\è^MOMVMZIT[M[[QWV[?*I]UOIZ\
*I]UOIZ\{#2:Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVI[\Z
{# 2 :Q[\QË
QV;MZJQIV"2:Q[\QË;MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZX
.WVJTIVY]M[\I\ML\PI\\PMIVV]TUMV\WN\PM:][[QIVXZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ;MZJQI
IVL \PM XZM\MV[QWV[ W^MZ \PM 7\\WUIV +PZQ[\QIV[ ZMXZM[MV\ML \PM OZMI\M[\ W]\KWUM
WN\PM_IZ"iIOZMI\MZUWZIT\ZQ]UXPW^MZ:][[QIWN\PM;]T\IVw[W_VPIVL\PIV\PM
ZM\ISQVOWN3IZ[WZ\PMLMUWTQ\QWVWN6QKPWTIQMNNJaPQ[W_V\ZWWX[_W]TLPI^MJMMV
QV\PM[MV[MWNUQTQ\IZa[]KKM[[x.WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM*MTOZILM5IZKP .7
!6W
4R:Q[\QË6IXWUMVI[\ZQV;MZJQIV"[MMN\X
174
/MWZOM?.+TIZMVLWV
IUJI[[ILWZ ZMUIQVML KWUXTM\MTa
XI[[Q^M L]ZQVO KMZ\IQV [M[[QWV[
TMI^QVO\W\PMIUJI[[ILWZ[WN*ZQ\IQV
IVL )][\ZQI \W LQ[K][[ \PM ZMNWZU[
_Q\P \PM 7\\WUIV ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M
QV\MZM[\ML QV UISQVO I[ [UITT I[
XW[[QJTM KPIVOM[ 7VM XZWXW[IT
NWZ ZMNWZU[ QV \PM XZQVKQXITQ\QM[
KWV\IQVQVOèN\MMVIZ\QKTM[_I[\P][
ILWX\ML 1V ILLQ\QWV \W \PM èZ[\
xJQOIOZMMUMV\y\PMZM_I[Ix[UITTy
WVMWN\PZMMIZ\QKTM[WVTaZMTI\QVO\W
;MZJQI<PMèZ[\IZ\QKTMWN\PMx[UITT
IOZMMUMV\yLM\MZUQVMLMQOP\W]\WN
èN\MMVIZ\QKTM[WN\PMIOZMMUMV\RWQV\
NWZ?ITTIKPQI5WTLI^QIIVL;MZJQI
_PQTM\PMIZ\QKTM[IVLKWV\IQVML
\PMXZW^Q[QWV[M`KT][Q^MTaZMTI\QVO\W
;MZJQI<PMa_MZM[WNWZU]TI\ML\PI\
\PMa TMN\ \W \PM 8WZ\M \PM NZMMLWU
\WKWV\QV]MQVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PM
8ZQVKMw[ OW^MZVUMV\ \ISQVO KIZM
IJW]\ \PM LMNMVKM WN ;MZJQI IVL
QV\PQ[KWVVMK\QWV\PMOIZZQ[WV[QV
[M^MV;MZJQIV\W_V[_MZMZM\IQVML
1V ILLQ\QWV \W RWQV\ O]IZIV\MM[ WN
:MLKTQNNM\W+TIZMVLWV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM.MJZ]IZa 6W#+TIZMVLWV
\W+W_TMa.72WÎV5QTQËM^QË_I[\PMèZ[\\WXZM[MV\\PMKWV\MV\[WN\PM[M
IOZMMUMV\[ PMZM IN\MZ èVLQVO \PMU QV \PM >QMVVI IZKPQ^M[ 1V PQ[ [\]La PW_M^MZ
PM LQL VW\ M[\IJTQ[P I KTMIZ KWVVMK\QWV JM\_MMV \PMQZ KWV\MV\[ IVL \PM 8IZQ[ 8MIKM
<ZMI\aIVLTI\MZKPIVOM[QV;MZJQI 0MIT[WLQLVW\MTIJWZI\M\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM
QVé]MVKMWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKaWV\PMKW]Z[MWNVMOW\QI\QWV[IVL\PMQZW]\KWUM
25QTQËM^QËi8WTWIR;ZJQRM]WÍQ8IZQ[SWOUQZI x1[\WZQR[SQÍI[WXQ[111;)6=
SVR @@111 bI ! *MWOZIL ! [\Z QV ;MZJQIV"x<PM 8W[Q\QWV WN ;MZJQI I\
\PM-^MWN\PM8IZQ[8MIKM y0Q[\WZQKIT2W]ZVIT1211;)6=JS@@111NWZ!
*MTOZILM!X
)XXMVLQ`
Annus paci – 1855
175
[Q`XW_MZ[\WJMLM\MZUQVMLQV8IZQ[IVL\PMNZMMVI^QOI\QWVWV\PM,IV]JM
\PI\PIL\WJMLMèVMLQVKWUXTM`VMOW\QI\QWV[_Q\P)][\ZQIIVL:][[QIWVM
UWZMY]M[\QWVQUXWZ\IV\NWZ\PMN]\]ZMWN;MZJQI_I[WXMVMLWV\PQ[WKKI[QWV
{\PMKPIVOMWN\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWV6W\PQVO[XMKQIT_I[[IQLIJW]\\PMVI\]ZMWN
\PMXZWXW[MLKPIVOM[J]\Q\_I[QVLQKI\ML\PI\QVQVLMèVQ\MN]\]ZMIXMWXTMw[
LMTMOI\QWV_W]TLVMOW\QI\M\PMUI\\PM8WZ\M)[[]KPINWZUPILITZMILaJMMV
[MMVI\\PM\QUM_PMVI\\PMMVLWN\PM\PQZ\QM[WN\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za\PM
XZM[MV\ KWV[\Q\]\QWV WN ;MZJQI PIL JMMV _ZQ\\MV QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM Q\ UIa
JM I[[]UML \PI\ WV \PQ[ WKKI[QWV I[ _MTT []KP VMOW\QI\QWV[ _W]TL PI^M \PM
IV\Q8ZQVKMKPIZIK\MZIVLQV^QM_WN\PMVW\[WKTMIZTaLMèVMLVI\]ZMWN\PM
;MZJQIVLMTMOI\QWV{XW[[QJTa\PMIV\Q+W]VKQT<PMMVLWN\PM+WV[\IV\QVWXTM
VMOW\QI\QWV[ JZW]OP\ IJW]\ IVW\PMZ IKPQM^MUMV\" :MLKTQNNM KW]TL èVITTa
ZMXWZ\ZMOIZLQVO\PMZWTMWN\PMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[QV\PMN]\]ZMXWTQKaWN\PMXW_MZ[
\W_IZL[:][[QI\PI\IVIOZMMUMV\_I[ZMIKPML_Q\P\PM.ZMVKPIUJI[[ILWZI\
\PM8WZ\M7_QVO\WNZMY]MV\LQ[IOZMMUMV\[JM\_MMV.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV
I\\PI\\QUMQ\_I[TWOQKIT\PI\:MLKTQNNM[MV\I[XMKQITZMXWZ\IJW]\\PQ[VM_[
\WPQ[UQVQ[\MZ
1\[MMUML\PI\_Q\P\PM+WV[\IV\QVWXTMVMOW\QI\QWV[\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM
VI\]ZM WN KPIVOM[ \PI\ [PW]TL \ISM XTIKM QV ;MZJQI _I[ M[[MV\QITTa ZM[WT^ML
)VL _PQTM \PQ[ 8ZQVKQXITQ\a _PMV Q\[ QV\MZVI\QWVIT [\I\][ _I[ QV Y]M[\QWV
_I[ N]TTa UILM MY]IT _Q\P ?ITTIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI \PM MV^Q[IOML QV\MZVIT
KPIVOM[ZMUIQVML]VLM\MZUQVML\WIOZMI\M`\MV\<PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMLMXW[IT
WN\PMZ]TMZKW]TLVW\WJ^QW][TaPI^M\PM[IUM_MQOP\QV*]KPIZM[\1I[QIVL
*MTOZILM:MLKTQNNMPILM`\MV[Q^MTa_ZQ\\MV\W.WVJTIVY]MIJW]\\PQ[ZMNMZZQVO
\WWVMWNPQ[MIZTQMZZMXWZ\[<PM*ZQ\Q[PIUJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM[\I\ML
\PI\VWVMWN\PMVI\QWVITKIVLQLI\M[\W\PM;MZJQIV\PZWVMMVRWaML[]NèKQMV\
[]XXWZ\NZWU\PMXMWXTMI[_MTTI[\PI\\PMNIUQTQM[7JZMVW^QËIVL8M\ZW^QË
3IZILRWZLRM^QË KWV\QV]ML \W JM \PM WVTa [MZQW][ XZM\MVLMZ[ \W \PM PQOPM[\
XW_MZQV;MZJQI0M[I_\PMKWVéQK\JM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKMIVL\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT
I[VW\QV\PMTMI[\XZQVKQXTML[\Z]OOTMNWZ[]XZMUIKa_PMZMQ\_I[^MZaXW[[QJTM
\PI\x\PM8ZQVKMOWM[\W\PMI]\WKZI\[JMKI][MaW]ZNZQMVL/IZIKPIVQVOWM[\W
\PMXMWXTMy:MLKTQNNM\PW]OP\\PI\WVM[PW]TLJMUW[\XZIK\QKITZMOIZLQVO\PM
KPIVOM[ QV ;MZJQI IVL KWUXTM\MTa QV KWUXTQIVKM _Q\P \PM ;MZJQIV ZMY]M[\[
:MLKTQNNM\W+TIZMVLWV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM.MJZ]IZa 6W#+TIZMVLWV
\W+W_TMa.7
176
<PM;MZJQIVI]\PWZQ\QM[XZM[MV\ML_Q\PW]\XTIVIVLIOZMMUMV\\PZMMZMY]M[\[
\PI\[WUM_PI\MVKZWIKPMLWV\PM[W^MZMQOV\aWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI[SQVO
NWZ \PM MÎK]I\QWV WN \PM 7\\WUIV OIZZQ[WV[ NZWU \PM \W_V[ VM]\ZITQ\a QV
[WUMN]\]ZM_IZ\WJMTMLJa\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMIVL\PMZQOP\WNUISQVO
IOZMMUMV\[_Q\PW\PMZ[\I\M[)T\PW]OPPMKWV[QLMZML\PM[MZMY]M[\[I[VI\]ZIT
QV\PMWXQVQWVWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PIUJI[[ILWZQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMMIKPWN\PMU_I[
[]JRMK\\W[QOVQèKIV\WJRMK\QWV[0W_M^MZLM[XQ\MLW]J\QVO\PMM`\MV[QWVWN
\PMI]\WVWUaIVLQVOMVMZITUISQVOWN[WUMWN\PMUMV\QWVMLKWVKM[[QWV[
\W ;MZJQI :MLKTQNNM XZW^ML \W JM \PM WVTa IL^WKI\M WN \PM ;MZJQIV QV\MZM[\[
L]ZQVO\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[QV+WV[\IV\QVWXTM1\Q[UW[\QV\MZM[\QVO\PI\[]KPPQ[
JMPI^QW]ZIT\PW]OPVW\UMV\QWVMLQV\PMLQXTWUI\QKKWZZM[XWVLMVKM[WWV
JMKIUM SVW_V \W \PM ;MZJQIV VM_[XIXMZ[ XZM^QW][Ta OZMI\Ta LQ[QVKTQVML \W
\PM*ZQ\Q[PIUJI[[ILWZI\\PM8WZ\M<PMLQ[K][[QWVTI[\MLNZWUZL.MJZ]IZa
\W \P 5IZKP XIZ\QK]TIZTa IJW]\ \PM \PQZL KTI][M WN QV[\Z]K\QWV[ \W \PM
7\\WUIV VMOW\QI\WZ[ QV 8IZQ[)T\PW]OP \PM +WVNMZMVKM XIZ\QKQXIV\[ IOZMML
\PI\ \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM [PW]TL LMNMVL Q\[ MV\QZM \MZZQ\WZa WV Q\[ W_V
VWVM WN \PMU KW]TL IOZMM WV \PM [\ZMVO\PMVQVO WN \PM 7\\WUIV \ZWWX[ QV
\PM XZQVKQXITQ\QM[ <PM )][\ZQIV QV\MZV]VKQW \P][ XZWXW[ML \PI\ ?ITTIKPQI
5WTLI^QIIVL;MZJQI[PW]TLJ]QTL\PMU[MT^M[\PMNWZ\QèKI\QWV[WV\PMW]\MZ
JWZLMZ[WN\PM-UXQZMIVL\PMa_W]TLJMZM[XWV[QJTMNWZ\PMQZLMNMVKMQV\PM
N]\]ZM?PMV\PM8WZ\Mw[ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[MVMZOM\QKITTaZMN][ML\PQ[;\ZI\NWZLLM
:MLKTQNNM[]ZXZQ[ML\PMU_Q\PIVM_XZWXW[IT\PI\KW]TLWVTa[MMUQVOTaPI^M
[WUMQ[WTI\MLKWV[MY]MVKM[0MX]\NWZ_IZL\PMXW[[QJQTQ\aWNZMXTIKQVO\PM
7\\WUIV OIZZQ[WV QV \PM *MTOZILM NWZ\ZM[[ _Q\P \PM ;MZJQIV KZM_)T\PW]OP
]VM`XMK\ML:MLKTQNNMw[XZWXW[ITQUUMLQI\MTaUM\_Q\P\PMN]TTWXXW[Q\QWVNZWU
\PM)][\ZQIVIVL7\\WUIVZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[<PM;]T\IVPQU[MTNPILITTMOMLTa
ZMXMI\MLWV[M^MZITWKKI[QWV[\PI\PM_W]TLVM^MZITTW_[WUM\PQVOTQSM\PI\
6M^MZ\PMTM[[\PM;MZJQIVX]JTQKKWV\QV]ML\WPWXMPI^QVOOZMI\M`XMK\I\QWV[
NZWU\PMNWZ\PKWUQVOKWVOZM[[
;MZJQI _I[ LQ[K][[ML I\ \PM 8IZQ[ +WVOZM[[ QV \PM UQLLTM WN 5IZKP
<PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aPILVWLQXTWUI\QKZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MQV\PM.ZMVKPKIXQ\IT
I\ \PI\ \QUM IVL \PM KWV\MUXWZIZa PQ[\WZQIV[ KWV[QLMZML \PM I\\Q\]LM WN Q\[
I]\PWZQ\QM[\W_IZL[\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[I[[QUXTMXIZ\aXWTQ\QK[]V_WZ\PaWN\PM
:MLKTQNNM\W.WVJTIVY]M+WV[\IV\QVWXTM!.MJZ]IZa .7K
<]Z[SIio]UILQVSIx UIZ\I IXZQTI OWL>
> 6W
6W [\Z
[\Z QV
QV
;MZJQIV"<]ZSMaxo]UILQVSIy5IZKP)XZQT aZ>6WX Annus paci – 1855
177
]VQ\a ITTMOMLTa LQ[XTIaML QV \PM KW]V\Za L]ZQVO \PM èZ[\ \_W aMIZ[ WN _IZ
<PMKW]Z[MWNLQ[K][[QWVIJW]\\PM[\I\][WN;MZJQIKTMIZTa[PW_MLPW_U]KP
[QOVQèKIVKM;MZJQIPILTW[\QV\PMMaM[WN\PM-]ZWXMIVXWTQ\QKQIV[[QVKM\PMNITT
WN <PMY]M[\QWVWN\PM[\I\][WN;MZJQI_I[LQ[K][[MLI\\PM\PQZ\MMV\P
NW]Z\MMV\P IVL \PM [Q`\MMV\P [M[[QWV[ WN \PM +WVOZM[[ \P \P IVL
\P 5IZKP +W]V\ ?ITM_[SQ \PM .ZMVKP ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M ZMIL \PM
IZ\QKTM[ZMTI\QVO\W\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI\WJMQUUMLQI\MTa NWTTW_ML Ja
+TIZMVLWVw[KWVKT][QWV\PI\\PMa[PW]TLJMMV\MZMLWVMIN\MZ\PMW\PMZQV\PM
8ZW\WKWT <P][ \PM XWTQ\QKIT LMXMVLMVKM WN ;MZJQI WV \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM
_I[KWVèZUMLI[_MTTI[MIZTQMZ0I\Q[PMZQN[LM\MZUQVQVOQ\[I]\WVWUaIVL
\PM NZMMLWU WN _WZ[PQX TMOQ[TI\QWV KWUUMZKM IVL \PM VI^QOI\QWV <PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[XTIKML]VLMZ\PMRWQV\XZW\MK\WZI\MWN[Q`/ZMI\8W_MZ[_PMZM
VWVM WN \PMU KW]TL QVLMXMVLMV\Ta UQTQ\IZa QV\MZ^MVM _PQTM \PM 7\\WUIV
OIZZQ[WV[_MZMZM\IQVMLQV[M^MV;MZJQIV\W_V[.QVITTa;MZJQI_I[OQ^MV\PM
XZW[XMK\WN]VKTMIZKWV[\Q\]\QWVITZMNWZU]VLMZ\PMUa[\MZQW][NWZU]TI\QWV
xIUMVLUMV\[ \PI\ UIa JM [PW_V I[ VMKM[[IZa QV \PM QV[\Q\]\QWV[ WN ;MZJQI
KW]TL JM ]VLMZ\ISMV WVTa Ja I OMVMZIT IOZMMUMV\ WN \PM ;]JTQUM 8WZ\M
IVL W\PMZ VMOW\QI\QVO XW_MZ[y! <_W LIa[ TI\MZ I\ \PM [M[[QWV ZMOQ[\MZML I[
2:Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVI[\Z#1LMU8ZWXI[\WTQOIZPQRM[\Z#/
2ISQË,;\ZIVRISW^QË[\Z{QV;MZJQIV":Q[\QË2;MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZX
#1LMU<PM.ITTWN7TQOIZKPaX#/2ISQË,;\ZIVRISW^QËXX{
2][\ JMNWZM \PM MVL WN \PM _IZ LM[XQ\M \PM XWTQ\QKIT KZQ[Q[ IV MKWVWUQK
LM^MTWXUMV\ _I[ VW\QKMIJTM QV ;MZJQI )N\MZ \PM KWVKT][QWV WN XMIKM \PM 7\\WUIV
-UXQZMJMKIUM\PZW]OPW]\\PMLMKILM[UWZMIVLUWZMLMXMVLIV\WV\PMQUXWZ\
NZWU;MZJQIIVL\PM,IV]JMXZQVKQXITQ\QM[1V\PMVM`\\_WLMKILM[\PMM`XWZ\NZWU
;MZJQIQV\W\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQVKZMI[ML\W\PMM`\MV\_PQKP_I[MY]IT\W\PM\W\IT
QVKZMI[ML]ZQVOQ\[MIZTQMZaMIZ[WNI]\WVWUW][M`Q[\MVKM.IZWTRPQ;jX !
i8ZW\WSWTQSWVNMZMVKQRIx#@111XZW\WSWTio]UILQVSIxUIR [\Z!
QV;MZJQIV"i+WVNMZMVKM8ZW\WKWT[x#@111XZW\WKWTio]UILQVSIx5Ia X!
4R]JWLZIO :Q[\QË [\I\ML \PI\ IK\]ITTa \PM Y]M[\QWV WN QV\MZVIT ZMNWZU[ QV ;MZJQI _I[
WUQ\\MLNZWU\PMèVITXMIKMIOZMMUMV\XZWJIJTaIT[WW_QVO\W\PMJMPQVL\PM[KMVM[
_WZSWN\PM7\\WUIVVMOW\QI\WZ[)TQ8I[PIIVL5MPUML2IUQTJMa4R:Q[\QË[\Z
/IJZQMTMNNMVLQ6WZWLW]VOPQIV:MK]MQTLw)K\M[QV\MZVI\QWVI]`LMTw-UXQZM7\\WUIV
<ZIQ\M[ KWV^MV\QWV[ IZZIVOMUMV\[ LMKTIZI\QWV[ XZW\WKWT[ XZWKM[[^MZJI]` èZUIV[
JMZI\[TM\\MZ[XI\MV\[M\I]\MZ[LWK]UMV\[ZMTI\QN[I]LZWQ\X]JTQKM`\MZQM]ZLMTI<]ZY]QM
111 { 8IZQ[ ! XX {! 4RQTRIVI )TMS[QË I[KZQJML \PM IJIVLWVUMV\ WN
QVLQ^QL]IT TQ[\QVO WN ;MZJQIV KWVKM[[QWV[ QV \PM XMIKM \ZMI\a IVL \PM TMI^QVO W]\ WN
\PMNWZU]TI\QWVIJW]\\PMQV\MZVITZMNWZUQVIOZMMUMV\_Q\P\PMXMWXTMw[_QTT\W\PM
KWV[MZÎ\Q^Q[UWN\PM.ZMVKPLQXTWUIKa1\[MMU[\PI\\PMMY]ITQbI\QWV_Q\P\PM,IV]JM
XZQVKQXITQ\QM[ XZM^MV\ML QV NIK\ \PM KZMI\QWV WN \PM OZMI\ [\I\M WN ;MZJQI _Q\PQV \PM
178
8ZW\WKWT@>\PMY]M[\QWVWN5WV\MVMOZW_I[[PWZ\TaKWV[QLMZML<PM:][[QIV
ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M ZMXMI\ML \PI\ ;\ 8M\MZ[J]ZO PIL VW [XMKQIT XWTQ\QKIT ZMTI\QWV[
_Q\P\PQ[xZMOQWVy_PQTM)TQ8I[PIMUXPI[QbMLIOIQV\PM8WZ\Mw[ITTMOI\QWV\PI\
Q\_I[\PMUI\\MZWN\PM[W^MZMQOV\MZZQ\WZaWN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM
<PMMVLWN\PM_IZIVLKMZ\IQV\aWN[WT]\QWV[\PI\\PM8MIKM+WVOZM[[
[PW]TLTMOITTaUISMÎTQLJZW]OP\IOIQV\W\PMNZWV\\PMU]\]ITZM[MV\N]TVM[[
WN \PM NWZMQOV KWV[]T[ \PM *MTOZILM 8I[PI IVL \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ 1\
[MMUMLI[QN\PM)][\ZQIVXZW\MK\QWVTW[\QVQ\[[QOVQèKIVKM_Q\P\PMKMZ\IQV\a
WN\PMRWQV\XZW\MK\WZI\MW^MZ;MZJQI<P][8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ[WWVOW\\PMQLMI
\WWJ\IQV\PMVM_ZQOP\[NWZPQ[NIUQTaIVL\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aQV[\MILWN\PZW]OP
\PMUMLQI\QWVWN>QMVVIJaIXXMITQVO\W\PM+WVOZM[[WN/ZMI\8W_MZ[<PMZM
_MZMNW]ZZMY]M[\[QVY]M[\QWV"QVILLQ\QWV\W\PMZQOP\WN\Q\TM[]KKM[[QWV\PM
8ZQVKM KWV\QV]ML \W QV[Q[\ WV \PM M[\IJTQ[PUMV\ WN \PM NWZUIT VM]\ZITQ\a NWZ
;MZJQI\PMZQOP\\WQVLMXMVLMV\KWVKT][QWVWNQV\MZVI\QWVITIOZMMUMV\[IVL
\PM MÎK]I\QWV WN KMZ\IQV NWZ\ZM[[M[ <PM ?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ _MZM KWV^QVKML
\PI\ \PM èZ[\ \PZMM ZMY]M[\[ _MZM QUXW[[QJTM \W KIZZa W]\ I\ \PM UWUMV\
.WVJTIVY]MPQU[MTN[\I\ML\PI\\PMNIUQTQM[WN3IZILRWZLRM^QË8M\ZW^QËIVL
7JZMVW^QË _MZM \W\ITTa KWUXZWUQ[ML _Q\P \PM ;MZJQIV XMWXTM IVL \PI\ \PM
OZIV\QVO WN \PM ZQOP\ \W \Q\TM []KKM[[QWV NWZ \PM NWZUMZ WZ \PM ZM\]ZV WN \PM
TI\\MZNIUQTa_W]TLZMXZM[MV\INIQZTa][MTM[[\I[SNWZ\PM?M[\MZVLQXTWUIKQM[
7V\PMW\PMZPIVL\PMVM]\ZITQ\aIVLKWUXTM\MQVLMXMVLMVKMQV\PMNWZMQOV
XWTQKa \PI\ \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a IK\]ITTa MVRWaML M^MV L]ZQVO \PM _IZ KW]TL VW\
KMZ\IQVTaJMNWZUITTaZMKWOVQbMLJa\PW[M[IUM/ZMI\8W_MZ[MVOIOMLQV\PM
_IZQVWZLMZ\WXZM[MZ^M\PM8WZ\Mw[ZQOP\[QV\IK\<PMTI[\ZMY]M[\[MMUML\W
\PM?M[\MZVKWV[]T[\WJMM^MV\PMUW[\IKKMX\IJTMWVMoIJIK;UMLMZM^WIVL
;WSWT_MZMQVLMNMV[QJTMNZWU\PM[\ZI\MOQKXWQV\WN^QM__PQTM\PM*MTOZILM
NWZ\ZM[[ZMUIQVMLQ[WTI\MLI\\PMUMZKaWN)][\ZQI1V\PMLMUWTQ[PQVOWN\PM
*MTOZILM NWZ\ZM[[ .WVJTIVY]M [I_ V]UMZW][ IVL XZW[XMK\Q^M JMVMè\[" \PM
,IV]JM\ZILM_W]TLJMQUXZW^MLXW[[QJTM)][\ZQIVQV\MZNMZMVKMZML]KMLIVL
M^MV 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ QV \PM IJ[MVKM WN I JM\\MZ KIVLQLI\M \W \PM ;MZJQIV
7\\WUIV-UXQZMIT[WQVKT]LQVO*W[VQIIVL*]TOIZQI\W_PQKPITTMOMLTa/IZIIVQV
IVL \PM .ZMVKP LQXTWUI\[ IOZMML ]XWV QV ,Z )TMS[QË PW_M^MZ KWUXTM\MTa
WUQ\\ML\W\ISMQV\WKWV[QLMZI\QWV\PMRWQV\IK\QVOWN\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKPLQXTWUIKa
ZMTI\QVO\W\PMY]M[\QWVWN;MZJQII[_MTTI[\PMQZLQNNMZMVKM[4R)TMS[QË[\Z io]UILQVSIx1JQL
Annus paci – 1855
179
\PZWVMKW]TL[\ZMVO\PMVPQ[XW_MZ0MIT[WKTIQUML\PI\\PM8WZ\M_W]TLJM
_QTTQVO \W PIVL W^MZ \PM *MTOZILM NWZ\ZM[[ \W \PM ;MZJ[ NWZ WVTa \W
XW]VL[
1\ _I[ XW[[QJTM \W KWZZ]X\ \PM 8WZ\M J]\ QV \PM IJ[MVKM WN I UWZM
KWV[Q[\MV\XWTQKaZMOIZLQVOQ\Q\[8I[PI[QV*MTOZILMNZMY]MV\Ta][ML\W^MZa
MV\P][QI[\QKITTa LMUWV[\ZI\M \PMQZ ZMTQOQW][ NMZ^W]Z 1N \PM 1[TIU NIVI\QKQ[U
_I[\WJMLQ[XTIaMLWV\PMMÌUXTMWN\PMKWV[\Z]K\QWVWN\PM:WUIV+I\PWTQK
KPIXMTQV*MTOZILM\PMMV\QZMXTW\\PI\\PM+ZQUMIV?IZPILKI][ML\PM-I[\MZV
XWTQKa _W]TL KWUM \W TQOP\ <PM ;MZJ[ MVRWaML ZMTQOQW][ I]\WVWUa J]\ \PM
8I[PIKWV[QLMZMLQ\KWZZMK\\WXZW\MK\\PMZQOP\[WN\PM*MTOZILM<]ZS[)\\PM
[IUM\QUM\PM:WUIV+I\PWTQKKPIXMT_I[J]QT\QV\PMIZMI_MZM\PM<]ZSQ[P
XWX]TI\QWVTQ^MLIVL\PM*MTOZILM8I[PIPILIKMZ\IQVI]\PWZQ\aIVL\PI\_I[
_Pa\PMVM_TaM[\IJTQ[PMLZMTQOQW][\WTMZIVKMXZWKTIQUMLJa\PM0I\QP]UIR]V
_I[ X]\ \W \M[\ QV ;MZJQI R][\ QV \PM KI[M WN \PM I\\Q\]LM \W_IZL[ \PM ZQOP\[
WN\PMITTQMLXZW\MOM[1V\PMU]\]ITIKK][I\QWV[JM\_MMV\PM8ZQVKMIVLPQ[
8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZWVWVM[QLMIVL)bQb8I[PIWV\PMW\PMZ\PM;MZJQIV[QLM_I[
IKSVW_TMLOML\WJMZQOP\NWZ\PMèZ[\\QUML]ZQVO\PMXI[\[M^MZITaMIZ[
<PM I\\MUX\[ WN \PM ;MZJQIV I]\PWZQ\QM[ \W LZI_ [WUM JMVMè\[ NZWU
\PM KWVéQK\ JM\_MMV \PM *MTOZILM 8I[PI IVL \PM ?M[\MZV KWV[]T[ _MZM VW\
XZWè\IJTM?PMV\PMVM_I]\PWZQ\QM[_MZM[WWVM[\IJTQ[PMLQV?ITTIKPQIIVL
5WTLI^QI 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ IVL PQ[ OW^MZVUMV\ JMKIUM IV`QW][ 0I^QVO
JMMVVM]\ZITQV\PM_IZIVLQVLQNNMZMV\\W_IZL[\PMNI\MWN\PM:WUIV+I\PWTQK
KPIXMT\PMaVW_PWXML\WOM\\PM[]XXWZ\WN\PM*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKPKWV[]T[
2IVSW^QË M^MV IXXMITML \W .WVJTIVY]M \W XMZ[WVITTa []XXWZ\ \PM ;MZJQIV
QV\MZM[\[ QV +WV[\IV\QVWXTM 0W_M^MZ .WVJTIVY]M IVL LM[ -[[IZ\[ _MZM
VW\IJTM\WWNNMZ[]NèKQMV\O]IZIV\MM[\W\PM_WZZQML8ZQVKM+WV\ZIZa\W\PM
)][\ZQIVLQXTWUIKa_PW[MXW_MZQV;MZJQI_I[QV^MZ[MTaXZWXWZ\QWVI\M\WQ\[
QVé]MVKMWV\PM+ZQUMIVITTQM[\PM*ZQ\Q[PLQXTWUIKaQV;MZJQINW]VLTQ\\TM
\Z]MQV\MZM[\[W\PI\LM[XQ\MPQ[OWWLSVW_TMLOMWN\PMKQZK]U[\IVKM[OWWL
XZMLQK\QWV[IVLXMZ[WVITQV\MZM[\.WVJTIVY]MKW]TLWVTaZMKWUUMVL\WPQ[
;MZJQIV KWTTWK]\WZ[ \PM UWLMZI\QWV IVL \PM ZM[XMK\ WN \PM KWV[\Q\]\QWVITTa
XZM[KZQJML ZQOP\[ WN R]ZQ[LQK\QWVIT IVL M`MK]\Q^M XW_MZ 0M _I[ PQU[MTN
M`XMK\QVO \PM LMKQ[QWV NZWU +WV[\IV\QVWXTM _Q\P ]VKMZ\IQV\a <PM ;MZJQIV
I]\PWZQ\QM[\PMZMNWZMNW]VLQ\[QUXTMZ\WZMTaIOIQVWVJQOXZWUQ[M[OQ^MVJa
180
:ILW[I^TRM^QË*MNWZMPQ[LMXIZ\]ZM\W:]LVQS\PM)][\ZQIV+WV[]TIKKWZLQVO
\W.WVJTIVY]Mw[SVW_TMLOMWNNMZZMLVM_I[[]ZIVKM[\W\PM;MZJQIV8ZQVKM0M
[\I\ML\PI\)][\ZQIPIL[]KKMMLMLQVNWZM[\ITTQVOKMZ\IQVQV\MV\QWV[WN.ZIVKM
IVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVUIVQNM[\MLI\\PM+WVNMZMVKMQV+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVL\PI\
M^MVVW_PMPILILMKQ[Q^MQVé]MVKMWV\PM8MIKM+WVOZM[[QV8IZQ[0M_I[
KWV^QVKQVO 8ZQVKM )TMS[IVLIZ \PI\ \PM )][\ZQIV -UXMZWZ ITTMOMLTa OZI\MN]T
NWZ\PMZWTM\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIXTIaMLL]ZQVO\PM0]VOIZQIVZM^WT]\QWV
!_W]TLXMZ[WVITTaQV\MZKMLMNWZ\PMNIUQTa3IZILRWZLRM^QË\WJM
M[\IJTQ[PML I[ \PM ;MZJQIV LaVI[\a 0W_M^MZ \PM .ZMVKP +WV[]T LM[ -[[IZ\
NW]VLW]\NZWUIVW\PMZ[W]ZKM\PI\\PM)][\ZQIVZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[PILVW\M^MV
UMV\QWVML[]KPZMY]M[\[L]ZQVO\PMVMOW\QI\QWV[
<PMZM _I[ WVM I[XMK\ WN \PM 8IZQ[ +WVOZM[[ LMKQ[QWV[ \PI\ _I[ WN
XIZ\QK]TIZQVé]MVKMWV;MZJQIIVL\PM*ITSIV[QV\PMN]\]ZMIVL_PQKP_I[
I[KZQJMLOZMI\[QOVQèKIVKMI\\PI\\QUMQV;MZJQI1\KWVKMZVML\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVO
WN\PMNZMMVI^QOI\QWVWV\PM,IV]JM1V\PMIJ[MVKMWNW\PMZUWZM^Q[QJTM
KWVKM[[QWV[\PM;MZJQIVX]JTQKM`XMZQMVKML\PMY]M[\QWVWN\PMNZMMVI^QOI\QWV
I[ IV QVLQZMK\ XMZUQ[[QWV NWZ ;MZJQI \W PI^M IV IKKM[[ \W \PM [MI _PQTM \PM
UMUJMZ[PQXWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aQV\PM+WI[\ITXMZUIVMV\,IV]JM+WUUQ[[QWV
_I[KWV[QLMZMLI[IZMKWOVQ\QWVWNXIZ\QITQVLMXMVLMVKMQV\PMNWZMQOVXWTQKa
1V\PMVW\V]UMZW][;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKITIVLMKWVWUQKX]JTQK\PMY]M[\QWVWN
\PMNZMMVI^QOI\QWVZMKMQ^ML\PMXZMNMZMVKMW^MZITTW\PMZY]M[\QWV[R][\QV\PM
[XZQVOIVL\PM[]UUMZWN 6M^MZ\PMTM[[LM[XQ\M\PMNIK\\PI\\PMOZMI\M[\
XIZ\WN\PMVI^QOI\QWVWV\PM,IV]JM]V\QT\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
1JQL
1\ZMNMZ[\W\PMIZ\QKTM[@>11IVL@>111WN\PM8IZQ[<ZMI\a4R:Q[\QË
<_W KWUUQ[[QWV[ _MZM NWZUML WV \PQ[ WKKI[QWV" <PM -]ZWXMIV ,IV]JM
+WUUQ[[QWV KWV[Q[\QVO WN \PM ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[ WN .ZIVKM )][\ZQI *ZQ\IQV ;IZLQVQI
8Z][[QIIVL:][[QIWVMWNQ\[\I[S[_I[\PMZMO]TI\QWVWN\PM,IV]JMNZWU1[IKKPMI
\W Q\[ LMT\I _Q\PQV \_W aMIZ[ IVL <PM +WI[\IT 8MZUIVMV\ ,IV]JM +WUUQ[[QWV
KWV[Q[\QVOWN\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN)][\ZQI*IÎZQI?áZ\MUJMZO<]ZSMa?ITTIKPQI
5WTLI^QIIVL;MZJQI?*I]UOIZ\X<PMQV[\Q\]\QWV[M[\IJTQ[PMLI\\PI\\QUM
IZM [\QTT QV M`Q[\MVKM J]\ \PMQZ [MI\[ IZM QV \PM =;) IVL Q\ [MMU[ \PI\ \PMa IZM \PM
UW[\TWVOTQ^MLQV\MZ[\I\MQV[\Q\]\QWV[QV\PMPQ[\WZa<PM8IZQ[+WVOZM[[XZM[MV\ML
\PMVI\QWVITXZQVKQXTMIT\PW]OP_Q\PW]\U]KP[]KKM[[QV\PMJMOQVVQVOI[\PMUW[\
QUXWZ\IV\ WVM <PM +WUUQ[[QWV WN \PM KWI[\IT [\I\M[ ZM[XMK\[ QV \PM [IUM _Ia \PM
IK\]IT[Q\]I\QWV7_QVO\W\PQ[\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MWN\PM:MX]JTQKWN;MZJQIV3ZIRQVI
JMKIUMQ\[UMUJMZQV\PMUQLLTMWN\PMVQVM\QM[WN\PKMV\]Za
Annus paci – 1855
<PM*ITSIV[ !
181
182
PILIK\]ITTaJMMVQV\PMPIVL[WN\PM*ZQ\Q[PKWUXIVQM[\PMèZ[\[PQX\PI\QV
IKKWZLIVKM_Q\P\PMXZWKTIQUMLNZMMVI^QOI\QWVIZZQ^ML\W*MTOZILM_I[\PM
.ZMVKP[\MIU[PQXx4QWVMy
)VWNèKQIT_MTKWUM_I[IZZIVOMLNWZ\PM[\MIU[PQXIVL2WÎV:Q[\QË\PMV
\PMWNèKQITQV\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[_MV\WVJWIZLI[IVM[KWZ\WNPWVW]Z
;ZJQRIio]UILQVSIxR]T \MÍ>JZ 1V;MZJQIV"io]UILQVSIx2]Ta >WT>
>6W
6W +76+4=;176
<PM +ZQUMIV ?IZ MVLML NIZ NZWU \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI IVL
[MMUQVOTa_Q\PW]\IVaOZMI\MZ[QOVQèKIVKMNWZ\PMKW]V\Za+WV\MUXWZIZQM[
LQL VW\ JMTQM^M \PI\ /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV M`MZ\ML U]KP [MZQW][ QVé]MVKM WV \PM
KQZK]U[\IVKM[_Q\PQV;MZJQI)UWVO\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVPILTWVO
[MMUML\WJM\PMTMI[\QV\MZM[\MLWVMQV;MZJQIVINNIQZ[;\ZWVONWZUIT[]XXWZ\
ZMVLMZMLJa*ZQ\IQV\W\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMI[_MTTI[ZMKWTTMK\QWV[WNMIZTQMZ
XMZQWL[QVU]\]ITZMTI\QWV[[]KPI[ !IVL TML\PMXWTQ\QKIT
X]JTQK QV ;MZJQI \W NWTTW_ \PM XWTQ\QKIT IVL LQXTWUI\QK IK\Q^Q\QM[ WN 4WVLWV
_Q\P LQ[\Z][\N]TVM[[ L]ZQVO \PM +ZQUMIV ?IZ 4I\MZ PQ[\WZQWOZIXPa R]LOML
\PM U]\]IT ZMTI\QWV[ WN \PM \_W KW]V\ZQM[ UW[\Ta VW\ ZMTaQVO WV \PM *ZQ\Q[P
[W]ZKM[
<PMPQ[\WZaWN;MZJQIL]ZQVO\PI\XMZQWLQ[K]ZZMV\TaQV\MZXZM\ML_Q\P
KWV[QLMZIJTMLMNMZMVKM\WXMZQWL[W]ZKM[?Q\P\PMM`KMX\QWVWN1TQRI/IZIIVQVw[
KWZZM[XWVLMVKMITUW[\ITTKWV\MUXWZIZa[W]ZKM[_MZM]VIVQUW][ZMOIZLQVO
\PM KW]Z[M WN _IZ IVL Q\[ W]\KWUM :MOIZLTM[[ WN \PM XZMÎQTQVO XIZ\QITQ\a
\W_IZL[ :][[QI \PZW]OPW]\ \PM _IZ ITUW[\ ITT VM_[XIXMZ[ \PM UIRWZQ\a WN
;MZJQIVXWTQ\QKQIV[IVL\PM8ZQVKMITTI[XQZML\WUIQV\IQVVM]\ZITQ\a0W_M^MZ
Ja M`XMK\I\QWV[\PI\IKWITQ\QWVWN[\I\M[_W]TLMV\MZ\PM_IZIOIQV[\\PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZMI_ISMVMLI\Z]MLQ[XW[Q\QWV\W_IZL[_IZQV\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
6M^MZ\PMTM[[ITZMILaQV\PM_QV\MZWN \PMWVTaOWITWNITTNIK\QWV[QV;MZJQIV
XWTQ\QK[_I[\PMLMNMV[MWN\PMKW]V\Za)][\ZQIw[[]XZMUIKa_I[JZW]OP\IJW]\
JaIKZQ[Q[JM\_MMV)][\ZQIV;MZJQIVZMTI\QWV[#PW_M^MZ\PMW]\KWUM WN \PM
_IZIVL;MZJQIw[I\\Q\]LM\PZW]OPW]\Q\XZW^ML\PI\;MZJQIKW]TL M`Q[\ I[ IV
I]\WVWUW][ [\I\M M^MV _Q\PW]\ :][[QIV XZW\MK\QWV .]Z\PMZUWZM ;MZJQIw[
]XPWTLQVOWNIZUMLVM]\ZITQ\a\PZW]OPW]\\PMKW]Z[MWN\PM_IZZM^MITMLPMZ
)TZMILaL]ZQVO \PMZMITKPIVOMQV\PMQV\MZVI\QWVITXW[Q\QWVWN;MZJQI
JMKIUMWJ^QW][I[_MTTI[IOZMI\MZQV\MZM[\WNNWZMQOV[\I\M[QVQ\4R:Q[\QËi*MTOQR[SQ
184
I[I\Z]TaQVLMXMVLMV\[\I\MNWZ\PMèZ[\\QUM<PMW]\KWUMWN\PM_IZN]Z\PMZ
[\ZMVO\PMVML;MZJQIw[QV\MZVI\QWVIT[\I\][)RWQV\XZW\MK\WZI\MWN\PM[Q`/ZMI\
8W_MZ[IVL\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_I[M[\IJTQ[PMLW^MZ\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_PQKP
ZMY]QZML \PM ]VIVQUW][ KWV[MV\ WN \PM ][]ITTa _IZZQVO ;MZJQIV 8ZW\MK\QVO
8W_MZ[ JMNWZM IVa UQTQ\IZa WZ XWTQ\QKIT QV\MZ^MV\QWV _I[ ]VLMZ\ISMV _Q\PQV
;MZJQI<PMMV\ZaWN;MZJQIQV\W<PM+WI[\IT8MZUIVMV\,IV]JM+WUUQ[[QWV
KWV[QLMZIJTaQVKZMI[MLPMZQVé]MVKMQVNWZMQOVXWTQKaPQ[\WZQKITTaKWV[QLMZML
WVMWN\PMJI[\QWV[WN7\\WUIV[W^MZMQOV\a<PM[\I\][OZIV\ML\W;MZJQIQV\PM
8IZQ[8MIKM<ZMI\aMVIJTML\PMXMIKMN]T\ZIV[Q\QWVWNPMZKWV[\Q\]\QWVIT[a[\MU
L]ZQVO\PMNWTTW_QVOaMIZ[I[_MTTI[\PMWKK]XI\QWVWN[M^MV\W_V[_Q\PW]\
\PMUQTQ\IZaQV\MZ^MV\QWVWNMQ\PMZ>QMVVIWZ+WV[\IV\QVWXTM=T\QUI\MTa\PM
;MZJW<]ZSQ[P _IZ[ WN IVL _MZM UILM XW[[QJTM XZQUIZQTa
\PZW]OP\PMQV\MZVI\QWVIT[\I\][WN;MZJQIM[\IJTQ[PMLQV IVL\PMQV\MZVIT
ZMNWZU[KIZZQMLW]\JM\_MMV IVL !
1V [XQ\M WN M^MZa\PQVO TI\MZ PQ[\WZQIV[ PI^M NZMY]MV\Ta \ISMV\PM ^QM_
\PI\\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ_I[IXMZQWLWNM`\ZMUM_MISVM[[NWZ;MZJQI<PMaPI^M
KTIQUML \PI\ PMZ OZMI\M[\ []KKM[[ _I[ VW\ MV\MZQVO \PM _IZ \PM W]\KWUM WN
_PQKP_I[LMKQLML_Q\PW]\IVaNWZUITQVé]MVKMNZWU;MZJQI7VIKKW]V\WN
\PQ[ *MTOZILM _I[ UW[\ TQSMTa QVKIXIJTM WN IKPQM^QVO \PM []KKM[[M[ ZMIKPML
_Q\PQVWVTaIKW]XTMaMIZ[Ja<]ZQV*]KPIZM[\IVL1I[Q;WUMPQ[\WZQIV[PI^M
I[KZQJML\PM[MNIQTQVO[\WQV\MZVIT;MZJQIVLQ[KWZL[WUM\W:][[QIVXWTQKa#\PM
UIRWZQ\aPI^MKWUM\W\PMKWVKT][QWV\PI\;MZJQIw[QV\MZM[\[_MZMX][PMLI[QLM
L]M\W\PMLQ[Z]X\MLJITIVKMWNXW_MZIUWVO\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[I\\PMM`XMV[M
WN;\8M\MZ[J]ZO<PMUIRWZQ\aWNPQ[\WZQIV[PW_M^MZPI^MLQ[ZMOIZLML\_W
[QOVQèKIV\NIK\[.QZ[\\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_I[\PMWVTaWVMWN\PMNW]Z
+PZQ[\QIV *ITSIV [\I\M[ _Q\P QV\MZVI\QWVITTa ZMKWOVQbML [\I\][ VW\ WKK]XQML
L]ZQVO \PM +ZQUMIV ?IZ ?ITTIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI _MZM ]VLMZ :][[QIV IVL
WX]VWUWËMVQ UQVQ[\IZ *TWVLMT ] *MWOZIL] x 1 @@@>111 *MWOZIL !! [\Z
!{! QV ;MZJQIV" x<PM *MTOQIV 8TMVQXW\MV\QIZa 5QVQ[\MZ *TWVLMT QV *MTOZILM
y12@@@>111*MTOZILM!!XX !{!
,/WTLNZIVK[MM\PMTI[\KPIX\MZ
2 :Q[\QË;ZJQRIQ3ZQU[SI^WRVI[\ZQV;MZJQIV";MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV
?IZX
2 5QTQËM^QË;ZJQRI !{ 1[\WZQRI[ZX[SWOVIZWLI>7L8Z^WO][\IVSILW
*MZTQV[SWOSWVOZM[I { *MWOZIL!![\Z QV;MZJQIV";MZJQI ! <PM 0Q[\WZa WN \PM ;MZJQIV 8MWXTM > .ZWU \PM .QZ[\ ;MZJQIV =XZQ[QVO \W \PM *MZTQV
+WVOZM[[ *MTOZILM!!X Conclusion
185
TI\MZ )][\ZQIV WKK]XI\QWV _PQTM I [\ZWVO .ZMVKP OIZZQ[WV OW^MZVML /ZMMKM
W]\ WN 8QZIM][ ;MKWVL ;MZJQI UIQV\IQVML PMZ VM]\ZITQ\a \PZW]OP \PM
ZMILQVM[[\WLMNMVLPMZ[MTNI[_MTTI[IèZUZM[WT]\MVM[[\WZMUIQVI\XMIKM
;MZJQI\PMZMNWZMKW]TLVW\JMQV\PMOWWLOZIKMWNIVaWN\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[
<PM 6I\QWVIT 8ZQVKQXTM _I[ []KKM[[N]TTa ][ML \PZW]OPW]\ \PM +ZQUMIV ?IZ
]VLMZ[\IVLIJTaMUXTWaMLJa\PM_IZZQVOXIZ\QM[\PMU[MT^M[WZJa\PW[M[\I\M[
_PW[MVI\QWVIT]VQ\aKW]TLJZQVOQUUMLQI\MJMVMè\\W\PM?M[\MZVITTQM[1V
WZLMZ\WJMKWUMWVMWN\PM/ZMI\8W_MZ[IVLIKPQM^M]VQèKI\QWV8QMLUWVL\
XIQL_Q\PQ\[KWV\QVOMV\WN[WTLQMZ[_PWXIZ\QKQXI\MLQV\PM+ZQUMIV
?IZ[QVKM .ZIVKMN]Z\PMZMLPMZQV\MZM[\[I\\PMM`XMV[MWN)][\ZQIIVL
:][[QI\PZW]OP\PM]VQèKI\QWVWN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI
<PQ[_I[VW\\PMKI[M_Q\P;MZJQI5]KPUWZM\QUM_W]TLPI^M\WXI[[
JMNWZM\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a_W]TLJMIJTM\WTMILIVQVLMXMVLMV\NWZMQOVXWTQKa1\
_W]TLJMLQNèK]T\PW_M^MZ\WM`XMK\\PI\;MZJQI_I[KIXIJTMWN_IOQVO_IZJa
PMZ[MTNLZQ^MVJaIVQVLMXMVLMV\NWZMQOVXWTQKa;MZJQIw[XIZ\QKQXI\QWVQV\PM
+ZQUMIV?IZWVIVa[QLMWN\PMKWVéQK\_W]TLX]\PMZQVKWUXTM\MQ[WTI\QWV
IVLJZQVOPMZQV\WKWVéQK\_Q\PI\TMI[\\_WZMOQWVIT/ZMI\8W_MZ[:MOIZLTM[[
WN;MZJQIw[LM^MTWXQVO[\I\][[PM_W]TLVW\PI^M\PMKW]ZIOM\WLW[W]V\QT
! ;MZJQI VM^MZ MV\MZML I _IZ _Q\PW]\ èZ[\ [MK]ZQVO \PM KWV[MV\ WZ \IKQ\
IXXZWÎTWNMQ\PMZ:][[QI)][\ZQIWZJW\P1VILLQ\QWV\W\PQ[\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\a
WN ;MZJQI PIL \W MUIVKQXI\M PMZ[MTN QV WZLMZ \W JM IJTM \W QVLMXMVLMV\Ta
XIZ\QKQXI\MQVQV\MZVI\QWVITITTQIVKM["]X]V\QT \PMWVTaMVMUa\PI\M`Q[\ML
NWZ;MZJQI_I[\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM1\_I[WVTaIN\MZ IVLM[XMKQITTaIN\MZ
IKPQM^QVOQVLMXMVLMVKMQV \PI\;MZJQIw[I\\Q\]LMKPIVOML[WUM_PI\QN
VW\N]VLIUMV\ITTa<PMITTMOMLMV\ZIVKMWN;MZJQIV[WTLQMZ[WV\PM[QLM
WN\PM?M[\MZV)TTQM[IVVW]VKMLQV Ja\PM;MZJQIVIOMV\I\\PM8WZ\M_I[
QUXW[[QJTM.WZWVM;MZJQI_I[QVKIXIJTMWN[MVLQVO[]KPITIZOMIZUaW]\[QLM
WNPMZJWZLMZ[IVLN]Z\PMZUWZM\PM;MZJQIVXMWXTM_W]TLVM^MZ\WTMZI\MI_IZ
IOIQV[\:][[QI:][[QIVLQXTWUI\[wPWXM[\WKITT]X;MZJQIV^WT]V\MMZ[
_MZMIT[W]VNW]VLMLXZQUIZQTaL]M\W\PMèZ[\ZMI[WV0W_M^MZ;MZJQIKW]TL
VW\M`XMK\IVaOZMI\OIQV[JaIJ[\IQVQVONZWU\PMKWVéQK\
*ZQ\Q[P;MZJQIV ZMTI\QWV[ _MZM VW\ J]ZLMVML Ja []KP Q[[]M[ ,]ZQVO
\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ;MZJQI_I[\Z]TaVW\R][\xQVKQLMV\ITVM_[yNWZ\PM*ZQ\Q[P
;ZX[SQLVM^VQS6W^Q;IL UIZ\I JZ1V;MZJQIV"<PM;MZJQIV,IQTa
6W^Q;IL 5IZKP VW
186
X]JTQKI[NZMY]MV\TaLMXQK\MLJaPQ[\WZQIV[[\]LaQVO;MZJW*ZQ\Q[PZMTI\QWV[
<PM *ZQ\Q[P X]JTQK NWTTW_ML M^MV\[ QV \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WV I LIa\WLIa JI[Q[
]X]V\QT\PMJMOQVVQVOWN M^MVI[\PM.WZMQOV7NèKMSMX\Q\[W_VKTW[M
_I\KPWV\PM[Q\]I\QWVQV;MZJQI:MLKTQNNMw[I[[M[[UMV\WN:][[QIVXTIV[UILM
QV I]\]UV XZW^ML \W JM KWUXTM\MTa KWZZMK\ <PM I[[M[[UMV\ KITTML NWZ
\PMKWV\QV]I\QWVWN;MZJQIVVM]\ZITQ\aTMI^QVOPMZI[QLMZMKWOVQbQVO\PI\\PM
[Q\]I\QWV_I[IK\]ITTaQV\PMQV\MZM[\WN\PM)TTQM[IVLWVTaNWZUITTaMVKZWIKPML
WV \PM 8WZ\Mw[ [W^MZMQOV\a 1V KWV\ZI[\ \W PQ[ []XMZQWZ[ .WVJTIVY]M U]KP
UWZMMV\P][QI[\QKITTaKWV[QLMZML;MZJQIw[XW\MV\QITZWTMQV\PMK]ZZMV\_IZI[
_MTTI[\PMN]\]ZMM`XIV[QWVWN\PM;MZJQIV[\I\MIVL\PMLM^MTWXUMV\WNQ\[
QV\MZVITZMOQUMWZLMZ0M_I[WVMWN\PMZIZMLQXTWUI\[WN\PM [IVL [
_PWXZMLQK\ML\PM[QOVQèKIV\ZWTM\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_W]TLXTIaQV\PM
N]\]ZMIVL\PM]VQèKI\QWVWN\PM;W]\PMZV;TI^[<PM.WVJTIVY]M/IZIIVQV
XZWRMK\KITTMLNWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWNI;MZJQIV>QKM:MITUIVLZMXZM[MV\MLWVM
WN\PMUW[\WZQOQVITXWTQ\QKITXZWXW[IT[NWZ\PMNMLMZITQbI\QWVWN\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZM 7VTa ]XWV èZ[\ OTIVKM IVL []XMZèKQITTa LQL \PQ[ XTIV ZM[MUJTM \PM
MIZTQMZ XZWXW[IT[ WN 6QSWTIRM^QË IVL /IZIIVQV <PM Y]M[\QWV WN M\PVQK
LMUIZKI\QWV IVL IKKM[[ \W \PM [MI _I[ XZM[MV\ QV MIZTQMZ XTIV[ I[ _MTT <PM
*ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUI\ PIL I LWUQVIV\ QVé]MVKM WV \PM KZMI\QWV WN \PM XZWRMK\w[
XZW^Q[QWV[ <PM[M QVKT]LML \PM Y]M[\QWV WN ZMTI\QWV[ _Q\P +WV[\IV\QVWXTM
\PMXZM[MVKMWN<]ZSQ[POIZZQ[WV[_Q\PQV[WUM\W_V[\PM[PMT^QVOWNXTIV[\W
IVVM`*W[VQIIVL0MZbMOW^QVI\PMLMXWX]TI\QWVWN5WV\MVMOZW\PM\ZIV[NMZ
WN5][TQUXWX]TI\QWV[QVM`KPIVOMNWZ\PM;MZJQIVIVL+PZQ[\QIVXWX]TI\QWV[
WN*W[VQI\PM>IZLIZÎTTMaIVL*]TOIZQI#I[_MTTI[\PMIVVW]VKMLKZMI\QWV
WNI]\WVWUW][<]ZSQ[PWZ5][TQUUIRWZQ\aZMOQWV[QV-I[\MZV*]TOIZQIIVL
*W[VQIIVL0MZbMOW^QVI.WVJTIVY]M_I[\PMèZ[\\WIZO]MNWZ\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVO
WN I LMUWKZI\QKITTa MTMK\ML XMWXTMw[ ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M JWLa _Q\PQV \PM ;MZJQIV
QV\MZVIT XWTQ\QKIT [a[\MU 1V ;MZJQIV PQ[\WZQWOZIXPa \PMZM PI[ M`Q[\ML I
_QLM[XZMILJMTQMN\PI\/IZIIVQV_I[IxXI[[Q^MyXIZ\QKQXIV\L]ZQVO\PMKZMI\QWV
:MLKTQNNM_I[ZMILaITZMILaQV7K\WJMZ \WIKKMX\7UMZ8I[PIw[I[[M[[UMV\
[\I\ML QV PQ[ \ITS[ _Q\P 8Q[IVQ <PM 7\\WUIV IZUa TMILMZ KTIQUML \PI\ \PM :][[QIV
MV\Za QV\W \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a WN ;MZJQI _W]TL VW\ IKPQM^M I UWZM [QOVQèKIV\ UQTQ\IZa
[]KKM[[JMKI][M\PM7\\WUIVNWZKM[I\Q\[JWZLMZ[_MZM^MZa[\ZWVO1\[MMU[\PI\\PM
7\\WUIVUQTQ\IZaKQZKTM[_MZMKWV^QVKML\PI\\PM;MZJQIVVM]\ZITQ\a_I[IVM`XZM[[QWV
WNLQ[TWaIT\a\W_IZL[\PM8WZ\MI[_MTTI[WN\PM_MISVM[[WN\PM;MZJQIVIVL:][[QIV
IZUQM[8Q[IVQ\W:MLKTQNNM7K\WJMZ .7 !!
Conclusion
187
WN\PM6IÍMZ\IVQM_PMVITTMOMLTa.ZIV\QMSBIKP_I[\PMI]\PWZWN\PMXZW
UMUWQZ[ <PMLQ[K][[QWV[_Q\P.WVJTIVY]MIVL\PMXTIVKWUXW[MLWV\PQ[
WKKI[QWVZMXZM[MV\WVMWN\PMPQOPM[\[]KKM[[M[WN\PMNWZMQOVXWTQKaIK\Q^Q\QM[
]VLMZ\ISMV WV \PQ[ JI[Q[ IVL LMUWV[\ZI\M Q\[ XWTQ\QKIT XZIOUI\Q[U <PM
NIZ[QOP\MLVI\]ZMWN\PMINWZMUMV\QWVMLKWVKMX\Q[[]XXWZ\MLTI\MZJa\PMNIK\
\PI\5QTWÎV5QTWÎVW^QË\PM;MZJQIV5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[X]JTQ[PML
IVIZ\QKTMQV\PMJWWS;MZ^QI*a;MZ^QIV[;ZJQW;ZJQRQQV!!KWV[QLMZQVO\PM
XW[[QJQTQ\aWN\PMMVTIZOQVO;MZJQIWV\PM[WKITTMLM\PVQKXZQVKQXTMLZI_QVO
]X JWZLMZ[ []ZXZQ[QVOTa [QUQTIZ \W \PW[M XZWXW[ML Ja <PWUI[ /ZMVQMZ LM
.WVJTIVY]M <PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITQV*MTOZILMPW_M^MZ_I[VW\ITWVMQVPQ[
XTIV[<PQ[Q[QTT][\ZI\MLJa\PMNIK\\PI\L]ZQVO\PM+WV[\IV\QVWXTMVMOW\QI\QWV[
\PM*ZQ\Q[P)UJI[[ILWZI\\PM8WZ\M_I[\PMWVM\WXZWXW[M[QOVQèKIV\XZQ^QTMOM[
\W ;MZJQI QVKT]LQVO KPIVOM[ WN \PM +WV[\Q\]\QWV IVL \PM M[\IJTQ[PUMV\ WN I
XMWXTMw[ ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M JWLa! *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUI\[ _MZM WN \PM [IUM WXQVQWV
_PMV Q\ KIUM \W LQ[K][[QVO \PM M`XIV[QWV WN \ZILM 6M^MZ\PMTM[[ \PM TIKS
WN OWWL \ZIV[XWZ\I\QWV QVNZI[\Z]K\]ZM XZM^MV\ML \PM ZMITQbI\QWV WN XTIVVML
KWWXMZI\QWVQV\PMXWZSUMI\XZWKM[[QVOIVL\PM_PMI\\ZILM.WVJTIVY]M
MVLMI^WZML\WKPIVOM\PQ[[Q\]I\QWVPW_M^MZ\PMWNèKQIT*ZQ\Q[PXW[Q\QWV_I[
XZQUIZQTaKWVKMZVML_Q\P\PMM`XIV[QWVWNPMZW_VUIZQ\QUM\ZILM
)[Q[\PMKI[M_Q\PM^MZaJQO_IZ\PM+ZQUMIV?IZI_WSMTIZOMIV`QM\QM[
IVLM`KM[[Q^MPWXM[?PQTMQ\_I[\Z]M\PI\\PMN]Z\PMZLM^MTWXUMV\WNZMTI\QWV[
JM\_MMV ;MZJQI IVL *ZQ\IQV _I[ XZMUI\]ZM \PMQZ QV\MV[Q\a KPIZIK\MZ IVL
QVé]MVKM _MZM PQOPTa [QOVQèKIV\ IVL WN U]KP OZMI\MZ QUXWZ\IVKM \PIV Q\ Q[
][]ITTaKWV[QLMZML7]ZPQ[\WZQKITI_IZMVM[[WN\PQ[XMZQWLPI[XZQUIZQTaZMTQML
):ILMVQË8WÍMTWRM]WJI^M\IRVWR[T]JQ)][\ZW=OIZ[SM5Q\W/IZIIVQVW^WU
6IÍMZ\IVQR]i8WTQ\QSIx Q LMKMUJIZ Q RIV]IZ QV ;MZJQIV" 1\
)TT ;\IZ\ML QV \PM)][\ZW0]VOIZQIV 1V\MTTQOMVKM ;MZ^QKM<PM 5a\P IJW]\ /IZIIVQVw[
6IÍMZ\IVQRMx8WTQ\QSIyIVL,MKMUJMZIVL2IV]IZa,Z)VLZQRI
:ILMVQË;XWTRVIXWTQ\QSI;ZJQRM]SWV\ZW^MZbVWRQ[\WZQRWOZIèRQWL6IÍMZ\IVQRILW[\ÎZIVRI
2]OW[TI^QRM*MWOZIL.WZMQOV8WTQKaWN;MZJQIQV+WV\ZW^MZ[QIT0Q[\WZQWOZIXPaNZWU
6IÍMZ\IVQRM\W+ZMI\QWVWNA]OW[TI^QI*MTOZILM
);\MIL;MZ^QIJa;MZ^QIV[4WVLWV!5IX6W
!
.WVJTIVY]M\W+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM!,MKMUJMZ .7 !6W!
.WVJTIVY]M\W)LLQVO\WV*MTOZILM)XZQT .7 #.WVJTIVY]M
\W :MLKTQNNM *MTOZILM ,MKMUJMZ .7 ! 6W # .WVJTIVY]M \W
+TIZMVLWV*MTOZILM!)]O][\ .7 !6W
188
WV\PM[W]ZKM[IVLUMUWQZ[TMN\Ja\PM;MZJQIVOMVMZI\QWVWNXWTQ\QKQIV[[\QTT
UI\]ZQVO QV \PM [ \PM ZM[QOVI\QWV M`XMZQMVKML Ja /IZIIVQV ZMOIZLQVO
PQ[ QVLMXMVLMV\ _WZS IVL PQOP M`XMK\I\QWV[ I[ _MTT I[ \PM ZMKWTTMK\QWV[ WN
TI\MZXWTQ\QKQIV[_PW_MZM]VIJI[PML:][[WXPQTM[L]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ1\
_I[WVTaTI\MZQV\PMJIKSOZW]VLWN\PM_IZIVLPI^QVOTMIZV\Q\[TM[[WV[\PI\
UIVaWN\PM[MXWTQ\QKQIV[IKKMX\ML\PMQLMIWN\PM][MN]TVM[[WNQVLMXMVLMVKM
IVL\PMVM]\ZITXWTQKaNWTTW_MLJa\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQII\\PM\QUM
*ZQ\Q[P QVé]MVKM[ XZMÎQTML QV ;MZJQI \PZW]OPW]\ \PM KW]Z[M WN \PM
+ZQUMIV ?IZ 6M^MZ\PMTM[[ \PQ[ PIXXMVML I\ \PM \QUM _PQTM \PM ;MZJQIV
TMILMZ[PQX KPW[M VM]\ZITQ\a QV WZLMZ \W KWVKMIT Q\[ W_V _MISVM[[ IVL \PM
?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ []XXWZ\ML WVTa \PW[M VI\QWVIT UW^MUMV\[ \PI\ KW]TL JM
\]ZVMLIOIQV[\:][[QI,M[XQ\MITT\PQ[\PMKWV[MY]MVKM[WN\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
_MZM^MZaNIZZMIKPQVONWZITTWNQ\[V]UMZW][IK\Q^MIVLXI[[Q^MXIZ\QKQXIV\[
)[ [MMV ;MZJQI _I[ U]KP UWZM INNMK\ML Ja \PM[M KWV[MY]MVKM[ \PIV Q\ _I[
QVQ\QITTa[]XXW[ML_PQTM*ZQ\Q[PXWTQKa\W_IZL[;MZJQIL]ZQVO\PMXMZQWL_I[
UW[\TQSMTaWN\PMOZMI\M[\[QOVQèKIVKM
189
Conclusion
DE GRENIER DE FONBL ANQUE
Pierre Grenier 1584
Count de Hautessere et de Fonblanque
Jean Grenier Seigneur des Rainsins et des
Verreries et Mausens Nobility confirmed
by decree of M. de Bezons Intendant of
Languedoc 1668
Pierre Grenier 1st Seigneur Hauteserrn and
Fonblanque
Francis Fonblanque & Marry (born at
Bruniquet in the province of Languedoc)
Anthony Fonblanque naturalized by the Act
of Parliament 1738
Jean de Fonblanque (1726–1795)
John Martin de Fonblanque de Iure Comte
de Fonblanque K.C. (1844) Barrister-atLaw of the Middle Temple (1783 – 1857)
M.P. for Camelford (1803–1806) a personal
friend of H.R.H. Prince of Wales afterwards
George IV. Reassumed the original surname
of “do Grenier” by royal License 1828
John Samuel Martin,
21st Fusiliers, afterwards
a Commissioner for
bankruptcy
Thomas Viscount de Fonblanque, K.H.,
Capt. in the Army and afterwards ConsulGen. for Servia (1792?–1860)
Albany William a
well known writer and
journalist
& Jane Katherine daut. Of Sir Jonah
Barrington K.C., M.P.
Adelaide Arabella & Otto
Count Schllippenbach and
Sckofte 1850
Caroline & Rev. Richard Croker M.A. 1861
Edward Barrington
Viscount de Fonblanque
Lester Ramsay de
Fonblanque
Edward Barrington
de Fonblanque MajorGeneral (1895–1981)
Patricia Constance de
Fonblanque
1934
Hugh Barrington de Fonblanque
1937 – 2005
John Robert de
Fonblanque
1943
8:787;)4.7:<0-+:-)<176
7.<0-;-:*1)6>1+-:-)457. .WVJTIVY]M\W:MLKTQNNM 6W^MUJMZ .7 !+WXa 5a4WZL
1\IXXMIZ[\PI\UaZMXZM[MV\I\QWV[\W\PM8ZQVKMWN;MZ^QIPI^MUILM\PM
LM[QZIJTMQUXZM[[QWV
AM[\MZLIa 0Q[ 0QOPVM[[ [MV\ \W [Ia \PI\ NMMTQVO VW_ KWV^QVKML WN 5"
;QUQ\KPw[JQI[JMQVO\WWLQ[\QVK\Ta:][[QIVPMMIZVM[\Ta_Q[PMLUM\WKWVNMZ
_Q\P5"/IZ[KPIVQVWV\PM[\QX]TI\QWV[\WJM[]JUQ\\ML\W\PM8WZ\MNWZ\PM
M`\MV[QWVWN;MZ^QIIVLPMZ8ZQ^QTMOM[
1VMML[KIZKMTaI[[]ZMAW]Z-`KMTTMVKa\PI\5"/IZI[KPIVQVIVL1MV\MZML
]XWV\PM[MKWV[QLMZI\QWV[_Q\PZMNMZMVKM\W\PM6I\QWVITILÎV\IOM{IVLQV
\PM QV\MZM[\ WN XZWOZM[[Q^M QUXZW^MUMV\ { _Q\PW]\ U]KP KWV[QLMZQVO PW_
W]Z KWV[MY]MV\ XZWXW[Q\QWV[ UQOP\ Y]ILZI\M _Q\P \PW[M IUJQ\QWV[ { ^QM_[
Ja_PQKP_MSVW_8ZQVKM)TMÌVLMZ\WJMUIQVTaI\\ZIK\ML<PM;MZ^QIV-`
5QVQ[\MZIOZMML\PI\IVa[KPMUMNWZUISQVO;MZ^QII;W^MZMQOV;\I\MI\WVKM
_W]TLJMXZMUI\]ZMIVL\PM[]ZMKI][MWNIKWUUW\QWVMVLQVOQVVWXZIK\QKIT
OWWL0MI[[MV\MLTQSM_Q[M\WUaXW[\]TI\M\PI\VW\PQVOWNM^MVZMI[WVIJTM
UIOVQ\]LMINNMK\QVOKPIVOMQV;MZ^QIV{1V[\Q\]\QWV[CE
5"/IZI[KPIVQVWV\PM[\QX]TI\QWV[\WJM[]JUQ\\ML\W\PM8WZ\MNWZ\PM
M`\MV[QWVWN;MZ^QIIVLPMZ8ZQ^QTMOM[jW]OP\\WJMXZM[MV\MLI\IUWUMV\
TQSM\PQ[_PMV\PMQVM^Q\IJTMWXXW[Q\QWVWN)][\ZQIUQOP\LZQ^M\PM+IJQVM\
WN>QMVVI\W[IUMM`\ZMUQ\aQ\LWM[VW\W\PMZ_Q[MKWV\MUXTI\M<PMZMNWZM1
8ZWXW[ITNWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWN\PM[MZJQIV^QKMZMITUWN 191
\Z][\\PI\QNAW]Z-`KMTTMVKaQ[XTMI[ML\WZMKWUUMVL\PMXZWRMK\\W\PM8WZ\Mw[
+WV[QLMZI\QWVI\I[]Q\IJTM\QUM\PMUQV]\MWNQ\UIaJMQV\MZUMLQI\MTaSMX\
]VLMZ\PMTWKSWN\PM/ZIVL>MbQZw[8WZ\NWTQW<PM8ZQVKMQ[IV`QW][\PI\5"
;QUQ\KP[PW]TLVW\OM\[KMV\WN\PM8ZWRMK\IVL_W]TLMY]ITTaSMMXQ\NZWU\PM
SVW_TMLOMWNPQ[W_V[WVQVTW_\PM;MZ^QIV)OMV\\W\PM8WZ\M
?PI\ 5" /IZI[KPIVQV IVL 1 IOZMM QV []JUQ\\QVO IZM \PM MV]UMZI\ML
8ZWXW[Q\QWV[_PQKPNWTTW_
C8:787;1<176;E
<PI\ ;MZ^QI [PW]TL JM ZIQ[ML \W \PM KWVLQ\QWV WN I <ZQJ]\IZa3QVOLWU \PM
;]T\IV IT_Ia[ ZM\IQVQVO \PM 3QVOTa \Q\TM IVL I >QKMZWa WN ;MZ^QIV JQZ\P
ZMQOVQVOW^MZ\PMKW]V\ZaQVIKKWZLIVKM_Q\PIVQUXZW^MLWZOIVQKTI_{ITI_
ZI\PMZ LQUQVQ[PQVO \PM XZM[MV\ I]\PWZQ\a WN \PM ;MVI\M IVL ILUQ\\QVO QV I
UIVVMZ\WJMLM\MZUQVML{WVPMZMIN\MZUWZMWN\PM8WX]TIZMTMUMV\\PIVPI[
PQ\PMZ\WNW]VLXTIKMQV,MTQJMZI\Q^MIVL5]VQKQXIT{*WLQM[
<PI\\PMKWVKM[[QWVWN\PM;]T\IVIVL3QVO[PITTJMO]IZIV\MMLJa+PZQ[\QIV
[\I\M[ QV IUQ\a _Q\P \PM ;]JTQUM 8WZ\M UWZM M[XMKQITTa /ZMI\ *ZQ\IQV IVL
.ZIVKM
<PI\\PM\MZZQ\WZQITM`\MV[QWVWN;MZ^QI[PITTKWUXZMPMVL\PM:Q^MZ1[SIZQV
*]TOIZQINZWUQ\[wMUJW]KP]ZM'I\\PM,IV]JM]X\WQ\[w[W]ZKM6W^Q8IbIZ
IVL[]KPIXWZ\QWVWN=XXMZ)TJIVQII[_QTTOI^MQ\I[UITTIVL_MTTLMèVML
*WZLMZJMaWVL\PM8WZ\[WN)TM[[QWIVL,]TKQOVW
-`XTM\Q^M ' <PM 5WV\MVMOZW _W]TL \P][ JMKWUM QVKWZXWZI\ML _Q\P ;MZ^QI
IVL 5Z /IZI[KPIVQV Q[ KWVèLMV\ \PMZM _W]TL MV[]M []KP I N][QWV JM\_MMV
\PM8WX]TI\QWV[I[\WM`KT]LMITTIXXZMPMV[QWV[WNXZMLI\WZa{M`KM[[M[WV\PM
XIZ\WN\PMQTTNIUML5W]V\IQVMMZ[*aOZIV\QVOXI\KPM[WN4IVL[XWZILQKITTa
\W\PM5WV\MVMOZQVM[\_W\PQZL[WN\PMU_W]TLJMQVL]KML\WY]Q\\PMIZQL
KW]V\ZaWN\PMQZ*QZ\PWZ:MN]OM
<PM <]ZS[ \W ZM\IQV I XW[Q\Q^M ZQOP\WN_Ia NWZ \PMQZ <ZWWX[ UIZKPQVO \W WZ
NZWU *W[VQI IVL \PM 0MZbMOW^QVI# J]\ \PMa _QTT XI[[ WV _Q\P ITT KWV^MVQMV\
[XMMLOQ^MVW\QKMWN\PMQZKWUQVO{IVLIZMVW\\WWKK]XaIVa\W_V^QTTIOM
WZ8ITIVSIQV;MZ^QI]VTM[[QV\PMM^MV\WNINWZMQOVQVÎ[QWV
;MUIVLZQI ;WSWT IVL \PM W\PMZ [\ZWVOXTIKM[ WN \PM [MKWVLIZaWZLMZ \W JM
MÎK]I\MLJa\PM<]ZS[\PM;MZ^QIVM`MK]\Q^MPI^QVO\PMTQJMZ\a\WLMUWTQ[P
WZ\WZMXIQZ\PMU#IVL_Q\P\PMXZM^QW][[IVK\QWVWN\PM;]T\IV{IVL3QVO
192
NWZ\[IVL:MLW]J\[UIaJMKWV[\Z]K\MLI\\PMW\PMZ8TIKM[NWZ\PMLMNMVKMWN
\PMVM_TaIKY]QZMLNZWV\QMZ[<PM[\IVLQVO)ZUaWN;MZ^QIQ[VW\M`KMMLMQOP\
\PW][IVL UMV WN ITT)ZU[) TIVL_MPZ WN \PM èZ[\ IVL [MKWVL *IV UIa JM
NWZUML#J]\\PM;]T\IVIVL3QVOUIaX]\0Q[>M\WWVQ\[wMUJWLQUMV\]VLMZ
IVaLW]J\N]TKQZK]U[\IVKM[<PMKWUXW[Q\QWVWN\PM/IZZQ[WVWN\PM*MTOZILM
{KQ\ILMTQ[\WZMUIQVNWZ\PMXZM[MV\IVWXMVY]M[\QWV#_MTT]VLMZ[\WWL\PI\Q\
VM^MZKIVQVIVaKI[MJMNWZUML{M^MVQVXIZ\WN)][\ZQIVWZ:][[QIV<ZWWX[#
VMQ\PMZKIVIVa.WZMQOV4M^QM[JMXMZUQ\\MLQV;MZ^QI_Q\PW]\NWZUITKWV[MV\
WN \PM ;]T\IV IVL 3QVO JMQVO WJ\IQVML IVL [QU]T\IVMW][Ta VW\QèML \W \PM
8ZW\MK\QVO8W_MZ[
:MTQOQW][\WTMZI\QWV\WJMM[\IJTQ[PMLWV\PMJZWILM[\IVLUW[\[MK]ZMJI[M[
NWZ +PZQ[\QIV[ WN M^MZa LMVWUQVI\QWV <PM /ZMMS+P]ZKP Q[ PW_M^MZ \W JM
UIQV\IQVMLI[\PM:MTQOQWVWN\PM;\I\MIVL\PMWVTaWVM\WJMMVLW_MLJaQ\
<PM 8I\ZQIZKP I\ \PM +WV[\IV\QVWXTM _QTT JM ZMKWOVQbML I[ Q\[w[XQZQ\]ITKPQMN
IVL\PM>QKMZWaI[Q\[#<MUXWZIT0MIL
,]TKQOVWIVL)TM[[QW\WJMKWUM.ZMM8WZ\[NWZ\PMKWUUMZKMWNITT6I\QWV[QV
ITTQIVKM_Q\P\PM7\\WUIV8WZ\M<PM<IZQNNWN1UXWZ\I\QWV,]\QM[\WJMTM^QML
JMaWVL\PMZILQ][_QTTJMNZIUMLWVI^MZaUWLMZI\M[KITM
!
<PM+Q^QT+WLMWN;MZ^QI\WJM[QUXTQèMLWV\PMUWLMTWN\PM+WLM6IXWTMWV#
\PM +ZQUQVIT;\I\]\M[ _QTT JM ZM^Q[ML IVL LQ^M[\ML WN \PMQZ \PMWZM\QKIT
PIZLVM[[
<PM 1UUQOZI\QWV NWZ XZWTM\IZa X]ZXW[M[ WN *]TOIZQIV *W[VQIV IVL
0MZbMOW^QVQIV +PZQ[\QIV[ _QTT JM MVKW]ZIOML Ja \PM ;MZ^QIV/W^MZVUMV\ \W
\PMM`\IV\IVL]VLMZ\PMKWVLQ\QWV[_PQKPUIaJMXZM[KZQJMLJa\PM;]T\IVIVL
3QVO{
;]KP Ua 4WZL IZM \PM W]\TQVM[ WN I 8TIV _PQKP QN ZMO]TIZQbML IVL
ILWX\ML_QTTM`KT]LMIVaLIVOMZWN:][[QIVXZMXW\MVKaIVL)][\ZQIVK]XQLQ\a
QV\PQ[LQZMK\QWVI\TMI[\NWZUIVaaMIZ[\WKWUM
)\\PMKTW[MWNW]ZKWV[]T\I\QWV5"/IZI[KPIVQVZMUQVLMLUM\PI\
Q[1CNEPILVW\[]KKMMLMLQVOM\\QVONW]Z)V\Q:][[QIV[QV\W\PM;MVI\M;MZ^QI
_W]TL I\ \PQ[ KZQ\QKIT KWVR]VK\]ZM JM _Q\PW]\ PWXM WN IVa NI^W]Z NZWU \PM
8WZ\M
1PI^MCM\KE
<LM/ZLM.WVJTIVY]M
j+WXaWNI,M[XI\KPNZWU5ZLM.WVJTIVY]M\W4WZL;\ZI\NWZLLM
:MLKTQNNM6W LI\ML*MTOZILM6W^ \P )\\PM8ZQVKMWN;MZ^QIw[ZMY]M[\5"LM.WVJTIVY]MPI[KWV[]T\ML_Q\P
5"/IZI[KPIVQVI[\W\PMM`\MV[QWVWN\MZZQ\WZaIVLXZQ^QTMOM_PQKP\PM8WZ\M
UIaJMj]XWV;MZ^QI
5ZLM.WVJTIVY]MOQ^M[\PMW]\TQVM[WN\PM8TIV_PQKP_I[LMMUML\PM
UW[\LM[QZIJTM{\PMMTMÎ\QWVWN;MZ^QIQVZIVSWNI<ZQJ]\IZa3QVOLWU\PM
;]T\IVIT_Ia[ZM\IQVQVO\PM3QVOTa\Q\TMIVL\PMTQUQ\[WN;MZ^QI\Wj\PM
)LZQI\QK8WZ\[WN,]TKQOVWIVL)TM[[QW_PQKP_QTTJMNZMMNWZ\PMKWUUMZKMWN
ITTVI\QWV[QVIUQ\a_Q\P\PM8WZ\M
194
;\ZI\NWZLLM:MLKTQNNM{4WZL+TIZMVLWV)UJI[ILI]8IZQb]
+WV[\IV\QVWXTM.MJZ]IZa .7+WXa6W
5a4WZL
)\ \PM èVIT +WVNMZMVKM _PQKP \WWS XTIKM aM[\MZLIa I\ \PM /ZIVL
>QbQZ[0WUM\PMXZWXW[Q\QWV[ZM[XMK\QVO?ITIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI_PQKPPIL
JMMV XZM^QW][Ta ILWX\ML Ja Ua \_W +PZQ[\QIV +WTTMIO]M[ IVL Ua[MTN _MZM
ZMKWV[QLMZMLQVKWVKMZ\_Q\P\PM<]ZSQ[P5QVQ[\MZ[
1IUPIXXa\WQVNWZUaW]Z4WZL[PQX\PI\_Q\P[WUMNM_IUMVLUMV\[
IVL\PMILLQ\QWVWN[]OOM[\ML_Q\PZMNMZMVKM\W\PMR]LQKQIT,MXIZ\UMV\\PMa
_MZMIKKMX\MLJa\PM8WZ\I[:MXZM[MV\I\Q^M[)KWXaWN\PM-V\QZM;MZQM['
KWUXZQ[MLQV)Z\QKTM[\W\PMV]UJMZWN\PQZ\aQ[QVKTW[MLPMZM_Q\P
)8IZIOZIXPZM[XMK\QVO\PMKWV[\Z]K\QWVIVLWKK]XI\QWVWNNWZ\ZM[[QV
MQ\PMZ8ZQVKQXITQ\a_I[ZMXZWL]KMLJa\PM.ZMVKP)UJI[[ILWZIVLILWX\MLI[
I[MXIZI\MXZWXW[Q\QWVVW\IVVM`ML\W\PM)Z\QKTM[Ja\PM/ZIVL>QbQZIVLPQ[
+WTTMIO]M[)KWXaI\Q\Q[[]JTQUMLPMZM_Q\P\WaW]Z4WZL[PQX[MÌUQVI\QWV
?MLQLVW\[MXIZI\M_Q\PW]\_ZQ\\QVOLW_VW]ZRWQV\LMKQ[QWV[ZM[XMK\QVO
;MZ^QIQ\[wN]\]ZM:MTI\QWV[_Q\P\PM8WZ\MIVL'\PMZM^Q[ITWNQ\[+WV[\Q\]\QWV
7]ZWXQVQWV[[]KPI[\PMa_MZM]T\QUI\MTa[M\\TMLIN\MZ[WUMLQ[K][[QWVIZM
ZMKWZLMLQVI[MXIZI\MXIXMZKWV\IQVQVONW]Z)Z\QKTM[IVL\ZIV[UQ\MLQV+WXa
PMZM_Q\P
<PMXZWXW[Q\QWV[ZMTI\QVO\W;MZ^QII[_MTTI[\PM[M_PQKPKWVKMZV\PM
\_WW\PMZ8ZQVKQXITQ\QM[PMZMVMQ\PMZ[QOVMLVW\LI\ML<PM.ZMVKP)UJI[[ILWZ
[\I\ML\PI\PQ[QV[\Z]K\QWV[KWVèVMLPQU\WIVWNèKQW][QV\MZNMZMVKM
=VIKKWUXIVQML_Q\PNWZUITQ\QM[IVLaW]Z4WZL[PQXQ[I_MZM\PI\1PIL
VWI]\PWZQ\a\WQV[Q[\]XWVILQNNMZMV\KW]Z[MWNXZWKMMLQVO
+WXa
;MZ^QM
Projet relative à la Servie arêté entre les représentants des 3. Puissances
et ceux de la Sublime Porte dans la Réunion du 11. fevrier.
4M[)Z\QKTM[UMUMUMUM UM!UMUMUMM\UMZMTI\QN[à
TI5WTLI^QMM\àTI>ITIKPQM[WV\éOITMUMV\IXXTQKIJTM[àTI;MZ^QM
4I ;]JTQUM 8WZ\M XW]ZZI TQJZMUMV\ KWUJQVMZ LwIKKWZL I^MK TM
/W^MZVMUMV\LMTI8ZQVKQXI]\é\W]\M[TM[UMI[]ZM[LéNMV[Q^M[Y]Q[MZIQMV\
R]OéM[VéKM[[IQZM[LIV[TwQV\éZê\KWUU]VLMTw-UXQZM-TTMKWV\QV]MZIà
MV\ZM\MVQZKWUUMXIZXIZTIXI[[MLM[OIZVQ[WV[LIV[TM[NWZ\ZM[[M[[Q\]éM[
[]ZTI\MZZQ\WQZM[MZJMY]wMTTMWKK]XMI]RW]ZLwP]Q
4I +WV[\Q\]\QWV IK\]MTTMUMV\ MV ^QO]M]Z MV ;MZ^QM [MZI ZM^Q[éM
KWVNWZUMUMV\ I]` ^WM]` M\ I]` JM[WQV[ LM[ XWX]TI\QWV[ XIZ ]VM
+WUUQ[QWV LM[ ;MZJM[ Y]Q [M ZM]VQZI [IV[ LéTIQ à +WV[\IV\QVWXTM ;WV
\ZIÎQT [MZI [W]UQ[ I TI ;]JTQUM 8WZ\M KWUU]VQY]é I]` PI]\M[ 8IZ\QM[
KWV\ZIK\IV\M[ 4I +WV[\Q\]\QWV ZM^Q[MM [MZI IXXZW]^éM XIZ ;I 5IRM[\M
TM ;]T\IV M\ X]JTQMM I ;WV VWU à *MTOZILM LM TI UMUM UIVQèZM Y]M TM
:éOTMUMV\WZOIVQY]MaIé\éXZWU]TO]é
;QOVI\]ZM
5-57:)6,=5),,:-;;-,*A<0-;-:>1)6/7>-:65-6<<7
<0-;=*415-87:<-:-;8-+<16/<0-7++=8)<1767.<0)<
8:16+18)41<A*A)=;<:1)6<:778;#
8ZM[MV\ML\W\PM0W][MWN+WUUWV[JaKWUUIVLWN0MZ5IRM[\a
QVX]Z[]IVKMWN\PMQZ)LLZM[[WN2]VM 4WVLWV"0IZZQ[WV
IVL;WV[
<ZIV[NZWU.ZMVKP
;QVKM\PMKWUUMVKMUMV\WN\PM_IZ_PQKPPI[JMMVJZWSMVW]\JM\_MMV
\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MIVL\PM+W]Z\WN:][[QI)][\ZQIPI[I[[]UML\W_IZL[;MZ^QI
IVL I\\Q\]LM _PQKP _PQTM Q\ TMN\ IV M`XMK\IV\ KPIZIK\MZ \W \PM XWTQKa WN \PQ[
8W_MZ\MVLML\WOQ^MQ\\PMUMIV[WNLQ[XW[QVOI\Q\[_QTTWN\PMIK\QWVWN;MZ^QI
)KKWZLQVOI[)][\ZQIJMTQM^ML\PM;MZ^QIV/W^MZVUMV\\WJMUWZMWZTM[[_MTT
LQ[XW[ML\W_IZL[:][[QIWZ\W_IZL[<]ZSMa[PMPMTLQ\ITIVO]IOMKWVNWZUIJTM
\W\PM[M[]XXW[ML[MV\QUMV\[IVLKWV[\IV\TaXZWUQ[MLQ\PMZ[]XXWZ\NWZ\PM
LMNMVKMWN\PMNZWV\QMZ[WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIOIQV[\ITTPW[\QTMIOOZM[[QWV
*aUMIV[WN\PQ[XWTQKaX]\QVWXMZI\QWVKPQMéaJa\PM:MXZM[MV\I\Q^M
WN)][\ZQII\*MTOZILMIVL[WKWV[\IV\TaNWTTW_ML]X\PI\Q\PI[JMMVZMUIZSML
Ja\PM:MXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN\PMW\PMZ8W_MZ[QV\PQ[8ZQVKQXITQ\a)][\ZQIJMTQM^ML
\PI\ [PM _I[ ITZMILa QV XW[[M[[QWV WN ]VTQUQ\ML KWVèLMVKM WN \PM ;MZ^QIV
/W^MZVUMV\IVLMQ\PMZ\WOQ^MUWZM_MQOP\\WPMZXWTQKaIVL\PMJM\\MZ\W
I[[]ZM \PM IKKM[[ WN PMZ ^QM_[ WZ \W X]\ PMZ[MTN QV I XW[Q\QWV \W OQ^M UWZM
NWZKM \W PMZ I[[]ZIVKM[ _PI\M^MZ \PMa UQOP\ JM \W IVa WVM WZ W\PMZ WN \PM
OZMI\-]ZWXMIV8W_MZ[\PM+IJQVM\WN>QMVVIWZLMZML[WUM\QUMIOWI^MZa
KWV[QLMZIJTMKWVKMV\ZI\QWVWN\ZWWX[WV\PMNZWV\QMZ[WN;MZ^QI
<PM/W^MZVUMV\WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aR][\TaLQ[\]ZJMLJa\PM[MUQTQ\IZa
LMUWV[\ZI\QWV[_PQKP_MZMVW\XZW^WSMLJaIVaIK\WV\PMXIZ\WN;MZ^QIIVL
_PQKPVMQ\PMZ\PM[\I\MWNINNIQZM[QV\PMKW]V\ZaUWZMXIKQèKIVLZMI[[]ZQVO
\PIVM^MZVWZ\PMZMTI\QWV[WN;MZ^QI_Q\P\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MIVL\PM8W_MZ[QV
ITTQIVKM_Q\PQ\R][\QèML[W]OP\NWZQVNWZUI\QWVLQZMK\TaNZWU\PM+IJQVM\WN
>QMVVI#IVLQVLQZMK\TaNZWU\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MI[\W\PMWJRMK\IVLUMIVQVO
WN\PM[MUQTQ\IZaUW^MUMV\[WN)][\ZQI
<PM[MUMI[]ZM[PI^MVW\[]KKMMLMLQVMVTQOP\MVQVO][\W\PM[Q\]I\QWV
QV_PQKP\PMa_Q[PML\WXTIKM][?PQT[\\PMWZOIV[UWZMWZTM[[LQZMK\WN\PM
+IJQVM\WN>QMVVIUILM][[MV[QJTM\PI\)][\ZQI_I[LWQVOVW\PQVOIVLLQL
VW\QV\MVL\WLWIVa\PQVO_Q\PZMOIZL\W;MZ^QI_Q\PW]\\PMXZM^QW][KWV[MV\
WN\PM;]bIZIQV+W]Z\\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MZMXTQML\W\PM3IXW]3MPIRIWN;MZ^QI
\PI\)][\ZQITMN\\PMUQVQOVWZIVKMWN\PMWJRMK\WN\PMUQTQ\IZaXZMXIZI\QWV[
QV Y]M[\QWV IVL \PI\ VW IOZMMUMV\ VWZ ]VLMZ[\IVLQVO _MZM M[\IJTQ[PML WV
\PQ[[]JRMK\JM\_MMV\PM\_W8W_MZ[6MQ\PMZLQL\PMZMXZM[MV\I\Q^M[WN.ZIVKM
IVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVI\+WV[\IV\QVWXTMOQ^M][UWZM[I\Q[NIK\WZaI[[]ZIVKM[WV
\PQ[[]JRMK\1V\PMQV\MZ^QM_[_Q\P_PQKP\PMaPWVW]ZML\PM3IXW]3MPIRIWN
;MZ^QI\PMaI\WVM\QUMLQLVW\IXXMIZ\WJMTQM^MQV\PMZMITQ\aWN[]KP[MZQW][
LMUWV[\ZI\QWV[IVLI\\PM\MVLMVKa_PQKP_MPI^MIT_Ia[I\\ZQJ]\ML\W\PMU#
I\ IVW\PMZ \QUM \PMa [PIZML W]Z W_V ]VKMZ\IQV\a IVL \PM IV`QM\QM[ _PQKP
ZM[]T\MLNZWUQ\<PM8I[PIWN*MTOZILMZMUIQVML_Q\PW]\QV[\Z]K\QWV[_PQKP
PILNWZUMZTaJMMVOQ^MV\WPQUIVLQV^QZ\]MWN_PQKPPM_I[\WKWV[QLMZIVa
UQTQ\IZaQV\MZ^MV\QWVWN)][\ZQIQV;MZ^QII[IPW[\QTMI\\MUX\LQZMK\MLIOIQV[\
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMQ\[MTNIVLI[[]KP\WZMXMTQ\_Q\PITTPQ[XW_MZ
<PM KWVL]K\ WN )][\ZQI _Q\P ZMOIZL \W \PM OMVMZIT Y]M[\QWV WN \PM
M`Q[\QVO _IZ PI^QVO XMZPIX[ \ISMV I \]ZV UWZM NI^W]ZIJTM \W \PM QV\MV\QWV[
WN \PM ?M[\MZV XW_MZ[ \PM +IJQVM\[ WN 8IZQ[ IVL 4WVLWV OI^M \PM ;MZ^QIV
/W^MZVUMV\ \PZW]OP \PM UMLQ]U WN \PMQZ IOMV\[ I\ *MTOZILM [I\Q[NIK\WZa
I[[]ZIVKM[WV\PM[]JRMK\WN\PMLQ[XW[Q\QWVWN)][\ZQI)JW]\\PM[IUM\QUM
\PMKIJQVM\WN>QMVVIUILMSVW_V\W\PM;MZ^QIVOW^MZVUMV\\PI\\PMUQTQ\IZa
UMI[]ZM[QVY]M[\QWVPILVW\PQVOQV\PMUPW[\QTM\W;MZ^QI\PI\QVLQZMK\QVO
\PMU\PMWJRMK\WN)][\ZQI_I[WVTa\WX]\PMZ[MTNQVIXW[Q\QWV\WXZW\MK\PMZ
W_VNZWV\QMZ[IVL\PI\[PM_W]TLVW\QV\MZXW[MQV;MZ^QI]VTM[[\PM:][[QIV
\ZWWX[MV\MZMLQ\WZZM^WT\[IOIQV[\TMOQ\QUI\MI]\PWZQ\aJZWSMW]\\PMZM#\PI\
KWV[MY]MV\TaM^MVQV\PI\KPI[M[PM_W]TLQV\MZXW[MI[INZQMVLIVQVWZLMZ\W
TMVLI[[Q[\IVKM\W\PM/W^MZVUMV\IVL\WTMOQ\QUI\MI]\PWZQ\a
198
<PQ[[\MXWN)][\ZQI_PQTMQ\LM\MZUQVML\PMKI[M[QV_PQKP\PQ[XW_MZ
QV\MVLML\WQV\MZXW[MQV;MZ^QI_I[VW\WNIVI\]ZM\WLQ[XMTITTW]ZIV`QM\QM[1V
\PMèZ[\XTIKM_MLQLVW\èVLQVQ\IVaO]IZIV\MMIOIQV[\IVIZJQ\ZIZaQV\MV\QWV
]VLMZ\ISMV _Q\PW]\ UW\Q^M IVL _Q\PW]\ ZMIT VMKM[[Q\a IVL IJIVLWVQVO QV
LIVOMZW][IVLNI\ITKWV[MY]MVKM[\W;MZ^QI1V\PM[MKWVLXTIKM_M[W_QVQ\IV
Q[WTI\MLIK\QWVWN)][\ZQI_PW]VLMZ\PMXZM\M`\WNIK\QVOQVKWWXMZI\QWV_Q\P
\PMOMVMZITXWTQKaWN-]ZWXMIVLQV[]XXWZ\WN\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZMKZMI\ML
NWZPMZ[MTN\PMUMIV[WNQVÎLQVO;MZ^QIIVLWNKI][QVOQV\PI\8ZQVKQXITQ\a
Ja PMZ ]VR][\ IOOZM[[Q^M JMPI^QW]Z \PI\ ^MZa LQ[WZLMZ \PI\ ^MZa KWVN][QWV
IVL\PI\^MZaLM[WTI\QWV_PQKPQ\Q[XIZ\QK]TIZTa\PMQV\MZM[\WN\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZMI[Q\Q[\PI\WN\PM8W_MZ[ITTQML\WQ\\WXZM^MV\IVL\PMLIVOMZ[WN
_PQKP\PM/W^MZVUMV\IVLVI\QWVWN;MZ^QI_W]TLLM^W\M\PMU[MT^M[_Q\PITT
\PMQZMNNWZ\[\WSMMXWNNZWU\PMQZKW]V\Za
1V IV\QKQXI\QWV WN []KP [MZQW][ M^MV\]ITQ\QM[ IVL _PQTM KWV\QV]QVO
\W ZMKMQ^M NZWU +WV[\IV\QVWXTM VM_[ Y]Q\M QV KWV\ZILQK\QWV \W \PM I^W_ML
WJRMK\WN)][\ZQI#[MMUQVOUWZMW^MZ\PI\\PMUQTQ\IZaXZMXIZI\QWV[WN)][\ZQI
I[[]UML LIa Ja LIa I UWZM \PZMI\MVQVO I[XMK\ IVL _MZM X][PML \W I XWQV\
JMaWVL_PQKPVW\PQVOZMUIQVMLJ]\\PMQZQUUMLQI\MM`MK]\QWV\PM;MZ^QIV
OW^MZVUMV\QVKWVKMZ\_Q\PPQ[-`KMTTMVKa1bbM\8I[PIZM[WT^ML\W\ISMIK\Q^M
[\MX[ I\ >QMVVI IVL +WV[\IV\QVWXTM \W I[KMZ\IQV IKK]ZI\MTa WV _PI\ _M
_MZM\WZMTaQ\\PQ[ZM[XMK\IVL\WZM[Q[\_PMZM_MKW]TLZQOP\TaLW[WM^MZa
KWUJQVI\QWV_PQKP[PW]TLUISM)][\ZQI\PMIZJQ\MZWN\PMXZM[MV\LM[\QVQM[WN
;MZ^QI<PQ[_I[\PMWJRMK\WN)bbQb8I[PIw[UQ[[QWV\W>QMVVI<PQ[XMZ[WVQ[
VW_I\+WV[\IV\QVWXTMIVL_QTTPI^MOQ^MVILM\IQTMLZMXWZ\WN_PI\PMLQLI\
>QMVVI\W\PM/W^MZVUMV\WN0Q[5IRM[\a\PM;]T\IV
?PQTM _IQ\QVO NWZ \PM LQXTWUI\QK [WT]\QWV WN \PQ[ Y]M[\QWV \PM
/W^MZVUMV\ WN \PM 8ZQVKQXITQ\a ILUQZIJTa [MKWVLML Ja PQ[ -`KMTTMVKa 1bbM\
8I[PIPI[WZLMZMLITT\PMUMI[]ZM[VMKM[[IZaNWZ\PMLMNMVKMWN\PMKW]V\Za
NZWUIPW[\QTMIOOZM[[QWV
)\\PMXWQV\_PQKP_MPI^MVW_ZMIKPMLQV\PQ[UI\\MZ\PMWJRMK\Q[\W
I[KMZ\IQVQN)][\ZQIKIV[]KKMMLQVWJ\IQVQVO\PMKWV[MV\WN\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\M
\WIUMI[]ZM]VR][\XZMIR]LQKIT\W[WUIVaQV\MZM[\[_PQKPIZMKWUUWV\WIVL
MY]ITTaLMIZ\W\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aIVL\W\PM-UXQZMWN_PQKP\PMKW]V\ZaNWZU[
XIZ\ )[ \W IV QV\MZ^MV\QWV ]VLMZ\ISMV _Q\PW]\ \PM KWV[MV\ WN \PM 8WZ\M
\PMZMQ[TQ\\TMKPIVKM\PI\]VLMZM`Q[\QVOKQZK]U[\IVKM[)][\ZQI[PW]TLLZMIU
WNQ\]VTM[[[PM_Q[PM[\WLMKTIZMWXMVTaNWZ:][[QIIOIQV[\\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\M
IVLQ\[ITTQM[
)][\ZQI X]\ NWZ_IZL[ \_W ZMI[WV[ _PQKP UQOP\ I]\PWZQ[M Q\[ UQTQ\IZa
QV\MZ^MV\QWVQV;MZ^QI<PMMV\ZIVKMWN\PM:][[QIV[#<PMJZMISQVOW]\IV
QV\MZVITQV[]ZZMK\QWVQV;MZ^QI
1N:][[QIV[MV\MZ;MZ^QI\PMKWWXMZI\QWVWN)][\ZQIIOIQV[\ :][[QI
W]OP\ \W NWZU I XIZ\ WN \PM KWUJQVM UMI[]ZM[ _PQKP \PM 8W_MZ[ ITTQML \W
\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MIZMKITTML]XWV\WMUXTWaNWZ\PMLMNMVKMWN\PM7\\WUIV
-UXQZMIVL_PQKPIZMVW\\WLM\MZUQVM1\Q[[KIZKMTaXZWJIJTM\PMKI[MWN\PM
MV\ZaWN\PM:][[QIV[QV\W;MZ^QI[PW]TLWKK]ZQN_MUIaZMTaWV\PMI[[]ZIVKM[
_PQKP*IZWV5IaMVLWZNNPI[OQ^MV\W\PM+W]V\*]WT:][[QIPI[LMKTIZMLPMZ
QV\MV\QWVVW\\WMV\MZ;MZ^QI#IVLQNIXXMIZ[UWZMMI[a\WIKSVW_TMLOM\PQ[
[QVKM\PM\PMI\ZMWN_IZIVL\PMTQVMWNWXMZI\QWV[NWZ\PM:][[QIV\ZWWX[IZM
_Q\PW]\ITZMILaWV\WWOZMI\I[KITMNWZ\PMQZN]Z\PMZM`\MV[QWV\WJM\PW]OP\
WN*]\M^MVILUQ\\QVO\PI\\PM:][[QIV[[PW]TLI\\MUX\\WMV\MZ;MZ^QI_PQKP
_W]TLVW\JMMI[QTaMNNMK\MLKWV[QLMZQVO\PMZM[Q[\IVKM_PQKP_W]TLJMWNNMZML
\W\PMUWV\PMXIZ\WNJW\PWN\PM;MZ^QIVIVL<]ZSQ[P\ZWWX[{_MJWTLTaINèZU
\PI\\PMMV\ZaWN\PM)][\ZQIV[_W]TLQV\PI\KI[MJMIVM`\ZMUMTa]VNWZ\]VI\M
UMI[]ZMIVLWVM_PQKPUQOP\TMIL\WIV]UJMZWNKWUXTQKI\QWV[
)VaI]`QTQIZa\ZWWX[_PI\M^MZ_W]TLJMXZMNMZIJTM\W\PW[MWN)][\ZQI
<PM;MZ^QIVVI\QWVPI[[WLMKQLMLIUQ[\Z][\QNVW\IPI\ZMLWN)][\ZQI\PI\
\PM MV\ZIVKM WN \PM)][\ZQIV[ QV\W ;MZ^QI _W]TL JM QUUMLQI\MTa KWV[QLMZML
Ja M^MZaWVM I[ [W QUUIVMV\ I LIVOMZ [W OZMI\ I UQ[NWZ\]VM \PI\ ITT \PM
XZWKMMLQVO[WN\PM;MZ^QIV[_W]TLJMMUXTWaMLQVZM[Q[\QVO\PW[MMVMUQM[QV
_PWUQ[IT_Ia[[]XXW[ML\WJMXMZ[WVQèML\PI\K]XQLQ\a_PQKP]ZOM[)][\ZQI\W
[MMS\WM`MZKQ[MQV;MZ^QIVWUI\\MZ]VLMZ_PI\XI\ZWVIOMIVMOWQ[\QVé]MVKM
1V\PM[IUMLMOZMMI[\PMKWWXMZI\QWVWN\PM)][\ZQIV[UQOP\JM][MN]T\W\PM
KI][MWN\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MQNQ\_I[OQ^MVI\\PM[]Q\IJTM\QUMIVLXTIKM_W]TL
Q\JMOM\LQNèK]T\QM[IVLKWUXTQKI\QWV[QNLM[XQ\MWNITT\PI\PI[JMMV[IQLQ\_MZM
LQ[XTIaMLQV;MZ^QI
)[NIZI[KWVKMZV[QV\MZVITQV[]ZZMK\QWV[_MNMIZWN\PMUVW_TM[[\PIV
M^MZ<PM_PWTMVI\QWVQ[XMZNMK\TaKWV^QVKML\PI\Q\[UW[\XZMKQW][QV\MZM[\[
QUXW[M]XWVQ\\PMUIQV\MVIVKMWN\ZIVY]QTTQ\aIVLWZLMZIVL\PMI^WQLIVKM
WNIVa\PQVO\PI\KW]TLQV^WT^MQ\QV\PM_IZIVL\]ZV;MZ^QIQV\WIJI\\TMèMTL
.QTTML_Q\PILMMXOZI\Q\]LM\W\PM;]bIZIQVKW]Z\NWZ\PMXZQ^QTMOM[_PQKPPI^M
JMMV[WOZIKQW][TaKWVèZUML\W\PMUIVLNWZ\PMI\\Q\]LM_PQKP\PMaPI^M
JMMVITTW_ML\WPWTLL]ZQVO\PQ[_IZ\PM/W^MZVUMV\IVLXMWXTMWN;MZ^QIIZM
\WWU]KPI\\IKPML\W\PMPIXXQVM[[WN\PMQZKW]V\Za\WPM[Q\I\MIUWUMV\I[\W
200
\PMTQVMWNKWVL]K\\WJMNWTTW_ML<PMQZKWV[KQW][VM[[WN\PMQZW_V[Q\]I\QWV
_QTTXZM[MZ^M\PMUJM\\MZ\PIVIVa\PZMI\[_PI\M^MZNZWUITTNIT[MIVLQVR]ZQW][
UMI[]ZM[
1VW\PMZZM[XMK\[[QVKM\PM_IZPI[JZWSMVW]\PI[VW\;MZ^QI[]NèKQMV\Ta
[PW_V \PI\ [PM JW\P SVW_[ IVL _QTT ZMUIQV NIQ\PN]T \W PMZ L]\QM[ IVL
WJTQOI\QWV['6W\_Q\P[\IVLQVOITT\PI\UIaPI^MJMMV[IQL[PMPI[VM^MZKMI[ML
NWTTW_QVOITQVMWNKWVL]K\ZM\QZQVOQ\Q[\Z]MTQVMTWaITIVLKWVNWZUIJTM\WPMZ
MVOIOMUMV\[6MQ\PMZ_QTT[PMPMVKMNWZ_IZLLM^QI\MNZWU\PQ[TQVMWNKWVL]K\
<PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MUIaJMXMZNMK\Ta[]ZMWNQ\
)TT\PI\\PM;MZ^QIV/W^MZVUMV\ZMY]QZM[Q[\WJMPWVW]ZMLPMVKMNWZ\P
_Q\P\PM[IUMKWVèLMVKM_Q\P\PM;]bIZIQV+W]Z\PI[PQ\PMZW[PW_VQ\IVL
VW\ \W [MM Q\[ KW]V\Za OQ^MV W^MZ \W )][\ZQIV WKK]XI\QWV _PQKP _W]TL JM
\PM [QOVIT NWZ IVL \PM KWUUMVKMUMV\ WN QVKITK]TIJTM UQ[NWZ\]VM[ 7V \PQ[
KWVLQ\QWV;MZ^QIV/W^MZVUMV\N]TTaIV[_MZ[NWZ\PMUIQV\MVIVKMWN\ZIVY]QTQ\a
IVLX]JTQKWZLMZQV;MZ^QI1NM^MVQ[WTI\MLLQ[\]ZJIVKM[_PQKPUIaPIXXMV
IVa \QUM IVL QV ]VLMZ IVa KQZK]U[\IVKM[ _MZM \W JZMIS W]\ IVa_PMZM \PM
/W^MZVUMV\Q[KIXIJTMWNZMXZM[[QVOIVLY]MTTQVO\PMUJMNWZMIVaQUXWZ\IVKM
KW]TLJMI\\IKPML\W\PMU
<PM 3IXW] 3MPIRI WN ;MZ^QI PI[ ITZMILa WV [M^MZIT WKKI[QWV[ JMMV
QV[\Z]K\ML \W KWUU]VQKI\M _Q\P 0Q[ PQOPVM[[ :M[PQL8I[PI WV \PQ[ UI\\MZ#
IVLIT\PW]OPPMPI[PIL\PMPWVW]ZWNITZMILa[]JUQ\\QVO\WPQ[0QOPVM[[\PM
OZMI\MZXIZ\WN\PMZMI[WV[IVLKWV[QLMZI\QWV[PMZMQV[M\NWZ\P_PQKPW\PMZ_Q[M
KW]TLVW\PI^MM[KIXML\PMXMVM\ZI\QWVWN\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MIVL_PQKPUISM
][PWXM\PI\\PM;]bIZIQV+W]Z\_QTTQVVWKI[MZMKWOVQ[MQV)][\ZQIIXW_MZ\PM
UMZMKTIQU\W_PQKPW]OP\\WM`XW[MPMZ\W[][XQKQWV\PM;MZ^QIV/W^MZVUMV\
PI[ VM^MZ\PMTM[[ \PW]OP\ Q\ Q\[ L]\a \W []JUQ\ \W \PM MVTQOP\MVML I\\MV\QWV
WN 0Q[ 0QOPVM[[ \PM 5QVQ[\MZ NWZ .WZMQOV)NèZM[ IV IKK]ZI\M UMUWZIVL]U
WV\PQ[QUXWZ\IV\INNIQZ\PMLMKQ[QWVWN_PQKPINNMK\[[WUIVaY]M[\QWV[I[
M[[MV\QIT\W\PMPWVW]Z\PMLQOVQ\aIVL\PMQV\MZM[\[WN\PM;]JTQUM8WZ\MI[\W
\PM\ZIVY]QTTQ\aIVLPIXXQVM[[WN\PM;MZ^QIVVI\QWV
*MTOZILM)XZQT ),,1<176;
1TQRI/IZIIVQV \PM;MZJQIV[\I\M[UIVIVLXWTQ\QKQIV0M
\WWS]XPQ[XW[\QV\PMKQ^QT[MZ^QKMQV /IZIIVQV_I[WVMWN\PMTMILMZ[
WN\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\WXXW[Q\QWV0M_I[I\\PMPMILWN\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN\PM
1V\MZQWZNZWU ]V\QT 1V PMI]\PWZQbML\PM,ZIN\6IÍMZ\IVQM
;MZJQIw[ NWZMQOVXWTQ\QKIT VI\QWVIT IVL [\I\M XZWOZIUUM 0M []XXZM[[ML
7JZMVW^QËw[ U]\QVQM[ WN IVL <PM 8WTQKM +WLM 8WTQKQR[SQ
bISWVQS WN _I[ XI[[ML _PQTM PM _I[ I\ \PM XW[Q\QWV WN \PM 5QVQ[\MZ
0M_I[I\\PMPMILWN\PMOW^MZVUMV\NZWU \W IVLNZWU \W
+TW[MTaTQVSML_Q\P\PM8WTQ[PMUQOZI\QWV/IZIIVQVM[\IJTQ[PMLKTW[M
KWVVMK\QWV[_Q\P.ZIVKMIVL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVQV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN\PMèN\QM[IVL
\PQ[_I[\PMZMI[WVNWZPQ[LMXW[IT]VLMZ\PMXZM[[]ZMWN:][[QIQV 0M
_I[ZM\]ZVML\W\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTQV IVLPMJMKIUMIOIQV\PM5QVQ[\MZ
WN\PM1V\MZQWZI\\PM\QUMWN\PM;\)VLZM_w[)[[MUJTaIVL\PMW^MZ\PZW_WN
)TMS[IVLIZ3IZILRWZLRM^QË0MZMUIQVML_Q\PW]\PQ[RWJQV\PMJMOQVVQVOWN
\PM[MKWVLZ]TMWN\PMLaVI[\a7JZMVW^QËJMKI][MPMIL^WKI\ML\PMM[\IJTQ[PQVO
WNWTQOIZKPaJ]\8ZQVKM5QPIQTWJZW]OP\PQUJIKS\WPMIL\PMOW^MZVUMV\QV
/IZIIVQVSVW_VI[IKWV[MZÎ\Q^MKIZZQMLW]\\PMQV\MZVITZMNWZU[IVL
KZMI\MLIVITTQIVKM_Q\P\PM+PZQ[\QIV*ITSIV[\I\M[L]ZQVO\PMZ]TMWN5QPIQTW
7JZMVW^QË0M_I[LQ[UQ[[MLJMKI][MPM_I[IOIQV[\8ZQVKM5QPIQTWw[[MKWVL
UIZZQIOM)N\MZ\PMI[[I[[QVI\QWVWN8ZQVKM5QPIQTWPMNWZUML\PM\MUXWZIZa
>QKM:MOMVKaWN[PWZ\L]ZI\QWVJ]\PM_I[X]\LW_V[WWV
)TMS[I;QUQË ;PWXI[[Q[\IV\IVLIXXZMV\QKMNZWU;W]\PMZV
0]VOIZa0MRWQVML\PMKQ^QT[MZ^QKMQV !0M_I[\WOM\PMZ_Q\PPQ[WTLMZ
JZW\PMZ;\WRIV;QUQËWVMWN\PMTMILMZ[WN\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\WXXW[Q\QWV
)N\MZ\PM 5QTM\IZM^WT\PMPMILML\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN.QVIVKMIVLJMKIUM\PM
UMUJMZWN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQT0M_I[I\\PMPMILWN\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV
)NNIQZ[NZWU \W ;QUQËJMKIUM\PMPMILWN\PM5QVQ[\ZaWN2][\QKM
IVL -L]KI\QWV IN\MZ ! IVL PM PMILML \PM 5QVQ[\Za WN \PM 1V\MZQWZ NZWU
\W 0M_I[\PM8ZQUM5QVQ[\MZNZWU \W IVLNZWU \W )N\MZ<MVSIw[XTW\QV PM_I[\MUXWZIZQTaI\\PMPMILWN\PM;\I\M
+W]VKQT<PI\[IUMaMIZPM_I[ZM\QZML
202
)TMS[I 2IVSW^QË ! *WZV QV <MUQşWIZ 0M KIUM \W \PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQIIVLRWQVMLKQ^QT[MZ^QKMQV 2IVSW^QË_I[ITI_aMZ
ML]KI\MLQV*]LIXM[\0MRWQVML\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[JMKIUM<WUI>]ÍQË
8MZQQËw[[MKZM\IZaIVL\PMPMILWN8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ3IZILRWZLRM^QËw[WNèKM
0MKIZZQMLW]\\PML]\QM[WN\PM5QVQ[\MZWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZ[IVLIT[W\PML]\QM[
WN\PM5QVQ[\MZWN2][\QKMIVL-L]KI\QWVNZWU ]V\QT 0MPMILML\PM
OW^MZVUMV\NZWU \W IVLNZWU \W )TMS[I2IVSW^QË_I[
IV)][\ZWXPQTMIVLIUWLMZI\MWXXW[Q\QWVQ[\IN\MZ<MVSIw[XTW\IVLPMJMKIUM
\PM>QKM8ZM[QLMV\WN\PM;\I\M+W]VKQTQV )N\MZ\PMZM[\WZI\QWVWN\PM
7JZMVW^QËLaVI[\aPMIJIVLWVML\PMXWTQ\QKIT[KMVM
8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ3IZILRWZLRM^QË 3IZILRWZLRM8M\ZW^QËw[
[MKWVL[WV -L]KI\MLL]ZQVOPQ[[PWZ\\MZU[MZ^QKMQV\PM8IOM
+WZX[ QV :][[QI 1V PM UIZZQML 8MZ[QLI 6MVILW^QË 2ISW^ 6MVILW^QËw[
LI]OP\MZWVMWN\PMTMILMZ[WN\PM.QZ[\;MZJQIV=XZQ[QVOIVL\PMèZ[\UIV
QV\PMQVé]MV\QIT6MVILW^QËNIUQTa0M_I[\PM+WV[\Q\]\QWVITQ[\[wKIVLQLI\M
NWZ \PM \PZWVM WN \PM 8ZQVKM [QVKM ! )TMS[IVLIZ _I[ MTMK\ML \PM 8ZQVKM
WN;MZJQIIN\MZ\PM >]ÍQËZM^WT\+WV\ZIZa\WPQ[XZMLMKM[[WZ[\PM8WZ\M
LQL VW\ OZIV\ PQU \PM ZQOP\ \W \Q\TM []KKM[[QWV ;Q`\MMV aMIZ[ WN )TMS[IVLIZ
3IZILRWZLRM^QËw[ Z]TM XI[[ML QV [_QN\ QV\MZVIT ZMNWZU[ _PMZI[ \PMZM _MZM
_IVLMZQVO[QVNWZMQOVXWTQKa<PM8ZQVKM_I[JW\POZMI\TaQVé]MVKMLJa/ZMI\
8W_MZ[IVL\PMQZNWTTW_MZ[QV\PMKW]V\ZaIVL[]JRMK\\W\PMQVé]MVKMWN\PM
6MVILW^QË NIUQTa 0M TQ^ML NWZ IVW\PMZ \_MV\a [M^MV aMIZ[ QV )][\ZQI IVL
:WUIVQIIN\MZPQ[LM\PZWVQVOQV 1V !PM_I[QUXZQ[WVMLNWZITUW[\
IaMIZQV*]LIXM[\]VLMZ\PM[][XQKQWV\PI\PM_I[JMPQVL\PMI[[I[[QVI\QWVWN
5QPIQTW7JZMVW^QË
<PM .QZ[\ ;MZJQIV =XZQ[QVO .MJZ]IZa 7K\WJMZ _I[
\PM OZMI\M[\ VI\QWVIT ]XZQ[QVO QV \PM PQ[\WZa WN \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM <PM
QV[]ZOMV\[ QV I^MZIOM JM\_MMV IVL []KKMMLML \W _IOM _IZ
NWZ VQVM aMIZ[ _Q\P \PM ;]T\IVw[ IZUQM[ NZWU *W[VQI IVL :W]UMTQI ZIVOQVO
QVV]UJMZNZWU\W<PMQV[]ZOMV\[NW]OP\IOIQV[\ \PM Z]TM
WN \PM 7\\WUIV W]\TI_[ { RIVQ[[IZQM[ NZWU \W )N\MZ \PM KIX\]ZM
WN *MTOZILM QV \PM QV[]ZOMV\[ [\IZ\ML \PM [\Z]OOTM NWZ M[\IJTQ[PQVO WN
\PM QVLMXMVLMV\ [\I\M 1V [XQ\M WN \PM ]V[]KKM[[N]T ! WNNMV[Q^M _PMV \PM
QV[]ZOMV\[ _MZM ]VIJTM \W M[\IJTQ[P \PM MUXQZM \PMa QV ITTQIVKM _Q\P \PM
:][[QIVIZUaNW]OP\[]KKM[[N]TTaQV\PM[W]\PMZVIVL\PMMI[\MZVXIZ\[WN\PM
[\I\M QV IVL y<PM 4MILMZy >WL 3IZILRWZLRM 8M\ZW^QË \PM NW]VLMZ WN \PM 3IZILRWZLRM^QË LaVI[\a _I[ \PM Z]TMZ WN ;MZJQI
IVL \PM :]TQVO +W]VKQT 8ZI^Q\MTR[\^]R]ËQ ;W^RM\ _I[ M[\IJTQ[PML QV [QU]T\IVMW][TaZMXZM[MV\QVOJW\P\PMOW^MZVUMV\IVL\PM[MVI\M<PM[a[\MU
WN\PMQV[]ZOMV\[\I\M_I[LMèVMLJa\PM IVL +WV[\Q\]\QWVIT4I_[
=V\QT 3IZILRWZLRM_I[IJTM\W[]XXZM[[\PMWXXW[Q\QWVIVL\WM[\IJTQ[P
N]TT XMZ[WVIT XW_MZ <PM QV[]ZOMV\[ ZMN][ML \W IKKMX\ \PM XZW^Q[QWV[ WN \PM
*]KPIZM[\ 8MIKM <ZMI\a _Q\P \PM 7\\WUIV -UXQZM [QOVML Ja :][[QI QV 5Ia
JMKI][MWNPMZXZMXIZI\QWV[NWZ\PM_IZ_Q\P.ZIVKM)N\MZWVMaMIZIVL
IPITN\PM7\\WUIVIZUQM[[]KKMMLMLQVKWVY]MZQVO;MZJQI3IZILRWZLRMIVL
\PMUIRWZQ\aWN\PM]XZQ[QVOTMILMZ[_MV\QV\WM`QTM<PM\MZZWZZMQOVMLQV\PM
KW]V\ZaNWZ\_WMV[]QVOaMIZ[
<PM;MKWVL;MZJQIV=XZQ[QVO)XZQT2]Ta ]VLMZ\PMTMILMZ[PQXWN
5QTW7JZMVW^QË _I[ZIQ[MLIOIQV[\\PM7\\WUIVZMQOVWN\MZZWZ
QV\ZWL]KML IN\MZ \PM NITT WN \PM .QZ[\ ;MZJQIV =XZQ[QVO 0I^QVO []KKM[[N]TTa
_WV[M^MZITJI\\TM[5QTW7JZMVW^QËVMOW\QI\ML\PMI]\WVWUaWN;MZJQI_Q\P
5IZI[PTQ)TQ8I[PI<PMIOZMMUMV\_PQKP\WWSXTIKMQV _I[\PMJMOQVVQVO
WN\PMM`Q[\MVKMWN\PMI]\WVWUW][;MZJQIV[\I\MQV\PMVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za
204
<PM)]\WVWUaWN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI
<PM5QTW5IZI[PTQ)TQ8I[PIIOZMMUMV\1V\MZVIT[MTNOW^MZVUMV\
IVLR]ZQ[LQK\QWVW^MZ\PM;MZJQIV[M\\TMUMV\[M`KMX\\W_V[IVL
KQ\QM[<PM8ZQVKM_I[ZM[XWV[QJTMNWZ\PMKWTTMK\QWVWN\PMIVV]IT
\ZQJ]\M
;MZJQIVTMILMZ[OZIV\ML5QTW7JZMVW^QË\PMZQOP\\W\PMPMZMLQ\IZa
\Q\TMWN\PM8ZQVKM_Q\PQVPQ[LaVI[\a
<PM\PQZL0I\Q[PMZQNWN\PM8WZ\MOZIV\QVO\PMI]\WVWUa\W;MZJQI
:][[QIJMKIUM\PMWNèKQITXZW\MK\WZWN\PM;MZJQIVI]\WVWUa
1VILLQ\QWV\W\_MT^MZMOQWV[VIPQI[WN\PM*MTOZILM8I[PITQS\PM
I]\WVWUW][8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_I[MVTIZOML_Q\PIVW\PMZ[Q`
ZMOQWV[VIPQI[QV\PM[W]\PIVL[W]\PMI[\WN\PMKW]V\Za
;MZJQIZMKMQ^MLQ\[èZ[\+WV[\Q\]\QWV\PMèZ[\+WV[\Q\]\QWVWV\PM
*ITSIV[JIVVMLJa\PM8WZ\M[Q`_MMS[TI\MZ<PMIJWTQ\QWVWN
NM]LITZMTI\QWV[QV;MZJQI
<PM<]ZSQ[P+WV[\Q\]\QWV
!
)JLQKI\QWVWN8ZQVKM5QTW
,MXW[ITWN8ZQVKM5QPIQTWMTMK\QWVWN8ZQVKM)TMS[IVLIZ
3IZILRWZLRM^QË
<PMXI[[QVOWN\PM+Q^QT+WLMQV;MZJQI
<PM8IZQ[+WVOZM[[MY]ITQbML\PMI]\WVWUW][[\I\][WN;MZJQI_Q\P
\PMI]\WVWUQM[WN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QI<PMI]\WVWUaWN\PM
8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI_I[O]IZIV\MMLJa[Q`/ZMI\8W_MZ[)][\ZQI
8Z][[QI:][[QI.ZIVKM/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL8QMLUWV\
<PM+WVNMZMVKMQV3IVTQLbXI[[ML\PMLMKQ[QWVWV\PMMÎK]I\QWVWN
\PM7\\WUIVOIZZQ[WV[NZWUITT\W_V[M`KMX\*MTOZILM
8ZWXW[ITNWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWN\PM[MZJQIV^QKMZMITUWN <PM7\\WUIVOIZZQ[WVTMN\*MTOZILM
!
<PMXZWKTIUI\QWVWN\PM:MOMVKa8MV\MKW[\IT+WV[\Q\]\QWV
<PM.QZ[\;MZJW<]ZSQ[P_IZ
<PM;MKWVL;MZJW<]ZSQ[P_IZ
<PM*MZTQV+WVOZM[[ZMKWOVQbML\PMQVLMXMVLMVKMWN;MZJQI
205
<0-?):16<0--);<
v<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWV6M_[w,MKMUJMZ X! .ZWUW]Z;XMKQIT+WZZM[XWVLMV\
*MTOZILM,MK\P
<PMZM IZM PMZM IVL \PMZM \PZW]OPW]\ -]ZWXM [UITT [\I\M[ WZ
XZQVKQXITQ\QM[ WN _PQKP \PM M`Q[\MVKM _W]TL [WWV JM XZWJTMUI\QKIT _MZM Q\
VW\ \PI\ \PMQZ [Q\]I\QWV ZMVLMZ[ \PMU IV WJRMK\ WN LM[QZM \W UWZM \PIV WVM
XW_MZN]TVMQOPJW]Z;MZ^QIQ[WVMWN\PM[M1\Q[VMMLTM[[\WMV\MZPMZMQV\W\PM
KWV\MVLQVOIVLKTI[PQVOQV\MZM[\[WN<]ZSMa)][\ZQIIVL:][[QI#Q\Q[[]NèKQMV\
\W JMIZ QV UQVL[ \PI\ ;MZ^QI WJMa[ \PM 8WZ\M I[ Q\[ []bMZIQV XIa[ \ZQJ]\M \W
Q\ aM\ PWTL[ Q\[ PMIL ]X I[ QN Q\ _MZM ZMITTa QVLMXMVLMV\ IVL KW]TL LMNa I\
WVKM\PMLQXTWUIKaWN:][[QIV[\PMJIaWVM\[WN)][\ZQIIVL[KQUQ\IZWN\PM
<]ZSx?PMZMQ[;MZ^QI'yWVKM[IQLI8IZQ[QIVLIVLa\WI\ZI^MTTQVOVWJTMWN\PQ[
KW]V\Zax?PMZMQ[;MZ^QI)[_MTTUQOP\1I[SaW]x?PMZMQ[8IZQ['y_I[\PM
ZMXTa<PM;MZ^QIV[QV\Z]\PJMTQM^M\PI\\PMQZVM]\ZITQ\aQ[\PMUISM_MQOP\
\PI\SMMX[ITTXIZ\QM[M^MV#IVL\PI\LMKTIZI\QWVWV\PMQZXIZ\NWZWVM[QLM_W]TL
JMNI\IT\W\PMW\PMZIVLQV^WT^M\PM_PWTMWN-]ZWXMQVQV[\IV\_IZ
)V\QË ) +W]V\Za WN 0WTQLIa[ IVL I +Q\a WN 5WV]UMV\[ *MTOZILM>MTQSI
8TIVI
1V \MV[QWV[_MZMPQOPQV\PM-I[\-]ZWXMIV[\I\M[NZWU,MVUIZSIVL
8WTIVL [W]\P_IZL LW_V \W 3aZOab[\IV QV :][[QI ? *I]UOIZ\ <PM +ZQUMIV ?IZ
4WVLWV!!!X
)N\MZ \PM :][[QIV IZUa WKK]XQML ?ITTIKPQI IVL 5WTLI^QI \PM [\ZI\MOQK
QUXWZ\IVKMWN;MZJQI_I[W^MZZI\MLJa*ZQ\Q[PIVL.ZMVKPNWZMQOVXWTQKaUISMZ[1\_I[
IZO]ML\PI\PIL\PM:][[QIVIZUaMV\MZML;MZJQI\PMW]\TM\\W\PM)LZQI\QK;MI_W]TLJM
I]\WUI\QKITTaWXMVML\WQ\1\_I[_QLMTaJMTQM^ML\PI\\PQ[_W]TL[MIT\PMLM[\QVaWN\PM
<PMZMIZMPW_M^MZ^MZaNM_;MZ^QIV[_PWIZM[]NèKQMV\TaLMMXQVXWTQ\QK[
\WJMUWZM\PIVMQ\PMZ:][[QIVWZ<]ZSQ[PQV\PMQZTMIVQVO[*]\\PMZMIZM[WUM
_PW OW [W NIZ I[ \W NWZM[PILW_ \PM M`Q[\MVKM WN I ;MZ^QIV SQVOLWU PI^QVO
NWZQ\[NZWV\QMZWV\PM[QLMWN)][\ZQI{VW\\PM;I^MIVL\PM,IV]JMJ]\\PM
,IV]JMIVL\PM,ZI^M\ISQVOQV;TI^WVQI_PQKP[XMIS[\PM;MZ^QIVTIVO]IOM#
QVKT]LQVO*W[VQIIVL5WV\MVMOZW_PW[MQVPIJQ\IV\[L_MTTQVOQVNI[\VM[[M[
QVIKKM[[QJTM ITUW[\ \W IVa J]\ \PMU[MT^M[ []XXTa \PMU _Q\P \PM XT]VLMZ WN
\PMXTIQV[#IVLèVITTa\PM0MZbMOW^QVIIVLIKW]XTMWNXWZ\[WV\PM)LZQI\QK
_PQKP_W]TLUISM\PMUQVLMXMVLMV\WN\PM,IV]JMNWZ[]XXTQM[IVLWXMVI
KWZVUIZSM\NWZ-]ZWXMIV^M[[MT[_Q\PW]\\PMVMKM[[Q\aWNMV\MZQVO\PM*TIKS
[MI<PMUWZMMVTQOP\MLIVLJM[\QVNWZUML;MZ^QIV[_PW\P][IV\QKQXI\MWV
\PMM^MV\]ITQ\QM[WN_IZIZM\WWWN\MVJTQVLPW_M^MZ\W\PMNIK\\PI\;MZ^QI
I[ I\ XZM[MV\ KWV[\Q\]\ML KIV LW TQ\\TM \W_IZL[ WJ\IQVQVO \PM[M OZIVL MVL[
_Q\PW]\I[[Q[\IVKM1\Q[WJ^QW][\PI\NZWU\PM:][[QIV[{QV\W_PW[MPIVL[
[WUM;MZ^QIV[NMMTQVKT]LML\W\PZW_\PMU[MT^M[{TQ\\TM_W]TLJMOIQVML[I^M
IJ[WZX\QWVQV\W\PMILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^MIVLLM[XW\QK[a[\MUWNIXZW^QVKMWN\PM
+bIZ#NZWU\PM)][\ZQIV[VW\PQVO[I^MIXIZ\QKQXI\QWVQVPMZTIZOMLMJ\[IVL
PMZKWV[KZQX\QWV#_PQT[\]VLMZ\PM[]bMZIQV\aWN<]ZSMaQ\Q[XW[[QJTMNWZ\PMU\W
OZW_QVKQ^QTQ[I\QWVIVL^QOW]Z)\XZM[MV\PW_M^MZ\PMNWZKM[WN\PM;MZ^QIV[
KIVVW\JMZI\ML[WPQOPTaI[\PMa\PMU[MT^M[_W]TLUISM\PM_WZTLJMTQM^MVWZ
M^MVI[V]UMZW][I]\PWZQ\QM[I[[MZ\1\PI[JMMV[\I\ML\PI\QV\PM0]VOIZQIV
_IZ\PM;MZ^QIV[[]XXWZ\ML)][\ZQI_Q\PIVIZUaWNUMV6W\PQVOKIV
JMUWZMMÌOOMZI\ML\PIV\PQ[1V\PMèZ[\XTIKM\PMNWZKM_PQKPTMN\*MTOZILM
KWV[Q[\MLWNVWUWZM\PIVUMV#IVLQV\PM[MKWVLQ\Q[M`\ZMUMTaLW]J\N]T
_PM\PMZ\PMI[[Q[\IVKM\P][INNWZLML_I[MNNMK\]IT1\_W]TL[MMUNZWU_PI\Q[
7\\WUIV-UXQZMЈ. Ристић, Србија и Кримска војна, Историјски списи, Београд
!2:Q[\QK;MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ0Q[\WZQKIT?ZQ\QVO[*MTOZILM!
:][[QI_I[\PMWNèKQITx8ZW\MK\WZy_PQTM\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM_I[x;]bMZIQVy
WN\PM8ZQVKQXITQ\aWN;MZJQI
<PM*ZQ\Q[PX]JTQK_I[JQ\\MZTaIVL[\ZWVOTaQVé]MVKQVO\PM+IJQVM\\WMV\MZQV
\W\PM_IZL]ZQVO;]UUMZIVL)]\]UV 1\_I[_ZWVOTaJMTQM^ML\PI\\PM:][[QIV
WKK]XI\QWVWN?ITTIKPQIIVL5WTLI^QIKI][ML[PWZ\IOM[WNJZMILQV*ZQ\Q[PKQ\QM[
,]ZQVO *ZQ\Q[P LQXTWUIKa WV [M^MZIT WKKI[QWV[ IKK][ML )][\ZQI IVL
:][[QIWNXTW\\QVO\WLQ^QLM\PM*ITSIV8MVQV[]TI8;PZWMLMZ)][\ZQI*ZQ\IQVIVL\PM
+ZQUMIV?IZ6M_AWZS!
=VLMZ\PMKWUUIVLWN;\MÎV3VQKIVQV^WT]V\MMZ[NW]OP\QV;W]\PMZV
0]OIZaЈ. Ристић, Србија и Кримска војна, Историјски списи, Београд, !!
2:Q[\QK;MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ0Q[\WZQKIT?ZQ\QVO[*MTOZILM!X!
208
SVW_VWN\PMUPMZM\PI\\PM[MUMV_MZMI[W]ZKMWNOZMI\MZNMIZ\W\PMQZNZQMVL[
\PIV\W\PMQZMVMUQM[<PMaMV\MZML;TI^WVQIMVUI[[M#IVLQV[\MILWNIK\QVOQV
IVaLQ[KQXTQVML][MN]TUIVVMZ\PMa[XMV\\PMQZ\QUMQVXT]VLMZQVOVW\WVTa
\PMNWM[WN\PMPW][MWN0IJ[J]ZOJ]\\PMKP]ZKPM[WN\PM/ZMMSXMZ[]I[QWV
\PZW]OPW]\\PMKW]V\Za_PQKP\PMaW^MZZ]V<PMQZ\ZWXPQM[WN[QT^MZIVLOWTL
JZW]OP\JIKS\W;MZ^QIIN\MZ\PMM`XQZI\QWVWN\PM_IZKWV[Q[\MLXZQVKQXITTa
WN K]X[ IVL KPITQKM[ IVL XZMKQW][ QUIOM[ [\WTMV NZWU \PM /ZMMS +P]ZKPM[
WN\PMJWZLMZ)OIQVQ\Q[I[[MZ\ML\PI\;MZ^QIKW]TLN]ZVQ[PIJWLaWN\ZWWX[
WNIJW]\UMV=VLW]J\MLTa[]KPUQOP\JM\PMKI[M]VLMZI[a[\MU
WNKWV[KZQX\QWV_PQKP_W]TL\ISM\PMUMVNZWU\PMQZPWUM[IVLOQ^M\PMU
WNèKMZ[ IVL LQ[KQXTQVM# J]\ \PM WVTa \ZWWX[ QV ;MZ^QI _PQKP IZM LZM[[ML IVL
KWV[Q[\WNIJW]\UMVKTW\PMLQV:][[QIV]VQNWZU[IVL_Q\PW]\WNèKMZ[
)\IZM^QM_INM_LIa[[QVKM\PMKWUXIVQM[_MZMKWUUIVLMLQV[]KKM[[QWVJa
\PM[IUMKIX\IQV[TQM]\MVIV\[IVLVWVKWUUQ[[QWVMLWNèKMZ[_PWUQOP\JM
WJ[MZ^MLZ][PQVONZWUXTIKM\WXTIKMQVKWV[QLMZIJTMP]ZZaIVL\ZMXQLI\QWV
<PM;MZ^QIV[PW_M^MZIZMJZI^M#IVL_PMVLQ[KQXTQVML_W]TLJMI[XTMVLQL
NWZKM<PMaIZMI\XZM[MV\PW_M^MZQVI[WUM_PI\JIZJIZW][[\I\MJMQVOQV
UIVaZM[XMK\[I[JIKS_IZLI[\PMXMWXTMWN\PMTM[[XWTQ[PMLXIZ\[WN<]ZSMa
IVL PWTLQVO QV KWV[QLMZIJTM KWV\MUX\ \PM IUMVQ\QM[ IVL WZLQVIZa K][\WU[
WN KQ^QTQ[I\QWV )[ IV QV[\IVKM Q\ Q[ WVTa VMKM[[IZa \W [Ia \PI\ \PMQZ _WUMV
IT\PW]OP\PMaMVRWa\PMXZQ^QTMOM[WN+PZQ[\QIV[IZM[KIZKMTaTM[[[TI^M[\PIV
\PW[MWN<]ZSMa#IVL\PI\QV;MZ^QIVNIUQTQM[INI\PMZQ[VM^MZWJ[MZ^ML\W\ZMI\
IVaJ]\PQ[[WV[_Q\PZM[XMK\IVLINNMK\I\QWV<PM;MZ^QIVw[_QNMWJMa[PQUI[
PMZTWZLIVLOQ^M[PQUIVIUW]V\WNWJMLQMVKM\PI\VWKQ^QTQ[ML-]ZWXMIV[
KIVKWVKMQ^MWZ_W]TLLZMIUWNMÌK\QVO{[PMLIZMVW\MI\]V\QTPMPI[MI\MV
VWZLZQVS\QTTPMPI[PMTXMLPQU[MTN 6WZQ[Q\TQSMTa\PI\U]KPKIVJMLWVM
QV\PM+PZQ[\QIVKW]V\ZQM[NWTTW_QVO\PMZQ\M[WN\PM/ZMMS+P]ZKP]V\QT[WUM
ZMNWZUQ[UILMQV\PMKMZMUWVQM[IVLQVé]MVKMWN\PI\+P]ZKP?MSVW_\PI\
QV:][[QI\PMZMIZM]X_IZL[WNPWTQLIa[QV\PMaMIZ1V\PI\WN;MZ^QI\PMZM
IZM PWTQLIa[# IVL \PM)ZKPJQ[PWX PMZM _PW _I[ WVKM \PM UIZUQ\WV WN
8ZQVKM5QTW[KPPI[TI\MTaX]\NWZ\P\PMMVWZUW][XZM\MV[QWV\PI\\PMXMWXTM
<PMZM _MZM ;MZJ[ _PW RWQVML \PM :][[QIV )ZUa QV ?ITTIKPQI TM[[
\PIV\PM/ZMMS[IVL*]TOIZQIV[IUWVO\PMU_I[8M\IZ,]SM<WUI>]ÍQË8MZQQËw[
OZIVL[WV
8ZQVKM[[4R]JQKI_I[\PMèZ[\NMUITM;MZJ_PW_I[OQ^MVIXTIKMI\\PMLQVQVO
\IJTM [WNZI Т. Р. Ђорђевић, Србија у доба кнеза Милоша, Београд !<:
,RWZLRM^QK;MZJQIQV\PM)OMWN8ZQVKM5QTW[*MTOZILM!
WNM^MZa+PZQ[\QIVLMVWUQVI\QWV[PW]TLSMMX\PMQZV]UMZW][NM\M[PWTa<PM
;MZ^QIV_PW\P][TIJW]Z[NWZIP]VLZMLLIa[W]\WNM^MZaKIVJM[KIZKMTa
[IQL\W]VLMZ[\IVL\PMÎT]MWN\QUM!<PMZMIZMQVLMML^MZaNM_\PQVO[\PI\
\PMaKIVLW<PMZMIZMVWKIZXMV\MZ[VWZ[UQ\P[VWZTIJW]ZMZ[\PZW]OPW]\\PM
KW]V\Za#IVLM^MV\PMPW][M[IZMJ]QT\Ja_WZSUMV_PWKWUMW]\WN)][\ZQI
QV[]UUMZ\WZM\]ZVQV_QV\MZ\W\PMQZPWUM[_Q\P\PMQZMIZVQVO[<PMZMQ[
VW\IVQVVW]\WN*MTOZILM_PMZMI\ZI^MTTMZKIV[TMMXIVLQNPM_IV\[IJMLPM
U][\\ISMQ\_Q\PPQU;]KPJMQVO\PM[\I\MWN;MZ^QIQ\Q[[WUM_PI\[]ZXZQ[QVO
\WèVLQ\[XMWXTMX]\\QVONWZ_IZL[]KPXZM\MV[QWV[I[\PMQZXZQLMQVL]KM[\PMU
\WPWTL1\_I[_Q\PVW[UITTQV\MZM[\\PI\1_Q\VM[[MLaM[\MZLIaIVQUXW[QVO
KMZMUWVaQVKWUUMUWZI\QWVWN;MZ^QIVQVLMXMVLMVKM<PMXZQ^QTMOM[IKKWZLML
Ja\PM8WZ\MI\ÎZQW][\QUM[_MZMKZW_VMLI\TI[\Ja\PMOZIV\QVOWNIJMZI\
WZèZUIV_PQKP[MK]ZML\W\PM;MZ^QIV[\PMZQOP\WNOW^MZVQVO \PMU[MT^M[#
IVL\PMIVVQ^MZ[IZaWN\PQ[RWaN]TLIaQ[KMTMJZI\ML_Q\PKWV[QLMZIJTMXWUX
7V\PMXZM[MV\WKKI[QWV\PMJZQOP\M[\[]V[PQVMTMV\IVQUI\QWV\W\PM[KMVM
IVL\PMJZI[[WZVIUMV\[WN\PM/ZMMS+P]ZKPI[_MTTI[\PMbQVK[XQZM[WN\PM
UQVIZM\[OTQ[\MVMLQVQ\[ZIa[I[\PMKIVVWVJWWUMLQVPWVW]ZWN\PMLIa
IVL\PMJIVLWN\PM:WaITZMOQUMV\XTIaML]XWV\PM[Y]IZM\PMUW[\QV[XQZQVO
\]VM[<PM\ZWWX[WN\PMOIZZQ[WVLZM[[MLQV:][[QIV]VQNWZU[_MZMLZI_V]X
QVUIZ\QITIZZIaIVL\PMWNèKMZ[QVITT\PMXZQLMWNOWTLTIKMIVLZWaITJT]M
[\Z]\\MLIJW]\\PMOZW]VL_Q\PKWV[QIJTMQUXWZ\IVKMQV\PMQZI[XMK\
<PMQV\MZQWZWN\PMKP]ZKPQ[TQSMUW[\WN\PM/ZMMSMLQèKM[WN\PM[IUM
KPIZIK\MZILWZVML_Q\PNZM[KWM[_PQKPVW\WVTaèTT\PMÎ]T\MLKMQTQVO[J]\
_PQKPKW^MZ\PMXIVMT[WN\PM[KZMMV)LIQ[_I[ZIQ[MLQVNZWV\WN\PM[KZMMV
WV_PQKPJa\]ZV[\PM)ZKPJQ[PWXQVOWTLKW[\]UMIVL_Q\P[XTMVLQLUQ\ZM
WNèKQI\ML I[[Q[\ML Ja [XTMVLQLTa LZM[[ML XZQM[\[ JMIZLML VWJTa TQSM PQU[MTN
<PM[MZ^QKMKWV[Q[\MLKPQMéaWNNWZU]TIMIVLKMZMUWVQM[UWZMIJ[]ZLQVUa
MaM[\PIV\PW[MWN\PM:WUIV+I\PWTQK+P]ZKP#IVL\PMXZQM[\[_PMV\PMa
!
Л. Димитријевић, Како наш народ живи, Београд !4,QUQ\ZQRM^QK
0W_,W7]Z8MWXTM4Q^M*MTOZILM !
;\)VLZM_KMTMJZI\QWVLIa,MKMUJMZ_I[\PMTWVOM[\KMTMJZI\MLLIa
WN\PM[\I\MPWWLQV;MZJQINZWU \W <PMLQ[X]\MJM\_MMV\PM*ZQ\Q[POW^MZVUMV\IVL\PM:WUIV+I\PWTQK+P]ZKP
_I[QVXZWOZM[[I\\PI\\QUM7V\PMW\PMZPIVLQV;MZJQI\PMMY]IT\ZMI\UMV\WNITT
LMVWUQVI\QWVIVLZMTQOQWV[_I[XZWKTIQUMLQV <PQ[)K\_I[XIZ\TaQV[\QOI\ML
Ja*ZQ\IQVIVL.ZIVKM1V \PMKWV[\Z]K\QWVWNI[MXIZI\MKP]ZKPJ]QTLQVONWZ\_W
P]VLZML*MTOZILM8ZW\M[\IV\[_I[IOZMML
210
IXXZWIKPML\PMQZ5M\ZWXWTQ\IVJW_MLTW_JMNWZMIVL[\WWXML\WSQ[[PQ[PIVL
)KPWQZWVMIKP[QLMKPIV\MLVW_IVL\PMVI[\ZIVOMIVLPIZUWVQW][X[ITU
_PQKP[W]VLML[PZQTTIVLLQ[KWZLIV\\PZW]OPW]\\PMMLQèKM<PM5QVQ[\MZ[WN
\PM;MZ^QIV8ZQVKM5ZLM.WVJTIVY]M\PM*ZQ\Q[P+WV[]T/MVMZITIVL\PM
WNèKQITXMZ[WV[WN\PM)][\ZQIVIVL.ZMVKP-UJI[[QM[_MZMXZM[MV\QVJZQTTQIV\
KW[\]UM<PMKMZMUWVaJMQVOW^MZ\PM)ZKPJQ[PWXUIZKPML]X\W\PMLIQ[
IVLLMTQ^MZMLIVM`PWZ\I\QWV\WPQ[éWKS\WJMUWLMZI\MQV\PMQZUWLMWNTQNM
IVLQV\PMLQZMK\QWVWN\PMINNIQZ[_PQKP\PMaUQOP\PI^M]VLMZ\PMQZKPIZOM
0MZM\]ZVMLIVL\_WXZQM[\[\PMVILÎVKML\W\PMLIQ[IVLLMTQ^MZML{\PM
èZ[\ I XZIaMZ NWZ \PM PMIT\P WN )JL]T5MLRQL \PM ;]T\IV IVL \PM [MKWVL I
XZIaMZ NWZ )TMÌVLMZ XZQVKM WN ;MZ^QI )[ \PM XZQM[\[ ZM\QZML 1 WJ[MZ^ML IV
M`\ZIWZLQVIZa UW^MUMV\ IUWVO[\ I[[MUJTML KZW_L 1\ [MMUML I[ QN [WUM
ZMUIZSIJTM KQZK]U[\IVKM PIL WKK]ZZML# IVL QV \Z]\P Q\ IXXMIZML \PI\ Q\
_I[[W<PM][]ITXZIaMZNWZ\PM:][[QIV-UXMZWZPILJMMVWUQ\\MLWV\PQ[
WKKI[QWV<PMèZ[\MUW\QWVKI][MLJa\PQ[KQZK]U[\IVKMPI^QVO[]J[QLML\PM
KZW_LY]QM\TaXW]ZMLW]\WN\PMÎZQW][OI\M[WN\PMKP]ZKP
) NM_ [IOIKQW][ XMWXTM []XXW[M \PI\ \PM LM[QZM[ WN \PM ;MZ^QIV
/W^MZVUMV\ PI^M JMMV WVTa \P][ WJMaML Ja \PM )ZKPJQ[PWX QV WZLMZ \PI\
PMUIaPI^MIVM`K][MNWZ[XMKQITTa[MVLQVO]XIXZIaMZNWZ\PM+bIZWV;\
6QKPWTI[,IaVM`\IXXZWIKPQVO#J]\\PM]\UW[\MVLMI^W]Z[IZMJMQVOUILM\W
UISM\PM;MZ^QIVKTMZOaIJIVLWV\PQ[LM[QOV
7VM _WZL IJW]\ Z]UW]Z[ _PQKP IZM K]ZZMV\ QV -VOTIVL ZM[XMK\QVO
;MZ^QI1\Q[VW\\Z]M\PI\\PM;MZ^QIV/W^MZVUMV\PI[ZMY]M[\ML\PMZM\]ZV\W
*MTOZILMWN5Z5WVSPQU5]KPQV\PM:][[QIV+WV[]T<PI\OMV\TMUIVQ[
I\;MUTQV[]NNMZQVONZWUKPQTJTIQV[{IZMUIZSIJTMINéQK\QWVNWZI6WZ\PMZV
5MIV_PQTMIT\PW]OP\PM:][[QIVéIOQ[[\Z]KSNZWUUI[\JMNWZM\PM+WV[]TIZ
L_MTTQVOIVL\PMIZU[IZM\ISMVLW_V[\QTT\PMKWTW]Z[IZMXIQV\MLIVLZMUIQV
I[IVMUJTMUWV_PI\UIaVW_JMKITTML[aUJWTQKITTa\PMJIZMXWTM
<PMZM Q[ VW \Z]\P QV \PM [\I\MUMV\ WN IV MVOIOMUMV\ WV \PM ;MZ^QIV
NZWV\QMZ<PMÎZQW][[\WZQM[WN\PI\SQVLIZMUMZMQV^MV\QWV[
<PM:][[QIV+WV[]TOMVMZIT<]UIV[SMa_I[JaITTKZQ\MZQIIUWVO\PMUW[\
QVé]MV\QITXMZ[WV[QV;MZJQII\\PMJMOQVVQVOWN 0Q[[]KKM[[WZ5]KPQV[WWV_I[
WZLMZML\WTMI^M;MZJQIIVL\WOW\WVMQOPJWZQVOBMU]V;MUTQV-^MV\PW]OPQ\_I[
[MMV I[ WUQVW][ IVL NI\MN]T \PM _Q\PLZI_IT _I[ IXXZW^ML I[ I KWV[MY]MVKM WN \PM
:][[QIVLMKQ[QWV\WZM[XMK\;MZJQIVVM]\ZITQ\a
<0-?):76<0-,)6=*-
v<PM1TT][\ZI\ML4WVLWVVM_[w2IV]IZa X
.ZWUW]Z[XMKQIT+WZZM[XWVLMV\
6MOW\QV,MK
<PMZM IZM \_W _Ia[ QV []UUMZ TMILQVO NZWU \PM )][\ZQIV NZWV\QMZ I\
;MUTIZ;MUTQVBMU]V\W\PM<]ZSQ[PI\?QLLQV"\PMèZ[\[PWZ\IVLIOZMMIJTM
\PM [MKWVL TWVO IVL NI\QO]QVO 1V _QV\MZ PW_M^MZ \PMZM Q[ VW KPWQKM <PM
VI^QOI\QWVWN\PM,IV]JM[WIOZMMIJTMIVL[WÎZQMLJa[XTMVLQL[KMVMZaQ[
QV\MZZ]X\MLJa\PMNZW[\IVL\PM\ZI^MTTMZ_PW[MMS[\WRW]ZVMaQV\W<]ZSMa
U][\XMZNWZKMKWV[MV\\W]VLMZOW\PMTWVOXZQÎ\QWV[WNITIVLRW]ZVMa<PM[M
XZQÎ\QWV[ IZM ^MZa U]KP QVKZMI[ML Ja \PM UW]V\IQVW][ NWZUI\QWV WN \PM
KW]V\Za\PZW]OP_PQKPQ\Q[VMKM[[IZa\WXI[[IVLJa\PMVI\]ZITQUXMLQUMV\[
[]XMZILLMLWN[VW_QKMIVLNWO1\_I[VW\\PMZMNWZM_Q\PW]\KWV[QLMZIJTM
XZMXIZI\QWV \PI\ aW]Z +WZZM[XWVLMV\ [\IZ\ML NZWU *MTOZILM WV I RW]ZVMa
KZW[[QVO;MZ^QIIVLWVIZW]\MMVKWUXI[[MLJaITX[WNKWV[QLMZIJTMPMQOP\
<PM ZWIL[ Q\ _I[ _MTT SVW_V _MZM M`MKZIJTM QV OWWL _MI\PMZ?PI\ UQOP\
\PMaVW\JMIN\MZ[VW_PILTIQV]XWV\PMU'1VV[Q\_I[MY]ITTaKMZ\IQV\PMZM
_MZMVWVM{I\TMI[\QV\PM-]ZWXMIV[MV[MWN\PM_WZL1\_I[\PMZMNWZMXWTQ\QK
\WKIZZaJM[QLM[\PM][]ITJIOOIOMIVLKWUXTMUMV\WNN]ZXMTQ[[M[IKW^MZTM\
\W[TMMXWV\MISVQ^M[IVLNWZS[IVL[XWWV[VIXSQV[IVLXZW^Q[QWV[
)P]ZZQKIVM_I[JTW_QVOI\*MTOZILMWV\PM\PWN,MKMUJMZ<PM[VW_
PILNITTMV\PQKS\PZW]OPW]\\PMVQOP\IVLJ]\TQ\\TMKPIVKMIXXMIZMLWNKPIVOM
1\_I[\PMZMNWZM]VLMZ]VXZWUQ[QVOI][XQKM[\PI\\PMTQ\\TMXIZ\aWNPWZ[MUMV
KWUXW[QVOW]ZM`XMLQ\QWVTMN\*MTOZILMJMPQVL8MZPIX[]VLMZUWZMNI^W]ZIJTM
KQZK]U[\IVKM[\PM[QOP\WN\PM[MUQ<]ZSQ[PKQ\aQVQ\[XZWUQVMV\XW[Q\QWVWV
212
\PMXZWUWV\WZa\PI\KWUUIVL[\PM,IV]JMIVL\PM;I^MUQOP\PI^MJMMV
XQK\]ZM[Y]M IVL JMI]\QN]T <PM [QOP\ WN UQVIZM\[ QV\MZUQ`ML _Q\P +PZQ[\QIV
[\MMXTM[Q[VW\I[XMK\IKTM\PI\TMI^M[\PMUQVLTWVO]VQUXZM[[ML<PM[\Z]OOTM
WN\PM+ZM[KMV\IVL\PM+ZW[[Q[UIVQNM[\M`\MZVITTa#\PM<]ZSIVL\PM+PZQ[\QIV
UQVOTQVOQV\PM[\ZMM\[IVL[KW_TQVOI\MIKPW\PMZ)TT\PQ[Q[XZM[MV\\W\PM
UQVL*]\[VW_IVL_QVL_Q\PQ\[IKKWUXIVQUMV\[[WWVLMZQ^MI\\MV\QWVNZWU
ITTM`KMX\NZWUWVMw[[MTN#IVL\ZI^MTTMZ[PZQ^MZQVO\]ZV[PQ[JIKSWV*MTOZILM
IVLKWUUMVKM[\PMI[KMV\WN\PMZMV\[QV\PML][SaKTW]L[\PM[Y]IZM\W_MZ[
WNIZ]QVML:WUIVKI[\TM<PM+ZM[KMV\IVL\PM+ZW[[ÎVQ[PNWZIUWUMV\
IVLLQU^Q[QWV[WN1UXMZQITTMOQWV[O]IZLQVO;MZ^QIVXI[[M[ZQ[MJMNWZMMaM*a
\PM\QUM\PMQLMI[\P][ZIQ[MLIVLL_MT\WVIZMZMXTIKMLJaW\PMZ[I^QTTIOMQ[
QV[QOP\KWV[Q[\QVOWN[UITTTW_PW][M[UILMWN_WWLIVLU]LIVLKW^MZML
_Q\P\PMJZIVKPQVO[\ZI_WN1VLQIVKWZV-IKPTQ\\TMKW\\IOM_Q\PQ\[LQZ\aaIZL
IVLW`MVQ\[_I\KPN]TLWOIVLOWJJTQVOOMM[MVM[\TM[[MXIZI\MTaQV\PMUQL[\
WNWZKPIZL[[]ZZW]VLMLJa_WWLMVXITQ[ILM[[Q`WZ[M^MVNMM\QVPMQOP\1V\PM
KMV\ZMWN\PMXTIKMQ[\PMQVV_PMZM\PMPWZ[M[IVL\PMQZZQLMZ[XIZS\WOM\PMZ
IVL \ISM ZMNZM[PUMV\[ <PMZM IZM J]\ \_W IXMZ\]ZM[ QV \PM KWUUWV QVV WN
;MZ^QI"\PZW]OP\PMèZ[\\PM\ZI^MTTMZMV\MZ[IVL\PZW]OP\PM[MKWVL\PM[UWSM
WN I JTIbQVO èZM UISM[ Q\[ M`Q\ 1V \Z]\P \PM PW][M[ WN ;MZ^QIV ^QTTIOM[ TQSM
\PW[MQV\PM0QOPTIVL[WN;KW\TIVLIZMUWZMTQSMKPQUVMa[\PIVIVa\PQVOMT[M
<PMèZMIVL\PM[UWSMIZM[]KPXIZIUW]V\VMKM[[Q\QM[\PI\ITTQ[[IKZQèKML\W
\PMU:W]VL\PMKPMMZN]TTWO[\PI\JTIbMQV\PMUQL[\\PM;MZ^QIV[Y]I\[IVL
[QX[?Q\PPQ[KWUXTMUMV\WN[I]KMXIV[\PMUMQIVLRQIPUISM[\PMKWNNMMWN
\PMO]M[\[WZJWQT[\PMJMIV[_PQKPIZM\PMWVTaNIZMWJ\IQVIJTMQVLIa[WNNI[\
0IVOQVOQVNM[\WWV[ITWVO\PM[QLM[IZMPQLM[WNW`MV[MMXIVLXQO[QVÎZQW][
[\IOM[WN[UWSMIVLXZM[MZÎ\QWV0QOPMZ]X\PMKPQUVMaIZMTQVM[WN[\ZQX[WN
JMMN#IVL[\ZIOOTQVOM^MZa_PMZMWVXMO[IVLXWTM[IVLVIQT[\PMNI\WNPWO[
IVL _MLLMZ[ Q[ [][XMVLML \QTT \PM LIa WN UIZSM\QVO 1V \PM UQL[\ WN [UWSM
_PQKPMUIVI\M[VW\WVTaNZWU\PMJTIbQVOTWO[J]\NZWU\PMXQXM[WNM^MZa
XMZ[WVQV\PMXTIKM\PMUIZ\QITèO]ZMWN\PM<IZ\IZ_Q\PUW][\IKPMIVLIZU[
\PMNIZTM[[PIVL[WUM]VQNWZUWN\PM-]ZWXMIV[#IVL\PM[\ITSQVOQVVSMMXMZ
_Q\PZMLKIXIVL_PQ\MIXZWVIVLPQ[[\WZMWNSVQ^M[[\]KSQVPQ[JMT\IZMJ]\
LQUTa^Q[QJTMIVLTWWSTQSM^Q[QWV[WN\PM*ZWKSMV;]KPQ[I\Z]\PN]T[SM\KP
WN \PM èZ[\ ;MZ^QIV QVV 1 MV\MZML { I XQK\]ZM _PQKP UIa JM NW]VL ZMXMI\ML
\PZW]OPW]\\PMTMVO\PIVLJZMIL\PWN\PMKW]V\Za
<PM)]\PWZXZWJIJTaXI[[ML4Q\\TM>ZIKIZVW_ILIa[\PM>ZIKIZPQTTZMIKPML
)ÎTI5W]V\IQV_PMZMIVWTL<]ZSQ[PNWZ\ZM[[M`Q[\MLIVLXZWKMMLML\W/ZWKSI
8ZWXW[ITNWZ\PMKZMI\QWVWN\PM[MZJQIV^QKMZMITUWN ;MZJQIV1VV
213
214
/ZW\[PSIWV\PMUIX[MMU[VWOZMI\LQ[\IVKMNWZU*MTOZILM<PMZWIL
PW_M^MZ_I[[WJIL\PI\Q\_I[LIZSJMNWZM_MZMIKPMLQ\<PMQVVPILWVM
ILÎV\IOM_PQKP\PMèZ[\_M^Q[Q\MLPILVW\"Q\PILI[\W^MIVL_QVLW_#IVL
_PMV\PMLWWZ_I[WXMVMLI[KWZMWN[_QVMPMZL[LZW^MZ[IVLXMI[IV\[_MZM
LQUTa^Q[QJTMWV\PMZIQ[MLLIQ[_PQKPNWZU[\PM[TMMXQVOXTIKMNWZITT7V\PQ[
I<]ZS_I[[Y]I\\QVOIVLY]QM\TaMVRWaQVOIVIZOPQTM)ZW]VLPQU_MZM\PM
LZW_[aNWZU[WN[TMMXaXMI[IV\[#\PMK]VVQVOèO]ZMWN\PM;QVbI\ZILMZXMMZML
IUQL[\\PM[UWSM#IVL\PMUMQIVLRQIP_I[Y]QM\TaUISQVOKWNNMMIUQL[\\PM
VWQ[MIVL]XZWIZ
1\UIaJM_MTT\WZMUQVL\PM\ZI^MTTMZ_PW^Q[Q\[;MZ^QI\PI\NWZè^M_MMS[
JMNWZM+PZQ[\UI[LIaIVLNWZ[M^MVJMNWZM-I[\MZ\PM/ZMMS+P]ZKPMVIK\[I
NI[\NZWUM^MZa\PQVOJ]\è[PIVL^MOM\IJTM[)KKWZLQVOTaI\/ZW\[PSIJMIV[
IVLXIXZQSI\[KPIXMXXMZa[W]XWN[IT\MLè[P_I[ITT\PMNWWL\PI\KW]TLJM
PIL?MZMRWQKML\PI\[IUMM`KMTTMV\[I]KQ[[WV[LM4aWV[IKWTLZWI[\\]ZSMa
IVL[IZLQVM[NZWU*WZLMI]`_MZMXIZ\WNW]Z[\WZM[_PQKPMVIJTML][\WMSM
W]\\PMUQ[MZIJTM;MZ^QIVNIZM*]\Q\_I[_Q\PI[\QTTUWZMXTMI[]ZIJTM[MV[M
\PI\_MTIQLW]\W]Z_MTTXZMXIZMLJML]XWV\PMJWIZL[WN\PMQVV_PMV_M
LQ[KW^MZML \PI\ \PMZM _MZM VW [MXIZI\M ZWWU[ NWZ \ZI^MTTMZ[ IVL VW JML[ \W
JMPILQV;MZ^QI<PMZMQ[VWLMVaQVO\PI\[TMMXQVOQVWVMZWWUQVKWUXIVa
WN \_MV\a W\PMZ[ Q[ I XZIK\QKM \W _PQKP UWZM KQ^QTQ[ML -]ZWXMIV[ LW VW\ I\
èZ[\JMKWUMZMKWVKQTML<PMZMQ[VWOMVMZITM[XQZQ\LMKWV^MVIVKM_PQKPUISM[
\PM [QTMVKM WV _PQKP [TMMX LMXMVL[ QUXMZI\Q^M <PW[M _PW NITT I[TMMX I\ [Q`
XMZPIX[_QTTZQ[MI\\PZMM_PQT[\W\PMZ[_PWOW\WZWW[\I\VQVM_QTTXW[[QJTa
JM]XI[TI\MI[[Q`<PMZMQ[\PMZMNWZMVW[QVOTMQV[\IV\WN[QTMVKMWZZMXW[M
<PW[M _PW IZM IKK][\WUML \W Q\ PW_M^MZ [TMMX QV [XQ\M WN VWQ[M <PM WVTa
Y]QM\IVLVWQ[MTM[[\PQVO[IJW]\IZMWVMWZ\_WÎZQM\QM[WN\PMQV[MK\[XMKQM[
_PWIZMI[QVLMNI\QOIJTMQV\PMQZI\\IKS[I[\PMVWQ[MKMI[MTM[[);MZ^QIVQVV
INNWZL[ aW] M^MZa LIa _PI\ 8]VKPw[ -I[\MZV +WZZM[XWVLMV\ PI[ OZIKMN]TTa
KITTMLIV)ZIJQIV6QOPw[-V\MZ\IQVUMV\x4I\M\WJMLMIZTa\WZQ[MyQ[\PMZM[]T\
WN[]KPLQ[KWUNWZ\[<PM;MZ^QIV[IVL<]ZS[_PW[M[SQV[IZMPIZLMVMLNZWU
MIZTa aW]\P \W M^MZa [XMKQM[ WN QV[MK\ I\\IK OM\[ ]X I[ NZM[P I[ 1 _W]TL OM\
]XNZWUIJMLI\4WVOw[<PMNWZUMZI[\PMaZQ[MLM^W]\Ta[Ia\PMQZxKW[XWLQ
XWUQTVQyJW_LW_V\PMQZPMIL[I[\PMaUISM\PZMM\QUM[\PM[QOVWN\PMKZW[[
IVLLMXIZ\WV\PMQZMZZIVL[#\PM<]ZS[UWZMKTMIVTa_I[P\PMU[MT^M[)VL
\P][\PM[KMVMQ[ZMVM_MLMIKPVQOP\IVLUWZVQVO
8]VKP_I[I^MZaXWX]TIZP]UWZW][UIOIbQVML]ZQVO\PM>QK\WZQIVXMZQWL
-IZTa LI_V [I_ ][ WV \PM ZWIL \W ;MUMVLZQI ;UMLMZM^W <PM _Ia
NWZ I \QUM ZMUIQVML I[ L]TT I[ \PI\ NZWU *MTOZILM \W /ZW\[PSI# J]\ I[ \PM
[]V IXXMIZML IJW^M \PM PQTT[ \PM ,IV]JM KIUM QV [QOP\ Q\[ NZWbMV []ZNIKM
OTQ[\MVQVOQV\PMZIa[_PQT[\JMPQVLQ\QV\PMTQUXQLI\UW[XPMZMTIa\PMXTIQV[
WN \PM *IVI\ IVL \PM UW]V\IQV[ WN ?MQ[[SQZKPMV *MTI +ZSÎ 1N aW] PI^M
[MMVNZWU3TW[\]VMVJ]ZOIJW^M>QMVVI\PMPQTT[\PI\NWZU\PMOWZOMQV_PQKP
\PM\W_VWN8ZM[[J]ZOTQM[\PMVUIaaW]PI^MINIQV\QLMIWN\PMLQ[\IV\^QM_
NZWU/ZW\[PSIWN\PMUW]V\IQV[WN?MQ[[SQZKPMV<PMZMVW\UIVaaMIZ[IOW
I[MZQM[WNNMIZN]TMVOIOMUMV\[UIZSML\PMY]IZZMT[WN\PM;MZ^QIV[IVL\PM
0]VOIZQIV[ ?MQ[[SQZKPMV I [\ZWVOTaNWZ\QèML \W_V _I[ \ISMV IVL ZM\ISMV
\_QKM<PQ[Y]IZZMTJM\_MMV\PM;MZ^QIV[IVL0]VOIZQIV[_I[I[\ZIVOMWVM
8ZM^QW][\W\PMJZMISW]\WN\PM_IZJM\_MMV)][\ZQIIVL0]VOIZa\PMZMPIL
JMMV\PM5IOaIZ[IVL\PM+ZWI\[WV\PM*IVI\WVIY]M[\QWVWNML]KI\QWV
<PM0]VOIZQIV[_MZMLM[QZW][WNQUXW[QVO]XWV\PM+ZWI\[\PMQZTIVO]IOM
<PQ[ \PM +ZWI\[ ZM[Q[\ML IVL \PMa _MZM V]UJMZML L]ZQVO \PM ZM^WT]\QWV
IUWVO[\ \PM MVMUQM[ WN 0]VOIZa <PM ;MZ^QIV[ _PW[M IV\QXI\Pa \W)][\ZQI
Q[^MZaOZMI\_MZMZMILa\WRWQV\PM5IOaIZ[#IVLUIVaWN\PMQZKPQMN[_MZMI\
8M[\P_PMV\PM0]VOIZQIVIZUa_I[I\\PMOI\M[WN>QMVVI*]\PMZMIOIQVI
NIT[MXWTQKa_I[X]Z[]MLJa\PM5IOaIZTMILMZ[IVL\PM;MZ^QIV[_MZMITQMVI\ML
Ja \PM [IUM I[[]UX\QWV _PQKP PIL LMXZQ^ML 0]VOIZa WN \PM [aUXI\Pa WN
\PM +ZWI\ <PM UWZM XWTQ\QK ;MZ^QIV[ _PQT[\ ZMN][QVO \W JM IJ[WZJML QV \PM
0]VOIZQIVVI\QWVITQ\aLM\MZUQVML[WUM\WZM\]ZV\W\PMQZPWUM[W\PMZ[\W
èOP\ \PM )][\ZQIV[ QV 1\ITa )][\ZQI PW_M^MZ _Q\P KWV[QLMZIJTM KTM^MZVM[[
NWUMV\ML\PMY]IZZMTWN\PM;MZ^QIV[IVL0]VOIZQIV[IVL\PMVWJ\IQVML_MTT
\QUML I[[Q[\IVKM NZWU \PM NWZUMZ 0MVKM \PM JI\\TM[ WN?MQ[[SQZKPMV _PQKP
ZIVSIUWVO[\\PM[PIZXM[\IVLJM[\KWV\M[\MLWN\PM0]VOIZQIV[\Z]OOTM
<PMZMQ[VW\PQVO[WNZMMWZQV[XQZQ\QVOI[IOTWZQW][[]VZQ[M#IVLVWVM_I[
M^MZUWZM[W\PIVWV\PMWKKI[QWVWNW]ZTMI^QVO/ZW\[PSI)\\PMNWW\WN\PM
;MZ^QIVPQTT[_PQKPZMIZML\PMQZNWZU[\WIVMVWZUW][PMQOP\]XWV\PMZQOP\
<PM;MZJ[IVL0]VOIZQIV[_MZMMVOIOMLQV[M^MZITJI\\TM[VMIZ*MTI+ZSÎ
L]ZQVO 6W^MUJMZ IVL ,MKMUJMZ WN ;\Z]OOTM[ QV VMIZ ^QTTIOM[ <WUIMÎK
)TQJ]VIZIVL2IZSWÎK[]NNMZMLIPMIâ\WTTI[_MTT
<PMI]\PWZPQU[MTN_I[VW\Y]Q\M[]ZM_PI\\PMZMOQWV[_I[PM TWWSMLI\"
\P][PMKWV[QLMZMLQ\I[TWOQKIT\PI\;MZJ[TQ^MLQV;TI^WVQI\PM4IVLWN;TI^[_PQKP
_I[ [Q\]I\ML _M[\_IZL _PQTM QV *IVI\ KMZ\IQV +ZWI\[ _PW KWUXW[ML TM[[ \PIV WN \PM XWX]TI\QWV ITTMOMLTa PIL NW]OP\ \PMx_MTT SVW_Vy [\Z]OOTM NWZ ML]KI\QWVIT
I]\WVWUa
216
IVL KI[\QVO JZQOP\ ZMéMK\QWV[ WV \PM NZWbMV ,IV]JM \W_MZML \PM KW]V\TM[[
[Y]IZM[ WN \PM :WUIV NWZ\ZM[[ WN ;MUIVLZQI# QUXZMOVIJTM XW[[QJTa I\ \PM
XMZQWLWN\PMJI\\MZQVO{ZIUJ]\WNTQ\\TM][MI\XZM[MV\\PW]OPKWV\IQVQVO
I [UITT OIZZQ[WV ) XQ\a Q\ _W]TL JM \W [MM \PQ[ [\I\MTa MLQèKM IVL [XTMVLQL
ZMUQVQ[KMVKMLM[\ZWaMLJaUWLMZVKIVVWVJITT[*MPQVL\PMNWZ\ZM[[IVLNIZ
I_Ia \W TMN\ _MZM [\ZM\KPML \PM IUXTM NWTL[ WN \PM )][\ZQIV TIVL[KIXM <PM
_QV\MZ_QVLPILVW\aM\ZWJJML\PM;MZ^QIVWIS[WN\PMQZ_Q\PMZMLTMI^M[#\PM
[PIZXVWZ\PMZVO][\[PILLZQN\MLITUW[\ITT\PM[VW_QV\WPWTM[IVLO]TTQM[#\PM
XTIQV[WN\PM*IVI\JZW_V_Q\PZMML[TIaJZWILIVLUIRM[\QKQV\PMUWZVQVO
[]VIVL\PMTQOP\JT]MPQTT[QV\PMLQ[\IVKMNWZUMLIVWJTMXQK\]ZM?PI\I
KWV\ZI[\JM\_MMV\PMOZMI\ZMUIQV[WN\PM:WUIVKWVY]MZWZ[IVL\PMP]UJTM
_WWLMVJZWILJZQUUMLZML\QTMLZQKSM\\aKW\\IOM[WN\PM;MZ^QIV[7N[]KP
\PM \W_V WN ;MUIVLZQI Q[ MV\QZMTa KWUXW[ML <PMZM Q[ J]\ WVM PW][M QV \PM
\W_V\PI\PI[UWZM\PIVIOZW]VLéWWZIVL\PI\JMTWVO[\WIUQVQ[\MZAM\
;MUMVLZQI Q[ I TIZOM \ZILQVO KQ\a \ZW]OP _PQKP \PM KW\\WV \ZINèK WN <]ZSMa
XI[[M[ WV Q\[ _Ia \W <ZQM[\M 1\ N]ZVQ[PM[ _Q\P è[P KI]OP\ QV \PM ,IV]JM
ITUW[\PITNWN;MZ^QI#IVLM`XWZ\[PQLM[\ITTW_IVLTIZL\WNWZMQOVKW]V\ZQM[
1\Q[QV;MUIVLZQIIT[W\PI\WVMJMOQV[\W[MMZMIT;MZ^QIVXMI[IV\_WUMV
7VMZIZMTaèVL[\PMUIJW]\WV\PMZWIL[I[\PMaSMMX^MZaU]KPI\PWUM#
J]\ PMZM \PMa _MZM UIZSM\QVO IVL JIZOIQVQVO I\ \PM TQ\\TM [PWX[ QV PQOPTa
XQK\]ZM[Y]MI\\QZM<PMQZ_PQ\M_WWTTMVZWJM[IZMMUJZWQLMZML_Q\PJT]MIVL
ZMLTQ[\#\PMa_MIZ\PM[IVLIT_Q\PIJZW_VIVLZML[\WKSQVO#I_PQ\MWZZML
LZIXMZaPIVO[NZWU\PMJIKSWN[XMKQIT[WNKWUJWZKZW_VILWZVML_Q\P[QT^MZ
IVL[WUM\QUM[OWTLMVKWQV[#IVLKWTTIZ[WN\PM[IUMXQMKM[ILWZV\PMQZVMKS[
1\Q[KWUX]\ML\PI\QV\PQ[[XMKQM[WNWZVIUMV\\PM;MZ^QIV_WUMVIT\WOM\PMZ
XW[[M[[ ]X_IZL[ WN N# I [IKZML N]VL _PQKP Q[ VM^MZ \W]KPML
M`KMX\QV\QUM[WN_IZIVLXMZQTIVL_PMVQ\JMKWUM[QUXMZI\Q^M\WLMNMVL
\PMVI\QWVITQVLMXMVLMVKM!<PMK][\WUèZ[\IZW[MIXXIZMV\TaI\\PM\QUMWN
;UMLMZM^W ;MUMVLZQI _I[ J]QT\ JM\_MMV IVL _PMV ,M[XW\
,R]ZILR*ZIVSW^QËZ]TMLW^MZ;MZJQI
<ZIRIV;\WRIVW^QËIZO]M[\PI\;MZJQI_Q\PTW_XZW\MK\QWVQ[\K][\WU[I[XIZ\
WN\PM]VQ\ML7\\WUIVUIZSM\IVLL]M\W\PMNWZ\]VI\MKQZK]U[\IVKM\PI\PMZéMM\
KWUXW[MLWN[UITT[PQX[LQLVW\PI^M\PMKWUXM\Q\QWVWNJQOOMZ[\MIUJWI\[_PQKP
_MZMVW\IJTM\WXI[[\PM,RMZLIXOWZOMéW]ZQ[PMLJMNWZM\PM w[<;\WRIVW^QË<PM
*ITSIV?WZTL{<PM.QZ[\IVL<PM4I[\-]ZWXM*MTOZILM!!
!
<PM [W]ZKM WN \PQ[ M[\QUI\M ZMUIQVML ]VSVW_V 1\ _I[ Ja ITT UMIV[ I
[QOVQèKIV\[]UWNUWVMaI\TMI[\_PMVIZ]ZITXWX]TI\QWVQ[QV\PMKI[M1NQ\Q[KWZZMK\
;UMLMZM^W
\PM<]ZSQ[PQVZWIL[\PM7[UIVTQM[OMVMZITTaZM[XMK\QVO\PMXZWXMZ\aWV\PM
XMZ[WV[WNWV\PMXMZ[WV[WN_WUMV_PW\P][JMKIUM\PM[INM[\ZMXW[Q\WZQM[
NWZ;MZ^QIV[I^QVO[
8WRIZM_IK[8WIZMÎKZMUIZSIJTMXMZPIX[NWZTQ\\TMUWZM\PIV\PI\
Q\[VIUMQ[OQ^MV\WI_MTTSVW_V\ZMI\a_Q\P\PM<]ZS[Q[\PM[MKWVL[TMMXQVO
[\I\QWVWV\PMZWILNZWU*MTOZILM.ZWU\PMVKM\PMKW]V\ZaOZIL]ITTaZQ[M[
\PI\UMIV[\PI\M^MZaèN\P;MZJ_WUMVPILWVPMZKPM[\[IaMIZTaQVKWUMWNIVI^MZIOM
QVPIJQ\IV\WN;MZJQI6M^MZ\PMTM[[QVKWUXIZQ[WV_Q\P?M[\MZV-]ZWXM\PI\[]U_I[
VW\[WP]OM<P][R][\\PM\W]ZQ[\[_PW^Q[Q\ML8IZQ[L]ZQVO\PMV\MVLIa[TWVO^Q[Q\WN
9]MMV>QK\WZQIQV [XMV\[QOVQèKIV\TaJQOOMZ[]UWNUWVMa
<PM8WbIZMÎK8MIKM<ZMI\a_I[KWVKT]LMLQV JM\_MMV)][\ZQIIVL\PM
7\\WUIV-UXQZM.ZWU \W!\PMVWZ\P_M[\MZVXIZ\[WN;MZJQI_Q\P*MTOZILM
_MZMXIZ\WN\PM0IJ[J]ZO-UXQZM
218
;MZJQIV>QTTIOM
\QTT \PM ZWIL MV\_QVM[ Q\[MTN IUWVO[\ \PM OWZOM[ WN \PM ÎTTMa WN 8MS# _PW[M
XZMKQXQ\W][ [QLM[ JIZMTa OQ^M XI[[IOM \W \PM J]TTWKSKIZ\[ WN \PM ;MZ^QIV
XMI[IV\Za<PMUIOXQM[VWTWVOMZXMKS\PMQZNWWLNZWUWNN\PMJIKS[WN[_QVM#
\PM\ZMM[VWTWVOMZKZW_L\PMTIVL[KIXM\ZIV[NWZUMLQV\WQVKQXQMV\PIaZQKS[
NWZQV\PMTW_TIVL[\PMWIS[IXXMIZ\W[MZ^M\_WX]ZXW[M[{\PMIKWZV[NMML\PM
[_QVMIVL\PM\_Q[\MLJW]OP[IZMTILMV_Q\P\PMPIaNZWU\PMJZWILTMI^ML
UIQbM#J]\[VW_IVLQKMIZMKTW[MTaXIKSMLIZW]VL\PMUW]V\IQV[_PQKP[WIZ
IJW^MWVMWVMIKP[QLMIZMXMWXTMLJaJMIZ[IVL\PMZWKS[IZMZQKPQVTMILIVL
QZWV<PMZWIL\PZW]OP\PMOWZOM[WN\PM8MSQ[OMVMZITTaQV\PMJMLWN\PMZQ^MZ
IVLQ\[MMUMLIVQV^Q\QVOXTIKMNWZIJZQOIVLI\\IKS#J]\\PQ[Q[QV;MZ^QIVM^MZ
SVW_V<PMXMWXTMJZQ[\TQVOI[\PMaIZM_Q\PIZU[\PMQZ[PQVQVOXQ[\WT[IVL
PWZVPQT\MLSVQ^M[[\QKSQVOW]\WN\PMQZJMT\[IZMXMIKMN]T_PMV\PMaIZMVW\
MVOIOMLIOIQV[\INWZMQOVMVMUa<PMQZ[_QVMNMML\PMZMKM[[M[WN\PMNWZM[\
IVL INNWZL \PMU IUXTM ZM^MV]M <PM TIVL Q[ ZQKP QV \PM aQMTL WN _PMI\ IVL
UIQbMIVL[KIZKMTaZMY]QZM[\QTTQVO#\PMXWX]TI\QWVQ[\PQVIVLPMZMKMZ\IQVTa
x\PMZM Q[ ZWWU MVW]OP NWZ ITTy <PM ÎTTMa WN \PM 8MS WXMV[ I[ WVM I[KMVL[
Q\[KW]Z[M]V\QT\PM^QTTIOMWN3Z]KPMVQ\bI3Z]MVQKIQ[ZMIKPML_PMZMWVM
MI\[IVL[TMMX[QV\PM][]IT]V[I\Q[NIK\WZaUIVVMZ<PM_MI\PMZ_PQKP]V\QT
_M ZMIKPML ;MUIVLZQI PIL JMMV KWTL JMKIUM UQTLMZ IVL _I[ Y]Q\M OMVQIT
QV\PMÎTTMaWN\PM8MS#IVLQ\_I[]VLMZIX]ZMIVLITUW[\KTW]LTM[[[SaQV
6MZM[VQ\bI6MZM[VQKII\\PMNWW\WNIPQOPZIVOMWNUW]V\IQV[_I[XI[[ML
.ZWU \PMVKM \PM ZWIL JMOQV[ \PM I[KMVL IVL _QVL[ \PZW]OP \PM OWZOM[ WN
\PMKPIQVWNUW]V\IQV[_PQKP_PMZM\PMaM`\MVLQV\W<]ZSMaIZMKITTML\PM
*ITSIV<PMUQTLVM[[WN\PM_MI\PMZ_I[^MZaLMKMX\Q^MPW_M^MZ)T\PW]OPWV
\PMXTIQVJMTW_\PM[VW__I[_MTTVQOPUMT\MLIVL\PM[Sa_I[X]ZM_M_MZM
VW\TWVO\WMVRWa\PW[MILÎV\IOM[<PM _QVL I[ _M ILÎVKML IXXMIZML \W
[QOPIUWVO[\\PMJMMKPM[#\PMV\PMLIZSVM[[WN\PQKSKTW]L[MV^MTWXML][IVL
\PMTIVL[KIXM<PM[VW_]VLMZNWW\JMKIUMPQOPMZ\PMNWOLZQN\QVO\PZW]OP
\PM \ZMM[ [][XMVLML \W \PMQZ JZIVKPM[ TIZOM KZa[\ITTQVM NWZUI\QWV[ _PQKP
LZWXXQVOWV\PMZWILNWZUMLIZW]OPIVL[TQXXMZaUMLQ]U<PMPWZ[M[wPWWN[
OZIL]ITTa[]VSLMMXMZIVLLMMXMZIVL[WWVI[VW_LZQN\IXXMIZMLQV[QOP\
_PQKPQ\JMKIUMM^QLMV\Q\_I[QUXW[[QJTM\WXI[[1VÎQVI\\MUX\[_MZMUILM
\W\]ZV\PQ[WJ[\IKTM<PM_Ia_I[ITWVO\PMKZM[\WNIPWOJIKSMLUW]V\IQV
IVLXZMKQXQ\W][LM[KMV\[WVJW\P[QLM[XZM^MV\MLITTN]Z\PMZXI[[IOM<PQ[UW[\
XZW^WSQVOJIZZQMZX]\IVMVL\WITTPWXM[WNZMIKPQVO?QLLQV\PZW]OP\PMXI[[
WN5IQLIUXMS#IVLVMKM[[Q\aKWUXMTTQVOW]ZPWZ[M[wPMIL[VW\ZMT]K\IV\Ta
I[ZMOIZL\PMU_MZM\]ZVMLIVLIN\MZLIZS\PM^QTTIOMWN6MZM[VQ\bI_Q\PQ\[
P]UJTMQVV_I[_MTKWUML_Q\PKWV[QLMZIJTMXTMI[]ZM
:I\PMZ \PIV ZM\]ZV \W 8WRIZM_IK[ { NZWU _PQKP IVW\PMZ IVL TWVOMZ
ZWILTMIL[\W?QLLQV{Q\_I[LM\MZUQVML\W[\ZQSMIKZW[[KW]V\ZaIVLRWQV\PM
ZWIL[WUMLQ[\IVKMNWZ_IZL)O]QLMQV\PM[PIXMWN\PMUI[\MZWN\PMQVVI\
6MZM[VQ\bIXZWUQ[ML\W[MM][QV[INM\a\PZW]OP\PMKZW[[ZWILJ]\LMKIUXML
IN\MZ[MMQVO][\W5QTVQ\bII^QTTIOMKWUXW[MLWNUQ`ML?ITTIKPIVL;MZ^QIV[
<PM_PWTMWN\PQ[XWZ\QWVWN;MZ^QIQ[\P][KWUXW[ML#IVL\PM/ZMMSKIXWN
\PMVI\Q^MQ[LQ^MZ[QèMLJa\PM[PMMX[SQVKW^MZQVOWN\PM?ITTIKP1\Q[WVTa
[QVKM \PI\ \PQ[ XWZ\QWV WN \PM KW]V\Za PI[ NWZUML XIZ\ WN ;MZ^QI IVL
PI[ JMKWUM QVLMXMVLMV\ <PM XMWXTM \PMV _MZM [\QTT ZIaIP[ IVL ZM\IQV QV
XIZ\\PM[]TTMVUIVVMZWN\PM+PZQ[\QIV[]JRMK\[WN\PM8WZ\M<PM;MZ^QIV[IZM
1\_I[\PMV\PI\\PM[Q`[W]\PMI[\MZVLQ[\ZQK\[VIPQRI\PI\PILJMMVXIZ\WN
;MZJQI]V\QT _MZMIVVM`ML\W;MZJQIIOIQV
220
PW[XQ\IJTM\WILMOZMM)\;KPM\WPoM\WVRMITQ\\TM^QTTIOM_PMZMQ\JMKIUM
VMKM[[IZaI\VQOP\\WZMXW[M\PMTIZOM[\PW][M_PQKPQ[\PMPITTWNR][\QKM_I[
PMI\MLIVLXZMXIZMLNWZW]ZZMXW[M\PMZMJMQVOVW[TMMXQVOXTIKMQV\PM\I^MZV
WN\PMXTIKM#IVLaW]Z+WZZM[XWVLMV\_I[[MZ^MLI\LQVVMZJa\PM5IaWZWN
\PM^QTTIOMIVLI\\MVLMLJa\PMJQZW^WZXWTQKMUIV_PWX]VK\]ITTaKIUMQV
\WSMMX\PMèZM]XIVL\WI\\MVL\WPQ[_IV\[#IVLN]Z\PMZWVL]ZQVO\PMLIa
I[MKWVLK]ZQW][QV[\IVKMWN\PMPW[XQ\IJTMNMMTQVO_I[_Q\VM[[MLI\I^QTTIOM
7VXI[[QVOIPW][MIVLI[SQVO\PM_Ia\PMUI[\MZZ][PMLW]\IKKWUXIVQML
JaIXZQM[\IVLITUW[\ITTPQ[ZMTI\Q^M[-IKPWN\PMUKTIUW]ZML\WPI^M\PM
PWVW]ZWNLZIOOQVO][QV\WMI\IVLLZQVSI\\PMQZM`XMV[Mx0I^M[WUMè[Py
[IQL\PMUI[\MZWN\PMPW][M#x<ISM_QVMy[IQL\PMXZQM[\#x)JW\\TMWNZISQy[IQL
I\PQZL#IVL[W\PMKPWZ][_MV\ZW]VL*]\_MZMN][ML\PM[MSQVLWNNMZ[TMN\
W]ZPITN\QX[aaM\PW[XQ\IJTMNZQMVL[IVL_Q\PLQNèK]T\aM[KIXMLNZWUI[KWZM
WN[QUQTIZQV^Q\I\QWV[NZWUMIKPPW][MQV\PM^QTTIOM<_WaW]VOUMVI[_M
_MV\NWZ\PQV\W\PMèMTL[_MZM\PMTI[\_PWKZQMLx<ISM_QVM\ISMZISQ#yIVL
W]ZPWZ[M[_MZMX]\\W[XMML\WI^WQL\PMQZSQVLQV\MV\QWV[1\[MMU[\PI\\PQ[
_I[\PMIVVQ^MZ[IZaWN\PMXI\ZWV[IQV\WN\PM^QTTIOMIVLL]ZQVO\PZMMLIa[
NMI[\QVOQ[\PMWZLMZWN\PMLIa#IVLQ\Q[M[\MMUMLI[XMKQITILÎV\IOM\WPI^M\W
PI^M[\ZIVOMZ[I\\PMJWIZL<PMXZQM[\WV\PM[MWKKI[QWV[OMVMZITTaPWVW]Z[
\PMNMI[\_Q\PPQ[XZM[MVKM0MQ[OMVMZITTaIVP]UJTMUIVXIQLKPQMéaJa\PM
XZWKMML[WNUIZZQIOMKMZMUWVQM[JIX\Q[U[IVLJ]ZQIT[_PWMIZVQVOITQ\\TM
\PMWTWOaI\*MTOZILMQ[[MV\Ja\PM)ZKPJQ[PWX\WPQ[VI\Q^M^QTTIOM_PMZMPM
I\èZ[\IK\[I[K]ZI\MIVL\PMV[]KKMML[PQ[ZMK\WZ<PMQVé]MVKMWN\PMXZQM[\
IXXMIZML\WUM\WJMKWV[QLMZIJTM#QNWVMUIaR]LOMWN\PQ[NZWU\PMZM[XMK\
XIQLPQUJaPQ[XIZQ[PQWVMZ[_PWSQ[[PQ[PIVLIVLXIaPQUW\PMZUIZS[WN
ZM[XMK\I\PQ[IXXZWIKP1V:][[QIQ\Q[VW\[W\PMXWXMWZXZQM[\Q[IVWJRMK\
ZI\PMZWNZQLQK]TM\PIVZM[XMK\#J]\\PMZMPMJMTWVO[\WIKW]V\ZaLQNNMZMV\Ta
KWV[\Q\]\MLNZWU;MZ^QI<PMXZQM[\[QV\PQ[KW]V\ZaPI^MI[SML\WJMMV\Z][\ML
_Q\P\PMZQOP\WNML]KI\QWV#J]\I[\PMZMQ[OZMI\RMITW][aWN:][[QIIVLI[\PM
+bIZQ[XZW\MK\WZWN\PM/ZMMSZMTQOQWV\PM;MZ^QIV[ZMN][M\WITTW_\PMQZXZQM[\[
\WUMLLTMQV\PM\MIKPQVOWN\PMQZKPQTLZMV1V\PMXZQUIZa[KPWWT[{WN_PQKP
\PMZMIZMOZMI\V]UJMZ[{\PMZMIZMTIa\MIKPMZ[IVL\PMXZQM[\KWUM[M^MZa
1\_I[x3Z[VI[TIÎy\PM^QTTIOMw[;IQV\XZW\MK\WZKMTMJZI\QWVLIa^MZa[XMKQèK
NWZ;MZJQIVZMTQOQW][K]T\]ZM[MMЛ. Димитријевић, Како наш народ живи, Београд
!4,QUQ\ZQRM^QK0W_,WM[7]Z8MWXTM4Q^M[*MTOZILM !
;]VLIa\WOQ^M_PI\ZMTQOQW][QV[\Z]K\QWVPMUIa<PMXZQM[\[IZMIXXWQV\ML
Ja\PM)ZKPJQ[PWXWN*MTOZILM_PWPQU[MTNQ[VWUQVI\MLJa\PM;MVI\MIVL
8ZQVKMQVKWVR]VK\QWV
8WXW_Q\b 8WXWÎK WV \PM UIQV ZWIL \W 6MOW\QV _I[ ]T\QUI\MTa
ZMIKPMLQV[INM\a#IVL+P]XZQMZ«]XZQRIITIZOM\W_VWV\PM5WTLIÎ\PM
5WZIÎZQ^MZ_I[IZM[\QVOXTIKMNWZ\PMVQOP\<PMZWIL\PMVTMIL[\W3ZQ^Q^QZ
3ZQ^Q>QZIVLIKZW[[\PMUW]V\IQV[\W*WPW_IK[*WTRMÎK0MZM\PM[VW_
ZMVLMZML\PMZWILIOIQVPIZLTaXW[[QJTM<PMP]ZZQKIVM_PQKPJTM_I\*MTOZILM
WV\PMLIaWNW]ZLMXIZ\]ZMPILèTTML\PMZWIL[_Q\P[VW_]XZWW\ML[KWZM[WN
TIZOM\PZMM[_PQKPPILNITTMVKZW[[_Ia[IVL_PW[MJW]OP[QUXMLML\ZI^MTTQVO
<PZMMLIa[MTIX[MLJMNWZM_MKIUMQV[QOP\WNBIQKPIZBIRMÍIZIVL\PMVIV
WXMVZWILJZW]OP\][\WW]ZXZM[MV\Y]IZ\MZ[QV6MOW\QV
)\\PMMVLWN\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ[WUM+WV[\IV\QVWXTMVM_[XIXMZ[UMV\QWVML
;MZJQI I[ IV MÌUXTM PW_ +PZQ[\QIV ML]KI\QWV KW]TL éW]ZQ[P ]VLMZ \PM 7\\WUIV
-UXQZM0W_M^MZKWUUMV\[QVСрбски дневник;MZJQIV,IQTa_MZMZQOP\_PMV\PMa
IZO]ML \PI\ \PM ILÎVKM WN ML]KI\QWV QV ;MZJQI _I[ ZI\PMZ \PM KWV[MY]MVKM WN \PM
QVIJQTQ\aWN\PM8WZ\M
*1*417/:)80A
;W]ZKM[
|
|
|
|
.WZMQOV7NèKM<PM8]JTQK:MKWZL7NèKM3M_
*ZQ\Q[P4QJZIZa5,)JMZLMMV8IXMZ[
1TQRI/IZIIVQV8IXMZ[1/5QVQ[\ZaWN.WZMQOV)NNIQZM[
<PM)ZKPQ^M[WN;MZJQI
,ZIOW[TI^;\ZIVRISW^QË8IXMZ[,;<PM)ZKPQ^M[WN;MZJQIV)KILMUaWN
;KQVMKM[IVL)Z\[;);).
|3WV[\IV\QV6QSWTIRM^QË8IXMZ[ (К.N.), <PM)ZKPQ^M[WN;MZJQIV)KILMUaWN
;KQVMKM[IVL)Z\[;);).
|Matija Ban Papers (M.B.), <PM)ZKPQ^M[WN;MZJQIV)KILMUaWN;KQVMKM[
IVL)Z\[;);).
6M_[XIXMZ[
|
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Neue Preussische Zeitung
Srbski dnevnik /In Serbian: Serbian Daily/, Novi Sad
Srbske novine, /In Serbian:: The Serbian Newspaper/
Šumadinka /Shumadinka/
Sedmica
Ost Deutsche Post
The Gentleman’s Magazine
The Illustrated London News
The Manchester Guardian
The Morning Herald
The Times
Trieste Gazette
The United Service Magazine
Winer Zeitung
4Q\MZI\]ZM
— Aleksić Lj., “Francuski uticaj u spoljnoj i unutrašnjoj politici Srbije za vreme
Krimskog rata”, Istorijski časopis (IČ) Organ Istorijskog instituta SANU, Knj. IX za
1960, Beograd 1961.
— Antić Č., A Country of Holidays and A City of Monuments, Great Britain and Serbia
in the mid-nineteenth century, Velika Plana 2004.
— Antić Č., “Neke britanske vesti o Svetoandrejskoj skupštini”, Zbornik za istoriju
Matice srpske 63/64, Novi Sad 2001.
— Arnautović D., Istorija srpskih železnica 1850-1918, Beograd 1934.
— )]\a 8PxНеобјављени документи енглеског министарства о Србији 18371911”, Историјски часопис, Књ.@11@111!!Београд!
— *IV5x4M[;TI^M[LM<]ZY]QMyХартије Матије Бана,1¡
— Ban M., “O meni za Krimskog rata”, Hartije Matije Bana, kut. I, ¼.
— *I]UOIZ\?<PM+ZQUMIV?IZ 4WVLWV!!!
— *I]UOIZ\?<PM8MIKMWN8IZQ[ ;IV\I*IZJIZI! — +I[M4x),]MTWN/QIV\[QV7TL;\IUJ]T;\ZI\NWZL>MZ[][<PW]^MVMTy2W]ZVITWN
5WLMZV0Q[\WZa>WT6W
— ,I^Q[:x:][[QIV;SQTTIVL<]ZSQ[P1UJMKQTQ\ay"<PM<ZMI\aWN3]KP]S3IQVIZLRQ
:MKWV[QLMZMLy;TI^QK:M^QM_>WT6W
— Djordjević Ž., “Slučaj engleskog konzula Fonblanka 1858”, Istorijski glasnik 1-2,
Beograd 1978.
— Ekmečić M., Balkan i revolucija 1848, Beograd 1999.
— Ekmečić M., Stvaranje Jugoslavije, Beograd 1989.
— -VKaKTWXIMLQI*ZQ\IVVQKI)6M_;]Z^MaWN=VQ^MZ[IT3VW_TMLOM>WT]UM!4WVLWV
!
— Ernjaković G., (urednik), Karl Marks – Fridrih Engels, Dela, tom 13, Beograd
1976.
— .IZWYPQ;5K/W_IV*9]I\IMZ\,8IU]S;)V-KWVWUQKIVL;WKQIT0Q[\WZaWN
\PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM^WT11!+IUJZQLOM!!
— .WZMQOV7NèKM4Q[\ ! — .ZMMUIV)0Q[\WZQKIT+W]Z[MNWZ;KPWWT[/MVMZIT;SM\KP 224
— Gavrilović M., “Velika Britanija i Srbija”, Iz nove srpske istorije, Beograd 1926..
— /WTLNZIVK5<PM7ZQOQV[WN5WLMZV?IZ[<PM+ZQUMIV?IZ4WVLWV!!
— 0QTT+?ZQOP\+*ZQ\Q[P0Q[\WZa !7`NWZL! — Istorija srpskog naroda V/1, Od Prvog ustanka do Berlisnkog kongresa 1804-1878,
Beograd 1994.
— Jakšić G., Stranjaković D., Srbija od 1813 do 1858, Beograd.
— 2MTI^QKP*:][[QIw[*ITSIV-V\IVOTMUMV\[ !+IUJZQLOM!!
— Jovanović V., Engleska bibliografija o istočnom pitanju, Beograd, 1978.
— Jovanović S., Ustavobranitelji i njihova vlada, 1838-1858, Beograd 1933.
— 2WUQVQ-\]LMLQXTWUI\QY]M[]ZTIO]MZZMLM+ZQUMM XIZ]VIVKQMV\
LQXTWUI\M8IZQ[ — 3WNI[21V\MZVI\QWVITIVL,WUM[\QK8WTQ\QK[QV/ZMMKML]ZQVO\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ6M_
AWZS! — Lejard H., Od Beograda do Carigrada za šest dana, B. Momčilović (ured.) Britanski
putopisci o našim krajevima u XIX veku
veku, Novi Sad 1993.
— Lovčević St., (ured.) Pisma Ilije Garašanina Jovanu Marinoviću, knjiga I,, 18481858, Zbornik za istoriju, jezik i književnost srpskog naroda, I odeljenje, knj. XXI,,
Beograd 1931
— Lory B., La Serbie et la Guerre de Crimee, Ilija Garašanin (1812-1874), Zbornik
radova sa medjunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog 9. i 10 . decembra 1987,
povodom 175 godišnjice od rodjenja, Beograd 1991.
— Ljušić R., Kneževina Srbija (1830-1839), Beograd 1983.
— Ljušić R., Knjiga o Načertaniju, Beograd 1993.
— MacKenzie D., Ilija Garašanin: Balkan Bismarck, (New York: East European
Monographs, Boulder, 1985).
— Memoari (životopis) Koste Magazinovića , ASANU 9288.
— Milićević J., “Položaj Srbije uoči Pariskog mira 1856”, Istorijski časopis (IČ), II
SANU, Knj. XXIII za 1976, Beograd 1976.
— 5W[[M ?-x<PM :M\]ZV WN :MKPQL 8I[PI )V 1VKQLMV\ QV \PM +IZMMZ WN 4WZL
;\ZI\NWZLLM:MLKTQNNMy-VOTQ[P0Q[\WZQKIT:M^QM_!6W!
— Nikolić A., “Biografija Atanasija Nikolića”, ASANU Br. 7380.
— 6WZWLW]VOPQIV/MNN:MK]MQTLw)K\M[QV\MZVI\QWVI]`LMTw-UXQZM7\\WUIV<ZIQ\M[
KWV^MV\QWV[IZZIVOMUMV\[LMKTIZI\QWV[XZW\WKWT[XZWKM[[^MZJI]`èZUIV[JMZI\[
TM\\MZ[XI\MV\[M\I]\MZ[LWK]UMV\[ZMTI\QN[I]LZWQ\X]JTQKM`\MZQM]ZLMTI<]ZY]QM111
8IZQ[!
— Pavlović V.,, “Srpski studenti u Parizu, 1839-1856”, IČ, Knj.XXXIII, Beograd 1986.
— 8I^WT_Q\KP;)VOTW:][[QIV:QÎTZaQV;MZJQI !8IZQ[!
— Popović R., Toma Vučić Perišić, Beograd 2003.
— Prevod Memoranduma od 5/17 aprila 1854., ASANU 7515.
— Radenić A., “Počelo je u obaveštajnoj službi Austro-Ugarske, Mit o Garašaninovom
Načertaniju”, Politika, 30 i 31 decembar 2000, 01,02. januar 2001.
— :ILMVQË);XWTRVIXWTQ\QSI;ZJQRM]SWV\ZW^MZbVWRQ[\WZQRWOZIèRQWL6IÍMZ\IVQRILW
[\ÎZIVRI2]OW[TI^QRM*MWOZIL
— Ranke L., Srbija i Turska u devetnaestom veku, Beograd 1892.
— Rastović A.,, Velika Britanija i Srbija (1878-1889), Beograd 2000.
— Ristić J., “Propast oligarhije 1856-1858”, Spoljašnji odnošaji Srbnje III, Beograd
1886.
— Ristić J., “Srbija i Krimska vojna”, Istorijski spisi, Beograd 1940.
— Ristić J.,, “Srbija i Krimska vojna”, Istorijski spisi, Beograd 1940.
— Ristić Lj., Engleska i Srbija od Pariskog mira do Kanličke konferencije, (1856-1862)
(magistarska teza), Beograd 1993.
— Ristić Lj., “Belgijski opunomoćeni ministar Blondel u Beogradu 1856”, IČ, XXXVIII,,
Beograd 1991.
— :WJMZ\[+;TI^WVQK8ZW^QVKM[WN<]ZSMa:IVSM4<PM0Q[\WZaWN;MZ^QI4WVLWV
— Rodić N.,, Jović Lj.Iv., Vlade Srbije 1805-1998, Beograd 1998.
— Sljepčević Dj.,, Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Od početka XIX veka do keaja
Drugog svetskog rata, Beograd 1991.
— ;PZWMLMZ8?)][\ZQI/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ<PM,M[\Z]K\QWVWN\PM
-]ZWXMIV+WVKMZ\4WVLWV!
— Skerlić J., Istorija srpske štampe, Beograd 1997.
— ;\MQVMZB<PM.WZMQOV7NèKM ! !+IUJZQLOM!!
— ;\I^ZQIVW[4<PM*ITSIV[ !6M_AWZS!
— Stojanović T.,, Balkanski svetovi –prva i poslednja Evropa, Beograd 1997.
— ;\MIL);MZ^QIJa;MZ^QIV[4WVLWV!
— Stojančević V.,, Miloš Obrenović i njegovo doba, Beorad 1966.
— Stranjaković D.,, Vlada ustavobranitelja-unutrašnja i spoljna politika 1842-1853,
Beograd 1932.
226
— Stranjaković, D., Ilija Garašanin, (Kragujevac: Jefimija 2005.)
Tenke o podeli evropske Turske iz 1854.
— Stranjaković D.,, “Plan Stefana Stefanovića-Tenke
godine”, Politika 1-4 maj 1937.
— <IaTWZ)28<PM;\Z]OOTMNWZ5I[\MZaQV-]ZWXM ! 4WVLWV!!
— <MUXMZTMa00Q[\WZaWN;MZJQI4WVLWV!
— =ZY]PIZ\,x1[5Z=ZY]PIZ\)<WZaWZ):ILQKIT)V[_MZMLJaPQ[+WV[\Q\]\QWVNWZ
\PM,IV]JQIV8ZQVKQXITQ\QM[yQV\?+aXTM[8WTQ\QKIT<ZIK\[ ;PMNèMTL
— Hristić M., Jedan listak iz diplomatske istorije Srbije, Ruski upliv iz 1853, Beograd
1893.
— 9]I\IMZ\,<PM7\\WUIV-UXQZM!+IUJZQLOM
)JW]\\PM)]\PWZ
MLWUQZ
MLWUQZ)V\QË
)V\QË
)[[WKQI\M:M[MIZKPMZ<PM1V[\Q\]\MWN*ITSIV;\]LQM[
<PM;MZJQIV)KILMUaWN;KQMVKM[IVL)Z\[
:MKMV\TaX]JTQ[PMLJWWS["
)+W]V\ZaWN0WTQLIa[IVL)+Q\aWN5WV]UMV\[{/ZMI\*ZQ\IQVIVL;MZJQIQV
\PMUQLVQVM\MMV\PKMV\]Za6I\ZIO">MTQSI8TIVI
>MTQSI *ZQ\IVQRI ;ZJQRI Q 3ZQU[SQ ZI\ BI^WL bI ]LJMVQSM Q
VI[\I^VI[ZML[\Î"*MWOZIL/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV;MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ []UUIZa
:ITXP8IOM\"4QNMWNI,QXTWUI\<PM1V[\Q\]\MNWZ*ITSIV;\]LQM[;MZJQIV
)KILMUaWN;KQMVKMIVL)Z\["*MTOZILM
MUIQT"IV\QKK(-=VM\a]
228
English Phonetic
Serbian
A
B
V
G
D
Dj dj
E
Žž
Z
I
J
K
L
Lj lj
M
N
Nj nj
O
P
R
S
T
Ćć
U
F
H
C
Čč
Dž dž
Šš
Аа
Бб
Вв
Гг
Дд
Ђђ
Ее
Жж
Зз
Ии
Јј
Кк
Лл
Љљ
Мм
Нн
Њњ
Оо
Пп
Рр
Сс
Тт
Ћћ
Уу
Фф
Хх
Цц
Чч
Џџ
Шш
A
B
V
G
D
Dy
E
Zh
Z
I
Y
K
L
Ly
M
N
Ny
O
P
R
S
T
Ch
U
F
H
Ts
Ch
Dj
Sh
INDEX
A
Abdul-Me(d)jid 84, 210
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon
earl of, 11, 28, 39, 147
Addington, H.U., 11, 26, 83, 187
Albrecht, Friedrich Rudolf, Prince, 121,
128, 129, 131, 132
Aleksandar, Prince Karadjordjević 8,
20, 23, 24, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 71, 72, 77, 82, 87,
88, 90, 92, 94, 97, 105, 107, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 121, 122, 126, 128,
129, 131, 132, 136, 138, 141, 142,
146, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 157,
159, 160, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169,
172, 178, 179, 180, 190, 191, 201,
202, 204
Aleksandar II Romanov 172
Aleksić, Ljiljana 35, 49, 177
Ali-pasha 68, 147, 154, 156, 177, 178
Anastasijević, Captain Miša 165, 166,
171
Anderson Dr. R., 14
Antić, Č. 5, 8, 147, 206
Arrif Effendy, 89
Auty, Ph. 20, 26, 97, 145
Azziyz-pasha 117, 120, 149, 160, 161,
165, 171, 179, 198
B
Ban, Matija 86, 112, 119, 150
Baumgart Winfried 13, 14, 32, 74, 79, 80,
106, 127, 128, 135, 159, 171, 173, 206
Blondel, 184
Bruck, Karl Ludwig 63, 65
Bourqueney Francois Adolphe 149
Buol-Schauenstein, Karl 67, 75, 148, 154,
160, 199
Bonaparte, Napoléon 108
Brailey, Dr N.J. 14
Burke, B. 22
Bure, 30, 73
Bessim Pasha 45, 50, 140
Butinyev 75
C
Case, L.M. 145
Clarendon, George William Frederick
Villers 11, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 40, 53,
54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 77,
80, 81, 90, 92, 93, 95, 103, 104, 110,
111, 113, 114, 118, 120, 121, 122,
127, 129, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139,
140, 152, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165,
167, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 187, 194
Calghoun 77, 126, 162
Caser, Prof dr C. 14
Clay, Prof. dr Ch. 14
230
Colloredo, Franz, 167
Coronini, Johann 101, 117, 120
Cowley, Henry R.C. Wellesely 54, 55, 67,
172, 175
Cramer T. 160
Crocker, R. 22
Cyples, W. 18
Czartorisky, prince Adam 18, 48
D
Damjanović, Radovan-Raja 167, 168
Danilevskii, 79
Danilo, Prince Petrović-Njegoš 123
Davidović, Živko 168
Dimitrijević, dr. L., 209, 220
Disraeli, B. 20
Djordjević, T.R., 208
Dudley, Coutts Stuart, 37
Dj
Djordjević, Ž. 25
E
Ekmečić, Milorad 13, 18
Engels, Friedrich 37, 122
Essarts, Bernard des 158, 159, 163, 165,
167, 179
Ethem-pasha 111, 112, 113, 114
F
Faroqihi, S. 36
Fonblanque, Adelaide Arabella de, 22
Fonblanque Albiny, 21, 22
Fonblanque, Caroline de, 22
Fonblanque, Edward Berrington de, 22
Fonblanque jr., Edward Berrington de,
22
Fonblanque, Jane Catherine de, 22
Fonblanque, John Martin de, 21
Fonblanque, John Robert de, 22
Fonblanque, John Samuel Martin de, 21
Fonblanque, Thomas Grenier de 7, 11,
17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31,
40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50-54, 59,
61, 64, 69-77, 79-99, 101-103, 106108, 110, 111, 113-143, 145-147, 149158, 160-165, 167, 169-173, 176, 178180, 186, 187, 190, 192, 193, 208
Fonton 30, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 92
Fotić, Dr A. 14
Franz Joseph 41, 115, 180
Freeman, A. 16
Fuad Effendi, 38, 42
G
Garašanin Ilija 8, 11, 12, 15, 19, 24, 25,
29, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 65, 68,
72, 74, 77, 79, 86, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101,
102, 103, 108, 110, 111, 112, 120,
121, 126, 128, 131, 133, 134, 136,
139, 144, 145, 146, 148, 153, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 17, 186, 190,
191, 192, 201
Gavrilović, Mihajlo 17
Gerlach, Ludwig von, 151
Goldfranc, D., 13, 184
Gorčakov, Mikhail D., 80, 82.
Grenier, Pierre, 21
Grey, Sir Edward, 27
Grotius 86
Gyulai, F. 58
H
Hammond, Edmund, 161
Heneage 89
Hess, Freiherr Von Heinrich 119, 131
Hill, C.P., 16, 27
Hill, C.P., 16, 27
1VLM`
Hristić, Milan, 51
Hodges, George Lloyd, 17, 19
Hubner, Joseph Alexander, 122
Hunyadi, Princes Julia 71
I
Inalçik, Halil, 92
Ivanović, D., 140
Izzet-pasha, 81, 82, 84, 88, 106, 108, 125,
129, 132, 136, 198
J
Jamil-bey, Mehmed, 177
Jakšić, Grgur, 30, 62, 73, 133, 140, 177
Janković, Aleksa, 30, 31, 102, 103, 116,
135, 142, 147, 160, 161, 167, 168,
179, 202
Jelačić, Josip, 115
Jomini, A. H. , 44, 104, 115
Jovanović, Slobodan, 13, 28, 143, 155
Jović, Lj. Iv., 168
K
Karadjordje Petrović, 203
Karadjordjević, dynasty, 28, 45, 97, 111,
142, 148, 153, 175, 178, 180
Karadjordjević, Djordje, 125, 127
Knežević, Timotej, 149, 157
Knićanin, Stevan Petrović, 44, 107, 108,
109, 142, 147, 155, 168
Kofas, J.V., 128
Kossuth, Lajosh, 24, 42, 52, 71
Kostić, dr Dj., 14, 70
L
Lazić, 165
Leiningen, Christian, F. S. V., 38, 117
Leko, Prof dr., M., 14
231
Leyard, O.H., 21.
Ljušić, Radoš, 14, 20, 48, 98
Ljutić (bross.), 24
Lory, Bernard, 94
Lovčević, St., 58
Lubry, Ch., 85, 133
Lhuys, Edouard Drouyn de, 55, 67, 68
M
Magazinović, Kosta, 121
Magazinović, Stevan, 25, 141, 159
Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, 37,
40
Marinović, Jovan, 11, 12, 29, 41, 47, 58,
61, 65, 67, 68, 74, 86, 95, 98, 12, 114,
121, 128, 131, 133, 136, 139, 146,
148, 158, 165, 171
Marshali Ali-pasha, 203, 204
Marx, Karl (Karl Marks), 37, 122
Mayendorff, Peter von, 67, 68, 79, 199
Mayerhofer, F., 30, 59, 62, 93, 129
Matejić, R., 128
Matić, D., 148
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 52
McGowan, B., 36
Mekenzi, D., 31, 110
Menshikov, Aleksandar Sergeyevič, 31,
38, 39, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58,
106
Merroni, 30
Mihailo, Metropolitan (Miloje
Jovanović), 138
Mihailo, Prince Obrenović, 20, 23, 59,
60, 62, 71, 77, 90, 91, 93, 201, 202
Milićević, J., 151, 174, 184
Milovanović, Milovan, 187
Miloš, Prince Obrenović, 17, 18, 50, 62,
66, 93, 114, 203, 204, 208
Mondain, Hippolyte 151
Momčilović, Branko, 21
Mosse, W.E., 131
232
Mukhin F.N. (Monchin), 30, 81, 82, 84,
85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 112, 113, 114, 118,
136, 210
N
Napoleon III, Louis, 34, 44, 122, 145
Nenadović, Acika, 54, 86, 132, 148, 161,
169
Nenadović, Anastas, 141
Nenadović, Jevrem, 87, 141, 154
Nenadović, Jakov, 202
Nenadović, Princess Persida, 141, 202
The Nendaovićs, 15, 147, 153
Nesselrode, Karl Robert, 38, 43, 51, 72,
92, 93, 94, 124, 130
Nikolay I Romanov, 35, 38, 41, 57, 75,
115, 124, 125, 134, 147, 150
Nikolić, Atanasije, 30
Nikolajević, Konstantin, 12, 38, 42, 48,
64, 66, 98, 141, 160, 186
Norodounghian, Gabriel effendi, 177
O
Obrenović, dinasty, 59, 67, 94, 175, 178
Obrenović, Princess Ljubica, 208
Omer-pasha, 41, 45, 47, 186
Orlov, Nikolay Alexeyevich, 58, 79, 102
Otto, the King of Greece, 127
P
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 16, 28,
94, 147
Pamuk, S., 36
Paskyevič, I.F., 94, 115
Pavlović, Vojislav, 142
Pavlowitch, S.K., 17, 79
Peter the Great, 58
Petar, Metropolitan, 91, 92, 156
Petronijević, A. 31, 43, 71, 77, 84, 141
Petrović, Milivoje Blaznavac, 124, 127,
167
Pisani, S., 80, 186
Popov, 93, 116
Popović-Lukačević, Prof. dr, M., 14
Popović, M. 167
Promitzer, dr Ch., 14
Q
Quataert, Donald, 15, 36
R
Radenić, A., 187
Radosavljević, Teodor-Teja, 77, 78, 84,
85, 92, 116, 118, 120, 133, 141, 142,
146, 148, 149, 159, 160, 161, 163, 172
Ranke, Leopold, 43, 106, 191
Russel, John, 28, 39, 40, 42, 51, 52
Rastović, Aleksandar, 19
Redcliffe, Stratford/Canning/ de, 11, 12,
17, 20, 23, 24-27, 31, 40, 42, 44, 52,
56, 59, 61-68, 70, 71, 73-77, 79, 81,
84, 85-87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 101, 104,
106-108, 110-112, 114-116, 118, 119,
121, -126, 128-137, 141-143, 145148, 150, 153, 155-157, 160-163, 165,
167, 168, 170-176, 178- 180, 190,
193, 194
Resshid-pasha, 65, 66, 104, 129, 130,
131, 136, 150, 200
Ristić, Jovan, 13, 30, 34, 38, 52, 57, 59,
72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 103, 111, 115, 117,
121, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 141,
142, 144, 167, 173, 177, 182, 184, 206
Ristić, Lj.P., 13, 83, 171, 173, 183
Roberts, Cyprian, 43
Roderic, D.H., 35
Rodić, N., 168
Rose, Hugh, 12, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52
1VLM`
S
Schllippenbach, Otto Count, 22
Ségur, de (Segir, de) 44, 49, 67, 74, 83,
84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 145, 146, 151, 165
Seymour, George Hamilton, 35, 167
Shroeder, P.W., 13, 34, 37, 39, 206
Simić, Aleksa, 31, 43, 54, 55, 59, 73, 74,
79, 86, 87, 92, 97, 107, 113, 116, 125,
126, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 144,
149, 153, 154, 160, 161, 191, 201
Simić, Stojan, 201
Simonović, Platon, 90, 91, 124, 125, 136
Skane, 21
Skerlić, J. 12
Sljepčević, Dj, 138
Stanley, lord, 37
Stanojević, Jeremija, 105, 106
Stavrianos, Leften, 16
Stead, Alfred, 187
Steiner Zara, 27
Stefanović, Stefan-Tenka, 31, 103, 104,
107, 136, 156, 169, 170, 201
Stranjaković, Dragoslav, 13, 19, 24, 30,
31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 62, 73, 77, 79, 82,
88, 103, 117, 133, 140, 149, 154, 156,
157, 159, 168, 177
Stojanović, Stevan, 168
Stojanović, Trajan, 162, 216
Stratimirović, Djordje, Col., 123
Š
Šuput, Prof. dr M., 14
233
T
Taylor, A.J.P. 28, 35, 36, 37, 39, 57
Temperley, H., 15
Thouvenel, Edouard, 145
Tripković, A., 23
Tumanski, 44, 47, 48, 53, 72, 79, 210
U
Urquhart, D., 18
V
Victoria, the Queen of England, 126,
138, 156, 170
Vučić, Toma Perišić, 15, 20, 31, 43, 50,
107, 132, 146, 148, 172, 202, (Petar,
Vučić’s grandson) 208
W
Walewski, Count, 55, 56, 177
Westmorland, 64, 138
Wodehouse, 23
Woodword (W.) Co., 24
Wright, J.C., 27
Z
Zah, Franja František, 48, 186
234
1VLM`
Ivan Aivasovsky. Battle of Sinope (1853).
235
MLWUQZ)V\QË
6-=<:)41<A);16,-8-6,-6+/ZMI\*ZQ\IQV;MZJQIIVL\PM+ZQUMIV?IZ
8]JTQ[PMLJa
1V[\Q\]\MNWZ*ITSIV;\]LQM[
*MTOZILM3VMb5QPIQTWÎ;\
MUIQT"JITSQV[\([IV]IKa]
___JITSIVQV[\Q\]\KWU
/ZIXPQKIT,M[QOV
3ZIVQ[TI^>ZIVQË
+WXa-LQ\WZ[IVL4MK\WZ[
,M[IVSI5QTMSQË
<I\RIVI*WVRISW^QË
8ZQV\MLJa
)<+*MTOZILM
8ZQV\MLQV
KWXQM[
Cip katalogizacija u publikaciji
Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd
94(4)” 1853/1856”
327(497.11:410)”18”
ANTIĆ Čedomir
Neutrality as Independence: Great Britain, Serbia and the Crimean War / Čedomir
Antić, – Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, 2007 (Belgrade : ATC). – 236 str. :
ilustr. ; 21 cm. – (Special Editions ; knj 95 / Institute for Balkan Studies)
На спор. насл. стр.: Неутралност као независност. – Tiraž 300. Str. 7-8:
Foreword / Winfried Baumgart. About the Author: str 227. – Napomene i
bibliografske reference uz tekst. – Bibliogtafija str. 222-226. – Registar.
ISBN 978-86-7179-051-2
1. Stav. Nasl. Na upor. Nasl. Str.
a) Кримски рат 1853-1856 b) Србија – Велика Британија – 19 в.
COBISS. SR-ID 142085900

Neutrality as Independence: Great Britain, Serbia and the Crimean

Transcription

Similar documents

April - 2011 - United Irish Cultural Center

Die BUCHSTAVIER - Das Dosierte Leben