Class Content Lecture 4.ppt [Repaired]

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Lecture 4 h?p://www.crimezzz.net/forensic_history/index.htm Historical Highlights •  The lecture will focus on this website which contains a Kme line with individuals who have played a role in the development of forensic science intertwined with events that have impacted the discipline. •  InformaKon on the following slides highlight these individuals and events. FRNSC 100 Dr. Jeni Smith Spring 2012 First “autopsy” •  44 BC-­‐Julius Caesar by the physician, AnKsKus –  Caesar had been stabbed over 20 Kmes and AnKsKus determined it was the second blow that landed between his 1st and 2nd rib that actually caused the fatal wound Sung Tz'u..... •  “A forensic medical doctor must be serious, conscien4ous, and highly responsible, and must also personally examine each dead body or that of a wounded person. The par4culars of each case must be recorded in the doctor’s own handwri4ng. No one else is allow to write his autopsy report. A coroner must not avoid performing an autopsy because he detests the stench of corpses. A coroner must refrain from si@ng comfortably behind a curtain of incense that mask the stench, let his subordinates do the autopsy unsupervised, or allow a peBy official to write his autopsy report, leaving all the inaccuracies unchecked and uncorrected.” •  1248 Hsi Duan Yu ("The Washing Away Of Wrongs") is published Wri?en by Sung Tz'u( aka Song Ci) who was a Judicial Intendant who lived in China in the late 13th century. Considered one of the first “texts” that combine science with medical decisions concerning cause of death •  53 chapters in 5 volumes • 
• 
–  Ist vol. -­‐ imperial decree issued by Song Dynasty on the inspecKon of bodies and injuries. –  2nd Vol -­‐ notes and methods on post-­‐mortem examinaKons. –  3rd-­‐5th -­‐ appearances of corpses from various causes of death and methods of treatments to certain injuries He explains in detail on how to examine a corpse both before and a^er burial and the process of how to determine a probable cause of death. •  Book designed as a guide for other invesKgators so they could assess the scene of the crime effecKvely. •  Basis for modern forensic entemology • 
Sung Tz'u..... •  “Should there be any inaccuracy in an autopsy report, injus4ce would remain with the deceased as well as the living. A wrongful death sentence without jus4ce may claim one or more addi4onal lives, which would in turn result in feuds and revenges, prolonging the tragedy. In order to avoid any miscarriage of jus4ce, the coroner must immediately examine the case personally.” 1
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A case from Hsi Duan Yu Early Europe •  In 1235 A.D., a stabbing occurred in a Chinese village. •  1189-­‐1199 During the Reign of Richard I 1st the Coroner became a posiKon in the legal system of England. •  Responsible for invesKgaKon of crimes ranging from burglary to suspicious deaths •  Did not perform autopsies due to beliefs that dissecKon of the body was “sinful” and that bodies must be buried intact •  Tested different blades on an animal carcass & determined that the wound was caused by a sickle. •  The village magistrate had all villagers bring their sickles and lay them out before the crowd. •  Blow flies were a?racted to a single sickle because of invisible remnants of blood and Kssue sKll adhered to it. •  The owner of the alleged sickle later broke down and confessed the crime. Trial of Mary Blandy-­‐ 1752 1st recorded European Autopsy 1302 in Bologna, Italy-­‐Performed by Bartolomeo da VARIGNANA •  VicKm was a man named Azzolino who died suddenly a^er eaKng a meal and his body quickly bloated and turned a dark color. His family believed he may have been poisoned because he had many enemies •  Varignana was a surgeon in Bologna and he was called to determine the cause of death •  He dissected the body and determined the cause of death to be accumulaKon of blood in the veins of the liver and was therefore of natural causes Trial of Mary Blandy (First instance of medical tesKmony in murder by poison trial ) • 
Mary Blandy lived in Oxfordshire, England with her father. She was well educaKon and a part of the “middle class” • 
At the age of 31, she fell in love with Cpt. William Henry Cranstoun who agreed to marry her. Her father had offered a dowry of £10,000. • 
Her father discovered that the man was already married and wanted to call off the marriage. • 
Cranstoun convinced Mary to give her father a “love philtre” (love poKon) so that her father would like Cranstoun again. • 
The love poKon was actually arsenic power. • 
Mary added it to her father's tea & food. He became ill a^er several days. The doctor who treated her father told her she could be held accountable for poisoning her father Mary Blandy ExecuKon •  She tried to destroy the powder and le?ers from Cranstoun by burning them in the fireplace but the housemaid saw her and retrieved the “evidence” and gave it to the local “chemist” who determined it was arsenic. •  Her father died Aug 14th 1751. Cranstoun le^ town and Mary was arrested on Aug 16 for the death of her father. •  Dr. Anthony Addington tesKfied that the powder she had given to her father was arsenic and that had caused his death. He had not been able to chemically analyze any organs for traces of arsenic as tests for arsenic in Kssue didn't exist at the Kme •  She admi?ed pumng the powder in his food but tesKfied she didn't know it was poison. •  She was found guilty in March of 1752. •  She was hanged in the public square April 6, 1752 Her last request to the officials was "for the sake of decency, gentlemen, don't hang me high." 2
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Karl Wilhelm SCHEELE (1742-­‐1786) Francois-­‐Emanuel Fodéré (1764-­‐1835) •  French physician considered the “Father of Forensic Medicine” in France •  Chemist and Pharmacist •  German •  In 1792 Fodere received a grant from King of Sardinia , to study forensics at Paris in 1792 •  Discovers a way of detecKng arsenous oxide in corpses, •  1798 published A Trea4se on Forensic Medicine and Public Health (3 vols) considered to be a major advancement in Forensic medicine •  he could change arsenious oxide (As2O3) to arsenious acid (H3AsO4), which in contact with zinc produces arsine(AsH3)-­‐gas smells like garlic. •  Leads development of “forensic” detecKon of arsenic in Kssues by Marsh •  He was appointed by Strasbourg University as the first “Chair of Forensic Medicine” at the age of 50 years He retained his chair unKl his death. Mathieu Orfila ( 1787-­‐1853) Mathieu Orfila ( 1787-­‐1853) Father of Forensic Toxicology Father of Forensic Toxicology Born in Minorca Spain, he studied medicine in Valencia and Barcelona. Eventually he went to Paris to study and became a chemistry professor at the Athénée of Paris, •  1812 -­‐Published "Traite de Poisons or Toxicologie Generale." – the first scienKfic treaKse on the detecKon of poisons and their effects on animals. He argued that arsenic in the soil around graves could be drawn in to the body and be mistaken for poisoning. He conducted many studies and insisted that tesKng of soil be part of the procedure in all exhumaKon cases. He would act as a medical expert in widely publicized criminal cases •  Made forensic toxicology legiKmate scienKfic method and thus he is considered the Father of Forensic Toxicology In 1819 he became a French ciKzen and was appointed professor of medical jurisprudence. Four years later, he was made professor of medical chemistry. He was an expert witness in the Widow La Farge case in 1840 Vidocq Society Eugene Francois Vidocq (1775-­‐1857) •  Born in Paris, he had a very turbulent early life. His acKviKes o^en landed him in jail •  He became an “informant” for the police while in jail. •  He was so successful that the police named him the head of a small “plain clothes “ police force which would ulKmately become the Sûreté NaKonale now France's naKonal police force. •  He is credited with being an early “criminalist”: –  introducKon of undercover work, –  An early bullet comparison to a weapon used in a murder –  first plaster cast impressions of shoe prints –  CreaKon of indelible ink and unalterable bond paper to deter document forgers h?p://www.vidocq.org/ “An unusual, exclusive crime-­‐solving organiza4on that meets monthly at the Union League of Philadelphia, 140 South Broad St., in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Members of The Vidocq Society honor Eugène François Vidocq, the brilliant 18th century French detec4ve who served the Sûreté, by applying their collec4ve forensic skills and experience to "cold case" homicides and unsolved deaths. At Vidocq mee4ngs Vidocq Society Members (V.S.M.'s) evaluate, inves4gate, refocus, revivify and solve the unsolved deaths officially brought to them. V.S.M.'s are forensic professionals and mo4vated private ci4zens who, as a public service, donate deduc4ve, scien4fic and other talents for the common good. A long-­‐unsolved homicide or death is the focus of a Vidocq Society mee4ng during which the case and its evidence are dissected for members and invited guests, all with an eye towards rekindling or refocusing the inves4ga4on.” 3
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John Evangelist Purkinji (1787 -­‐1869) •  Czech scienKst. •  Degree in medicine who became a professor of physiology-­‐ created first Department and Laboratory of Physiology •  1823-­‐ published a thesis re: 9 principal configuraKon groups of fingerprints •  Did not link these characterisKcs to the ulKmate idenKficaKon of an individual by their fingerprints Sir Robert ChrisKson (1797-­‐1882) William Burke Serial Murderer (1827-­‐1828) •  Educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied medicine. •  1822 Professor of Medical Jurisprudence (forensic medicine) at Edinburgh •  1829 published TreaKse on Poisons, toxicology manual in English language •  As an expert on toxicology and physiology, he was a key witness in many criminal trials in Scotland and England –  serial killer William Burke (1792-­‐1829), •  Burke was an Irish immigrant who lived in Edinburgh Scotland and was a “resurrecKonist” ( aka grave robber) who supplied bodies stolen from graves to physicians so that they could teach students anatomy –  Bodies were limited because only criminals bodies were to be used for such purposes •  Burke worked with William Hare –  Believed to be responsible for the murder of 17 people –  Sold the corpses to Doctor Robert Knox, a private anatomy lecturer whose students came from Edinburgh Medical College Check out these websites for more informaKon William Burke Serial Murderer (1827-­‐1828) •  Margaret Hare, William's wife of kept a lodging-­‐
house in Edinburgh and many vicKms were selected there and killed •  12 month murder spree ended a^er 2 lodgers became suspicious & alerted police • 
www.bmc.med.utoronto.ca/~michaelm/Michael_Marcynuk_Illustrator_Animator/AnimaKons.html •  h?p://burkeandhare.com/bhcredits.htm •  Judge gave Hare immunity if he would tesKfy against Burke •  Dr. ChrisKson tesKfied that one of the bodies had been asphyxiated •  Burke was found guilty and hanged. •  His body was given to Edinburgh Medical school and he was publicly dissected for medical students A business card case made from his skin. •  His skeleton, death mask, and items made from his tanned skin are displayed at the college's museum. 4
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Henry Goddard ( The butler did it!) •  1835, Henry Goddard was an invesKgator with London's “Bow Street Runners” James Marsh (1794-­‐1846) •  BriKsh( Scomsh) chemist who held the post of the Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal •  Goddard was invesKgaKng a homicide that iniKally looked like a burglary that had gone wrong. •  In 1832 he was called by the prosecuKon in a murder trial, in a suspect who was accused of poisoning his grandfather with arsenic-­‐laced coffee. •  He matched an imperfecKon in the projecKle ( ball shot) to a mold used by the suspect. AddiKonally he found paper that was used to pack the shot had been torn from paper found in the possession of the suspect. •  Marsh performed the test commonly in use. He mixed the suspected sample with hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid which yields yellow arsenic trisulfide •  Suspect was the vicKm's butler who had shot his employer. •  By the Kme he got to court, the sample had deteriorated, an the suspect to be acqui?ed due to reasonable doubt. •  Bow Street Runners were London's first professional police force Marsh Test for Arsenic in Kssue •  He decided he needed to devise a be?er test. He combined Kssue from the vicKm containing arsenic with sulfuric acid and arsenic-­‐
free zinc, resulKng in arsine gas. The gas was ignited, and it decomposed to pure metallic arsenic which, when passed to a cold surface ( like a white bowl), would appear as a silvery-­‐black deposit. •  He increased the sensiKvity of the test and he could detect arsenic for as li?le as 0.02 mg. •  He first described this test in The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1836 •  ReacKon had earlier been discovered by Scheele-­‐he didn't realize significance and didn't publish it. Marie LaFarge •  1840-­‐Madame Lafarge, an unhappily married woman was accused of poisoning her husband with arsenic, and is put on trial. –  Witnesses believed they had seen her poison her husband's food for several weeks with a white powder –  LaFarge admi?ed to buying arsenic which she had given her gardner the powder to make “cakes” to poison rats •  The invesKgator asked a the local physician who examined the body if he was familiar with the new “Marsh test” for the detecKon of Arsenic in human remains. He claimed that he know how to perform the test. As2O3 + 6 Zn + 6 H2SO4 → 2 AsH3 + 6 ZnSO4 + 3 H2O Marie LaFarge •  The physician tested samples from the vicKm's stomach using the old arsenic test ( not Marsh test) and said he found: –  Arsenic in stomach –  No arsenic in the rat poison “cakes –  Also tested a small box that she had taken a white powder from to put into her husband's food and it had arsenic in it. •  Trial began and the defense a?orney knew Paris's toxicologist Mathieu Orfila, the expert who used the Marsh test •  He wrote to Orfila and showed to him the test results. Orfila then submi?ed an affidavit staKng that the tests were conducted so ignorantly that they meant nothing Marie LaFarge •  The defense wanted Orfila to come and conduct the test but the prosecutor suggested that three local apothicaries/
chemists could conduct the test instead. •  They did and they told the court a^er several days that their results were negaKve. •  The prosecutor had read Orfila's book and knew that in some cases, the arsenic le^ the stomach but spread to other parts of the body. •  He exhumed the body and asked the chemists to perform tests on other samples-­‐ these were also negaKve. •  He asked for tests on the food samples and those were posiKve. 5
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Popular FicKon/Entertainment Marie LaFarge (19th century) •  Finally, the prosecuKon decided to call Orfila. He came to the courtroom and performed the Marsh test in room next door to the court. •  Edgar Allen Poe (1842) –  "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", •  The next day, Orfila entered the courtroom. He declared that he had indeed found arsenic on the samples taken from the body of Lafarge, to the exclusion of all other extraneous sources, such as arsenic naturally occurring in the body, or from the reagents, or from the arsenic from the earth surrounding the coffin. •  First detecKve story •  Use of “forensic” evidence-­‐ a hair at the crime scene •  Mark Twain (1883) –  "Life on the Mississippi" •  Marie La Farge was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for killing her husband. •  , a murderer is idenKfied by the use of fingerprint idenKficaKon. •  A^er the trial, Orfila gave lectures on the Marsh test o^en in the presence of members of the Academy of Medicine of Paris, and public awareness of the test was such that it was duplicated in salons and even in some plays recreaKng the Lafarge case. –  "Pudd'n Head Wilson", –  fingerprint idenKficaKon used in trial •  Sir Conan Doyle (1887) –  Publishes 1st Sherlock Holmes story, “Study in Scarlet” Ludwik Karol Teichmann William Hershel (1833-­‐1917) (1823-­‐1895) •  BriKsh officer in Bengal India who was chief administrator for the territory •  Polish physician/chemist •  In 1853, published a paper on the crystallizaKon of certain organic compounds of the blood, describing the preparaKon of the microscopic crystals of hemin (heme chloride). •  1858-­‐first uses palm prints on contracts with the locals and later, simply the prints of the right Index and Middle fingers-­‐-­‐on every contract made with the locals. •  As his fingerprint collecKon grew, however, he noKces that the inked impressions could, indeed, prove or disprove idenKty. •  First test for the presence of blood in suspect stains on clothes, furniture, or other objects. •  He believed that all fingerprints were unique to the individual, as well as permanent throughout that individual's life •  (for blood) the suspected liquid is put under a coverglass with a crystal of sodium chloride and a li?le glacial aceKc acid; heat carefully without boiling and then cool. If blood is present, rhombic crystals of hemin will appear. Alphonse BerKllon (1852-­‐1914) Henry Faulds (1843-­‐1930) •  Scomsh physician who was a missionary in Japan and noKced finger marks on specimens of "prehistoric"po?ery. •  1880-­‐publishes a le?er in Nature “On the Skin-­‐furrows of the Hand", in which he describe –  Differences in human and later animal fingerprints, and racial differences in the pa?erns –  how to take impressions using printer's ink, and –  menKoned use in forensic idenKficaKon of criminals, –  Most importantly, he menKoned in closing the "for-­‐ever-­‐unchangeable finger-­‐furrows of important criminals". •  Shares his ideas with his cousin Charles Darwin who passes the informaKon along to his cousin Francis Galton. •  His role in fingerprint history has been quesKoned by Galton scholars Father of “anthropometry” • 
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1879 His father got him a job as a clerk in the records division of Paris police dept. Since Vidocq's Kme, the Paris police had over 5 million files including 80,000 mug shots • 
BerKllion was bothered by the disorganizaKon and the lack of idenKfying informaKon concerning the criminals records Consulted with Lambert Quetelet a Belgian staKsKcian and mathemaKcian who had done studies concerning height. He had concluded that the chance of two people having the same height were 1 to 4. BerKllion came to believe that you could “individualize” people if you took several different body measurements •  Anthropometry-­‐ a system of personal idenKficaKon based on body measurements was created by BerKllon • 
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He began taking measurements of prisoners to prove his theory. –  Circumferences of heads, –  Arm spans –  Lengths of feet, middle fingers etc 6
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Alphonse BerKllon (1852-­‐1914) Anthropometry Father of “anthropometry” 1879 He submi?ed his findings to Louis Andrieux, who was the chief of police who chose to ignore his work and didn't implement his system •  1882 A new chief of police arrived, Jean Camecasse, and he gave BerKllon two clerks and 3 months to prove that his system work. He was told that he needed to use his system to idenKfy a repeat offender. • 
Near the end of the Kme period, he had over 1800 measurement cards. He measured a man named Dupont. BerKllon believed that he had seen the man before and when he compared his measurements to other cards in his files he found a record of a man who had called himself MarKn. •  The man admi?ed that he was the same person and that is name was not either Dupont or MarKn. •  By the end of 1883, BerKllon's system had idenKfied 50 repeat offenders. • 
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1884, BerKllon's system was implemented into all of France's prisons. • 
1887 Robert McClaughry, head of the Illinois Prison system implemented into the US. • 
1889 BerKllon was a celebrity in France and the world Francis Galton (1822-­‐1911) Francis Galton (1822-­‐1911) BriKsh: anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-­‐geneKcist, and staKsKcian. •  He was considered a child prodigy — he was reading by the age of 2, at age 5 he knew some Greek, LaKn and long division and •  1892 published book called Fingerprints •  First definiKve study of use of fingerprints and methodology for classificaKon that contained the first staKsKcal proof supporKng the uniqueness of his methods He classified fingerprints into eight broad categories. –  1: plain arch, 2: tented arch, 3: simple loop, 4: central pocket loop, 5: double loop, 6: lateral pocket loop, 7: plain whorl, and 8: accidental. Hans Gross (1847-­‐1915) Hans Gross (1847-­‐1915) •  Wrote the first book describing “CriminalisKcs” in 1982 •  Public prosecutor and Judge in Graz Austria •  Handbuk fur Untersuchugsrichter als System der KriminalisKk ( later published in English as Criminal InvesKgaKon he detailed the sciences that might be useful to criminal invesKgaKons •  He was very frustrated by the poor performance of many invesKgators and the over reliance of “eye witness” accounts in criminal jusKce. He believed that science should prevail over intuiKon. –  Microscopy, chemistyry physices mineralogy zooology botany antropementry and fingerpeinta, •  He started the first “journal” for forensic science called Kiman Anthropoligie und KiminalisKck which became a journal in which scienKsts could publish potenKal improvements in the field “A thousand mistakes of every descrip4on could be avoided if people did not base their conclusions upon premises furnished by others; take as established fact what is only possibility; or as a constantly recurring incident, what has only been observed once. “ ( Hans Gross-­‐1906) 7
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Karl Landsteiner Vienna physician and professor, 1901-­‐1909 working with blood transfusions that some individuals blood “clumped”. -­‐discovers that the blood can be typed into different groups. These groups are eventually labeled as types, A, B, AB, and O. -­‐first suggested these could be used to establish paternity University of Lausanne First “forensic science” program •  1903-­‐09 Rudolphe Archibald Reiss founded the first school of forensic science in the world: the "InsKtut de police scienKfique" at the University of Lausanne (UNIL). •  First university to give a degree in “criminalisKcs” •  Locard visited him and was inspired to request the Lyon Police Dept to allow him to establish a laboratory. -­‐anKbodies and anKgens -­‐introduce chemistry into serology 1930-­‐ awarded the Nobel Prize Edmund Locard (1877-1966)
•  Sherlock Holmes of France
•  He studied Medicine and
Law in Lyon, France
•  1910-Created the first public
Forensic Laboratory in Lyon
•  1929-Established the first
professional organization of
forensic scientists- The
International Association of
Criminalists
Locard •  Inspired by Hans Gross and Conan Doyle •  Student of BerKllon •  Wanted to improve criminalisKcs and crime scene reconstrucKon •  Determined to conduct research and improving pracKces in examinaKon of –  Trace ( dust) evidence –  Fingerprints –  Crime scene reconstrucKon •  Published Traité de CriminalisKque (1931), and La Police et Les Methodes ScienKfiques (1934) Lyon Laboratory •  First forensic laboratory established under the authority of a police enKty –  Surete NaKonale-­‐ (Remember Vidocq) –  Provided two law enforcement officers –  Provided two rooms in the Law Courts in Lyon Locard & Fingerprint IdenKficaKon •  Established the concept of “minimal number of minuKa needed for idenKficaKon” •  Father of “Poreoscopy” –  Study of pores that exist near the ridges in fingerprints and their role in “individualizaKon” •  Father of “Ridgeology” –  Discovered the variaKon in individuals fricKon ridge features beyond what Galton had seen” •  1918, developed 12 matching points for fingerprint idenKficaKon. 8
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What Locard actually said.. Locard’s Exchange Principal
"with contact between two items, there will be
an exchange"
•  In “La Police et Les Methodes ScienKfiques (1934)” he Locard actually never really said this but
has been credited with this “exchange
principal” but this is really something that
was later created by US forensic science
professionals trying to summarize his
findings.
“Searching for traces is not, as much as one could believe it, an innova4on of modern criminal jurists. It is an occupa4on probably as old as humanity. The principal is this one. Any ac4on of an individual, and obviously the violent ac4on cons4tu4ng a crime, cannot occur without leaving a mark. What is admirable is the variety of these marks. Some4mes these will be prints, some4mes simple traces and some4mes stains.” said Locard's contribuKons.... •  Developed methods to examine and “individualize” –  Prints, trace •  Developed methods to interpret –  HandwriKng, blood stains •  Belief that examinaKon & documentaKon of “trace” evidence from a crime scene could be used to associated a person to the crime scene •  His recogniKon of the “holisGc” nature of examinaKon of evidence “Criminalis4cs seeks tools everywhere, in biology, physics and more par4cularly chemistry, and proposes solu4ons to every problem brought up by the criminal inves4ga4on” (Locard-­‐1938) Albert Osborn ( 1858-­‐1946) American who used the scienKfic method in the examinaKon of quesKoned documents and developed the fundamental principals of document examinaKon •  expert in the fields of document forgery •  1910 authored the first text called “Ques4oned Documents”. •  1922 The Problem of Proof •  1937 The Mind of the Juror •  1944-­‐ Ques4oned Document Problems •  1942 Founded the American Society of QuesKoned Document Examiners (ASQDE) Calvin Goddard (1891-­‐1955) US Army Colonel who was a physician with an interest in forensic scienKst •  1920 used the comparison microscope to help determine which bullets came from which shell casings. •  1925 wrote Forensic Ballis4cs and established the Bureau of Forensic BallisKcs inorderto provide firearms idenKficaKon services throughout America. •  1929/30 Opened the Crime DetecKon Laboratory on the campus of Northwestern University. This followed his work on the St. ValenKne's massacre case. •  This lab would inspire J. Edgar Hoover to build the FBI Laboratory Leon La?es (1887-­‐1954) •  La?es thought that ABO blood typing might be useful for the idenKficaKon of individuals •  Professor at the InsKtute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Turein in Italy, •  1915 he developed procedure for determining the blood type ( ABO) of a dried blood stain. •  Applied it to criminal invesKgaKons 9
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Paul Kirk (1902-­‐ 1970) US Biochemist •  1937-­‐was appt. head of criminology program at the Univ. of Ca.-­‐ Berkeley. •  1945-­‐formalized a major in technical criminology. •  1951-­‐ Publishes Crime Inves4ga4on, one of the first comprehensive criminalisKcs and crime invesKgaKon texts that encompass theory in addiKon to pracKce. •  1970-­‐2nd EdiKon published posthumously-­‐ sKll in use. •  Leader in puJng the “science” in forensic science. •  His role in a high profile case ( Sam Sheppard murder) put him at odds with member of AAFS and he was not allowed membership Alec Jeffreys( 1950) English GeneKcs professor •  1983/4-­‐Believed his DNA analyKcal technique can be used to “individualize” a person. •  Works with local police to obtain DNA from crime scene stains and compares to blood samples given by all males in a village •  This work revoluKonizes the use of DNA in forensic serology. •  Was “knighted” for his work •  Topic of the book; “The Blooding” Every contact leaves a trace
“Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even
unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only
his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his
clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he
scratches, the blood he deposits or collects. All of these and more,
bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget.
It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent
because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical
evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be
wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand
it, can diminish its value. ” —Paul Kirk
US Forensic Labs & University programs •  1923-­‐ Los Angeles PD -­‐ started by August Vollmer, police Chief from Berkley CA •  Vollmer also headed the first US university for criminology and criminalisKcs at the University of California at Berkley –  1948 School of Criminology started and headed by Paul Kirk •  1932-­‐ FBI Laboratory-­‐Started by J Edgar Hoover FBI Laboratory • 
IniKal tesKng capabiliKes included: • 
Current technologies include –  Firearm examinaKon, serology, quesKoned documents –  Cryptanalysis & Racketeering Latent Print –  QuesKoned Documents
Explosive –  Photographic & Imaging
Chemistry –  -­‐ DNA-­‐Nuclear DNA/Mitochondrial –  -­‐ Trace Evidence
Firearms/Toolmarks • 
The FBI laboratory works cases from local, state and federal police departments • 
It is largest Federal Forensic laboratory system in the US • 
New Lab built in 2007 is now located in QuanKco VA • 
Read more about it at –  www.}i.gov/about-­‐us/lab –  h?p://www.}i.gov/about-­‐us/history/highlights-­‐of-­‐history/arKcles/laboratory 10
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Forensic OrganizaKons 1950-­‐American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS) 1966-­‐InternaKonal AssociaKon of Forensic ScienKsts (IAFS) 1974-­‐American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD) Professors in the Forensic Science program at Penn State ( check out their C.V.s at forensics.psu.edu) • 
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Robert Shaler Ralph Ristenba? Mitch Holland Reena Roy Popular FicKon -­‐TV ( 20th and 21st Century) •  1976-­‐Quincy •  1990-­‐Law and Order •  2000-­‐CSI •  2005-­‐Bones......... Are these responsible for the “CSI effect”: ie enhanced expectaKons of jurors for the power and availability of forensic evidence in a trial ? References •  EssenKal Forensic Biology By Alan Gunn •  h?p://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/blandy.html •  Purkinje's Observa4ons (1823) on Finger Prints and Other Skin Features H. Cummins and R. Wright-­‐Kennedy Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-­‐1951)Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep. -­‐ Oct., 1940), pp. 343-­‐356 •  Crime Scene ReconstrucKon by W. Jerry Chisum and Brent Turvey,Academic Press, Jun 29, 201 11