C+A issue 02_jpeg braga.indd

Transcription

issue 02 Estadio Municipal de Braga
Estadio
Municipal
de Braga
Portugal
10
Eduardo
Souto
de Moura
11
≥
You can see the cables pulling and you can
see the concrete working against the forces
to transfer the load to the stone. The manmade
structure is dependent on the natural rock
for its stability and its makeup… it is this
encounter, this meeting between the natural
and the manmade that I find interesting
to deal with.
Eduardo Souto de Moura
12
13
1 Ticket office
2 Parking
3 Entrance square
4 Entrance gates
5 UEFA temporary parking
6 Alley
7 Water line
8 East square (lower level)
9 East stand
10 Trail
11 Field
12 West stand
13 West square (upper level)
14 Grass storage building
15 VIP parking
16 TV compound
14
15
16
When Portugal won the right to host Euro 2004, the 12th European
soccer championships, the country set about an ambitious program
of stadium building which, in a short period of time saw seven
new stadiums built, while three were renovated, across eight cities
at a cost of €550 million (AUD$896 million).
All of the new facilities were designed by Portuguese architects
and followed the form of traditional amphitheatre-style arenas
you see in major cities around the world; save for one outstanding
work: the Estadio Municipal de Braga designed by Eduardo Souto
de Moura within the Dume Sports Park, on the northwest slope
of Monte Castro overlooking the historic northern city of Braga.
Shoehorned into a former stone quarry, Souto de Moura’s design
for the 30,000-spectator stadium ignored the typology of the
gladiatorial arena and re-envisaged it as two long stands of
reinforced concrete with deep overlapping tiers running parallel
to the pitch, with a 202 metre suspension coil cable concrete roof
strung between the two stands, and no spectator stands behind
each of the goals. At one end the goals are set almost hard against
the rock face of the quarry, while at the other end the view is of
countryside and the city of Braga below.
This juxtaposition of the natural and man-made expresses the
essence of the Braga Stadium and the result is a powerful piece
of sports architecture that seems to have been carved out of
the mountainside and quarry floor.
The southwestern tribune in particular appears to grow literally
from the craggy rock face as it climbs to a plaza at the top of the
quarry; while the northeastern stand rises free from the quarry
floor; leaning back, rhythmically articulated by 16 powerful inclined
50-metre-tall ribs of reinforced concrete, each just a mere one
metre thick and designed to carry within them most of the
stadium’s hydraulic and electrical infrastructures.
In a geotechnical feat of massive proportions, 1.7 million cubic
metres of granite and rock were blasted from the quarry face into
which the south-western stand snuggles and crushed into
aggregate for making the concrete for the structure of the stadium.
The carving and shaping of the rock face was achieved through
a series of small, precise blasts to shape a cleft in the walls of the
quarry. A series of steel pins were then inserted into the rock wall
to stabilize the rock and prevent landslides.
In the southwestern stand, set barely a metre from the rock face,
Souto de Moura has created a dramatic Piranesian underworld
of intense darkness and light, descending from the plaza at the
top of the quarry via stairs, lifts and concourses, with light drawn
in through a series of vertical shafts. The southeastern stand
is accessed from the quarry floor through stairs inserted between
each of the vertical concrete piers; with longitudinal circulation
achieved through a series of large circular openings cut into
the concrete ribs to reduce overall mass. Its stability is ensured
by reinforced concrete slabs supporting the stairs to each level.
It is the subtle inverted arch of the suspended roof of the Braga
Stadium, however, that is the highlight of Souto de Moura’s design.
Spanning 202 metres over the playing pitch, pairs of full-locked
coil cables, spaced 3.75 metres apart and strung between the
two stands, support two massive independent slabs of reinforced
concrete just 240mm thick, slipped over the cables 50 metres
above the ground, to cover each stand of the stadium. The leading
edges of each roof over the playing field are tied by steel gantries
that carry lighting and sound.
Rainwater is drained from the roofs by large steel spouts
suspended from the concrete roof slabs and into 40-metre-long
steel ‘aqueducts’ – of which 27 metres is cantilevered – anchored
to 8-metre concrete columns in the southeastern embankment
of the site. The water is channeled along a watercourse and stored
for later use and distribution throughout the stadium complex.
AFAssociados, the structural engineers for the stadium, describe
the roof as a single curvature cable roof “relying on the self weight
of the concrete elements to resist the effects of dynamic wind
loads.” The behaviour of the roof was verified before construction
in wind tunnel tests on both rigid and aero elastic models.
Rui Furtado, a principal of AFAssociados, says the construction
sequence of stress ribbon bridges and the Dulles Airport building
in Washington, designed by Eero Saarinen, provided the firm with
its direction for the roof, “using precast planks sliding over the
cables with a thin layer of concrete poured on top to minimize
problems arising from differential directions.
“The reinforced concrete slab is 240mm thick and was determined
by balancing the need for a stabilizing mass while minimizing
the weight,” he says. “The prefabricated elements were assembled
over the cables on top of the stands. Each new piece was linked
to the previous piece with bolts and the pieces were slid along
the cables on Teflon sliders.” When all the pieces were in position
the transversal and longitudinal joints between the panels were
cast in concrete.
Souto de Moura talks of the roof in almost lyrical terms:
“The cables carry great tension loads. They are tied to a battery
of concrete pillars in the structure on either side of the field.
These pillars lean outward against the pull of the cables. But that’s
not enough. To counteract the thrust, the pillars are anchored
to the stone they rest upon. So the roof is linked to the pillars which
are linked to the stone. Ultimately it is the mountain that supports
the roof. It is this encounter, this meeting between the natural
and the manmade that I find interesting to deal with. You can see
the cables pulling and you can see the concrete working against
the forces to transfer the load to the stone. The manmade structure
is dependent on the natural rock for its stability and its make-up.
Thus having the stone wall of the mountain terminate the southeast
end of the stadium instead of the usual seating is a fitting reminder
that the stadium owes its existence to the mountain.” JR
transversal section
17
roof plan
0
longitudinal section
10
20m
18
19
section
20
section
Project statement
The rock excavation and the roof were the big challenges
for the design team. The roof had to be compatible with the idea
of integrating the stadium and the environment. It was also to be
as light and clean as possible. Therefore, arches, trusses, poles,
cables and membranes were eliminated as solutions.
A suspended roof such as was used in the Portuguese Pavilion
in Expo 98 (Alvaro Siza) came up as the natural solution.
The rock existed to anchor the cables and the reaction of the roof
in the cantilevered stand would help in stabilizing it. However,
there were reservations in the uncertainty of the dynamic
behaviour of a 202-metre-span roof and the fact that the roof
would have to be built 50 metres high. The Portuguese Pavilion
Roof has a 67.5 metre span and with a lower height was built
with a total propping system from the ground.
Research on similar structures and preliminary calculations
showed the feasibility of the solution and that an appropriate
geometry and slab weight could lead to a desirable balance
of moments in the foundation for permanent load combinations.
A structure of parallel ‘ribs’ would provide the required stiffness
for the stand and would allow for all the stairs, concourses,
bars, etc. to fit in between.
Constructability was studied and a precast slab proved to be
a feasible solution. Cost estimates revealed that it could fit within
the budget. The design concept was then fixed and detail design
began. The architect’s general approach is to allow the technical
needs of the construction to rule the development of the design.
Thus, outside of the definition of the spaces and the overall
aesthetics, an intense, demanding and stimulating dialogue
resulted between the architects and the engineers whereby the
search for the design solutions only ended when both disciplines
were satisfied.
Clear and rigorous criteria were then agreed upon to mould
the solutions to the technical needs of the building. The resulting
solution had to be simple in form and in detail. But simplicity
is only achieved through a gradual and continuous process
of successive modifications that often bring up solutions that are
quite different from the original ideas. The architects and engineers
worked closely together to achieve a common goal, which was
not viewed as the exclusive territory of one or the other.
The concept was to build a set of suspension cables suspended
from the beams at the top of the rib walls, supporting two
independent concrete slabs that covered each stand.
The geometry selected resulted from a compromise between
the aim of the architect for an extremely subtle inverted arch and
the value of the force produced on the structure by the horizontal
component of the cable forces.
The selection of the type of cable was also extremely important
as it would influence the definition of the shape and technological
characteristics of the roof. Two cable options were possible:
full locked coil strand and parallel wire strand. After studying
the different characteristics of the two solutions in terms of
durability, anchoring devices and dimensioning, full locked coil
cables were selected, which led to smaller diameters. In addition
to standardizing the concrete slab height along the roof, the
only significant modification from the initial project consisted
of grouping the cables into pairs, with spacing between each
pair of 3.75m, two times the initially planned 1.875m.
To talk about the stadium’s structure is to talk about its architecture,
and to explain its architecture is to tell the story of the engineering
problems it brought up and how they were overcome.
Rui Furtado, Carlos Quinaz, Renato Bastos,
AFAssociados, Gaia, Portugal
(This is an edited extract from an article published in
Structural Engineering International, Issue 2, 2005)
northwest elevation – section
section
21
≥
The cables carry great tension loads.
They are tied to a battery of concrete pillars
in the structure on either side of the field.
These pillars lean outward against the
pull of the cables. But that’s not enough.
To counteract the thrust, the pillars are
anchored to the stone they rest upon .
So the roof is linked to the pillars which
are linked to the stone. Ultimately it
is the mountain that supports the roof.
22
Eduardo Souto de Moura
23
24
25
level -2
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-2
Parking
Technical gallery 1
Technical gallery 2
Technical gallery 3
Technical gallery 4
Technical gallery 5
Maintenance access
Access 1
Access 2
Access 3
Access 4
Guard’s house
Atrium
Hall 1
Storage 1
Storage 2
Hall 2
Storage 3
Press conference room
Regie
Technical area
Mix area
VIP/UEFA’s corridor
Journalists’ corridor
VIP/UEFA’s elevator hall
Journalists’ elevator hall
Technical area 1
Technical area 2
UEFA’s corridor 1
UEFA’s corridor 2
UEFA’s work room 1
UEFA’s meeting room
UEFA’s work room 2
UEFA’s storage
UEFA’s office 1
UEFA’s office 2
UEFA’s office 3
UEFA’s office 4
Technical compartment 1
Medical centre’s corridor
Medical centre
Medical centre 2
Police
Hall
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Electrical quarter
Tranformation post
Firemen
Auditorium corridor
Technical compartment’s
corridor 2
Head of security’s
corridor
Staff/ball boys’ changing
room
Storage/catering
Storage
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Security resting room
Security room
Security kitchen
Toilet 1
Toilet 2
Toilet 3
Toilet 4
Toilet 5
Toilet 6
Toilet 7
Toilet 8
Toilet 9
Toilet 10
Toilet 11
Emergency stairs
Emergency stairs
VIPs staircase
Journalists’ staircase
Staircase 1
Staircase 2
Staircase 5
Water tank access
staircase
1
2
3
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0
Ramp
Stair 1
Stair 2
Stair 3
Stair 4
Stair 5
Stair 6
Stair 7
Players atrium
Field access
Distribution corridor 1
Distribution corridor 2
VIP atrium
Journalist atrium
UEFA room
Grass storage
Lift access
Distribution corridor
Bar 1
Bar 2
Disabled toilet
Toilet 1
Disabled toilet 2
Toilet 2
Electrical quarter access
Electrical quarter 1
Toilet 3
Toilet 4
Electrical quarter access
Electrical quarter 2
Toilet 5
Disabled toilet 3
Toilet 6
Disabled toilet 4
Toilet 7
Access to field entrance 1
Field entrance 1
Field entrance 2
Field entrance 3
Field entrance 4
Acess to field entrance 5
Field entrance 5
UEFA meeting room
Field entrance 6
Field entrance 7
Field entrance 8
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Field entrance 9
Field entrance 10
Field entrance 11
Field entrance 14
Field entrance 15
Field entrance 16
Bathroom 1
Technical area
Bathroom 2
Hall
Working facilities
Electrical quarter
Working facilities
Working facilities
Stair 8.2
Stair 9.3
Stair 9.4
Stair 10.3
Stair 10.4
Stair 11.3 (VIPs/UEFA)
Technical area 2
Stair 12.3 (press)
Stair 13.4
Stair 13.3
Stair 14.4
Stair 14.3
Stair 15.2
Stair 11.4 – VIP
Stair 12.4 – press
Stair 16.1
Stair 17.1
27
level -1
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-1
level 0
level 1
1
Public route
Bar 1
Bar 2
Toilet 1
Toilet 2
Toilet 3
Toilet 4
Toilet 5
Toilet 6
First aid (waiting room 1)
Reception 1
First aid toilet
First aid (waiting room 2)
Reception 2
First aid toilet
Atrium
VIP corridor
Journalists’ corridor
VIP elevator hall
Jounalists’ elevator hall
Technical area
Electrical area
Braga S.C. reception desk
Braga S.C. room
Braga S.C. storage room
TV studio 1
TV studio 2
Deletates’ room
Storage
Games secretary room
Resident team’s corridor 1
Male referecing
Resident team’s coach
room
Resident team’s feet
bathing area
Resident team’s shoe
store
Social room 1
Social room 2
Social room 3
Visiting team corridor
Female referecing
Players medical centre 1
Visiting team feet bathing
Visting team shoe store
Resident team’s changing
room access corridor 2
Visiting team corridor 2
Access atrium
Hall
Players medical centre 2
Anti-doping room 1
Anti-doping room 2
0
10
51 Laundry
52 Drying area
53 Resident team’s warm-up
room
54 Resident team’s
gymnasium
55 Resident team’s changing
56 Patio 1
room 1
58 Resident team’s showers 1
59 Resident team’s scottish
shower
60 Resident team’s whirlpool
61 Resident team
62 Resident taem’s WC 1
63 Resident team’s massage
room 1
64 Resident team’s massage
room 2
65 Resident team’s WC 2
66 Resident team’s showers 2
room 2
68 Visiting team’s warm-up
room
69 Visiting team’s gymnasium
70 Visiting team’s changing
71 Patio 2
room 1
73 Visiting team’s showers 1
74 Visiting team’s scottish
shower
75 Visting team’s whirlpool
76 Visiting team
77 Visiting team’s WC 1
78 Visiting team’s massage
room 1
79 Visiting team’s massage
room 2
80 Visiting team’s WC 2
81 Visiting team’s showers 1
room 2
83 Toilet 1
84 Toilet 2
85 Toilet 3
86 Toilet 4
87 Toilet 5
88 Toilet 6
89 Toilet 7
90 Toilet 8
91 Toilet 9
92 Players emergency
staircase
93 Players and staff
emergency staircase
94 VIPs staircase
95 Press staircase
96 Public staircase
97 Public staircase
98 Public staircase
99 Public staircase
100 Public staircae
101 Public staircase
102 Emergency exit
103 Emergency exit
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Ramp
Stair 1
Stair 2
Stair 3
Stair 4
Stair 5
Stair 6
Stair 7
Elevators access
Cabin 1
Cabin 2
Cabin 3
Cabin 4
Cabin 5
Cabin 6
Cabin 7
Cabin 8
Cabin 9
Cabin 10
Cabin 11
Cabin 12
Cabin 13
Cabin 14
Toilet – male/female
Cam 1
Cabin 15
Cabin 16
Cabin 17
Cabin18
Cabin 19
Cabin 20
Cabin 21
Cabin 22
Cabin 23
Cabin 24
Cabin 25
Cabin 26
Cabin 27
Cabin 28
Cabin 29
VIPs Restaurant
Restaurant’s kitchen
Storage
Toilet 1
VIPs atrium
VIPs elevators access
Technical Area 2
Press elevators access
Technical area 1
Toilet 2
TV Studio access corridor
TV Studio 1
TV Studio 2
TV Studio 3
TV studio 4
Bar kitchen
Kitchen
Storage
Stair 9.2
Stair 10.2
Stair 11.2 – VIPs
Stair 12.2
Stair 13.2
Stair 14.2 – TV studios
20m
Project name Estadio Municipal de Braga
Location Monte Crasto, Parque Norte, Braga
Project January 2000
Construction January 2002 – December 2003
Architecture Souto Moura – Arquitectos, LDA
Landscaping Daniel Monteiro
Consultants Arup Associates – Dipesh Patel
(Stadium Programme)
Engineers AFAssociados – Projectos de Engenharia, SA
Consultants CÊGÊ, Geotechnics; ARUP Associates,
Wind study; RWDI, rigid model wind tests;
Danish Maritim Institut, aeroelastic model wind tests),
FEUP – Construction Institute, Dynamics.
Construction Ace – Assoc/Soares da Costa, SA
Photographer Christian Richters

C+A issue 02_jpeg braga.indd

Transcription

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