Historical and Environmental Study of Rani Pokhari

Transcription

GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SINGHDURBAR, KATHMANDU, NEPAL
FINAL REPORT
HISTORICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF RANI POKHARI SUBMITTED BY
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION Unit Committee, Trichandra Multiple Campus Ghanta Ghar , Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 977‐1‐4244047; Fax: 977‐1‐4232166 E‐mail: [email protected] June 2012
Final Report
Historical and Environmental Study of Ranipokhari
CHAPTER-1
PROJECT APPRECIATION
1.1
AWARD OF JOB
As per the agreement signed between Ministry of Science and Technology, Singhdurbar,
Kathmandu and Tribhuvan University Teachers' Association Trichandra Campus Unit
Committee (TUTA, TC) dated on April 2, 2012 for the research of the Historical and
Environmental Study of Ranipokhari. Tribhuvan University Teachers' Association,
Trichandra College Unit Committee (TUTA, TC) Ghanta Ghar,, Kathmandu is grateful and took
the responsibility of Historical and Environmental Study of Rani Pokhari. The TUTA TC is
pleased to submit this Research Report which is the Final outcomes of the aforesaid said
agreement
This report contains the project background, approach and methodology; maps and the
measurement data have been presented in Annex for the above said project
1.2
BACKGROUND
The Ponds are basically natural resources available for multiple uses. A pond consists of two
distinct parts, the basin and the water body. A pond, in other words may be defined as an
inland basin filled with water. The water level of a pond is a function of the volume contained in
the pond basin. The rate of change of water volume is controlled by the rate at which water
enters the basin from all sources minus the rate at which the water is lost by evaporation from
its surface and discharged by surface as well as subsurface effluents. The dynamic process of
ponds also reflects in a part of its own previous history.
Erosion process in rugged terrain of Nepalese hills yields an appreciable amount of sediments
to rivers lakes and pond. Sedimentation is intensified in the ponds by sediment laden flood
inflows. Data on inflow and outflow of ponds are important parameters for water balance
studies and to understand the natural phenomena.
1.3
INTRODUCTION
Rani Pokhari, situated at the heart of Kathmandu, though being made for cultural reasons, has
added purity and beauty to the Kathmandu city and has refreshed the environment. This
historical pond was constructed in 1727 B.S by King Pratap Malla in memory of his beloved
son Prince Chackrawotendra. The King built this artificial pond to console the Queen after their
son Chackrawotendra died (1726 BS). It was constructed as a token of consolation to his wife,
mourned in sorrow of their son's death.
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After built of the pond in 1727 B.S. it was named as (Nhugu Pukhu, Gx'u'
k'v.' )
(Lamshal,
2023:89). The same name was referred by Thyasphu of Nepal Sambat- 805, (Regmi, 1966:
25) and Thyasphu of Nepal Sambat 811. The Nhugu Pukhu has been derived from the Nepal
Bhasa word Nhugu and Pukhu meaning new Pond. Nhugu Pukhu has been called as Rani
Pokhari after the renovation of the pond by Queen Bhuwanlaxmi Malla, granddaughter of King
Pratap Malla and wife of King Bupatendra Malla, in around 1760s. According to Devmala
Vamshavali, queen Bhuwanlaxmi reformed the pond and constructed the temple of her “Ista
Dev”-household deity- Mahadev in the centre of the pond. After the construction, water from
various
religious
places
was
filled
in
the
pond,
like Badrinath,
Kedarnath, Gosainkunda, Muktinath, Kaligandaki and much more.
The construction work began at Nepal Sambat 785 and completed at 790 Kartik Shukla
Purnima (Yogi, 2013: 80). thus, it took about 5 years to complete the work. Length of this pond
is 180 meter and width is 140 meter. Its area is 62 Ropani, 13 Ana, 2 paisa and two dam
(Amatya, 2053:25) In the middle of pond, there lies Shiva Mandir which could be reached by
taking path of Western bank. Though Shiva Linga may be seen in the middle of pond but many
people believe it to be the temple of Balgopal (Regmi, 2051: 190). Besides the main temple,
situated in the middle of pond, there are four different temples in four different corners of the
pond. In the North-West direction lies Bhairav, in the North-East direction also lies Bhairav, in
the South-East direction lies Mahalaxmi (Durga) and in the South-West direction lies the very
well known 16 handed (Sohra Hate ) Ganesh temple. In the south of the pond, there is a statue
of Pratap Malla and his family riding in a White elephant. It is assumed that Shiva mandir
situated in the middle of Rani Pokhari was constructed as in “chhane shailee”. In1951, Junga
Bahadur Rana replaced the ruined Newar-Style temple in the middle of the Ranipokhari with a
domed temple (Slusser, 1982: 149) and surrounding wall was also constructed by him. After
the earthquake of 1990 B.S., Juddha Sumsher renovated the mandir in the present form and
iron bar and railing was constructed. Later in 2013 B.S., Rani Pokhari and Shiva mandir was
renovated (Amatya, 2053: 25).
Earlier, Rani Pokhari was built just outside the main entrance of ancient Kathmandu city. There
are seven wells inside this pond according to Devmala Vansawali. These seven wells were
seen when the pond was dried to clean It is believed that Sankhafadi nag was residing in this
pond (Yogi, 2013: 80).
There are three inscriptions was found which was erected by the King Pratap Malla about the
construction of Rani Pokhari.
The beginning of the inscription is in Sanskrit ‘.Out of
41
paragraph of the inscription , 3 in Sanskrit paragraphs, 3- 36 is in Nepali and 36-41 paragraphs
are written in Newari language. In the Newari part of this paragraph Nepal Sambat 790 is
written, likewise in the end of Nepali part ‘Shree Shakhe Kartik Sudi Purnima’ is written. In the
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same inscription , 5 Brahmins, 5 Pradhans and 5 Khas Magars were mentioned as witness
(Regmi,184).
In the inscription the area of Rani Pokhari is mention as ‘Parmeshwor Parmeshwori
Bramhabhumi’. King Pratap Malla wanted the pond to be with some cultural importance . The
pond is filled with Gangajal, Bhaidhnath’s Jal, Bagmati’s Jal, Shakhamul’s Jal, the junction of
Panauti Tirtha’s Jal, Gandaki’s Jal, Koshi’s Jal and 51 sacred places and river water. All these
things and the places and water used to fill the pond are mentioned in the Abhilekh. By taking
bath, Dev tarpan, Pitri Tarpan, Sandhya etc in the pond the cultural advantage of the rivers and
tirtha places made by bathing in those respective places is believed to be made. It is said that
Pratap Malla had brought the water to Ranipokhari by canal and container from fifty-one of the
most revered – tirthas of Nepal and India. In this particular instance, however, the pond fell into
ill repute. It became a gathering place of ghosts, and it was not used for suicide it was shunned
by the public altogether. ( Slusser,352)
In the Southern bank of the pond, the statue of elephant is also among one of the important
statues. Pratap Malla crowned his sons in the thrown, during his reign, respectively for one
year. While his son Chakravartendra became king just for one day, he died. Among important
statues in the memory of Pratap Malla’s son Chackravartendra Malla, Rani Pokhari was
constructed and in the Southern bank the statue of Pratap Malla and his son Chackrawotendra
Malla and Mahipatendra Malla riding in elephant is made. In the Northern bank also in memory
of son Chackrawotendra Malla statue of Narayan is erected. The pond is filled with the divine
and pure river water like Ganga, Son, Saraswati, Godawari, and Kaveri, Koshi and Ocean and
popular Yagya being made and popular among all Trilok and gods and worshipper dance in the
ponds is also mentioned in the abhilekh (Regmi, 2051: 188).
The poems and songs written by Pratap Malla have the same cultural importance as the one
mentioned in abhilekh. The song written by Pratap Malla also mentioned that by taking bath in
the pond will make all the sins swept akin to taking bath in Varanasi. Ranipokhari constructed
by Pratap Malla is presently the proud of Kathmandu city. But the surrounding temple near
Rani Pokhari is within the compound of Triichandra campus and police station and is in the
decreasing state of cultural importance. Due to unmanaged wastes, this pond carrying cultural
importance is in danger. The surrounding temple near Rani Pokhari should be kept as before
to keep the cultural importance of the pond alive.
1.4
OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK
The main objective of the study is to carry out a detail historical and environmental Survey of
the Pond and obtain related seasonal information. In particular, the present study is aimed to:
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•
Carry out Environmental condition of the pond along with its political, historical, cultural
and socio-economic importance
•
1.5
Carry out Bathymetric survey to determine the depth and volume of the Pond.
SCOPE OF THE WORKS
The scope of works under the above specified objectives includeds but is not limited to the
following:
•
Hydrological Survey
o Identify reference marks and locate them in the Map
o Carry out water depth survey.
o Assess the lake volume,
o Prepare Bathymetric Map
o Determines seasonal variation of water level
•
Water Quality Survey
o
Assess the seasonal physical, chemical and micro-biological water quality of the
pond
o
Establish water quality relation among the Rani Pokhari and the two dug wells
constructed at college premises.
•
Limnological Study
o
Aquatic plant
o
Aquatic life
•
Geological Study of pond basin
o
•
Historical and Socio-economic Importance
o
•
Sprit of construction and relation between Gaijatra Festival
Political Importance of the Pond
o
•
1.6
Geological and sedimentation status of the pond
Well come of the visiting king of the nearby state
Cultural and Archeological importance of the pond
o
Cultural importance
o
Structure of Rani Pokhari and Yamaleshwor Mahadev temple
STUDY AREA
The study area is Rani Pokhari, located at heart of Kathmandu. Figure 1, 2 and 3 shows the
location of study area. Some information on Rani Pokhari is depicted below:
Wetland Name: Rani Pokhari (Nhugu Pukhu)
Country: Nepal
Coordinates: 27o 42' 28" N, 85o 18' 55'' E
Area: 2.07 hector
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Altitude: 1308 m amsl
Description of site:
Climatic conditions: Humid subtropical monsoonal climate with an average annual rainfall of
1468 mm, a mean minimum temperature of 2.2°C (January), and a mean maximum
temperature of 28.7°C (May and June).
Figure 1.1: Location Map of Ranipokhari
Figure 1.2 : 3D View of Rani Pokhari
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Figure 1.3: Google Map of Rani Pokhari
1.7
PREVIOUS STUDY
1.8
Mobilization
Under this phase of the study, the JV consultants have created an atmosphere to the
study team by establishing logistic staff and the necessary equipment to carry out the
study in smooth manner. The documents related to this project mainly based on past
studies. The following necessary things equipment and materials mainly arranged
during this phase.
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Eco-sounder (NINGLU DS2008)
•
Boat
•
Tag Reel
•
GPS
•
Tape
•
Bathymetric maps of past study
•
Recent topographic map of study area (1: 25,000)
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1.8.1 Field Work
After the review and approval of the Research project by the Client, the TUTA, TC
formed a multidisciplinary research team. The team of the comprising of a hydrologist,
geologist, botanist, zoologist, environmental expert, history expert, cultural expert and
microbiologist from Trichandra Campus and
surveyor experts from Institute of
Engineering Pulchowk Campus. The team conducted the topographical as well as
bathymetric surveys of the pond and its surrounding area. Similarly the environmental
expert, botanist, zoologist as well as microbiological team collected different water
sample and the aquatic life at different points of the pond. At the Same time the team
established a manual water level recorder in the eastern parts of the pond to monitor
the pond water level.
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CHAPTER-2
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1
GENERAL APPROACH
With the understanding of the scope and objectives of the study as presented in the
Chapter-One, the approach and methodology was adopted by the Consultants. A
multidisciplinary study team was formed. The team members had been selected with
expertise in successfully conducting “Historical and Environmental Study of
Ranipokhari".
2.1.1
Project Management Approach
The consultant had formulated the approach to meet the study requirements
outlined in the proposal. The following are the main approaches to be adopted for
this study. The following general management approaches had been adopted by the
study team during the service period:
•
Selection and mobilization of appropriate project personnel.
•
A close coordination between the study team, client and other related
officials have been maintained in order to obtain the necessary data.
•
After the desk work, the verified data would be analyzed and the results have
been synthesized.
•
Selection of those methods and technologies which have been tested and
proven to be optimum.
•
Regular briefing to the TUTA TC and concerned personnel and authorities on
progress of the project and problems connected there to full use of available
and applicable reports, standards and other information for execution and
completion of the proposed services in accordance with accepted
professional standard and sound practices.
•
During the desk work as well as in field, a close coordination was maintained
with the related Study team and TUTA TC that was involved during the study
period for identifying the constraints and their suggestions.
•
Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each member of the proposed
Team
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Strict adherence to the work schedule.
•
Completion of the proposed services within the stipulated time.
•
No compromise to the quality.
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2.1.2
Project Management Structure
The Study first approach was to establish a clear project management structure,
including setting out of the responsibilities of all participants and lines of
communication. A Total Quality Management Approach was established to formalize
this structure and ensure a consistent approach. Very careful consideration was
made in the selection of the Consultant’s team members.
The Consultant's opinion is that only by integrating all members of the study into one
team, where all are fully aware of duties and informed of the goals of the study and
the required components and outputs from the individual as well as of the team as a
whole, the prescribed works would be achieved with the desired quality and within
the time frame.
2.1.3
Innovative Thinking Approach
The Consultant encouraged its team members, and other professionals/individuals
to become creative in their thinking and to use initiative to overcome obstacles so as
to progress the study smoothly. This was activated through the dissection of past
efforts and results so that time could be given to the positive and fresh thinking.
This approach produced a systematic and analytical process which seeks to achieve
value for money by providing all necessary functions with required levels of quality
and performance.
2.2
METHODOLOGY
The Proposal has clearly defined sets of activities to be carried out for a precise and
methodical study. The description is complete in it to outline the methodology to be
adopted and needs no further explanation. However, the methodology has been
outlined here in order to group the sequence of logical activities and to present the
overview of the Consultant’s insight of the subject matter.
2.2.1
Hydrological Survey
Basically, there are two methods to carry out bathymetric survey of lakes/ reservoirs.
These are the range-line survey and contour survey. The range line method is most
widely used for medium to large lakes/reservoirs. The range line method usually
requires less field work and is less expensive than the contour method. In this
method, number of cross sections are selected to survey the lake. These cross
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sections are called ranges. The most important is measurement of bed elevation at
many known locations in the lake. These measurements are almost always made by
measuring the water depth beneath a boat and the exact location of the boat on the
lake surface. So, two basic types of measurements are required,
i)
Location measurement
The basic measurement required for a lake/reservoir survey is the location of the
cross section (range line) and points of depth measurement. It requires a base map
of the lake with locations of cross section points around the lake. The location points
around the lake are helpful in positioning the cross section on the map for
bathymetric survey. Mapping of the lake surface area has been carried out on basis
of Top map having scale 1:25000. The perimeter of the existing lake has been
verified in the field.
ii)
Depth measurement
The simplest way of measuring the water depth is to use a sounding weight or rope
to obtain it directly. The other method is use of ultrasonic sounding equipments.
Sounding weight can be fabricated of iron plate or angels. To determine the
sedimentation rate on the basis of bathymetric survey, the shape and weight of
sounding weight should be in record for future survey. Ultra sonic equipments for
measurement of depth is preferred on most of lakes/reservoirs. The scientific depth
sounding equipment (NINGLU DS2008) have been used to provide a continuous
bottom profile. The Ecosounder NINGLU DS2008 with a signal frequency of 200 kHz
have been used. Basically, greater than 60 KHz signal frequency is acceptable for
the detection of the water bottom interface, when the bottom interface is composed
of sand and gravel. For a very soft muddy bottom however, it might indicate the
interface is 10-15 cm deeper than the true value (Jobson and Payne, 1983).
Ultrasonic devices with about 120 KHz frequency can solve this problem and give
some information about the underlying strata, however the interpretation of the result
is often difficult due to the poor degree of resolution.
The principle of ecosounder is simple. An acoustic signal is sent from the tranducer
and is received back as an echo from the bottom. The time is measured and depth
is calculated. Using the data of different cross sections a contour map of .1 m
interval for the Ranipokhari has been prepared.
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Identify reference marks and locate them in the Map
iv)
Carry out water depth survey.
v)
Assess the lake volume,
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2.2.2
vi)
Prepare Bathymetric Map
vii)
Determines seasonal variation of water level
Water Quality Survey
Sampling is very important factor that determines the accuracy of the results. For the
study of water quality analysis, 500 ml of sample water were collected from the
depth 5-10 cm from each site. Composite sample was collected from different points
of pond. Sample was collected during pre-monsoon (May) 2012. The parameters
such as Temperature and pH was analyzed at the spots and other parameters were
analyzed in the laboratory of Environmental Science Department, Tri-Chandra
college, by following standard methods as described in APHA (1998). The following
methods were used during the analysis of water quality.
Table 2.1: Methods used during the analysis of water quality
SN
2.2.3
Parameter
Methods
1
Temperature
Thermometer
2
pH
pH meter
3
Conductivity
Conductivity meter
4
Chloride
Argentometric Titration
5
Total Hardness
EDTA Titration
6
Calcium
EDTA Titration
7
Magnesium
EDTA Titration
8
Dissolved Oxygen(DO)
Winkler’s Iodometric method
9
Phosphate
Spectrophotometric (Stannous chloride method)
10
Total alkalinity
Titrimetric method
Limnological Study
Floral samples were collected from research area. Voucher specimens were
collected by using standard methods. Aquatic floras were collected from the ponds
from four corners in all faces in 26 Jestha 2069 in standard vessels. During
collection of aquatic samples, plankton nets were used. With the help of small boat,
8 samples from ponds were collected. Temporary slides were made from all
samples. They were studied under light microscope. The collected samples were
identified with the help of standard literatures.
The plant materials from land area of 7m perimeter of the pond were collected on
18th June 201. During sample collection, diggers and plant cutters were used. All
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samples were collected in polythene bags and proceed for dehydration. The dry
voucher materials are identified with the help of standard literatures and sample
materials preserved in National Herbarium and Plant Laboratory (KATH), Godawari.
2.2.4
Zoological Diversity
To study the present zoological diversity investigation in Rani Pokhari, eight
sampling sites were selected by using raft. The water samples were collected in
sampling bottles from different sampling sites, by using plankton net. The samples
were then preserved by using preservatives, and then taken to laboratory for
observation. The animal diversity present in the pond as well as periphery of the
pond was also focused, but they were surveyed only by unaided eyes.
2.2.5
Microbiological Study
The study was carried out from 8 different site of Ranipokhari and 2 from the well
connected with the pond. The sample s were collected with in the sterile e sampling
bottle and it was immediately transported and processed to the microbiology lab of
micro biology department of Tri-Chandra college.
Physical examination
All the 10 samples were initially analyzed with the physical parameters. The pH and
the temperature of water was noted down. pH is the negative log10 of H+
concentration, which measures the intensity of acidity or alkalinity. Similarly,
temperature is recorded at 11:30 AM directly at the sampling site.
Bacteriological examination
For the conduction of the bacteriological analysis, different types of media and
reagents were used for the enumeration and to determine the coliform and faecal
coliform present in the water sample of Ranipokhari. During the study, the used
media were supplied by Hi –media.
The total plate count was done by pour plate technique on plate count agar .The
serial dilution was done prior to start with the pour plate and colonies developed
after incubation at 37°C for 24 hrs were counted (APHA,1998) with the help of
colony counter.
The most common group of indicator organism used in water quality monitoring is
coliform .Coliform organism examination of water samples were done by MPN
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method (APHA, 1998) the multiple tube fermentation test. In this test three steps are
performed; the presumptive, confirmed, and completed tests. A moderately selective
lactose broth medium (Lactose Lauryl Tryptose Broth), containing a Durham tube, is
first used in the presumptive test to encourage the recovery and growth of potentially
stressed coliforms in the sample. If harsher selective conditions are used, a
deceptively low count may result. A tube containing both growth and gas is recorded
as a positive result. It is possible for non-coliforms (Clostridium or Bacillus) to cause
false positives in this medium and therefore all positive tubes are then inoculated
into a more selective medium (Brilliant Green Lactose Broth or EC Broth) to begin
the confirmed test.
The confirmed test medium effectively eliminates all organisms except true coliforms
or fecal coliforms, depending upon the medium and incubation conditions. If a
positive result is recorded in these tubes the completed test is begun by first
streaking a loopful of the highest dilution tube which gave a positive result onto
highly selective Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. After incubation, subsequent
colonies are evaluated for typical coliform reactions.
Detection of Salmonella sps were done by the enrichment of sample on Selenite F
broth followed by isolation of the typical organism on Xylose Lysine Deoxicholate
agar (Collee et.al.1996) Enteric bacteria isolated on respective selective of
differential media were identified on the basis of their colonial, morphological and
biochemical properties following Berg’s manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Holt
et.al ,1994).Data entry and analysis was done .
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CHAPTER-3
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1
BATHYMETRIC SURVEY
3.1.1 Water Surface Elevation
Bathymetric data for Begnas Lake were collected during June 8, 2012. The recorded
daily mean water-surface elevation was 1293.04 m above mean sea level (error ± 8 m)
during the bathymetric survey. More than 101 data points (track points) of latitude,
longitude, and depth were recorded to accurately and comprehensively describe the
bathymetry. Ranipokhari water surface elevation during study is given below;
Survey Date
Water Surface Elevation (m)
June 8, 2012
1293.04
It is noted here that the location of the reference point with respect to water surface;
Demarcation Slab at the near to eastern gate of Ranipokhari is given below.
Longitude (E) Latitude (N)
85o 19' 07"
27o 42' 28"
Elevation (m)
Remarks
1293.57
3.1.2 Depth Measurement of the Pond
The depth survey route was fixed by the Hydrologist. An eco-sounder (NINGLU DS
2008) along with a GPS and a tag reel of 50 m marked at 25 cm intervals were used.
The boat was sailed across both the length and breadth of the Pond. Points were
selected along these lines at random positions. Apart from the boatman, experts were
accommodated in the boat. The hydrologist’s role was to select the points for depth
measurement and to instruct the assistant to hold staff and operate the eco- sounding
machine. Due to the lower depth as assumed the eco-sounder was not able to measure
the depth. It is noted here that the basic range of ecosounder is (3-800m). So the depth
was measured by using tag reel and again verified by the direct measurement using the
Staff.
3.1.3 Preparation of Bathymetric Map
The data of the horizontal distances and the corresponding depths were plotted on the
topographic map of scale 1:1650. The depth measured by the tag reel, were chosen to
prepare the Bathymetric survey of the pond. The depths observed by the Bathymetric
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survey were plotted on the topographic map of the ponds. Contour lines were drawn
using interpolation and extrapolation techniques. The contour lines are drawn at an
interval of 0.1 meters. Figure 3.2 and 3.3 shows the Bathymetric Maps of the
Ranipokhari. is attached in ANNEX-1.
Figure 3.2: Tracking Points for Bathymetric and Environmental surveyof Ranipokhari
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Figure 3.3: Bathymetric Map of Ranipokhari
3.1.4 Area and Volume Calculation
The area of the lake and the areas between two consecutive contour lines were
determined from the GIS database of the bathymetric map of the pond. The area
between two consecutive contour lines was measured and GIS database is prepared
using R2V, Arc Info and Arc View GIS Software. The volumes of the pond were then
calculated by multiplying the measured area with the average depth. Table 3.1 below
shows the area and volume between two consecutive contour lines. Likewise, depth
area and volume of the Ranipokhari is depicted in the Table 3.2 below. The area
volume relationship of the lake is given in Figure 3.4.
Table 3.1 Area and Volume between Two Consecutive Contour Lines
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Cross Section Profile of Ranipokhari atAA'
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
‐0.1
Depth (m)
‐0.2
‐0.3
‐0.4
‐0.5
‐0.6
‐0.7
Distance (m)
Figure 3.5: Cross Sectional Profile along AA’
Cross Section Profile of Ranipokhari at BB'
0
0
50
100
150
200
‐0.1
‐0.2
Depth (m)
‐0.3
‐0.4
‐0.5
‐0.6
‐0.7
‐0.8
Distance (m)
Figure 3.6: Cross Sectional Profile along BB’
Cross Section Profile of Ranipokhari at CA'
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
‐0.1
Depth (m)
‐0.2
‐0.3
‐0.4
‐0.5
‐0.6
Distance (m)
Figure 3.7: Cross Sectional Profile along CA’
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Cross Section Profile of Ranipokhari at DB'
0
0
50
100
150
200
‐0.1
Depth (m)
‐0.2
‐0.3
‐0.4
‐0.5
‐0.6
‐0.7
Distance (m)
Figure 3.8: Cross Sectional Profile along DB’
Cross Section Profile of Ranipokhari at EE'
0
‐0.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Depth (m)
‐0.2
‐0.3
‐0.4
‐0.5
‐0.6
‐0.7
Distance (m)
Figure 3.9: Cross Sectional Profile along EE’
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Figure 3.10 Path of the Cross Sectional Profile
3.2
MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE LAKE
Some major parameters were computed from Arc GIS database of the Lake prepared
on the basis of data captured from the field. Lake area surveyed (scale, 1:1650) using
Arc GIS. It is noted here that, the pond level during survey (May 8, 2012) was 0.54
meter below from the maximum water level. So the maximum depth comes to be 1.24
m. The maximum length and width of the pond is 165.24 m (Southern part) and 125.67
m (East part) respectively.
The volume of water is 7.4 million liters. The ratio of maximum depth and mean depth is
1.92. This higher ratio reveals that the lake basin is U shaped with steep sided and flat
bottom. Table 3.3 shows the major morphometric parameter of the Lake.
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Table 3.3 Morphometric Parameters of Ranipokhari Lake
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3.3
Parameter
Pond Area
Pond Volume
Maximum Length
Maximum Width
Maximum Depth During Survey
Maximum Depth at Full Lake Level
Mean Depth
Ratio of Mean Depth to Maximum Depth
Unit
Hectare
M3
m
m
m
m
m
Dimension Less
Value
2.03
7447.90
165.24
125.67
0.70
1.24
0.36
1.94
WATER QUALITY SURVEY
The results of the water quality assessments carried out on Ranipohari are presented in
the Table 3.4.
3.3.1
pH
The biological activity has a pronounce effect on pH of the aquatic bodies. The pH of
Ranipokhari of all samples was recorded as alkaline, ranging from 7.1 (S7) to 10.2(S1)
as shown in Table 2. Recently, similar result was reported by Maharjan, (2012) in same
pond, at both pre and post monsoon season. The alkaline nature of pH could be due to
photosynthetic activity of green algae which abstracts free carbon-dioxide from the
water. The pH of feeding (source water) was recorded as 7. The target water quality
range for aquatic life is 6.5 to 9.0 according to Nepal water quality guidelines for
aquaculture (CBS, 2008). Outside this range the health of fish is adversely affected.
3.3.2
Conductivity
Conductivity is a measure of the ability of a body of water to carry an electrical current.
This ability is dependent on the presence of dissolved ions, their total concentration,
mobility, valence, and relative concentrations in the water temperature. In general, as
the pollutant load to natural water increases, the concentration of dissolved ions
increases. High conductivity values generally indicate high levels of pollution. The
conductivity in samples S7 (674 µS) and S8 (759 µS) is very much higher as compared
with other samples. The average value of conductivity was recorded as 349 µS.
Water Transparency
Light is an essential factor for photosynthesis and growth of all the aquatic plants.
Sustenance of the biotic organisms in a water- body depends upon the illumination of
light. Especially phytoplankton, algae and macrophytes entirely depends on the light for
their photosynthesis. But amount of the available light depends upon transparency of
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water. The transparency of water in Ranipokhari ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 cm (Table 2). It
is measured by Sechhi disc. The transparency of the Ranipokhari was found to be very
low due to presence of massive growth of algae.
3.3.3
Chloride:
Chloride ion is among the commonest anions found in most of the fresh water which is
beneficial to most organisms. All samples recorded more than 20 mg/L except two
samples (S7 and S8).
3.3.4
Total Hardness:
Hardness is mainly contributed by calcium and magnesium salts. Hardness is usually
not regarded as pollution parameter because it does not harm the health of aquatic life
in major way. However, greater than 175 mg/L creates the problem of osmoregulation in
fish.
In the present study, the total hardness ranged from 42 to 63 mg/L. However, at mixing
point (S7) and at source (S8) were recorded as 120 and 152 mg/L respectively.
3.3.5
Calcium:
Calcium is an essential element for plants and animals. It is quite abundantly found
dissolved in water because of calcareous rocks throughout the world. The mean value
of calcium was recorded as 29.1 mg/L and 80 and 76 mg/L were in S7 and S8
respectively.
3.3.6
Magnesium:
Magnesium is also important nutrient for aquatic plants, which is generally found in least
amount as compared to Calcium. The maximum value of Magnesium was found upto
18.5 mg/L in sample no. S8. The mean value for Magnesium was 5.7 mg/L.
3.3.7
Dissolved Oxygen (DO):
Dissolved oxygen is a fundamental requirement of the maintenance of life of all living
organisms in water. A water body is said to be polluted when dissolved oxygen level
falls below a certain minimal concentration necessary for sustaining a normal biota for
that water. Generally the minimum requirement of DO for the most of aquatic life is
around 4 mg/L. The dissolved oxygen in all water samples ranged from 4.1 to 5.6 mg/L
which meets minimal requirement except S8.
3.3.8
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24
Final Report
Phosphorus in natural waters is usually found in the form of phosphates (PO4-3).
Biological productivity is mostly limited by the amount of phosphate in water and soil.
The mean value of phosphate in sample was observed as 0.24 mg/L. Phosphate in
Sample no. S7 and S8 were recorded as 0.10 and 0.11 mg/L respectively.
3.3.9
Total Alkalinity
Total alkalinity is the presence of carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxyl ions present in
the water. Hard waters with alkalinity give good phytoplankton growth in comparison
with soft waters. The total alkalinity varied from 120 to 190 mg/L (Table 3.4).
Table 3.4: Water Quality Analysis of Ranipokhari
SN
Temp.
(oC)
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
S7
S8
pH
Conductivity
(µS)
Chloride
(mg/L)
10.2
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.2
9.6
10.2
9.2
7.1
7
366
344
355
355
346
328
349
366
328
674
759
30.6
27
25.6
27
26.2
25
26.9
30.6
25
17.04
14.2
Total
Hardness
(mg/L)
59
46
55
42
63
49
52.3
63
42
120
152
Calcium(m Magnesiu DO (mg/L) Phosphate(
Total
g/L)
m(mg/L)
mg/L)
Alkalinity (
mg/l)
30
7.1
5.4
0.22
190
31
3.7
5.6
0.24
127
36
4.6
5.4
0.23
132
22.4
4.8
4.9
0.23
123
30.4
7.9
5.2
0.24
153
24.6
5.9
5
0.25
165
0.24
148.3
29.1
5.7
5.3
0.25
190
36
7.9
5.6
0.22
123
22.4
3.7
4.9
0.1
120
80
9.8
4.1
0.11
130
76
18.5
3.2
Note
S7=Mixing point with source
S8=Source (recharge from ground water)
3.4
MICROBIOLOGICAL SURVEY
The very carefully collected sample were visibly quite turbid and with the heavy growth
of algae that has make the sample green in color, except in the boring water and the
water from two different wells .
Table 3.5: Temperature and pH table of different samples
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
TUTA TC
Sample
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Temperature(oC)
26
25
26
26
27
pH
9.6
7.2
9.3
9.0
9.1
6
S6
26
8.1
7
8
9
10
S7
S8
S9
S10
26
28
20
21
9.1
9.4
6.1
6.4
25
Final Report
The physical parameters like temperature and pH has been tabulated as in table 1.
From the study, it has been found that the pH of the water of Ranipokhari was found in
alkaline range t in different sampling sites, however, it was found in the range of 6 in
both wells.
The temperature has been found to be suitable range for the growth of most of the
bacteria.
Table 3.6: Number of organism isolated from total plate count
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Sample
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
No. of organisms at different dilution
1×
160
TMTC
88
TMTC*
277
153
98
117
TMTC
TMTC
2×
105
TMTC
59
TMTC
196
136
49
100
TMTC
108
3×
92
75
36
65
153
33
42
71
TMTC
105
4×
46
36
26
40
35
32
30
34
1
10/tm
5×
30
8
15
30
18
28
21
18
1
Tm/200
6×
20
1
9
10
9
12
7
5
1
tm
*TMTC-Too Many to Count
Among the 10 analyzed samples the load of organisms were found to be highest in
S10,S9 and S2 of Ranipokhari and other samples also contains high load of organisms
as well. This result indicates that Ranipokhari and well water samples are highly polluted
with bacteria.
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Table 3.6: An MPN table for determining cell number from three tube fermentation
Sample
No of positive
tubes 3 of 1ml
each
0
No of positive
tubes 3 of 0.1ml
each
0
MPN index Per
100ml
S1
No of positive
tubes 3 of 10 ml
each
1
S2
3
3
3
>1100
S3
2
0
0
9
S4
3
2
0
93
S5
3
3
1
460
S6
3
3
1
460
S7
3
3
3
1100
S8
3
3
2
1100
S9
3
3
3
1100
S10
3
3
3
>1100
4
Source: Guidelines for D/W Quality 1998, vol 1 WHO.
Table 3.7: Pattern of different coliform sps isolated
S.N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sample
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
Presence of Faecal coliform
-ve
+ve
-ve
-ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
The present study gives information about the bacteriological quality of different sites of
Ranipokhari which was found to be heterogeneous type. All the samples have been
contaminated with high number of Coliform organisms which make the sample highly
polluted. From the above table it is clear that the most polluted water is S2 and S7 sites
of Ranipokhari and S9 and S10 which were of well sample. Among the 10 samples the
lowest number of Coliform is obtained from sample 1containgin 4 number of organisms
.Other sampling site such S3 has 9 coliform S4 has 93, S5 has 460, S6 has 460, and
again S7 has the most probable number of coliform of 1100.
Regarding the faecal contamination, S2, S4 , S7,S8 , S10 samples have been
found
contaminated with faecal coliforms where as rest of the samples were free of faecal
contamination.
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Table 3.8: Pattern of biochemical result of isolated coliform organisms
Org
E.coli
Citrobacter
Klebsiella
I
+
+
-
Where;
I- Indole
Mot-Motility
MR
+
+
-
VP
+
C
+
+
Mot
+
+
-
TSI
A/A,gas+
A/A,gas+
A/A,gas+
MR-Methyl Red VP-Voges proskaur
O/F-Oxidative /Fermentative
H2S
+
-
Urease
+
O/F
F
F
F
Gm’s stain
-ve rod
-ve rod
-ve rod
C-Citrate
A-Acid Alk-Alkali
Table 3.9: Pattern of biochemical result of isolated organism other than coliform
organisms
Org
I
Proteus
+
Salmonella -
MR VP C
Mot TSI
+
+
+
+
-
+
Alk/A,+gas
Alk/A,+gas
H2S Urease O/F Gm’s stain
F
-ve rod
+
+
F
-ve rod
+
-
During the identification and isolation of the bacteria, the coliform organisms including
E.coli ,Citrobacter, and Klebsiella
have been
isolated having the biochemical
characteristic as tabulated as in Table 5.The biochemical properties of some other
isolated enterobacteria (Coliform) have been recorded in Table 3.9.
The pH is the negative log 10 of hydrogen ion concentration which measures the
intensity of acidity or alkalinity. In our study, The pH of the water at different sampling
sites varies from 6.1 to 9.3.The average pH of the water was found to be in alkaline
range .Generally bacterial function
better at neutral and higher pH range. Most
pathogenic bacteria grow best around pH 7.3 i.e.at slightly alkaline reaction. Most of the
commensal and saprophytic bacteria often have a wider pH range (Mackie and Mac
Cartney 1989)
Similarly temperature is one of the important parameter which determines the various
other parameters as pH, conductivity, alkalinity, etc. It is basically important for its
effects of the chemistry and biological reaction of the organisms.
The present study gives and information about the bacteriological quality of different
sties of Ranipokhari which was found to be heterogeneous type. The most common
group of indicator organism used in water quality monitoring is coliform. These
organisms are representative of bacteria normally present in the intestinal tract of
human and animals, so their presence is considered as a reliable indicator of
inadequate treatment of bacterial pathogen which also proves the faecal contamination
of water .Because of the high population of the microorganism in the pond, the oxygen
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demand in the pond elevates and due to the depletion of O2 the environment may
convert into anaerobic condition which may lead to eutrophication condition where all
flora and fauna may be destroyed .
In the study the bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of morphological cultural
and biochemical characteristic. Presence of Coliform and faecal coliform indicate a
great risk of outbreak of different types of disease and can affect the other aquatic life
and environment as well . Besides E.coli the other Coliform isolated were, Klebsoiella
and Citrobacter. The coliform organism causes a variety of extra intestinal infection,
Urinary tract infection, respiratory infection, wound infection, severe diarrhea,
pneumonia (Mackie and Mac Cartney, 1989)The non lactose fermenter organism
Salmonella and proteus have also been isolated from the selected samples during the
study.
3.5
LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY
During survey period, 79 samples of flora are collected form land and pond area. Eight
water samples and 71 dry samples of plants were collected. Among the collections, 8
species of algae, 2 bryophytes, 5 pteridophytes and 63 species of angiosperms were
reported. Majority of land area were dominated by grasses species and few dicot
species. Among angiospermic species, most dominated families were Asteraceae (15
species), and Cyperaceae (5 species), Amaranthaceae (4 species) and Polygonaceae
(4species). Most common flora of perimeter was Frittilaria, Cyanodon, Alternathera,
Polygonum species.
The common species collected during surveyed were depicted in the Annex-3:
3.6
ZOOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
The observation for zoological diversity are mainly done in two ways.
i.
Direct sensing method
ii.
Remote sensing method.
Direct sensing was done by unaided eyes whereas remote sensing was done by
microscope.In the first method, the observation done was on the fish diversity, present
in the pond water and on the animal diversity, present on the periphery of the pond.
Fishes observed in the pond water was found mainly to be Clarias batrachus (walking
catfish, “Mungri” in Nepali.) and the animal diversity on the periphery was found to be
mainly arthropods such as beetles, ants, dragon fly, butterflies, etc.
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In the second method, water samples were brought to laboratory and for the
identification of aquatic fauna some temporary slides were prepared and observed
under microscope. Following organisms were observed.
1.
Paramecium
2.
Brachionus
3.
Larvae of helminthes
4.
Chironomidae larvae
5.
Cypris
6.
Larvae of insects, etc.
Presence of these organisms was more or less similar in all sampling bottles collected
from different sampling sites.
3.6.1
Paramecium spp.
They are unicellular organisms belonging to the phylum Protozoa, occuring in fresh
water ponds, pools, ditches, streams, rivers, etc rich in decaying organic matter. They
can reach about 0.3 mm. in length and are covered with minute hair like projections
called cilia. The cilia are used in locomotion and feeding. They are often called Slipper
Animalcules because of their slipper-like shape. They feed on bacteria by driving
them into the biospheric presser valve with cilia. They take in water from the hypotonic
environment via osmosis and use bladder-like contractile vacuoles to accumulate
excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through plasma membrane by
contractions of the surrounding cytoplasm.
3.6.2
Brachionus spp.
Brachinous is a genus of planktonic rotifers occurring in fresh water, alkaline and
brackish water. About 30 species are recorded. They can reproduce by asexual and
sexual methods. Sexual reproduction is usually induced when population density
increases.
These rotifers are used as test animals in aquatic toxicology because of their sensitivity
to most toxicant. They are also used as model organisms in various other biological
fields e.g. due to their interesting reproductive mode in evolutionary ecology. They are
easily reared in large numbers and because of this are used to substitute for wild
zooplankton for feeding hatchery reared larval fish.
3.6.3
Chironomidae larvae
These are the larval stages of Chironomidae (informally known as chironomids or nonbiting midges) of phylum Arthropoda. They are found in almost any aquatic or semi
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aquatic habitat including treeholes, bromelids, rotting vegetation, soil and in sewage
and artificial containers.
They are elongated and bright red in colour due to a haemoglobin analog. These are
often known as “blood worms”.They form an important fraction of the macro
zoobenthos of most fresh water ecosystems. They are often associated with degraded
or low biodiversity ecosystems because some species have adapted to virtually anoxic
conditions and are dominant in polluted waters. Their ability to capture oxygen is
further increased by making undulating movements.
The adult can be pests when they emerge in large numbers. They can damage paint,
brick and other surfaces with their droppings. When large numbers of adults die they
can build up into malodorous piles. They can provoke allergic reaction in sensitised
individuals.
Larvae and pupae are the important food item for fish such as trout and for culture
aquatic organisms. Some amphibians eat them as the food e.g. rough-skinned newt.
Many aquatic insects such as various predatory Hemiptera of the family Notonectidae
and Corixidae eat Chironomidae in their aquatic phases.
Chironomidae are important as indicator organisms, i.e, the presence or absence or
qualities of various species in a body of water can indicate whether pollutants are
present. Also their fossils are widely used by paleolimnologists as indicator of past
environmental changes, including past climatic variability.
3.6.4
Cypris spp.
They are sometimes known as the seed shrimp because of their appearance. They
occur in fresh water stagnant ponds.They are small crustaceans, typically around 1
millimetre (0.04 inch) in size, but varying from 0.2 millimetres (0.008 inch) to 30 mm
(1.2 inch) in the case of large species. Their bodies are flattened from side to side and
protected by a bivalve-like, chitinous or calcareous valve or "shell". The hinge of the
two valves is in the upper (dorsal) region of the body. They are grouped together based
on gross morphology, but the group may not be monophyletic; their molecular
phylogeny remains ambiguous. They have a wide range of diets, and the group
includes carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, etc.
A variety of fauna prey upon them in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Predation from higher animals also occurs; for example, amphibians such as
the rough-skinned newt prey upon certain species. They also form the food of fishes.
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3.6.5
Clarias batrachus
It commonly known as walking catfish, Mungri in Nepali, is a species of fresh water air
breathing catfish. It so named for its ability to "walk" across dry land, to find food or
suitable environments. While it does not truly walk as most bipeds or quadrupeds do. It
has the ability to use its pectoral fins to keep it upright as it makes a sort of wiggling
motion with snake-like movements. It can survive using this form of locomotion as long
as it stays moist. This fish normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in
ponds, swamps, streams and rivers.
The maximum size of the body is about 175 mm in length with an elongated and
laterally compressed body. The body is mainly colored a brownish black or grayish
brown. This catfish has long-based dorsal and anal fins and presence of four pairs of
barbells. The skin is scale less but covered with mucus, which protects the fish when it
is out of water.
In the wild, the natural diet
of this creature is omnivorous; it feeds on
smaller fish, molluscs and other invertebrates as well as detritus and aquatic weeds. It
is a voracious eater which consumes food rapidly and in this habit it is a particularly
harmful invasive species. It is a common inexpensive food item.
3.7
GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF POND BASIN
On the basis of the previous drill-core data, exposed outcrop around Ranipokhari ,
construction site near the Ranipokhari, It is mainly situated on the fluviolacustrine
geological formation of the Kathmandu Basin. This stratigraphic unit within the
Ranipokhari consists of massive to very fine laminated black and gray silt and mud,
parallel laminated very fine sand and diatomaceous mud. Mud beds contain plant leaf,
mollusca shell, and opercula. These sandy and muddy sequences are horizontal in the
center while in the south they are gently inclined toward the north.. The same
lithological sequence is found in the center part of the basin. Dhoundial first described
this unit in 1966 as the Kalimati Formation. Dongol (1985 and 1987) considered as the
Kalimati clay, Patan Formation by Yoshida and Igarashi (1984). Sha et al (1994) in
their geological map showed Kalimati Formation, is narrowly distributed within the
central part of the basin.
Sakai 2001 mentioned the thick bed of Kalimati Formation under the central part of the
Kathmandu Basin and extended thinly toward the southern part of the basin. It is a
central part of the older Kathmandu lake. When southern part of the lake was
completely disappear during this time central part of the lake was still existed.
Geologically, central part of the basin-fill sediments is divided into Muddy part of the
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open lacustrine facies of the Kalimati Fm and sandy, silty part of the fluviolacustrine
facies of the Gokarna-Thimi Fm. Ranipokhari was constructed on the fluviolacustrine
sandy and silty formation which was deposited by the river and fluvio-lacustrine delta.
Sand is very coarse to fine with rich mica, feldspar and quartz. Some tourmaline
minerals are also found within the sand.
Coarse to very fine sand, silt, mud and very fine wind dust sediments are the main
types of sediments within the Ranipokhari. Ranipokhari was built with the the fluvial
coarse micaceous sand beds of the basinfill sediments. In the present time around 45
to 50 cm thick wind dust sediments are deposited above the original sand bed within
the Ranipokhari Wind dust sediments are very fine grain. These sediemts are mainly
deposited during the wind strom period, except the wind dust there are some very fine
sand which are deposited from the periphery of the Ranipokhari. The characteristic
sedimentary structures within this formation are parallel and very small climbing ripple
lamination. Laminations of this formation are very thick to thin.
Southern, eastern and western mountain of the Kathmandu basin is mainly covered by
metasediments while northern part is composed by crystalline granitic Gnessic. The
composition of the detritus of the southern part indicate the provenance of the
sediments was changed at the time of deposition of these stratigraphic units. From the
observation of the sediments of the Ranipokhari and surrounding area sediments
mainly composed of mica, both biotite and muscovite, quartz, feldspar and some
tourmaline. This types of mineral composition is found within the Granitic gneiss rocks.
It indicates that these sediments were transported from the northern Shivapuri
mountain of the Kathmandu Basin.
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CHAPTER-4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1
CONCLUSION
The bathymetric survey of the Rani Pokhari has been carried out along the 16 cross
sections. Pond surface area of the Rani Pokhari is 2.03 Hectare measured using plane
table method. The maximum length and width of the pond are 165.24 m and 125.67 m
respectively. The maximum and mean depth of the pond is 0.70 m and 0.36 m
respectively. So the maximum depth comes to be 1.24 m during the monsoon season
when the lake is full. The total volume of pond is 18.21 million liters.
As the overall survey was done for only one day, the faunal diversity was found to be
not so high. Due to heavily disturbances, several plant samples were to be found as
cultivated species. There was no even single record, which was native flora. All flora
samples denote the presence of invasive species or cultivated species. The perimeter
of pond was made nearly naked due to recent harvesting of foliages. There were
human interferences, direct disposal of strom water, sewages and rainwater, which
directly alters the distribution of flora and fauna of Pokhari and associated areas.
Bacteriological quality of Ranipokhari water at a different station was found to be highly
contaminated with enteric bacteria and algae. The isolated organisms are E.coli,
Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus and Salmonella sps. The presence of bacteria
appeared to be attributed to source contamination, no treatment of water and high
biological oxygen demand. This study shows that there is a need of regular cleaning
of the pond so as to protect the aquatic life of the historical ornamental pond.
4.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of the present study, it is recommended that a detailed hydrological study
should be carried out to study the water balance, identification of recharge zone,
leakage zone and sedimentation rate of the lpond. Hydrodynamic and water quality
study are also essential to understand the movement of pollutants into the pond. On the
basis of this study, a strategy may be developed for the environment management and
development of the pond.
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As Chhath festival has been granted to be performed in the pond and due to the waste
during Chhath the cultural importance of pond is now seriously in danger. If Chhath
festival in the pond could be stopped it would be clean and pure and add beauty in it.
The temple in the middle of the pond is opened once a year during Bhaitika, the fifth and
final day of Tihar.
•
Improvement in the environmental hygiene particularly in the system of sanitation
and water supply has seen tightly considered as most important factor.
•
The quality of water should be checked from time to time at a regular interval.
•
The water quality and quantity should be monitored regualrly.
•
The water source should be protected from any type of contamination
•
The core zone of Ranipokhari and surrounding area should be cleaned regularly.
To conserve flora, fauna and pond itself, the nature of pond and land area should be
changed. Human activities should be limited inside core area. The disposal of sewages,
pullulated rainwater, garbage, etc. should be controlled.
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References
Dongol, G.M.S., 1985. Geology of the Kathmandu fluvio-lacustrine sediments in the
light of new vertebrate fossils occurrences. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc, v 3,pp. 43-47.
Mukunda Raj Paudel, Overview of the environmental and climatic records last 10,000 year,
Academic View, Research oriented yearly Journal of T.U. teachers Association, Trichandra
Campus, Vol.II,pp23-28, 2012.
Mukunda Raj Paudel, Ancient Kathmandu Lake: origin to disappear, Academic View, Research
oriented yearly Journal of T.U. teachers Association, Trichandra Campus, Vol.II,pp23-28, 2011
Sakai, H., 2001b. Stratigraphic division and sedimentary facies of the Kathmandu Basin
sediments. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc., v25 (Sp Issue), pp.19-32
Sha, R. B., Paudel, M., and Ghimire, D, 1995. Lithological Succession and some
Vertebrate fossils from the Fluvio-lacustrine sediments of Kathmandu Valley, Central
Nepal. NAHSON v5-6, pp.21-27.
Yoshida, M and Igarashi, Y., 1984. Neogene to Quaternary laustrine sediments in the
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Jour. Nepal Geol., Soc., v4 (Sp Issue), pp. 73-100.
Adhikari RK ,Rai Sk,Pokharel BM and Khadka JB ,Bacterial study of drinking water of
Kathmandu Nepal , J.Inst.Med,1996;8:313-6.
APHA .Standard methods for the examinations of water and wastewaters, 20th Edition ,
American Public Health Association , Washington DC ,1998.
Atlas and Bartha, Microbial ecology; Fundamentals and Applications, 4th edition, Pearson
Education publication.
Atreya K,Panthee S and Sharma P. Bacterial contamination of drinking water and the economic
burden of illness for the Nepalese households. Int. J Environ Health Res,2006;16:385-90
Cheesebrough M. Bacteriological testing of water supplies. In: Medical Laboratory Manual in
Tropical Countries. ELBS Reprinted edition 1993.
Dechesne M.and Soyeux E Assessment of source water pathogen contamination .J water health
,2007;5:39-50.
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Final Report
EI-Zanfaly HT.The need for new microbiological water quality criteria, Water science Technology,
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Ghimire G,Pant J, Rai SK, Chaudhary DR and Adhikari N, Bacteriological analysis of water of
Kathmandu Valley ,J Nepal Assoc Med Lab Sci ,2007;8:45-7.
Goel PK , Water pollution :causes, effects and control ,New Delhi , India, New Age International
(P)Ltd ,1997.
Holt GJ , Krieg RN , Sneath AHP , Staley TJ and Williams TS , Berge’s Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology , 9th Edition international edition ,1994.
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Kathmandu, Nepal.
Subedi M Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water Supplied in different Schools of Kathmandu
Valley ,Nepalese Journal of Microbiology, Vol 2:1:2011
Murray, P., Baron, E., Jorgensen, J., Landry, M., Pfaller, M. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th
Edition, ASM Press, 2007:
APHA,1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, eighteenth ed.
American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and
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Shiva Prasad Upadhyaya
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Tewari, Ramji, 2040: ”Nhu:Pukhu Wa Ranipokhari”, Purnima- 56
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Shrestha J. 1994,
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Shrestha T.K. 2008,
TUTA TC
37
Final Report
Ichthyology of Nepal, Himalayan Ecosphere.
DHM 2010, Climatological Records of Nepal
TUTA TC
38
Final Report
ANNEXES
TUTA TC
39
Final Report
ANNEX- 1
BATHYMETRIC MAPS
TUTA TC
40
Final Report
ANNEX- 2
BATHYMETRIC DATA
TUTA TC
42
Final Report
SN TUTA TC
Depth (m) Waypoints Remarks 1
Longitude 630022
Latitude 3066147
0.3
1
sample 1
2
630017
3066150
0.4
2
3
630010
3066159
0.5
3
4
630007
3066166
0.4
4
5
630004
3066172
6
629999
3066174
0.5
6
7
629993
3066181
0.5
7
8
629994
3066185
0.5
8
-5
sample 2
sample 3
sample 4
9
629997
3066190
0.5
-9
10
629983
3066198
0.5
10
sample 5
11
629976
3066205
0.5
11
sample 6
12
629968
3066208
0.48
12
13
629965
3066209
0.3
13
14
629968
3066202
0.52
14
15
629965
3066195
0.5
15
16
629965
3066181
0.5
16
17
629965
3066182
0.55
17
18
629963
3066173
0.5
18
19
629960
3066166
0.55
19
20
629953
3066157
0.7
20
21
629946
3066167
0.5
21
22
629940
3066169
0.5
22
23
629934
3066173
0.52
23
24
629930
3066176
0.5
24
25
629922
3066183
0.55
25
26
629909
3066191
0.5
26
27
629902
3066195
0.5
27
28
629898
3066200
0.48
28
29
629889
3066202
0.48
29
30
629880
3066204
0.5
30
31
629871
3066207
0.45
31
( base df l;8l ) samele-8
32
629865
3066211
0.2
32
( N--W corner )
33
629866
3066205
0.35
33
34
629880
3066187
0.5
34
35
629889
3066173
0.5
35
36
629894
3066160
0.5
36
37
629897
3066151
0.2
37
38
629896
3066154
0.5
38
39
629875
3066164
0.5
39
40
629861
3066169
0.45
40
41
629862
3066165
0.45
41
42
629861
3066153
0.2
42
43
white pillar (near
zoology)
9851007458
sample 7
temple (northeast
cornor )
Final Report
SN TUTA TC
Depth (m) Waypoints 43
Longitude 629862
Latitude 3066154
0.5
43
44
629883
3066160
0.48
44
45
629903
3066167
0.5
45
46
629930
3066173
0.52
46
47
629958
3066168
0.5
47
48
630010
3066188
0.5
48
49
630018
3066197
0.5
49
50
630025
3066206
0.2
50
51
630020
3066190
0.5
51
52
630014
3066156
0.48
52
53
630014
3066140
0.5
53
54
630014
3066138
0.5
54
55
630012
3066132
0.5
55
56
630002
3066124
0.5
56
57
629997
3066114
0.5
57
58
629985
3066105
0.5
58
59
629977
3066097
0.5
59
60
629968
3066089
0.5
60
61
629963
3066085
0.48
61
62
629960
3066085
0.5
62
63
629952
3066095
0.52
63
64
629953
3066112
0.5
64
65
629947
3066131
0.55
65
66
629932
3066121
0.55
66
67
629910
3066117
0.55
67
68
629911
3066116
0.5
68
69
629903
3066112
0.6
69
70
629897
3066108
0.6
70
71
629883
3066103
0.6
71
72
629870
3066100
0.55
72
73
629855
3066090
0.3
73
74
629859
3066089
0.2
74
75
629875
3066103
0.55
75
76
629891
3066122
0.55
76
77
629896
3066133
0.55
77
78
629898
3066145
0.2
78
79
629883
3066138
0.5
79
80
629876
3066185
0.5
80
81
629862
3066130
0.45
81
82
629880
3066124
0.52
82
83
629906
3066110
0.5
83
84
629919
3066105
0.5
84
85
629938
3066108
0.45
85
44
Remarks Final Report
SN Historical and Environmental Study of Ranipokhari
Depth (m) Waypoints 86
Longitude 629958
Latitude 3066096
0.48
86
87
629965
3066095
0.48
87
88
629986
3066091
0.48
88
89
620003
3066089
0.4
89
90
620018
3066085
0.2
90
91
630018
3066085
0.3
91
92
630011
3066095
0.5
92
93
630008
3066104
0.5
93
94
629998
3066116
0.5
94
95
629995
3066125
0.52
95
96
629979
3066131
0.6
96
97
629970
3066137
0.6
97
98
629959
3066140
0.55
98
99
629951
3066141
0.2
99
100
629988
3066143
0.6
100
101
630022
3066147
0.2
101
TUTA TC
45
Remarks Final Report
ANNEX : 3
FLORA DISTRIBUTION OF RANIPOKHARI
TUTA TC
46
Final Report
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
TUTA TC
Floral distribution of Pond and perimeter area
Plant Name
Family
Angiosperms
Acer sp.
Aceraceae
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthus aspera
Asteraceae
Ageratum conyzoids
Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera sessilis
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus spinosus
Asteraceae
Anaphalis bosuwa
Asteraceae
Anthemis nobilis
Brassicaceae
Arabdiopsis thaliana
Asteraceae
Artemissia vulgaris
Asteraceae
Artimissia verlortorum
Poaceae
Avena sativa
Acanthaceae
Barleria cristata
Asteraceae
Bidens pilosa
Buddleja asiatica
Loganiaceae
Apocyanaceae
Cartharanthus roseus
Ulmaceae
Celtis australis
Solanaceae
Cestrum nocturnum
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium alba
Asteraceae
Clemathodium sp
Conyza sp.
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Cycanodon dactylon
Cyperaceae
Cyperus involucratus
Cyperaceae
Cyperus majitho
Cyperaceae
Cyperus rotundus
Caryophyllaceae
Drymaria diandra
Verbinaceae
Duranta repens
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia hirta
Moraceae
Ficus religiosa
Fimbristylis sp.
Cyperaceae
Rosaceae
Fragaria indica
Asteraceae
Galinsoga parviflora
Begnoniaceae
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Juncus sp.
Cyperaceae
Justicia sp.
Acanthaceae
Verbinaceae
Lantena camara
Leonotis sp.
Labiatae
Lepidium sp.
Brassicaceae
Labiatae
Mentha arvensis
Moraceae
Morus serrata
Onagraceae
Oenothera roseus
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis latifolia
Asteraceae
Parhtenium hysterophorum
Menispermaceae
Plectranthus mollis
Polygonaceae
Polygonum hydropiper
Polygonum sp.
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Portulaca hybridus
Rubiaceae
Rubia cordifolia
Polygonaceae
Rumex hastate
Labiatae
Salvia splendens
Crassulaceae
Sedum sermentosum
Senecio sp.
Asteraceae
Solanum sp.
Solanaceae
Sonchus sp
Asteraceae
Caryophyllaceae
Stellaria media
Taraxacum sp.
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Tegeus erecta
47
Remarks
Final Report
60
61
62
63
Trifolium repens
Tropeolum majus
Urtica dioca
Vernonia auriculifera
Leguminosae
Menispermaceae
Urticaceae
Asteraceae
1
Lichen crustose
Lichens
Lichen
1
2
Anthocerus sp.
Sphagnum sp.
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
1
2
3
4
5
Adiantum sp.
Dryopteris sp.
Equisetum arvensis
Lycopodium sp.
Pteridium sp.
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Characecium gracilipis
Chlamydomonas sp.
Desmidium sp.
Navicola sp.
Ophiocytium sp.
Pseudoteraspora marina
Scendumus quadricauda
Volvox sp.
Algae
Algae
Algae
Algae
Algae
Algae
Algae
Algae
Algae
TUTA TC
48
Final Report
ANNEX- 4
SELECTED PHOTOGRAPHS
TUTA TC
49
Final Report
TUTA TC
50

Historical and Environmental Study of Rani Pokhari

Transcription

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