Solar Updraft Towers

Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Towers
for Iran
Jörg Schlaich & Gerhard Weinrebe
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
– Collector
– Tower
– Turbines
• Cost and Ecology
• Summary
Source: Oil Depletion -Updated Through 2001 by C.J.Campbell http://www.hubbertpeak.com/campbell/update2002.htm
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Global Energy Poverty
Solar Radiation Resource – Global Distribution
Solar Radiation Resource –Distribution in Iran
Source: Meteonorm 5.0, Meteotest, Switzerland
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
There is enough…
Area needed to supply all the electricity…
for the world
for the Middle East
for Australia
D = 970 km
D = 80 km
D = 110 km
gw April 2004. Data source: EIA/International
Energy Annual 2000. Solar Updraft Tower
electricity generation: 20 GWh/km²
area needed to supply all electricity for
Middle East
Middle East plus major part of Asia
Area needed to supply all the electricity…
for the world
D = 970 km
for the Middle East D = 80 km
for Australia
D = 110 km
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
– Collector
– Tower
– Turbines
• Cost and Ecology
• Summary
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Principle
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Daily power generation characteristics
solar input
electricity output with soil
as natural energy storage
power %
with additional thermal storage
and larger collector
nameplate power [MW]
=
+
area ~ energy
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
daytime
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Principle of Energy Storage System
solar radiation
translucent roof
in the soil and
the water tubes
into the air
into the air
water tubes
soil
day
soil
night
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Power generation characteristics
- no additional storage
Autumn
Winter
250
200
200
power in MW
power in MW
250
150
150
100
100
50
0
50
1
2
3
0
4
1
days
2
3
4
3
4
days
Spring
Summer
250
200
200
power in MW
power in MW
250
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
1
2
days
3
4
0
1
2
days
Power generation characteristics
- additional thermal storage
Autumn
Winter
250
200
200
power in MW
power in MW
250
150
150
100
100
50
0
50
1
2
3
0
4
1
days
2
3
4
3
4
days
Spring
Summer
250
200
200
power in MW
power in MW
250
150
150
100
100
50
0
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
50
1
2
days
3
4
0
1
2
days
Australia, 200 MW name plate power
annual insolation 2000kWh/m²a (or equivalent 228 W/m² average)
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
– Collector
– Tower
– Turbines
• Cost and Ecology
• Summary
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Comparison of measured and calculated monthly averaged
electricity generation of the prototype in Manzanares
300
250
energy [kWh/day]
calculated
measured
annual energy totals:
calculated: 44.35 MWh
measured: 44.19 MWh
200
150
100
50
0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Operating times for the Manzanares prototype 1987
Daily operation hours [h]
24
20
scheduled outage
for special
measurements
16
12
8
4
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101111 121131 141151 161171 181191201 211 221 231 241251 261271 281291 301311 321331341 351 361
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total operation hours: 3'157 h
night operating hours: 244 h
Daylight time
total hours with more than 150W/m² solar insolation: 3'067 h
Operating times for the Manzanares prototype 1986 to 1989
Average daily operating times [hours]
15
1986
1987
1988
1989
10
5
0
Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr MayJun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr MayJun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
– Collector
– Tower
– Turbines
• Cost and Ecology
• Summary
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Greenhouses in Andalucía,
Southern Spain,
El Ejido in Province Almería
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Collector Design Options
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Wind force on a cylinder
Cp = + 1.00
Cp = - 0.45
wind direction
Cp = - 1.5
pressure
suction
Spoked Wheel
compression
ring
bundles of
strands
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
without spoked wheels
spoked wheel at 1000 m
Meridian stress
[MPa]
Meridian stress
[MPa]
45
30
30
15
15
0
0
-15
-15
-30
-30
-45
diameter [m]
-65
-43
-15
15
43
65
-60
height [m]
80
-65
-43
-15
15
43
65
80
85
-60
85
-45
-80
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
45
-80
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
Distribution of Meridian Forces in the Wall of the Tower Tube
height [m]
diameter [m]
spoked wheels at 500, 600, 850 and 1000m
Meridian stress
[MPa]
Meridian stress
[MPa]
45
45
30
30
15
15
0
0
-15
-30
diameter [m]
-65
-43
-15
15
43
-60
65
height [m]
80
-65
-43
-15
15
43
65
80
85
-60
-45
85
-45
-80
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
-15
-30
diameter [m]
-80
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
spoked wheels at 500 and 1000 m
height [m]
Plan view and elevation of FEM Model
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Deformation and Stress Distribution of the Tower support Area
( red = areas with max. stresses )
120
0.30m
550
0.30m
500
0.31m
300
0.47m
55
1.80m
30
0.80m
180
180
55
225
180
intside
170
1000
outside
Tower
Dimensions
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Tower Turbines
close relatives
for air
Solar Updraft Tower turbine with horizontal axis
air flow
for water
Kaplan turbine
water flow
Ref. Kaplan turbine: VATECH Hydro
Air flow around turbine
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
– Collector
– Tower
– Turbines
• Cost and Ecology
• Summary
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Solar Updraft Tower Electricity Cost
Solar Updraft Towers
capacity
5
30
100
200
MW
550
45
1250
750
70
2850
1000
110
4300
1000
120
7000
m
m
m
tower cost
collector cost A
turbine cost incl. housing etc.
engineering, tests, misc.
total investment cost
grant
total investment cost - grant
19
10
8
5
42
0
42
49
47
32
15
143
0
143
156
107
75
40
378
0
378
170
261
133
42
606
0
606
Mio. €
Mio. €
Mio. €
Mio. €
Mio. €
Mio. €
Mio. €
annuity on investment B
operation & maintenance cost
electricity production C
electricity cost (EC) D
non-energy revenues
EC incl. non-energy rev. D
3.3
0.2
14
0.25 €
1.0
0.17 €
11.0
0.6
88
0.13 €
1.0
0.12 €
29.1
1.7
320
0.10 €
1.0
0.09 €
46.6
2.8
680
0.07 €
1.0
0.07 €
Mio. €
Mio. €
GWh/yr
€/kWh
Mio.€/yr
€/kWh
tower height
tower diameter
collector diameter
A
B
C
D
cost for unskilled labor 5 Euro/h
depreciation time: 20 years, interest rate: 4.5%
at 2300 kWh/(m²yr) global solar insolation
levelized electricity cost (LEC)
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Electricity Cost vs. Interest Rate
Levelized Electricity Cost in €/kWh
0.50 €
Solar Towers
0.45 €
upper boundary depreciation time in years: 20
lower boundary depreciation time in years: 40
0.40 €
5 MW
0.35 €
0.30 €
0.25 €
30 MW
0.20 €
100 MW
0.15 €
200 MW
0.10 €
grant in Mio. €: 0
0.05 €
insolation in kWh/a: 2300
labor rate for unskilled work in €/h: 5
0.00 €
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
interest rate
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
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greenhouse gas emissions in g/kWh
1200
1000
greenhouse gas emissions
0.6
1.0
10
energy payback time
800
8
6.7
600
6
400
4
3
200
2
0.7
0.7
0
energy payback time in years
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Environmental characteristics
12
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Based on simple proven principle: Hot air rises
Ideal for sunny arid regions, no cooling water required
Electricity generation 24h/day
High local scope of supply, added value in the country itself
Reliable simple technology
Much longer life time than conventional power plants
Minimum operation & maintenance requirement
Lowest electricity cost of all solar power plants
Environmentally benign: No CO2-emissions during operation
Sustainable, affordable source of electricity
additional information at
www.sbp.de