Ganaraska River Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Background Report

Transcription

GANARASKA RIVER
WATERSHED BACKGROUND REPORT
For the
Ganaraska River Fisheries Management Plan,
Community Advisory Committee
Prepared by:
M. Desjardins, J. Lapierre and A. Smith
March 2007
Ganaraska River Watershed Background Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The Ganaraska River Watershed has long been recognized for its clear cold
water and excellent trout and salmon fisheries. Historically, the Ganaraska River
supported healthy resident brook trout populations and migratory Atlantic salmon
from Lake Ontario. In the early 1800s, dams near the mouth of the Ganaraska
River blocked Atlantic salmon runs. By the 1870s, Atlantic salmon populations
had collapsed in most Lake Ontario rivers. The role of Atlantic salmon as a top
predator in Lake Ontario has since been replaced with stocked Pacific salmon
and trout. The Ganaraska River ecosystem has seen a significant positive
change since the 1940s when a series of studies and restoration projects began.
Currently the Ganaraska River Watershed supports one of the largest wild
rainbow trout runs in the Lake Ontario basin.
In the past, fisheries management of the Ganaraska River was guided by the
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Lindsay District Fisheries Management
Plan. In 2000, the plan expired and the lead agencies responsible for fish and
aquatic habitat management merged to direct the development of a new
management plan. A Technical Steering Committee (TSC) was established to
help guide the development of a background report and fisheries management
plan. Since 1994, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) and the
Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority (GRCA) have collected information on
the current state of the fisheries and aquatic habitat across the Ganaraska River
Watershed.
This report reviews the background information of the fisheries and aquatic
habitat in the Ganaraska River Watershed. Variables analyzed include fish
species, aquatic habitat, land cover, water quality and quantity. Distribution of
dominant fish species and aquatic habitats were examined to identify spatial
trends throughout the watershed. Historic fish community data were examined to
determine if changes occurred through time. Water quality variables tested
include ph (acidity), conductivity, chloride, nitrate, ammonia-ammonium,
phosphorous, E.Coli and total coliforms.
Watershed Catchments
The Ganaraska River Watershed (Figure 2) was partitioned into 16 watershed
catchments to help facilitate state of the resource reporting. The catchments are
based on larger tributaries or sections of tributaries where dams or other barriers
exist (Figure 1). Four distinct fish communities were identified in the Ganaraska
River Watershed and are illustrated (Figure 3).
I
Figure 1. Residential areas, major roads, and large dams within the Ganaraska River Watershed
II
10
8
7
`12
4
13
9
6
11
15
5
14
16
1
3
2
Catchment
1. Corbett Dam to Canton Dam
2. Canton Dam to Osaca
3. Osaca to Kendal – downstream of Jackson Dam
4. Headwater mainstem – upstream of Jackson Dam
5. Quay’s Branch
11.Lower Little Ganaraska – downstream Elizabethville
Dam to Cold Springs Creek
6. North Ganaraska -Canton
12. Soper Branch
7. North Ganaraska – upstream Garden Hill Dam
13. Burnham Branch
8. North Ganaraska – upstream Fudge’s Mill Dam
14. Duck Pond Branch
9. Cold Springs Creek
15. Elliott Stream
10. Upper Little Ganaraska- upstream Elizabethville Dam
16. Welcome “Henwood Stream”
This map is for information purposes
only and the Ganaraska Region
Conservation Authority takes no
responsibility for, nor guarantees, the
accuracy of the information
contained within the map. Prepared
by Ganaraska Region Conservation
Authority: January 2007. Produced
using information provided by the
Ministry of Natural Resources,
GRCA and other municipal sources,
Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
Figure 2. Ganaraska River Watershed catchments
III
10
8
7
`12
4
13
9
6
11
5
15
14
3
2
16
1
Fish Communities
1 - rainbow trout and minnow
2 - brown trout and minnow
3 - brown trout and sculpin
4 - brook trout and sculpin
This map is for information purposes only and the Ganaraska Region Conservation
Authority takes no responsibility for, nor guarantees, the accuracy of the information
contained within the map. Prepared by Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority:
January 2007. Produced using information provided by the Ministry of Natural
Resources, GRCA and other municipal sources, Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
Figure 3. Dominant fish communities and catchments in the Ganaraska River Watershed
IV
Fish Community Characteristics and Locations
Fish Community 1: rainbow trout and minnow species
This diverse fish community was dominated by rainbow trout as a top predator,
but also present were white sucker, sculpin and a variety of minnow species
including, blacknose dace, longnose dace, creek chub, and Johnny darter. Fish
Community 1 is found in the mainstem north of Corbett’s Dam to Jackson Mill
Dam containing Catchments 1,2 and 3 and the lower reaches of 9 and 13. The
fish community boundaries then extend northeast including Catchments 11 and
15 and east into Quays Branch (Catchment 5) and Duck Pond (Catchment 14).
The mainstem Catchments 1,2 and 3 have the largest drainage area of 94km2,
longest channel length at 45km, and highest discharge. These catchments
supported white sucker, longnose dace, creek chub, and Johnny darter but were
dominated by the highest densities of rainbow trout in the watershed. The
median maximum summer water temperature varied from 19.4oC to 23.9 oC, from
the upper to lower reaches. Substrate consisted of gravel and cobble with
increasing sands in the upper reaches.
In Catchment 5 and 14 fish species diversity and density was lower than the
mainstem catchments. In Catchment 5 species diversity and density decreased
above a weir, located north of 5th Concession. Species included rainbow trout,
blacknose dace, creek chub, and sculpin species. The median maximum
summer temperature for both catchments was 21.7oC. Substrate consisted of
sand in the upper reaches and mixed gravel and cobble in the lower reaches for
both catchments. Both tributaries originate from a drumlinized till plain called the
South Slope. The South Slope is an aquatard (containing soils not conducive to
ground water discharge) resulting in low discharge compared to the other
tributaries within the watershed.
Adult Chinook salmon are prevalent within Fish Community 1 during spawning
migration. Spawning activity was documented throughout Catchments 1,2 and 3
and in the lower reaches of Catchments 5,9,11,12,13,14. Due to Chinook life
history, where they leave the stream within months of hatching to rear in Lake
Ontario, they are rarely collected during summer electrofishing surveys.
Therefore Chinook are not discussed in terms of the data analysis in the
background document. Coho salmon have also been collected sporadically
during the summer surveys and were not included in the analysis for the same
reason as Chinook. It should be noted that the occurrence of pacific salmon is
unique to Fish Community 1.
Fish Community 2: brown trout and minnow species
A second distinct fish community was identified in Catchment 6 on the North
Ganaraska Branch between the Canton Hydroelectric Dam and Garden Hill
Creek confluence.
This community included brown trout, white sucker,
VI
blacknose dace, longnose dace, and creek chub, but is dominated by brown trout
and minnow species. The median maximum summer water temperature for this
area was 20.0oC. Substrate composition throughout the tributary consisted of
gravel, sand and cobble.
Fish Community 3: brown trout and sculpin
This community includes Catchment 4 north of Jackson Dam and the lower
reaches of Catchment 12. Brown trout and sculpin species dominate this
community; however brook trout were also prominent in the headwaters.
The maximum summer water temperature for Catchment 4 was 18.3oC and
mean maximum water temperature for the lower reach of Catchment 12 was
17.4oC. This section of the river was largely dominated by sand and gravel
substrate.
Fish Community 4: brook trout and sculpin
The fourth fish community consists of all northern headwater streams including
Catchment 4 north of Fish Community 3, Catchment 12 north headwaters,
Catchment 13 north of County Rd. 9, Catchment 10 north of Elizabethville Dam,
Catchment 12 northern tributaries, and Catchments 6,7 and 8 north of the
Garden Hill Dam. Fish community 4 is dominated by brook trout and sculpin
species.
Catchment 4 includes all tributaries entering the Ganaraska River north of Fish
Community 3. Fish species found include brown trout, rainbow trout, and sculpin
species. The median maximum summer water temperature was 13oC and
substrate was composed mainly of sand and large gravel.
Cold Springs Creek (Catchment 9) had a maximum summer water temperature
of 14.0oC in the upper reach to 20oC in the lower reach. Fish species found
included brook trout, brown trout, rainbow trout, blacknose dace, creek chub, and
sculpin species. Substrate was composed of sand, gravel, and cobble.
Catchment 10 upstream of Elizabethville Dam on the Little Ganaraska Branch
had a lower species diversity including brook trout, brown trout, rainbow trout,
and sculpin species. The median maximum summer water temperature was
14.7oC. Substrate composition was mainly sand and gravel.
Catchments 6,7 and 8 include tributaries of the North Ganaraska Branch above
the Garden Hill Dam. Fish species found include brook trout, brown trout,
rainbow trout, white sucker, blacknose dace, longnose dace, creek chub, Johnny
darter, and sculpin species. The median maximum summer water temperature
for Catchment 7 and 8 was 16.2oC, and 15.1oC respectively. The maximum
summer temperature for Catchment 6 was 22.1oC. Only one temperature site
was present in this portion of the catchment, and therefore, poorly represents the
headwater temperatures. Substrate composition was primarily sand and gravel.
VI
10
8
7
`12
4
9
13
6
11
15
5
14
16
1
3
2
Catchment
Current
Abundance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 and 11
10
12
13
14
15
16
Not present
Not present
Not present
High
Low
Low
High
Low
High
Moderate
Moderate
High
Not present
Insufficient data
Not present
Trends
Increase
Decrease
Not present
No historical data
Insufficient data
No change
Figure 4. Trends in brook trout density over time by catchment from the 1970s to the 2000s in the Ganaraska River Watershed
VII
10
8
7
`12
4
9
13
6
11
15
5
14
16
1
3
Catchment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 and 11
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Current
Abundance
Low
High
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Not present
Not present
Not present
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Insufficient data
Not present
2
Trends
Increase
Decrease
Not present
No historical data
Insufficient data
No change
Figure 5. Trends in rainbow trout density over time by catchment from the 1970s to the 2000s in the Ganaraska River Watershed
VIII
10
8
7
`12
4
9
13
6
11
15
5
14
16
1
3
Catchment
Current
Abundance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 and 11
10
12
13
14
15
Low
Low
High
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Low
Low
High
High
Not present
Insufficient
data
Not present
16
2
Trends
Increase
Decrease
Not present
No historical data
Insufficient data
No change
Figure 6. Trends in brown trout density over time by catchment from the 1970s to the 2000s in the Ganaraska River Watershed
IX
Salmonid Density Trends Over Time and Current Abundance
The following statements reflect trends in density over time and current
abundance for brook trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout (Figure 4,5, and 6
respectively). Density data was collected from the 1970s to the 2000s.
Abundance levels (low, moderate, and high) were determined as percentiles and
are therefore in reference to the Ganaraska River Watershed data exclusively.
Catchment 1
Rainbow and brown trout abundance was low; however, both species had
increasing densities.
• Brook trout were not present
• Brown trout were first collected in the 1990s.
Catchment 2
Rainbow and brown trout densities were increasing, while brook trout have not
been collected in this catchment since the 1970s. Rainbow trout abundance was
high and brown trout abundance was low.
• This catchment has the highest recorded densities of rainbow trout in the
watershed.
• Brown trout density increased from the 1990s to the 2000s.
Catchment 3
Rainbow trout densities were increasing and brown trout densities were
decreasing. Brook trout have not been collected in this catchment since the
1970s. Rainbow trout abundance was moderate and brown trout abundance
was high.
Catchment 4
Rainbow trout densities were increasing, while brook and brown trout densities
remained the same. However, brook and brown trout abundance was high and
rainbow trout abundance was low. Rainbow trout abundance was low because
Jackson Dam prevents migration into the North Ganaraska Branch.
• Rainbow trout were not present in the 1970s, but were collected in the 1990s
and increased into the 2000s. The mechanism for the introduction of rainbow
trout upstream of the dam is unknown.
Catchment 5
Brook and brown trout abundance was low and rainbow trout abundance was
moderate. Small sample size inhibited density analysis through time for all three
species.
• Brook trout were first collected in 2004.
• Rainbow trout first collected in the 1990s.
X
Catchment 6
Brown trout densities were increasing, and brook trout densities remained the
same. Brook trout abundance was low and brown trout abundance was
moderate. Rainbow trout were not present because the Canton Hydroelectric
Dam prevents migration into the North Ganaraska Branch. This Catchment was
not sampled in the 2000s.
• Brook trout were first collected in the 1990’s.
Catchment 7
Brook and brown trout densities remained the same, and rainbow trout were not
present because the Canton Hydroelectric Dam prevents migration into the North
Ganaraska Branch. Brook and brown trout abundance was high.
Catchment 8
Brook and brown trout abundance remained the same, and rainbow trout were
not present because the Canton Hydroelectric Dam prevents migration into the
North Ganaraska Branch. Brook and brown trout abundance was low. No
sampling occurred in the 1990s for this catchment.
Catchments 9 and 11
Brook trout densities increased while brown and rainbow trout densities remained
the same. Brook trout abundance was high, rainbow trout abundance was
moderate and brown trout abundance was low.
Catchment 10
Rainbow, brown, and brook trout densities have not significantly changed over
time.
Rainbow and brown trout abundance was low, while brook trout
abundance was moderate. This Catchment was not sampled in the 1990s.
Rainbow trout were detected upstream of the Elizabethville dam for the first time
during the 2000 sampling period. Although this may not represent a significant
increase their presence upstream of the dam is interesting, as the structure is
perceived as being a migration barrier. The mechanism for the introduction of
rainbow trout upstream of the dam is unknown.
Catchment 12
Brook, brown, and rainbow trout densities have not changed over time. Brook
and rainbow trout abundance was moderate, while brown trout abundance was
high.
Catchment 13
Brook and brown trout abundance was high and rainbow trout abundance was
moderate. Insufficient density data in the 1970s and 2000s inhibited comparison
through time for all trout species. This Catchment was not sampled in the 1990s.
• Rainbow trout were not present in the 1970s or the 2000s data set used for
temporal comparison, however a site located low in the catchment sampled in
2004 had moderate rainbow trout abundance. This site was in an isolated
XI
•
location relative to other sites in the catchment, therefore it was not included
in the temporal comparison.
Brown trout were not present in the 1970s or the 2000s data used for the
temporal comparison. In 2004, a site located low in the catchment had a high
abundance but was not included in the temporal comparison because of its
isolated location relative to other sites in the catchment.
Catchment 14
Brook and brown trout were not present and rainbow trout abundance was
moderate. This Catchment was only sampled in the 2000s, inhibiting data
comparison over time.
Catchments 15 and 16
Fish species data was not collected.
Land Cover: Agriculture and Forest
Land use affects stream habitats through rates of sedimentation, nutrient cycling,
erosion, and other ecological processes that ultimately effect fish community
composition and abundance (Allan 1995). Documenting percent land cover of
forest and agriculture in the Ganaraska River Watershed will increase our
understanding of fish species trends and facilitate management decisions.
Ecological Land Classification (ELC) for Southern Ontario was used to determine
area within the Ganaraska River Watershed of each land use. Land uses that
are most likely to effect ecological functions in the Ganaraska River Watershed
are forested and agricultural lands. Agricultural cover consists of intensive and
non-intensive agriculture land uses. Intensive land uses included all tilled land,
and non-intensive lands include non-tilled and grazed lands. Forest cover
consists of mixed forests, coniferous forests, deciduous forests, plantations, and
forested wetlands. Land cover was converted into percent cover per catchment.
Forest cover shows a clear decreasing spatial trend from west to east in the
Ganaraska River Watershed (Figure 7). The highest percent of forested land
occurs in the northwest portion of the watershed including Catchments
4,7,9,10,12, and13. The lowest percent of forested land is found in the southeast
portion of the watershed including Catchments 1,2,5,14,15 and 16. Moderate
forest cover is centrally located in watershed Catchments 3,6,8, and 11.
Agricultural land shows the reverse trend to forest cover, with a distinct spatial
increase from west to east (Figure 8). The highest percent of agricultural land is
found in the eastern portion of the watershed including Catchments
1,2,5,6,8,11,14,and 16. The lowest agricultural land use occurs in the northwest
portion of the watershed including Catchments 4,10,12, and 13. Moderate
agricultural land use is centrally located in Catchments 3,7, and 9.
XII
10
8
7
`12
4
13
9
6
11
5
15
14
3
2
16
1
Percent Cover
Very dense (100- 65)
High (64.9 – 49.5)
Moderate (49.4 – 32)
Low (31.9 – 0)
Figure 7. Percent of forested land cover by catchment in the Ganaraska River Watershed as of 2002.
XIII
10
8
7
`12
4
13
9
6
11
14
5
15
3
2
16
1
Percent Cover
Very dense (100 – 65)
High (64.9 – 50.0)
Moderate (49.9 –35)
Low (34.9 – 0)
Figure 8. Percent of agricultural land cover by catchment in the Ganaraska River Watershed as of 2002.
XIV
Habitat Characteristics:Surficial Geology, Water Temperature and Baseflow
Sand and gravel substrate composition for the Ganaraska River Watershed are
displayed by Catchment in Figure 9.
Median maximum summer water
temperature for each site and mean maximum summer water temperature for
each Catchment (Figure 10), and baseflow (indicate ground water discharge) is
averaged by catchment (Figure 11).
The Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) lies on the northern borders of the Ganaraska
River Watershed. The ORM is characteristic of high relative elevation, and
sand/gravel soil composition function as a major recharge zone within the
watershed. Precipitation falling on the ORM surface infiltrates through the sand
and gravel providing recharge to the underlying aquifers (a layer of underground
rock or sediment that stores and transports water). The flanks of the ORM also
provide groundwater discharge areas. Flow for the Ganaraska River and its
tributaries are provided by the groundwater discharge from the flanks of the
moraine and its surface runoff. The groundwater discharge flow is a source of
coldwater throughout the watershed.
Groundwater discharge areas are
important factors contributing to quality fish habitat for coldwater species.
Localized areas of coldwater input are common through sand and gravel
substrates, and are valued throughout the watershed as they provide salmonid
spawning habitats and refuge areas during hot summer days for coldwater fish
species.
Water temperature is a key environmental parameter in fisheries management as
it strongly influences and potentially limits physiological processes, reproductive
potential, and distribution. However, the definition of optimum temperature in
fishes poses a significant challenge because of the wide variety of physiological
processes affected by temperature, the potential importance of environmental
history, and other factors like life stage and reproductive status. However,
generally speaking salmonids including brook, brown and rainbow trout prefer a
narrow coldwater temperature range, and are sensitive to changes in water
temperature (Wootton 1998). Stream salmonids prefer a temperature range of
approximately 14-17 ºC, but can tolerate temperatures in the mid 20sºC (Wootton
1998). To examine the thermal properties of the Ganaraska River, median
maximum water temperatures were determined for each catchment and divided
into 3 categories: coldwater (<18.9ºC), coolwater (19-25ºC), and warmwater
(>25.1ºC) (Stoneman and Jones 1996).
All coldwater catchments originated in the north headwaters of the Oak Ridges
Moraine, except Catchments 9 and 13, which are classified as coolwater. These
areas consisted of >40 percent sand and gravel substrate, and had a low to
moderate baseflow. Data from Catchment 13 reflects conditions in the lower
reaches of that catchment.
Headwaters of Catchment 13 were poorly
represented in the study. Likely, the headwaters of Catchment 13 are
characterized by water temperatures within the coldwater category.
XV
The coolwater Catchments (1,2,3,5,6, and 14) were found along the mainstem
and the east-southeast portions of the watershed. The catchments consisted of
10-30 percent sand and gravel substrate. The coolwater catchments were
divided by high and low baseflow areas. Catchments 1,2,3, and 6 had the
highest flows of the watershed. The high flows reflect the catchment positions
within the watershed, as cumulatively they represent two of the largest tributaries
(mainstem and the lower North Ganaraska Branch).
Catchments 5 and 14 are low baseflow catchments. The reduced flow within
these catchments can be attributed to the physiographic region from which they
originate. Unlike other catchments in the watershed that begin as seeps from the
ORM sediments, these streams originate from the dumlinized till plain of the
South Slopes physiographic unit. The south slope contains soils that have lower
hydraulic permeability when compared to moraine soils. The lower infiltration
results in a reduction of baseflow.
Warmwaters were found in 4 sites throughout the watershed, however, only
Catchment 16 was classified as a warmwater area. Catchment 16 had <10%
sand and gravel substrate, low baseflow, and the highest percent of agricultural
land use.
Baseflow was quantified in the summer of 2004 throughout the watershed during
periods of low flow. This was the first attempt of quantifying baseflow in the
Ganaraska River Watershed. Data were collected over the summer months and
flow data was not normalized to one date, therefore, watertable fluxuations and
other environmental factors effecting basefow were not accounted for. In
addition, unknown water takings most likely occurred above baseflow sampling
sites and dam reservoir water levels changed throughout the summer. The
baseflow data for the Ganaraska River will be updated, as a comprehensive
watershed project is expected to occur in the summer of 2007.
Water Quality
Humans have significantly altered the Ganaraska River Watershed dating back
to European settlement in the late 1700s.
Given that water quality directly
affects the health of aquatic life, 30 water quality monitoring stations were
established throughout the watershed recording data 4 times a year. The water
quality variables samples reflect the physical, chemical, and biological conditions
of each site. In Ontario the standard for maximum acceptable limits of these
variables are set by the Provincial Water Quality Objectives guidelines (PWQO)
and the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (CWQG). Water quality values that
are within these standards will be referred to as being in the “normal range”.
The Ganaraska River Watershed over all had a normal range of water quality
samples. All of the physical water quality variables were within normal ranges for
freshwater streams. Most of the chemical variables were within normal range
except phosphorous. Phosphorous occurs naturally in freshwater streams from
XVI
rock and sediment erosion, and is present in sewage, industrial effluent,
agricultural run off, and storm waters. Phosphorus is an essential element
required for plant growth, however too much can reduce the amount of total
dissolved oxygen in the water. Dissolved oxygen is essential for the survival of
fish and other aquatic life, and therefore healthy waters should be below 0.03
mg/L of total phosphorous according to the PWQO. Phosphorous is above the
PWQO in the catchments with high agricultural land use. Catchment 2 was >
0.04mg/L and Catchments 1,6, and 8 where between 0.03mg/L and 0.04mg/L.
The biological values within the watershed were above PWQG in most of the
catchments. The PWQO of Escherichia coli (E.coli) are 100 bacterium/100 ml,
total coliforms are 100 bacterium/100ml.
E.coli and total coliforms are indicator bacteria used to asses the microbial health
of water. These bacteria are associated with fecal contamination from warm
bodied animals, including humans, livestock, and wild animals (ie. geese). Direct
ingestion of these bacteria, through drinking water can cause gastro-intestinal
complications. High levels of fecal bacterial can be mitigated by directly
removing contaminate sources. In the Ganaraska River Watershed 19 of the 30
sites had E.coli levels higher than the PWQO. Over 50% of these sites were
found in catchments with high agricultural land cover and low to moderate
percentages of forested land cover.
Total coliforms also come from non-fecal origins such as soil, organic surfaces,
and decaying matter. In the Ganaraska River Watershed all 30 sites were over
the PWQO. The highest counts of total coliforms were found in catchments with
high and moderate percentages of agricultural land and moderate to low
percentage of forested land. Areas with large percentages of agricultural land are
also related to increased rural development and private septic systems, which
also contributes to the amount of total coliforms present within the watershed.
XVII
10
8
7
`12
4
13
9
6
11
5
15
14
3
2
Percent sand/gravel
16
1
< 10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
>70
Figure 9. Surficial geology as percent of sand/gravel substrate by catchment in the Ganaraska River Watershed
XVIII
7
8
10
`12
4
9
13
3
Catchment Temperature (°C)
Coldwater (<18.9)
Coolwater (19 – 25)
6
11
15
5
14
2
16
1
Warmwater (>25.1)
No data
Site Temperature (°C)
Coldwater (<18.9)
Warmwater (>25.1)
Figure 10. Maximum summer water temperature by site (°C) and median maximum summer water temperature (°C) by
catchment in the Ganaraska River Watershed.
XIX
Figure 11. Average baseflow (cms) by catchment in the Ganaraska River Watershed as of 2004
XX
GANARASKA RIVER WATERSHED BACKGROUND REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1:
Project Introduction________________________________________ 8
Section 2:
Watershed Characteristics __________________________________ 10
2.1 Introduction_____________________________________________________ 10
2.2 Watershed Description ____________________________________________ 10
2.3 Physiography ____________________________________________________ 11
2.4 Hydrology ______________________________________________________
2.4.1 Surface Water Hydrology _______________________________________
2.4.2 Groundwater _________________________________________________
2.4.3 Climate______________________________________________________
12
12
13
14
2.5 Resource Uses and Ecosystem Changes ______________________________
2.5.1 Prior to European Colonization ___________________________________
2.5.2 European settlement____________________________________________
2.5.3 From Restoration to the Present Ecosystem _________________________
15
15
15
17
Section 3:
Fisheries Data and Standardization __________________________ 28
3.1 Data Sets _______________________________________________________
3.1.1. Fisheries Data ________________________________________________
3.1.2. Physical Habitat Data __________________________________________
3.1.3. Water Quality Data ____________________________________________
3.1.4 Water Quantity Data Set ________________________________________
28
28
30
31
32
3.2 Sources of Variation in the Data Sets ________________________________ 33
3.2.1 Fish Identification _____________________________________________ 33
3.2.2 Electrofishing Effort ___________________________________________ 33
3.3 Standardization Procedures________________________________________ 33
Section 4:
Longitudinal distribution pattern ____________________________ 34
4.1 Objectives_______________________________________________________ 34
4.2 Methods ________________________________________________________ 34
4.3 Fish Species Distribution Patterns __________________________________
4.3.1 Brook Trout __________________________________________________
4.3.2 Brown Trout__________________________________________________
4.3.3 Rainbow Trout ________________________________________________
4.3.4 White Sucker _________________________________________________
4.3.5 Blacknose Dace _______________________________________________
4.3.6 Longnose Dace________________________________________________
4.3.7 Creek Chub __________________________________________________
4.3.8 Johnny Darter_________________________________________________
4.3.9 Sculpins _____________________________________________________
35
35
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
4.4 Habitat Patterns _________________________________________________ 37
1
4.4.1 Water Temperature ____________________________________________
4.4.2 Physical Habitat _______________________________________________
4.4.3 Water Quality_________________________________________________
4.4.5 Water Quantity________________________________________________
Section 5:
37
38
38
39
Longitudinal Distribution Analyses ___________________________ 86
5.1 Objective _______________________________________________________ 86
5.2 Methods for Analyzing the Fish Species Distribution Patterns ___________ 86
5.3 Results _________________________________________________________ 87
Section 6:
Temporal Analysis ________________________________________ 94
6.1 Objective _______________________________________________________ 94
6.2 Methods ________________________________________________________ 94
6.3 Results _________________________________________________________ 95
6.3.1 Brook Trout __________________________________________________ 95
6.3.2 Brown Trout__________________________________________________ 96
6.3.3 Rainbow Trout ________________________________________________ 96
6.3.4 White Sucker _________________________________________________ 97
6.3.5 Blacknose Dace _______________________________________________ 98
6.3.6 Longnose Dace________________________________________________ 99
6.3.7 Creek Chub __________________________________________________ 99
6.3.8 Johnny Darter________________________________________________ 100
6.3.9 Sculpin _____________________________________________________ 100
References ________________________________________________________ 122
Appendix A __________________________________________________________ 126
Appendix B __________________________________________________________ 145
Appendix C __________________________________________________________ 149
Appendix D__________________________________________________________ 156
2
LIST OF FIGURES
Section 2
Figure 2.01. Residential areas, roads, dams and elevation of Ganaraska River Watershed.
Figure 2.02. Elevation of the Ganaraska River Watershed
Figure 2.03. Main tributaries of the Ganaraska River Watershed
Figure 2.04. Catchments of the Ganaraska River Watershed
Figure 2.05. Surficial geology of the Ganaraska River Watershed
Figure 2.06. Land uses classification of the Ganaraska River Watershed
Section 4
Figure 4.01. Mean density of brook trout (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.02. Mean density of brook trout (<70mm T.L) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.03. Density and biomass of brook trout (all sizes combined) capture vs distance
to Lake Ontario.
Figure 4.04. Density and biomass of brook trout (<70mmT.L) captured vs distance to
Lake Ontario.
Figure 4.05. Mean density of brown trout (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.06. Mean density of brown trout (<70mm T.L) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.07. Density and biomass of brown trout (all sizes combined) captured vs
distance to Lake Ontario.
Figure 4.08. Density and biomass of brown trout (<70mm T.L) captured vs distance to
Lake Ontario.
Figure 4.09. Mean density of rainbow trout (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.10. Mean density of rainbow trout (<70mm T.L) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.11. Density and biomass of rainbow trout (all sizes combined) captured vs
distance to Lake Ontario
Figure 4.12. Density and biomass of rainbow trout (<70mm T.L) captured vs
Figure 4.13. Mean density of white sucker (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.14. Density and biomass of white sucker (all sizes combined) captured vs
3
Figure 4.15. Mean density of blacknose dace (all sizes combined) at each sampling
station.
Figure 4.16. Density and biomass of blacknose dace (all sizes combined) captured vs
Figure 4.17. Mean density of longnose dave (all sizes combined) at each sampling
station.
Figure 4.18. Density and biomass of longnose dace (all sizes combined) captured vs
Figure 4.19. Mean density of creek chub (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.20. Density and biomass of creek chub (all sizes combined) captured vs
Figure 4.21. Mean density of Johnny darter (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.22. Density and biomass of Johnny darter (all sizes combined) captured vs
Figure 4.23. Mean density of sculpin (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Figure 4.24. Density and biomass of sculpin (all sizes combined) captured vs
Figure 4.25. Maximum summer water temperature of the Ganaraska River Watershed
Figure 4.26. Average water depth measured at each sampling station.
Figure 4.27. Average wetted width measured at each sampling station
Figure 4.28. Percentage of fines substrate (<2mm) measured in point particle counts at
each sampling station.
Figure 4.29. Percentage of gravel substrate (>2 - 100mm) measured in point particle
counts at each sampling station.
Figure 4.30. Percentage of cobble substrate (100 – 1000 mm) measured in point particle
counts at each sampling station.
Figure 4.31. Percentage of clay substrate measured in point particle counts at each
sampling station.
Figure 4.32. Mean alkalinity measured as CaCO3 (mg/L) at each of the water quality
sampling station.
4
Figure 4.33. Range of variation in the alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L) measured across the
tributaries.
Figure 4.34. Range of variability in the pH measurements across the tributaries.
Figure 4.35. Mean conductivity (US/cm2) measured at each water quality sampling
station.
Figure 4.36. Range of variability in the conductivity (US/cm2) measurements across the
tributaries.
Figure 4.37. Range of variability in the chloride (mg/L) measurements across the
tributaries.
Figure 4.38. Mean nitrate (mg/L) measured at each water quality sampling station.
Figure 4.39. Range of variability in the nitrate (mg/L) measurements across the
tributaries.
Figure 4.40. Range of variability in the ammonia-ammonium (mg/L) measurements
across the tributaries.
Figure 4.41. Range of variability in the phosphorus (mg/L) measurements across the
tributaries.
Figure 4.42. Mean E.coli (CFU/100mL) measured at each water quality sampling station.
Figure 4.43. Range of variability in the E.coli (CFU/100mL) measurements across the
tributaries.
Figure 4.44. Mean total coliform (CFU/100mL) measured at each water quality
sampling station.
Figure 4.45. Range of variability in the total coliforms (CFU/100mL) measurements
across the tributaries.
Section 5
Figure 5.01. Scree plot displays the eigenvalue numbers
Figure 5.02. Projection of the fish species variables used on the factor-plane (1x2).
Figure 5.03. Projection of the site variables on factor plan (1x2).
Figure 5.04. Fish community groups classified by using the first three factors of the
principal component analyses.
5
Section 6
Figure 6.01. Sampling station locations sorted by sampling periods and catchments.
Figure 6.02. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of brook trout
sampled within each zone and sampling period.
Figure 6.03. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of brook trout
Figure 6.04. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of brown
trout sampled within each zone and sampling period.
Figure 6.05. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of brown
Figure 6.06. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of rainbow
Figure 6.07. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of rainbow
Figure 6.08. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of white
sucker sampled within each zone and sampling period.
Figure 6.09. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of white
sucker sampled within each zone and sampling period.
Figure 6.10. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of blacknose
dace sampled within each zone and sampling period.
Figure 6.11. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of blacknose
Figure 6.12. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of longnose
Figure 6.13. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of longnose
Figure 6.14. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of creek chub
Figure 6.15. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of creek chub
6
Figure 6.16. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of Johnny
darter sampled within each zone and sampling period.
Figure 6.17. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of Johnny
darter sampled within each zone and sampling period.
Figure 6.18. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of sculpin
Figure 6.19. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of sculpin
LIST OF TABLES
Section 2
Table 2.01 List of fish species first sampled in the Ganaraska River Watershed
Section 5
Table 5.01. Principal component factor loading scores of the fish species relative
abundance.
Section 6
Table 6.01. Summary of the Mann-Whitney U critical Z and p-value
7
Section 1:
Project Introduction
Background
Management of Ontario’s aquatic environment and resources is a shared
responsibility between multiple governments of the federal, provincial, tribal, and
municipal level. Partnership responsibilities included development of habitat
management objectives, collecting sound background science to understand the
relationships of habitat and biotic communities, and creating baseline standards
for successful monitoring of the aquatic ecosystem.
The Lindsay District Fisheries Management Plan guided the Ganaraska River
Watershed resources until 2000, when the plan expired. The involved agencies
took initiative to develop and new management plan that would care for the fish
communities and aquatic habitat within the watershed. These agencies include
the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), the Department of Fisheries
and Oceans (DFO), and the Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority (GRCA).
The OMNR has developed a Watershed-based Fisheries Management Plan
Guideline to assist in the development process of building a Fisheries
Management Plan in the Southern Ontario Region.
The Fisheries Management Process (FMP)
Developing a plan has fours stages
•
Issue identification and data collection;
•
Analysis and planning;
•
Implementation; and
•
Monitoring
The planning process encourages the creation of partnerships involving
conservation authorities, municipalities, and other key stakeholders.
The
development process is a social and technical procedure. To ensure the FMP is
8
relevant it must not only reflect the background science, it must reflect the
interests of the public and stakeholders. Public involvement is essential in every
step of the process, guiding and shaping the planning process, and with
implementation of the projects and programs, monitoring, reporting, and
reviewing watershed plans.
This document describes and characterizes the physiography, hydrology,
resource use, and ecosystem changes of the Ganaraska River Watershed. The
main focus of this document however, is the analysis and interpretation of
complied background scientific data. Data standardization, data sources, and
data variation are all described within the report. The fish species data was
represented as trends, identified as longitudinal distribution patterns and
temporal distributions. A Technical Steering Committee was established to
review the data analysis and guide the development of the background report.
See appendix C.2 for a list of the Technical Steering Committee members.
Objective
The objective of a Fisheries Management Plan is to integrate all existing
knowledge of the fisheries resources and the aquatic environment into an optimal
management tool that will protect, enhance, and rehabilitate the Ganaraska River
Watershed, providing sustainable resources for our future.
To ensure the objectives are achieved and maintained the FMP must be
supported by accurate scientific data.
Data summary provides a benchmark
state of resources that will allow future monitoring and for the selection of
accurate indicator measures essential for the future monitoring of the FMP.
9
Section 2:
Watershed Characteristics
2.1 Introduction
This section provides historic and current information on the characteristics of the
Ganaraska River Watershed. The characteristics discussed were selected to
support the interpretations of observed spatial and temporal trends in the aquatic
ecosystem of the Ganaraska River Watershed.
This section also describes
important geological events that helped create the basin shape, surface and
groundwater hydrological regime, and natural resources. The geology and
hydrology sections described are summarized from the Draft Source Water
Protection Water Budget Report (GRCA, 2006). The resource uses section
describes the historical conditions, influential restoration and research projects,
and current conditions of the watershed.
2.2 Watershed Description
The Ganaraska River watershed is a triangular basin that covers approximately
279.5km2 extending north of Kirby in the west to north of Campbellcroft in the
east and south to Port Hope (Figure 2.01). The Ganaraska River Watershed
centrally located in the Municipality of Port Hope and Municipality of Clarington,
with its eastern extent in the Township of Hamilton.
The Ganaraska River Watershed has eight main tributaries; the Mainstem, North
Ganaraska Branch, Little Ganaraska Branch, Duck Pond Branch, Quay’s Branch,
Soper Branch, Cold Springs Creek, and Burnham Branch (Figure 2.03) These
tributaries were divided into 16 catchment areas to help facilitate state of
resource reporting (Figure 2.04) Majority of the tributaries drain off the Oak
Ridges Moraine flowing in a south-easterly direction to its outlet on Lake Ontario.
The Mainstem (Catchments 1,2,3 and 4) has the largest drainage area of 94km2,
longest channel length of 45km, highest discharge, and an average gradient of
5.5m/km in the Ganaraska River Watershed. The North Ganaraska Branch
10
(Catchment 6,7 and 6) has the second largest drainage area of 70km2, channel
length of 24km, and an average gradient of 9.2m/km. Little Ganaraska Branch
(Catchment 10 and 11) has a drainage area of 33km2, channel length of 15km,
and an average gradient of 13m/km. Duck Pond Branch has a drainage area of
21km2, channel length of 14km, and an average gradient of 12m/km. Quay’s
Branch has a drainage area of 21km2, channel length of 13km, and an average
gradient of 10m/km. Soper Branch has a drainage area of 15km2, channel length
of 8km, and an average gradient of 20m/km. Cold Springs Creek has a drainage
area of 13km2, channel length 12km, and an average gradient of 16m/km.
Burnham Branch has the smallest drainage area of 10km2, channel length of
8km, and steepest average gradient of 23m/km. These values were calculated
using Ontario Flow Assessment Tool (NESI, 2002).
2.3 Physiography
The Ganaraska River watershed encompasses three major physiographic
regions; Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM), South Slope, and Lake Iroquois Plain
(Chapman and Putnam, 1984). The ORM is positioned along the northern
boundary of the watershed dominating the landscape. The Moraine is a long
broad build up of sand and gravel that was deposited at the toe of two large ice
sheets during the last ice age in Southern Ontario (Chapman and Putnam, 1984).
The ORM is between 2 and 14km wide along the northern extent of the
watershed, and stretches approximately 35km (Figure 2.05). The crest of the
ORM is 395 meters above sea level(masl) dropping to an elevation of
approximately 210 to 250masl on the southern flank (Figure 2.02).
South of the ORM lies a drumlinized till plain called the South Slope. Numerous
branches of the Ganaraska River originate in the Oak Ridges Moraine, carving
the till plain as they flow into Lake Ontario, where the banks are lined with recent
river deposits. The ground surface topography continues from the flanks of the
ORM, reaching an elevation of approximately 160masl at the historical glacial
11
Lake Iroquois shoreline. The glacial Lake Iroquois continues to extend south to
Lake Ontario as lacustrine clay and sand plains. Ground surface elevation along
Lake Ontario shoreline is approximately 75masl.
Regional surficial geologic mapping (Figure 2.05), indicates land south of the
ORM consists of several till sheets overlain by glacial lake deposits of either
silt/clay or sand/gravel. Overtime the lake deposits are cut through and overlain
by river deposits (Barnett et al., 1998). Beneath the glacial and lacustrine
overburden lies limestone bedrock coupled with shaley partings of the Lindsay
Formation of the Simcoe Group dated within the Ordovician period. The bedrock
surface slopes gently to the south-southeast, to an elevation of 80 to 90masl
near the Municipality of Port Hope. The limestone bedrock is frequently
outcropped along the Ganaraska River near the Town of Port Hope, and along
the Lake Ontario shoreline.
2.4 Hydrology
2.4.1 Surface Water Hydrology
The Ganaraska River has a triangular shaped basin with a total area of
279.5km2. The Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) supplies the dominant water source
for the Ganaraska River at an elevation of 305masl, flowing south-easterly for
45km to the Lake Ontario outlet in the Town of Port Hope. The river follows a
well-defined valley through the till plains situated through Concession 6, 7, and 8
of the Municipality of Clarington, continuing across the sand plains while
increasing in width and depth through Concession 4, 5, and 6 in Municipality of
Port Hope. The stream continues into the beveled till plains of Canton where the
North Ganaraska Branch flows into the Mainstem. After this confluence, the river
flows southward through Concessions 3, 2, and 1 of the Town of Port Hope
where the channel has eroded to limestone bedrock in the final reach to the Lake
Ontario outlet. The Ganaraska River descends 161m from source to confluence.
12
2.4.2 Groundwater
The Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) serves as a major recharge zone within the
Ganaraska watershed.
Precipitation reaching the ORM surface infiltrates
through the sand and gravel substrate, providing recharge to the underlying
aquifers (Chapman and Putnam, 1984). The surface water flowing off the ORM
and groundwater discharge from the flanks of the ORM is responsible for
headwater flows in the majority of streams, creeks, and rivers in the Ganaraska
River Watershed (Dyke et al., 1997).
Investigation of groundwater and surface water interactions has been completed
in the Bowmanville, Soper, and Wilmot Creek Watershed west of the Ganaraska
River Watershed (Funk, 1977 and Singer, 1981). Numerous monitoring wells
across the above drainage basins indicate that groundwater recharge conditions
dominate the till plain and the laustrine clay and sand plain, where river valleys
are not in vicinity.
Flowing artesian wells are commonly found in stream valleys (Singer, 1981), and
flowing artesian wells are present along the remnants of the Lake Iroquois
shoreline (Funk, 1977andSinger, 1981), contributing groundwater flow to surface
waters throughout the Ganaraska River Watershed. This discharge occurs on
the Mainstem between Osaca and Canton, where glacial lake deposits of sand
and gravel are exposed to the surface.
Several studies have shown that
groundwater discharge from deep aquifers contribute to the formation of Lake
Ontario’s low lying groundwater fed marshes and streams (Singer, 1974). As a
result, all groundwater in the Ganaraska River Watershed is discharged into Lake
Ontario.
The groundwater in the Ganaraska River Watershed generally flows south,
following the ground surface topography and bedrock.
The regional cross-
section observations showed that aquifers are found in the overburden and
bedrock, with both near surface and deeper overburden aquifers in the zones of
13
sand and gravel.
Fluctuations of the water table were noted in the shallow
aquifers (Singer, 1974). The deep regional groundwater aquifers are primarily
recharged in the northern portion of the watershed, in the ORM (Chapman and
Putnam, 1984). The deep groundwater then flows south to be intersected by
streams, rivers, groundwater wells, and Lake Ontario. The deep aquifers are
generally under confined conditions crating high groundwater pressure heads,
resulting in occasional artesian wells in the watershed.
2.4.3 Climate
The Global atmospheric circulation has direct affects on local climate, and local
climate effects many local biological systems including hydrological regime.
Precipitation (in the form of both rain and snow), evaporation, and temperature,
all are climate variables that have a dominant effect on hydrological regime.
These factors can provide a better understanding of the abiotic influences on the
aquatic ecosystem.
Local climate may also be profoundly affected by the proximity of water and local
topographical relief. Topography significantly influences local temperature and
precipitation in the Ganaraska River Watershed where elevations range from 75366masl. However, average annual temperature and precipitation values show
minor variations throughout the watershed, and is most likely as result of the
small catchment drainage area. The most significant factor affecting the
Ganaraska Watershed climate is its proximity to Lake Ontario.
influence has a significant moderation effect on local climate.
The lake
Climate
moderation is most prominent in the immediate vicinity of Lake Ontario shores,
and beings to diminish towards the northern inland slopes. On the moraine
upland the climate cools, exhibiting sharper winters and later springs than the
remaining drainage area.
Precipitation in the Ganaraska watershed shows noticeable local variation., The
mean annual precipitation along the lake shore varies from 755 to 830mm; while,
on the northern upland slopes varies from 875 to 900mm. Precipitation values
14
continue to increase up to an average 1000mm/yr on the Oak Ridges Moraine
slopes and low regions of the watershed.
2.5 Resource Uses and Ecosystem Changes
2.5.1 Prior to European Colonization
Pre-European colonization, the Ganaraska River Watershed resource uses was
minimal. The Ganaraska River Watershed was densely wooded with massive
stands of oak and pine trees. Migrant Huron aboriginals were the area’s first
inhabitants, however, their occupation was inconsistent from ongoing Iroquois
raids (GRCA, 1981). The Huron’s eventually left the area in the 1650s and the
Iroquois remained to fish, hunt and trap the Ganaraska River. The Iroquois
named the river Ganaraska, meaning the “spawning place” which referred to the
historical abundance of Atlantic salmon (Department of Energy and Resources
Management, 1966). The Ganaraska River was a major trade route and had
several small huts along the river. In the watershed, there were 3 main walking
trails similar to the present Walton Street downtown Port Hope, Highway 2, and
County Road 28 (Richardson, 1944). The watershed was completely forested
except for several tall grass prairie fields along the headwaters. The mouth of the
river was a large coastal wetland that supported a variety of Lake Ontario fishes
such as Atlantic salmon and lake sturgeon that entered the river to spawn
(Richardson, 1944).
2.5.2 European settlement
The French entered the area soon after Canada became a Royal Province of
France in 1663 (GRCA, 1981). The French harvested oak and some pine timber
for building Royal Navy vessels. Interest in the white pine resources grew after
Canada became a British Colony in 1763.
Permanent settlement in the Ganaraska River Watershed was not until 1793
near the mouth of the river (Richardson, 1944). Settlement increased rapidly after
the founding of Port Hope in 1798. By the 1840’s, communities were founded as
far north as the present day 8th Concession road. Between 1860 and 1880 many
15
of the communities in the watershed doubled in population (Richardson, 1944).
These newly founded communities had settled along all the tributaries of the
Ganaraska River and were centered on waterpower structures.
The waterpower structures were designed for several different purposes, mainly
for sawing and planing lumber, gristmills and a few woolen mills. The first
waterpower dam was built in 1795 near the present Mill Street located east of the
Ganaraska River. The number of dams built on the river continued to increase
until the 1860’s where construction stopped, leaving 37 active waterpower
structures operating in the watershed. There were 10 waterpower structures built
on the main branch, 2 on Duck Pond Branch, 1 on Quay’s Branch, 13 on North
Ganaraska Branch, 1 on Little Ganaraska Branch, 2 on Soper Branch, and 1 on
Burnham Branch (Richardson, 1944). By 1876, the mouth of the river was
dredged for the first time, forming a larger harbor area.
During this time, much of the old growth forest was being actively harvested. As
the settlement moved north, the watershed was clear-cut for agricultural use. It
was reported that by the 1860s the lower reaches of the watershed were
completely cleared and by the 1890s the entire watershed was completely
deforested (Richardson, 1944). The fertile soils of the headwater quickly
deteriorated into large areas of barren sandy soils. The watershed experienced
increased periods of drought and frequent flooding events.
The aquatic ecosystem shifted during this period of severe landscape
degradation and modification. The drastic changes to the landscape and
watercourse negatively impacted the Atlantic salmon and brook trout populations.
Prior to the landscape changes, Atlantic salmon populations in the early 1800s
were reported to be so abundance that in “1801, James Sculthorpe, together with
an uncle, speared 300 salmon in one evening” (Richardson, 1944). Shortly after
the first dam was built residence began noticing a decline in Atlantic salmon
populations (Christie, 1973). By the early 1860s the decline was so evident that
16
Samuel Wilmot, a resident of Wilmot Creek, started operating a hatchery to rear
young Atlantic salmon. Samuel Wilmot obtained adult fish from the Ganaraska
River for the hatchery stock and later tried stocking the river with the offspring.
However, despite the efforts to sustain the dwindling Atlantic salmon population,
they eventually disappeared from the Lake Ontario basin by 1895 (Department of
Energy and Resources Management, 1966). Brook trout populations were also
declining in considerable numbers during this period. Brook trout were reported
to historically range throughout the entire Ganaraska River Watershed. “It is
stated by residents of the district that native trout were, by 1880, gone from the
southern waters of the rivers and were, by 1890, very scarce in the northern
reaches” (Richardson, 1944).
2.5.3 From Restoration to the Present Ecosystem
Clearing of the forest and damming of the river changed the rivers flow regime.
This resulted in numerous flooding events in the Port Hope area. Resource
managers responded in 1922 by initiating the first restoration program for the
Ganaraska River Watershed and active management of the water control
structures (GRCA, 1981). This initiation involved purchasing and opening Orono
Crown Land Nursery, to provide trees for reforestation the Ganaraska River
Watershed headwaters.
Researchers from the Royal Ontario Museum conducted the first fish species
inventory of the Ganaraska River in 1921. Sampling was conducted on the lower
mainstem of the Ganaraska River, near Highway 2. In 1927, the Department of
Game and Fisheries sampled further up stream along the main branch, finding
many tributaries supported brook trout. They reported brook trout were captured
in considerable numbers in the headwaters of the river; however it was noted
brook trout size and abundance decreased in the headwaters compared to brook
trout captured in the mainstem (Richardson, 1944). A list of the fish species first
sampled is summarized in Table 2.01. The Department of Game and Fisheries
and private landowners had been stocking brook trout in the Ganaraska River
two years prior of initial sampling in 1927.
17
The Department of Game and Fisheries first introduced European brown trout to
the Ganaraska River through a stocking program in 1933 (Department of Energy
and Resources Management, 1966). The first year, approximately 675 yearlings
were stocked in the lower reaches of the river. The next year, approximately
equal numbers of both yearlings and adults were stocked. At this time, resource
managers were placing efforts on stocking brown trout. They believed brown
trout would be more adapted to survive in the harsh environment of the lower
reaches than brook trout, which previously inhabited the lower reaches
Ganaraska River. Stocking of brook trout and brown trout in the river continued
on a rotational basis until the mid 1960s (Department of Energy and Resources
Management, 1966) and there is still some private stocking in ponds occurring
today in the watershed.
In 1941, the Guelph Conference was held at the Ontario Agricultural College.
This conference included the Ontario Government, Ontario Conservation and
Reforestation Association, the Federation of Ontario Naturalists, The Ontario
Federation of Anglers and Hunters, the Southern Ontario Section of the
Canadian Society of Forest Engineers, the Canadian Agricultural Society, the
Canadian Conservation Association, the Canadian Legion, and the Royal
Canadian Institute. The above organizations met for several meetings regarding
their increasing concerns over environmental problems linked to previous
mismanagement of the landscape (Richardson, 1944). The Ganaraska River
Watershed was chosen for the first conservation demonstration survey in the
province. The Chief Conservation Engineer of the Ontario Department of
Planning and Development, Dr. A.H. Richardson, was responsible for planning
and compiling the survey. The findings were produced in The Ganaraska Report.
The Ganaraska Report recommended many needed changes including
reforestation of the headwaters to control erosion, increased dam construction to
control flooding, and modification of the main channel for flood control; including
channel straightening and deepening. The Ganaraska Forest Center was
established to protect and restore the degraded agricultural lands of the
18
headwaters along the Oak Ridges Moraine. In 1946, the Conservation Authorities
Act was passed in Ontario Legislature and the Ganaraska River became one of
the first rivers regulated by a Conservation Authority in Canada (GRCA, 1981).
Over the next 5 years over 5,000,000 trees were planted on the newly acquired
460 hectares (1,150 acres) of conservation land. Today, the Ganaraska Forest
covers 4,200 hectares (10,400 acres) of the Ganaraska River Watershed
headwaters.
A supplementary report to the Ganaraska Report followed in 1966; this report
focused on the forest and wildlife present in the watershed. During August and
September of 1963, the Fish and Wildlife Branch of Lindsay District conducted a
large watershed study on the distribution of fish species present in the
Ganaraska River (Department of Energy and Resources Management, 1966).
Newly documented fish species from the study can be found listed in Table 2.01.
The remaining fisheries studies conducted since the 1963 inventory are
described and analysed in the following sections.
Since 1974, the Ganaraska Fishway has been in operation at Corbett’s dam.
Prior to its construction, migratory fish were manually lifted over the dam.
Corbett’s dam was the first barrier on the river that prevented migratory fish from
completing their annual journey into the upper watershed. The fishway was
designed to serve as a lamprey barrier but also acts as an excellent means of
evaluating the rainbow trout populations entering the river. An electronic fish
counter was installed in 1987 to record the number of migratory rainbow trout
passing through the fishway. A fish sanctuary is in place from Highway 401 south
to Jocelyn Street to protect the large concentration of salmon and trout as they
rest and prepare to run up the fishway steps. The Ganaraska River Fishway was
made possible due to a joint venture of the Ganaraska Region Conservation
Authority, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ontario Federation of
Anglers and Hunters, the Ganaraska Sportsmen’s Association, the Municipality
of Port Hope, and a host of volunteers from Port Hope and the surrounding area.
19
Land use can have a large influence on the structuring of the aquatic ecosystem.
The most recent land use information was revised in 2002 and is based on the
Ecological Land Classification System (ELC) for Southern Ontario (Figure 2.06).
Agriculture is the dominant land use in the Ganaraska watershed and accounts
for 57 percent of the total watershed area. The next dominant land use is forest
habitat, which accounts for 40 percent of the total watershed. The Ganaraska
Forest covers 16 percent of the Ganaraska River watershed. Urban areas (Port
Hope) accounts for 1.4 percent and rural residential areas accounts for 5.4
percent of the watershed cover. Two quarries located north of Kendal and
Canton represent 0.4 percent of the watershed land use. The Ganaraska River
watershed is among the least developed watersheds along the Lake Ontario
shoreline. Considerable effort has taken place over years to restore, conserve,
and maintain this healthy coldwater river and its watershed.
20
Figure 2.01. Residential areas, major roads, and large dams in the Ganaraska River Watershed
21
Figure 2.02. Elevation of the Ganaraska River Watershed.
22
10
12
8
7
6
4
13
9 11
15
5
14
16
1
3
2
Figure 2.03. Main tributaries of Ganaraska River Watershed
23
23
10
8
7
`12
4
13
9
6
11
15
5
14
16
1
3
2
Catchment
1. Corbett Dam to Canton Dam
2. Canton Dam to Osaca
3. Osaca to Kendal – downstream of Jackson Dam
4. Headwater mainstem – upstream of Jackson Dam
5. Quay’s Branch
11.Lower Little Ganaraska – downstream Elizabethville
Dam to Cold Springs Creek
6. North Ganaraska -Canton
12. Soper Branch
7. North Ganaraska – upstream Garden Hill Dam
13. Burnham Branch
8. North Ganaraska – upstream Fudge’s Mill Dam
14. Duck Pond Branch
9. Cold Springs Creek
15. Elliott Stream
10. Upper Little Ganaraska- upstream Elizabethville Dam
16. Welcome “Henwood Stream”
Figure 2.04. Ganaraska River Watershed Catchments
This map is for information purposes
only and the Ganaraska Region
Conservation Authority takes no
responsibility for, nor guarantees, the
accuracy of the information
contained within the map. Prepared
by Ganaraska Region Conservation
Authority: January 2007. Produced
using information provided by the
Ministry of Natural Resources,
GRCA and other municipal sources,
Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
This map is for information purposes only and the Ganaraska Region
Conservation Authority takes no responsibility for, nor guarantees, the
accuracy of the information contained within the map. Prepared by
Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority: January 2007. Produced
using information provided by the Ministry of Natural Resources, GRCA
and other municipal sources, Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
Figure 2.05. Surficial Geology of the Ganaraska River Watershed, with a 1.5km surrounding buffer
25
Figure 2.06. Land use/land cover of the Ganaraska River Watershed using Ecological Land Classification (ELC) from 200226
26
Table 2.01. List of the fish species first documentation in the Ganaraska
River Watershed
Scientific Name
Common Name
First Documented
coho salmon
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Chinook salmon
rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar
brown trout
Salmo trutta
brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis
central mudminnow
Umbra limi
white sucker
Catostomus commersoni
northern hog sucker
Hypentelium nigricans
northern redbelly dace
Phoxinus eos
finescale dace
Phoxinus neogaeus
brassy minnow
Hybognathus hankinsoni
hornyhead chub
Nocomis biguttatus
Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner
emerald shiner
Notropis atherinoides
common shiner
Luxilus cornutus
blacknose shiner
Notropis heterolepis
spottail shiner
Notropis hudsonius
bluntnose minnow
Pimephales notatus
fathead minnow
Pimephales promelas
western blacknose dace
Rhinichthys obtusus
longnose dace
Rhinichthys cataractae
creek chub
Semotilus atromaculatus
brown bullhead
Ameiurus nebulosus
brook stickleback
Culaea inconstans
rock bass
Ambloplites rupestris
pumpkinseed
Lepomis gibbosus
smallmouth bass
Micropterus dolomieu
largemouth bass
Micropterus salmoides
yellow perch
Perca flavescens
johnny darter
Etheostoma nigrum
rainbow darter
Etheostoma caeruleum
mottled sculpin
Cottus bairdi
slimy sculpin
Cottus cognatus
*Department of Energy and Resources Management, 1966.
** Habprog database, retrieved May 2004.
*** Ministry of Natural Resources, 1976.
**** Richardson, 1944.
*****Unpublished dataset, 2001
******Unpublished dataset, 1973
1993
1997
1963
1673
1933
1673
1993
1921
1993
1963
2004
2004
1963
1995
1999
1963
1973
1995
1921
1963
1921
1963
1921
1998
1963
1963
1973
1973
1973
1993
1921
1963
1993
1963
**
**
*
****
****
****
**
****
**
*
*
**
*****
*
******
**
****
*
****
*
****
*****
*
*
***
***
******
**
****
*
**
*
27
Section 3:
Fisheries Data and Standardization
3.1 Data Sets
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ganaraska Region Conservation
Authority, and various other academics and environmental agencies have
conducted fisheries research on the Ganaraska River Watershed over the past
40 years.
Fisheries data were compiled for the Ganaraska River Watershed from a variety
of watershed based projects.
Fisheries data were obtained from an Aquatic
Inventory Survey conducted in 1973, Fisheries Monitoring program in 1974,
1975, 1977, and 1978, Stream Juvenile Migratory Salmonid Index in 1993 –
ongoing, Atlantic Salmon Fry Stocking Assessment project in 1995, 1996, 1997,
1998 and 1999, Oak Ridges Moraine Watershed Study project in 1995, OMNR
Fish Survey for the Ganaraska River project in 1997, 1998, and 1999, Lake
Ontario Bioregional Modeling project in 2002, and Ganaraska River Fisheries
Management Plan project in 2004 and 2005.
3.1.1. Fisheries Data
The original raw data were obtained from the Aquatic Habitat Inventory Survey
and Fisheries Monitoring program sampled in 1973 to 1978. The data set
included 34 sites representing the entire watershed. Sampling was intensive
1973 and a monitoring program continued to sample 10 of the 34 sites from 1974
to 1978. Fish were captured using backpack electrofishing and only catch
numbers were recorded. Representative samples were taken from all the fish
species captured and sent to the Royal Ontario Museum for species verification.
Digital copies of the data sets were obtained from the Stream Juvenile Migratory
Salmonid Index project, which began in 1993 and continues to be a yearly
monitoring program of the OMNR’s Lake Ontario Management Unit. The data set
28
includes five sites; three sites are located on the Mainstem and two sites are on
Cold Spring’s Creek. Fisheries data includes catch numbers, fork length, and
weight measurements. Fish were captured using electrofisher backpack unit at
GN04, GN05 and GN08 sites, and a streamside electrofisher shore unit at GN06
and GN07 sites (Bowlby, 1995). Blocker nets were placed at the top of each site.
Fish were identified in the field and any unidentifiable fish were later identified in
the lab.
The digital data set of the Atlantic Salmon Fry Stocking Assessment, Oak Ridges
Moraine Watershed Study, and the Lake Ontario Bioregional Modeling projects
were obtained from the master copy of Habprog’s database (Microsoft Access
based) maintained by OMNR’s Great Lakes Stream Ecology Unit in Glenora, ON.
The Atlantic Salmon Fry Stocking Assessment project had 15 monitoring sites
from 1995 to 1999. The majority of the sites were located on North Ganaraska
Branch and a few sites were located in the Headwater mainstem. The Oak
Ridges Moraine Watershed Study project sampled 3 sites randomly located in
the watershed. The Lake Ontario Bioregional Modeling project sampled 9 sites
across the headwaters of the watershed. Fisheries data was collected following
the standard Ontario Stream Assessment Protocol (Stanfield, 2005). Fisheries
data included catch numbers, individual total length and weight measurements
for salmonid species and bulk weight measurement for all other species
Digital data set of OMNR Fish Survey for the Ganaraska River project was
obtained from Leon Carl at the USGS Great Lakes Science Center. Fish and
aquatic habitat data were collected from 19 sites along the Mainstem and Soper
Branch, however only 15 sites were included in this report, as the location of 4
sites were unknown (J.D. Whall Environmental, 2001). Fish were captured using
an electrofisher shore unit or an electrofisher towboat. Shocker seconds and
catch numbers were recorded. Weight and total length were recorded for the first
twenty-five fishes of each species from each size class (>75mm and <75mm).
29
Digital data set copies of Ganaraska River Fisheries Management Plan project
was obtained from the Habprog’s database stored at the Ganaraska Region
Conservation Authority office. Fish and aquatic habitat data were collected from
30 sites located across the watershed from 2002 to 2004. Data were collected
following the Ontario Stream Assessment Protocol (Stanfield, 2005). Fish were
captured using an electrofishing backpack unit. Fisheries data included catch
numbers, individual total length and weight measurements for salmonid species
and bulk weight measurements for all other species.
3.1.2. Physical Habitat Data
The original physical habitat raw data were obtained from the Aquatic Habitat
Inventory Survey and Fisheries Monitoring program sampled in 1973 to 1978.
Aquatic habitat data were collected from all 34 sites in the first sampling season
between June 25 and July 24. Site length was sampled at a standard 40 meters
length (Dodge et al., 1979) and majority of sites, were sampled up stream of a
road crossing. Aquatic habitat data collected included channel width, water
depth, water velocity, percent substrate distribution (visual estimates), instream
cover, dominant riparian vegetation, stream slope, water quality, and water
temperature.
The Stream Juvenile Migratory Salmonid Index project did not
collect aquatic habitat data. Site length and wetted width were measured for each
sampling event.
The Atlantic Salmon Fry Stocking Assessment, Oak Ridges Moraine Watershed
Study, and Lake Ontario Bioregional Modeling projects collected aquatic habitat
data for all 27 sites. Habitat data was collected following the standard Ontario
Stream Assessment Protocol (Stanfield, 2005). Habitat data collected included
site length, wetted width, water depth, hydraulic head, point and maximum
substrate measurements, instream cover, dominant vegetation, and water
temperature.
The OMNR Fish Survey for the Ganaraska River project collected aquatic habitat
data at all the fish sampling stations each year. Aquatic habitat data collected
30
followed the Ontario Stream Assessment Protocol with some modifications (J.D.
Whall Environmental, 2001). Aquatic habitat data collected included site length,
wetted width, water depth, hydraulic head, point and maximum substrate
measurements, and water temperature.
The Ganaraska River Fisheries Management Plan project collected aquatic
habitat data at the 30 sampling stations,. Habitat data were collected following
the Ontario Stream Assessment Protocol (Stanfield, 2005). The Aquatic habitat
data set included site length, wetted width, water depth, hydraulic head, point
and maximum substrate measurements, instream cover, dominant vegetation,
and water temperature.
3.1.3. Water Quality Data
The Ganaraska Region Water Quality Monitoring Network (GRWQMN) is a water
quality monitoring program that is run independently by the Ganaraska Region
Conservation Authority.
The GRWQMN began in the summer of 2002 and
supplements the data collected by the Provincial Water Quality Monitoring
Network (PWQMN). The PWQMN is a partnership between the Ganaraska
Region Conservation Authority (GRCA) and the Ministry of Environment (MOE),
which has nine sites in the GRCA watershed and samples 36 parameters. The
PWQMN program has been running since 1965 with most sites dating back to
the mid 1970s.
The samples in this program were collected in periods of lower flows in an effort
to minimize effects of altered water chemistry during high flows. This was done
because of the limited sample numbers; higher flows are sampled by the
PWQMN.
The parameters collected in the GRWQMN are alkalinity, pH, conductivity, total
suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, chloride (sampling initiating 2004), dissolved
oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia ammonium, unionized ammonia, phosphorus,
Escherichia coli, and total coliforms.
31
3.1.4 Water Quantity Data Set
Water quantity is a measure of the volume of water flowing past a fixed point in a
fixed unit of time. Stream discharge measurements are used to map the
distribution of baseflow within a watershed, as discharge is not uniformly
distributed due to the nature of groundwater flow and variations in topography
and geology.
In 2004 the Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority attempted to quantify the
volumes of water that each of the tributaries are providing to the Ganaraska
River. The data collected was gathered during periods of low flow. This is defined
as a period with at least 72 hours of dry weather. Data were collected using a
standard panel method for quantifying flows (Hinton, 2004). The points measured
were selected near road crossings and evenly distributed throughout the system.
All sites were measured using the same Gurley Pygmy meter. Sampling points
were selected to be in laminar flow conditions. The number of point
measurements used at each site was 20 as a rule but was lower in some very
small systems; all point measurements used 1 minute duration.
The main source of error for this section is water consumption occurring
upstream of the area sampled without the knowledge of the sampler. This is
likely to occur due to the fact that all measurements were taken during periods of
low flow when irrigation is most likely occurring. However, an attempt was made
to view all of the road crossings on a branch during the time it was sampled but
this will only identify water takings at roads and will miss any which are away
from public roadways. Human error is another factor, which is most likely to occur
during flow readings. If the stream is too shallow there can be friction on the
meter, and substrates consisting of large stones may influence stream flow.
These problems were addressed by looking for areas with laminar flow of over
90mm depth (Hinton, 2004). There are also several dams on the system that can
have great influence when water levels are adjusted in private ponds.
32
3.2 Sources of Variation in the Data Sets
3.2.1 Fish Identification
For most of the fisheries data collected, fish were identified to the level of species
in the field. Some of the species present in the Ganaraska River Watershed have
exceedingly similar morphometric and meristic characters that make field
identification difficult. The sculpin (Cottidae) family is an example where both
mottled and slimy sculpin species have been documented in the watershed. It is
difficult to be certain on their identification, as the key difference is the presences
or absences of palatine teeth (Scott and Crossman, 1985). Therefore in this
study the sculpin family was not separated to species.
3.2.2 Electrofishing Effort
Electrofishing effort was not taken into account when standardizing the catch
data. Most projects conducted a single pass survey that results in the capture of
approximately 60-70 % of the total present fish population (Stanfield, 2005).
3.3 Standardization Procedures
Fisheries data was standardized for the area sampled (Appendix A). The area
sampled was calculated by multiplying the mean width by the site length. The
area sampled was then divided by the total number of fish sampled for each
species at each sampling station. The bulk weight for each species sampled at
each station was then divided by area sampled.
Fisheries and aquatic habitat data were transformed before being statistical
analyzed. Each variable was transformed using the standard score equation. The
standard score equation is the raw value subtracted by the mean then divided by
the standard deviation. This transformation places each variable on the same
relative scale but does not alter the distribution of observations within a variable
(Zar, 1999).
33
Section 4:
Longitudinal distribution pattern
4.1 Objectives
The objective of this section is to describe the fish species distribution patterns and
habitat conditions in the Ganaraska River Watershed. A series of descriptive maps and
figures are provided, describing the density and biomass patterns for the most common
species present in the river along with habitat characteristics measured from sites. The
maps and figures will be presented in a longitudinal pattern. Patterns for each species
and habitats will be discussed. This section is linked to the next section, which explores
whether theses species are found in associated with each other and reflect distinct
communities that can be associated with habitat.
4.2 Methods
A series of distribution maps and figures were created for the dominant fish species in
the basin. The salmonid catches were separated into two size categories based on the
length frequency graphs, which showed binomial distribution (Appendix B). The break in
length distributions was used to estimate the criteria for sorting young of the year and
juvenile/adult. Brook trout length distributions showed separation occurring at less than
90mm total length and greater than 90mm total length (Appendix B.1). Brown trout
length distributions showed separation occurring at less than 100mm total length and
greater than 100mm total length (Appendix B.2). Rainbow trout length distributions
showed separation occurring at less than 90mm total length and greater than 90mm
total length (Appendix B.3). All other fish species were not sorted into size categories.
All catches were standardized as described previously (Section 3.3). Sites were
classified into five categories that reflect the percentiles of the maximum average
density observed. These were calculated by averaging the density estimates at each
site and then ranking this value as a percentile of all observations, where the highest
34
density represented the 100th percentile. The ranks were as follows: zero catches, >0 25th, 26th – 50th, 51th – 75th, and >75th percentile.
Each map has a legend that provides the range of density values that comprise each of
the five ranks. Each map will have different threshold values between the categories
that reflect density differences between the species. The species plotted are as follows:
brook trout, brown trout, rainbow trout, white sucker, blacknose dace, longnose dace,
creek chub, Johnny darter, sculpins, and all other species captured.
A similar process was followed for creating the physical habitat, water quality, and water
quantity maps. Sites were separated into categories that reflect the amount of that
variable at each site. Physical habitat variables plotted included summer maximum
water temperature, percent rock and percent wood as cover (particles that were at least
100 mm along their median axis), percent substrate particle compositions (fines <2mm,
gravel 2-100, cobble 2 – 100, cobble 101 – 1000, and clay). Water quality variables
sampled to reflect the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the sites. Water
quality variables sampled include alkalinity, pH, turbidity, ammonia-ammonium, nitrate,
phosphorus, Escherichia coli (E.coli), and total coliforms. Averages were taken from the
water quality variables sampled in 2003, 2004, and 2005 between May and October.
Water quality variables were sorted by percentile then by Ontario standard for maximum
acceptable limits set in the Provincial Water Quality Objectives guidelines (PWQO’s)
(MOE, 1999) and by Canadian Environmental Water Quality Guidelines (CEWQ)
(CCME, 2003).
4.3 Fish Species Distribution Patterns
4.3.1 Brook Trout
Brook trout were found in the headwaters and upper tributary reaches of watershed
(Figure 4.01 and 4.02). The only exception was along the Cold Springs Creek,
(Catchments 9 and 11), where brook trout were sampled throughout the tributary.
35
Brook trout showed a longitudinal trend increasing in density and biomass towards the
headwaters (Figure 4.03 and 4.04).
4.3.2 Brown Trout
Brown trout were widely distributed throughout the watershed. The highest densities
were found in highest density in the upper reaches of the Mainstem (Catchments 3 and
4), Soper Branch and North Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 7) section above Canton
dam towards the 7th Concession, respectively (Figure 4.05 and 4.06).
Brown trout
density did not show any longitudinal correlation, however biomass did show positive
correlation towards the headwaters (Figure 4.07 and 4.08).
4.3.3 Rainbow Trout
Rainbow trout were present in all tributaries except for the North Ganaraska Branch
(Figure 4.09 and 4.10). Highest rainbow trout abundance was found on the Mainstem
(Catchment 2).
There were no significant correlation with upstream distance and
density or biomass of rainbow trout (Figure 4.11and 4.12).
4.3.4 White Sucker
White sucker were mainly found in the lower reaches of the Mainstem and North
Ganaraska Branch (Figure 4.13). White sucker were sampled in high abundance above
several large dams indicating that there are resident populations in the watershed
(Figure 4.14).
4.3.5 Blacknose Dace
The highest blacknose dace abundance was found in the North Ganaraska Branch,
Quay’s Branch, and Duck Pond Branch (respectively) (Figure 4.15). Blacknose dace
were also present in lower densities along the Mainstem and decreased in abundance
towards the headwaters (Figure 4.16).
36
4.3.6 Longnose Dace
The highest longnose dace abundance was found in North Ganaraska Branch, Quay’s
Branch, Duck Pond Branch and the lower reaches of the Mainstem (respectively)
(Figure 4.17). Longnose dace density and biomass showed positive inverse relationship
with distance to Lake Ontario (Figure 4.18).
4.3.7 Creek Chub
The highest Creek Chub abundance was present in the North Ganaraska Branch,
Quay’s Branch, Duck Pond Branch and lower reaches of the main branch (respectively)
(Figure 4.19). Creek chub showed no relationship with distance to Lake Ontario (Figure
4.20).
4.3.8 Johnny Darter
Johnny darter(s) was present in Quay’s Branch, Duck Pond Branch and lower reaches
of the Mainstem (respectively) (Figure 4.21).
Johnny darter density and biomass
showed an inverse relationship with distance to Lake Ontario (Figure 4.22)
4.3.9 Sculpins
Slimy and mottled sculpin are both present in the watershed. Highest abundance of
slimy sculpin was found in the upper reaches of the Mainstem and Soper Creek. Mottled
sculpin were only confirmed to be present in Duck Pond Branch. No sculpins were
sampled in Cold Spring Creek and North Ganaraska Branch section above Canton dam
towards the 7th Concession (Figure 4.23). Sculpin density and biomass increased
towards the headwaters (Figure 4.24).
4.4 Habitat Patterns
4.4.1 Water Temperature
Summer water temperatures along the main branch of the river showed decreasing
thermal regime from warmer in lower reaches to colder in the headwaters (Figure 4.25).
Based on the summer daily maximum thermal classification (Stoneman and Jones,
37
1996) all sites were classified as coldwater (below 19oC) or coolwater (19 – 25oC)
habitat, there were no warmwater (above 25oC) sites sampled.
Welcome “Henwood Stream” was the only warmwater catchment in the entire
watershed, with a temperature of 26.7oC.
Half of the Ganaraska River Watershed
catchments were defined as coolwater, and dominate the central-south east portions of
the watershed. The remaining catchments are coldwater, which can be found in the
headwaters of the watershed, with the exception of Catchments 9 and 13.
4.4.2 Physical Habitat
A variety of physical habitat parameters were sampled at most of the fish sampling
stations. Physical habitat parameters sampled include average wetted channel width,
average water depth, and point particle counts to represent the substrate composition
(shown as percent fines, gravel, cobble and clay). The average wetted channel width
and average water depth showed a decreasing longitudinal trend towards the
headwaters (Figure 4.26 and 4.27). Sites with a high percent fines were sampled mostly
along the headwaters with a few exceptions throughout the tributaries (Figure 4.28).
High percent gravel sites were sampled along the main branch headwaters, Soper
Branch and North Ganaraska (Figure 4.29). Percent cobble substrate did not show
distinct patterns in any tributaries however cobble is present throughout the watershed
and would be better represented by examining maximum particle per sample of the
percent cobble (Figure 4.30). Percent clay substrate were sampled throughout the lower
Mainstem and in the headwaters of the North Ganaraska Branch (Figure 4.31)
4.4.3 Water Quality
The Ganaraska River overall has healthy water quality. Physical water quality
parameters sampled were within the normal range of fresh water streams. Alkalinity
was within the typical levels for stable fresh water streams (Figure 4.32 and 4.33). PH
was sampled to be on the alkaline (or basic) scale but was still within the normal range
of fresh water streams (Figure 4.34). Most tributary mean conductivity measurements
38
were within the normal range for fresh water streams and within the desired range for
supporting healthy productive fisheries (EPA, 2003) (Figure 4.35). Duck Pond Branch,
Quay’s Branch and Cold Springs Creek tributaries had higher than desired conductivity
measurements however, were within the acceptable range (Figure 4.36). Chloride
samples were well below the water quality objectives (Figure 4.37).
Most chemical water quality parameters sampled were within normal range of fresh
water streams. Nitrate concentrations varied across the tributaries but were all below
the maximum acceptable limit (13 mg/L) for sustaining aquatic life (CCME, 2003)
(Figure 4.38 and 4.39). Nitrate concentrations of 4 mg/L are considered typical for fresh
water streams while concentration above 10 mg/L begin to have negative impacts on
the aquatic community (MOE, 1999). Ammonia-ammonium was sampled in very low
concentrations (compared to the standard set of 10 mg/L for drinking water and 20 mg/L
for PWQO) all throughout the watershed (Figure 4.40). The mean phosphorus
concentrations sampled were all above the PWQO in the Mainstem and Cold Springs
Creek (Figure 4.41).
Biological water quality parameters sampled exceeded the PWQO. Most tributary mean
E.coli counts were sampled below the PWQO’s standard except for Quay’s and
Burnham Branch (Figure 4.42 and 4.43). A similar pattern was observed with total
coliform counts where Quay’s and Burnham Branch were the only tributaries that
exceeded the PWQO (Figure 4.44 and 4.45).
4.4.5 Water Quantity
Water sources for many of the tributaries originate from the Oak Ridges Moraine, which
serves as a major recharge zone within the watershed (Chapman and Putnam, 1984).
Summer base flow measurements of 2004 identified several discharge zones along
different reaches of the basin. The highest discharge area was above Canton to Osaca
on the Mainbranch. This area is associated with the Lake Iroquois shoreline and has
groundwater discharge occurring (Funk, 1977). Other areas along the Oak Ridges
39
Moraine also showed net gain in surface water discharge; these reaches were along the
headwaters of the Mainstem, Soper Creek and North Ganaraska Branch (above Garden
Hill). Loses in surface water discharge were sampled in several different reaches in the
Ganaraska River Watershed. Surface water loses were sampled below Canton on the
Mainstem, lower Little Ganaraska, the reach on North Ganaraska from Canton to
Campbellcroft, Welcome tributary, and lower reach of Quay’s Branch (respectively). The
surface water loss sampled on the Mainstem below Canton is due to the water pumping
station and large irrigation system operating along this section. The surface water loss
sampled at the confluence of Little Ganaraska and Cold Springs has an operating water
pumping station. The surface water loss along the North Ganaraska Branch above
Canton Dam to Garden Hill Dam may have been influenced by the operations regime of
the downstream hydroelectric dam. The surface water loss sampled on Welcome
tributary is a smaller tributary with low flow and depth except behind the large beaver
dam, since the sampling event the headwaters have been drained.
40
Figure 4.01. Mean density of brook trout (all sizes combined) at each of the sampling station. Mean
density of every station was separated into 5 categories: none captured, 25th percentile, 50th percentile,
75th percentile and greater than 75th percentile.
41
Figure 4.02. Mean density of brook trout (<70mm TL) at each sampling station. Mean density of every station
was separated into 5 categories: none captured, 25th percentile, 50th percentile, 75th percentile and greater
than 75th percentile.
42
1.20
1.11
2
Brook Trout Density (#/m )
1.00
0.80
Headwater Mainstem (4)
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Cold Springs Creek (13)
Little Ganaraska Branch (5)
Elliott Stream (1)
North Ganaraska (50)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
Duck Pond Branch (5)
0.60
0.47
0.36
0.26
0.18
32.21
35.78
40.00
4 5.00
32.21
35.78
40.00
45 .00
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0.0 0
0.00
4.18
0.09
Distance to Lake Ontario (km)
9.00
7.81
2
Brook Trout Biom ass (gr/m )
7.00
6.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch(5)
5.00
3.86
2.94
1.57
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.76
Figure 4.03. Density and biomass of brook trout (all sizes combined)
captured vs distance to Lake Ontario.
43
0.45
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
0.40
2
Brown Trout Den sity (#/m )
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.18
0.15
0.09
0.06
4 5.00
40.00
3 5.78
32. 21
29.10
26 .06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.03
24.00
22.00
18.00
2
Brown Trout Biom ass (gr/m )
20.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
45 .00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10 .70
7.46
0 .00
0.00
4.18
2.00
Figure 4.04. Density and biomass of brook trout (<70mmT.L.) captured vs
distance to Lake Ontario.
44
Figure 4.05. Mean density of brown trout (all sizes combined) at each sampling station. Mean density of every
station was separated into 5 categories: none captured, 25th percentile, 50th percentile, 75th percentile and
greater than 75th percentile.
45
This map is for information purposes only and the Ganaraska
Region Conservation Authority takes no responsibility for, nor
guarantees, the accuracy of the information contained within the
map. Prepared by Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority:
January 2007. Produced using information provided by the
Ministry of Natural Resources, GRCA and other municipal
sources, Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
Figure 4.06. Mean density of brown trout (<70mm TL) at each sampling station. Mean density of every
46
0.45
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
0.40
2
Brown Trout Density (#/m )
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.18
0.15
0.09
0.06
4 5.00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18 .00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.03
Dis tan ce t o La ke Onta rio (km)
24.00
22.00
18.00
2
Brown Trout Biomas s (gr/m )
20.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
4 5.00
40.00
35 .78
32. 21
29.10
26.0 6
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
2.00
Figure 4.07. Density and biomass of brown trout (all sizes combined)
47
0.14
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
2
Brown Trout Density (# /m )
0.12
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.02
32.21
35.78
40.00
4 5.00
32.21
35.78
40.00
4 5.00
29.10
26.06
22.81
18 .00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0.0 0
0.00
4.18
0.01
4.50
4.00
2
Brown Trout Bi omass (gr/m )
3.50
3.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch(5)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
29.10
26.06
22.81
1 8.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.50
Di stance to L ake On tario (km)
Figure 4.08. Density and biomass of brown trout (<70mm TL)
48
guarantees, the accuracy of the information contained within
the map. Prepared by Ganaraska Region Conservation
Authority: January 2007. Produced using information provided
by the Ministry of Natural Resources, GRCA and other
municipal sources, Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
Figure 4.09. Mean density of rainbow trout (all sizes) at each sampling station. Mean density of every
49
Figure 4.10. Mean density of rainbow trout (<70mm TL) at each sampling station. Mean density of every
50
0.90
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
0.78
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
2
Rainbow Trout D ensity (#/m )
0.70
0.60
0.45
0.35
0.26
0.19
0.13
32.21
35.78
40.00
45 .00
32. 21
3 5.78
40.00
4 5.00
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.06
D ist ance t o La ke Ont ar io (km)
2.80
2.60
2.40
2
Rainbow Trout Biomass (gr/m )
2.20
2.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
29.10
26 .06
22.8 1
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.20
Figure 4.11. Density and biomass of rainbow trout (all sizes combined)
51
0.80
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Little Ganaraska Branch(5)
Elliott Stream (1)
2
Rainbow Trout Dens ity (#/m )
0.70
0.60
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
0.50
0.35
0.30
0.17
0.11
45 .00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.06
2.20
2.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
1.60
Quay's Branch (5)
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.63
0.46
0.30
45 .00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0.00
4.18
0.15
0 .00
2
Rainbow Trout Bio mass (gr/m )
1.80
Figure 4.12. Density and biomass of rainbow trout (<70mmTL)
52
Figure 4.13. Map displays mean density of white sucker (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Mean density of every station was separated into 5 categories: none captured, 25th percentile, 50th
percentile, 75th percentile and greater than 75th percentile.
53
0.16
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
0.14
2
White Sucker Den sity (#/m )
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.02
32.21
35.78
40.00
4 5.00
32.21
35.78
40.00
4 5.00
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.4 6
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.01
11.43
10.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
2
White Sucker Biomass (gr/m )
Di sta nce to Lake Onta rio (km)
8.00
Quay's Branch (5)
5.99
4.00
2.64
1.82
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0.0 0
0.00
4.18
0.84
Figure 4.14. Density and biomass of white sucker (all sizes combined)
54
Authority: January 2007. Produced using information provided
by the Ministry of Natural Resources, GRCA and other
municipal sources, Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
Figure 4.15. Mean density of blacknose dace (all sizes combined) at each sampling station. Mean density
of every station was separated into 5 categories: none captured, 25th percentile, 50th percentile, 75th
percentile and greater than 75th percentile.
55
1.60
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
2
Blacknose Dace Dens ity (#/m )
1.40
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
1.13
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.45
0.34
0.22
4 5.00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.11
4.00
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
2
Blacknose Dace Biom ass (gr/m )
3.50
3.00
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
2.50
1.97
1.50
1.22
0.87
0.58
4 5.00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.28
Figure 4.16. Density and biomass of blacknose dace (all sizes combined)
56
Figure 4.17. Map displays mean density of longnose dace (all sizes combined) at each sampling station.
Mean density of every station was separated into 5 categories: none captured, 25th percentile, 50th
percentile, 75th percentile and greater than 75th percentile.
57
0.43
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
0.34
2
Longnose Dace Densi ty (#/m )
0.39
0.29
0.25
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.06
4 5.00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.03
3.00
2.77
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
2
Longnose Dace B iomass (gr/m )
2.40
2.20
Quay's Branch (5)
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
45 .00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.20
Figure 4.18. Density and biomass of longnose dace (all sizes combined)
58
Figure 4.19. Mean density of creek chub (all sizes combined) at each sampling station. Mean density of every
59
1.80
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
1.60
2
Creek Chub Densit y (#/m )
1.40
1.20
0.92
0.80
0.60
0.45
0.32
4 5.00
40.00
35.78
32. 21
29.10
26 .06
22.8 1
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.14
9.00
He adwaterMains tem (4)
Ma ins te m (40)
Bu rnh amBr anch (2)
So perC reek (7)
Co ld Sprin gs Cre ek (1 3)
L ti tle Gana a
r ska Branch (5)
El liot tS tre am (1)
No rth Ganar aska (50)
W elcome Branch (1)
8.00
2
Qu ay's Br an ch (5 )
Du ck Pond Branch (5)
6.00
5.00
4.00
2.63
1.95
1.24
45 .00
40.00
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0. 00
0.00
4.18
0.63
35.78
Creek Chub Bioma ss (gr/m )
7.00
Figure 4.20. Density and biomass of creek chub (all sizes combined)
60
Figure 4.21. Mean density of Johnny darter (all sizes combined) at each sampling station. Mean density of
th
every station was separated into 5 categories: none captured, 25 percentile, 50th percentile, 75th
percentile and greater than 75th percentile.
61
0.22
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch(5)
0.20
2
Johnny Darter De nsity (#/m)
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.03
4 5.00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.4 6
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.01
0.24
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
0.22
2
Johnny Darter Bio mass (gr/m )
0.20
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.03
4 5.00
40.00
35.78
32.21
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.4 6
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.02
Di sta nce to Lake Onta rio (km)
Figure 4.22. Density and biomass of Johnny darter (all sizes combined)
62
Figure 4.23. Mean density of sculpin (all sizes combined) at each sampling station. Mean density of every
th
greater than 75 percentile.
63
0.80
Mainstem (69)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (16)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch(5)
0.56
2
Sculpin Density (# /m )
0.69
0.50
0.38
0.30
0.24
0.18
0.11
32.21
35.78
40.00
4 5.00
32.21
35.78
40.00
4 5.00
29.10
26.06
22.81
18.00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0 .00
0.00
4.18
0.06
1.40
1.00
0.75
0.62
0.51
0.40
0.30
0.20
29.10
26.06
22.81
18 .00
14.00
10.70
7.46
0.00
4.18
0.10
0. 00
2
Sculpin Biomass (g r/m )
1.17
Mainstem (40)
Burnham Branch (2)
Soper Creek (7)
Elliott Stream (1)
Welcome Branch (1)
Quay's Branch (5)
Figure 4.24. Density and biomass of sculpin (all sizes combined)
64
Catchment Temperature (°C)
Coldwater (<18.9)
Warmwater (>25.1)
No data
Site Temperature (°C)
Coldwater (<18.9)
Warmwater (>25.1)
Figure 4.25. Maximum summer water temperature (°C) by site and median maximum summer water temperature (°C) by catchment in
the Ganaraska River Watershed.
65
65
Figure 4.26. Average water depth measured at each sampling station.
66
Figure 4.27. Average wetted width measured at each sampling station.
67
Figure 4.28. Percentage of fines substrate (<2mm) measured in point particle counts at each sampling station.
68
Figure 4.29. Percentage of gravel substrate (>2 – 100mm) measured in point particle counts at each sampling
station.
69
Figure 4.30. Percentage of cobble substrate (100 – 1000 mm) measured in point particle counts at each
sampling station.
70
Figure 4.31. Percentage of clay substrate measured in point particle counts at each sampling station.
71
Figure 4.32. Mean alkalinity measured as CaCO3 (mg/L) at each water quality sampling station.
72
350
300
Alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L
250
Min
200
25th
Mean
75th
150
Max
100
50
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.33. Range of variability in the alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L) measured across the tributaries.
73
9
PWQO 8.5
8.5
8
Min
pH
25th
Mean
7.5
75th
Max
PWQO 6.5
7
6.5
6
Main Branch
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.34. Range of variability in the pH measurements across the tributaries.
74
Figure 4.35. Mean conductivity (US/cm2) measured at each water quality sampling station.
75
1400
1200
Conductivity (US/CM2
1000
Min
800
25th
Mean
75th
600
Max
400
200
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.36. Range of variability in the conductivity (US/cm2) measurements across the tributaries.
76
10
CWQG 250mg/l
9
8
Chloride (mg/L)
7
6
Min
25th
5
Mean
75th
Max
4
3
2
1
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North Ganaraska
Little Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Figure 4.37. Range of variability in the chloride (mg/L) measurements across the tributaries.
77
Figure 4.38. Mean nitrate (mg/L) measured at each water quality sampling station.
78
9
CWQG 13mg/l
8
7
Nitrate (mg/L)
6
Min
5
25th
Mean
75th
4
Max
3
2
1
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.39. Range of variability in the nitrate (mg/L) measurements across the tributaries.
79
0.6
Ammonia-Ammonium (mg/L)
0.5
0.4
Min
25th
Mean
0.3
75th
Max
0.2
0.1
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.40. Range of variability in the ammonia-ammonium (mg/L) measurements across the tributaries.
80
0.04
PWQO .03mg/l
0.035
Phosphorus (mg/L)
0.03
0.025
Min
25th
0.02
Mean
75th
Max
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.41. Range of variability in the phosphorous (mg/L) measurements across the tributaries.
81
Figure 4.42. Mean E.coli (CFU/100mL) measured at each water quality sampling station.
82
1000
900
800
E.coli (CFU/100ml
700
600
Min
PWQO 100CFU/100ml
25th
Mean
500
75th
Max
400
300
200
100
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.43. Range of variability in the E.coli (CFU/100mL) measurements across the tributaries.
83
Figure 4.44. Mean total coliform (CFU/100mL) measured at each water quality sampling station.
84
6000
5000
Total Coliforms (CFU/100mL
PWQO 1000
CFU/100mL
4000
Min
25th
Mean
3000
75th
Max
2000
1000
0
Main Stem
Quay's
Duck Pond
North
Ganaraska
Little
Ganaraska
Cold Springs
Soper
Burnham
Figure 4.45. Range of variability in the total coliforms (CFU/100mL) measurements across the tributaries.
85
Section 5:
Longitudinal Distribution Analyses
5.1 Objective
The objective of this section is to analyze the fish species distribution patterns for
distinct community structure in the Ganaraska River. This section builds on the
previous section by analyzing the fisheries data for associations in the fish
species distribution patterns seen in the previous section. Habitat conditions will
be further explored to determine if there are associations with the fish species.
5.2 Methods for Analyzing the Fish Species Distribution Patterns
The mean relative abundance per sampling station was used to detect patterns
in the data set. The data set was normalized (using the standard score equation
= (raw score – mean)/ standard deviation). A normality test was then run on the
fisheries data to ensure that the data was normally distributed, which would
satisfy the assumptions required to run a parametric test.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a multivariate parametric test commonly
used to quantify patterns in fish communities (McGarigal et al., 2000; Scheiner
and Guevitch, 1993). Principal component analyses were based on a correlation
matrix of the variance within fish communities sampled. Eigenvalue numbers
were calculated to describe the explanatory power of the principal components:
larger the eigenvalue greater the explanatory power of the principal component
(McGarigal et al., 2000). Scree plot criterion was used to determine the number
of significant components to retain and interpret (McGarigal et al., 2000).
Principal component loading values greater than ±0.35 were considered
significant, however more meaning was placed on loading scores greater than
±0.60 when classifying and interpreting the fish species density patterns
(McGarigal et al., 2000). The principal component analysis loading scores were
used to classify and group the dominant community patterns in the dataset.
86
5.3 Results
Principal component analyses of fish species standardized mean relative
abundance per sample stations were used to identify species associations within
the Ganaraska River basin. The scree plot curve indicated that the first four
component loading scores should be retained to explain the variance sampled
within fish community (Figure 5.01). The first four components of the principal
component analysis explained 70 percent of the total variance within fish species
mean density (Figure 5.01).
The first principal component explained 31% of the total variance of the relative
abundance. The first component represented a gradient from sculpin dominated
sites to cyprinids and white sucker dominated sites (Figure 5.02). The first
component sorted the community structure by pulling out sites with low species
diversity in a positive direction to sites with high species diversity in a negative
direction.
The second principal component explained 15% of the total variance of the
relative abundance. The second component represented a gradient of positive
loading scores for longnose dace presences to negative loading scores for
sculpin, brown trout and brook trout (Figure 5.02). The second component
separated sites sampled in the lower reach of the Mainstem, Quay’s Branch and
Duck Pond Branch in a positive direction and headwater sites in a negative
direction.
The third principal component explained 13% of the total variance of the relative
abundance. The third component represented a gradient of positive loading
scores for brown trout to negative loading scores for rainbow trout and Johnny
darter (Table 5.01). The third component further sorted headwater sites from
lower reach sites.
87
The fourth component explained 12% of the total variance of the relative
abundance. The fourth component represented a gradient of positive loading
scores for sites composed of brown trout and rainbow trout and negative loading
scores for brook trout dominated sites (Table 5.01).
Principal component loading scores indicated four dominate fish community
patterns sampled in the Ganaraska River Watershed. The first two component
loading scores sorted the fish community by either cyprinid dominated or sculpin
dominated sites (Figure 5.03). The third component loading scores sorted the
cyprinid dominated sites into classes, those dominated by brown trout and
cyprinids and those dominated by rainbow trout and cyprinids. The fourth
component scores further sorted the sites dominated with high abundance of
sculpin into brook trout and sculpin community, and brown trout and sculpin
community. The above results classified sites into four community groups,
characterizing clear community distribution pattern in the Ganaraska River
Watershed (Figure 5.04).
88
Eigenvalues of correlation matrix
3.5
3.0
31.04%
2.5
Eigenvalue
2.0
1.5
14.78%
12.88%
11.83%
1.0
9.65%
7.51%
5.79%
0.5
4.72%
1.80%
0.0
-0.5
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Eigenvalue number
Figure 5.01. Scree plot displays the eigenvalue numbers that explains the amount of
variance associated with each variable. The red line indicated the threshold separating
factors with variance contributing greater than 1.
89
1.0
longnose dace
Fac tor 2 : 14.78%
0.5
rainbow trout
johnny darter
0.0
white sucker
blacknose dace
brown trout
brook trout
creek chub
-0.5
sculpin
-1.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Factor 1 : 31.04%
Figure 5.02. Projection of the fish species variables used on the factorplane (1x2).
90
6
4
GN0698
Rainbow Trout
GN0601
GN0603
GN0694
GN0602
GN0697
GN0600
GN0604
FS0195
PIG495
NOM596
GN0793
NOM599
GN0693
7CO3
GN1_192
PIG696
9694
7CO796
GN0797
PIG698
GN0798
PIG395
GN0704
GN0703
PIG496
NOM597
BLDR97
GN0700
GN07
LEUT98
GN0701
THMY97
GN0695
7CO795
LEUT97
7CO695
PIG499
GN0702
GN0795
NOM598
PIG396
THMY98
BLDR99
LEUT99
GRCA97
PIG398
GRCA98
PIG397
WALKERS02
GRCA99
BLDR98
GAn0205
PIG697
NOM595
GAN2704
SHAM98
SHAM99
GAN1304
DRRG99
FFDN99
DRRG98
FFUP99
PIG699
FFUP98
ORM895
THMY99
FFDN98
DELL02
GNMD99
GAN2204
SHAM97
PIG497
PATH99
GAN0604
PIG399
GAn2604
WRIGHT02
FFUP97
GAN1404
NOM395
KANADA02
LADY99
GNMD98
7CO696
GAN3004
GAN1904
CHY595
CHY597
FFDN97
OAKHILL02
PATH98
GAN1004
GN05
GNMD97
GN0597
00
NOM398
GN1_393
NOM397
GN0495
DELLRD02
WILSON02
MCCR99
GN0598
MCCR98
LADY98
GAN2304
NOM399
DRRG97
HEND99
HEND98
GN0501
GN0804
GN1_292
WIGGINS02
GAN0204
GAN2004
GAN1504
MCMILLIN02
GAN1104
GN0497
GN05947
GAN2804
GAN0904
CHY299
HEND97
GAN2504
8CO396
GN0503
MCCR97
GN0595
CHY596
NOM396
CHY297
CHY296
GN0494
LADY97
GN0403
CHY298
SWMP98
GAN2104
KEN90495
GN0593
GN0400
GN0404
GAN1804
GN0493
LANG99
LANG97
GN1_493
SW
GAN0304
MP99
ORM195
GN0498
GAn0104
GAN2404
CHY599
CHY295
GAN1204
GAN0404
GN1_593
CHY598
GN0401
LANG98
GAN0405
FS0295
GN0402
GAN0504
Fac tor 2: 14.78%
2
0
-2
Cyprinids
KEN90295
SWMP97
-4
Brown Trout and Brook Trout
GAN0305
-6
ORM495
-8
-10
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Factor 1: 31.04%
Figure 5.03. Projection of the site variables on factor plan (1x2).
91
Table 5.01. Principal component factor loading scores of the fish species
relative abundance.
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4
Rainbow Trout
Brown Trout
Brook Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
0.3396
-0.0066
-0.7331
0.3494
0.3384
-0.3559
0.4800
0.5564
0.2908
-0.4234
-0.0427
-0.7802
-0.7108
-0.2148
0.1780
0.0701
-0.8345
-0.2712
0.0720
0.0227
-0.3935
0.5756
0.0605
-0.0296
-0.8114
-0.4243
-0.1084
0.0485
-0.5166
-0.0520
-0.5603
0.0619
0.4446
-0.6248
-0.1531
0.1088
92
Authority: January 2007. Produced using information
provided by the Ministry of Natural Resources, GRCA and
other municipal sources, Copyright (c) Queen's Printer, 2007
Figure 5.04. Fish community groups classified by using the first three factors of the principal
component analyses.
93
Section 6:
Temporal Analysis
6.1 Objective
The objective of this section is to examine the fisheries data set for evidence of
temporal trends. Fisheries data has been collected for several decades on the
Ganaraska River. The presence of temporal trends could support the patterns
identified in structuring of the fish communities.
6.2 Methods
The data set analyzed in this section was compiled from several different
fisheries assessment projects on the Ganaraska River previous discussed in
Section 3. No long-term monitoring stations were sampled prior to 1993. This
resulted in comparing sampling stations located within proximity to each other.
Data were summarized by catchments and sampling periods (Figure 6.01).
The data set represented in this section sampling periods ranged from 1973 to
2005. The data were sorted into three sampling periods. The first sampling
period was collected between 1973 and 1978. The second sampling period was
collected between 1993 and 1999. The third sampling period was collected
between 2000 and 2005. The break between the second and third sampling
periods was chosen arbitrarily.
For each catchment and sampling period the weight mean, minimum, maximum,
and standard error of the density of the dominant fish species were calculated
(Appendix C.1). Box plot graphs were made for each fish species per catchment
to examine the data set for trends over time. The species mean density per
catchment was tested for significant differences across the sampling periods
using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test (Zar, 1999). The sum of means
calculated for the Mann-Whitney U test were reported in Appendix C.2. The
results of the Mann-Whitney U test are reported in Table 6.01.
94
6.3 Results
Similar temporal trends were observed throughout the watershed. Most fish
species density showed a significant decreased from the 1970s (1973-1978)
sampling period to the 1990s (1933-1999) sampling period followed by significant
increases in density in the 2000s (2000-2005) sampling period. Differences in
species and catchment densities are discussed individually in the preceding
section.
6.3.1 Brook Trout
Brook trout showed significant temporal changes in density across the
watershed. Densities have decreased in Catchments 2 and 3, where they are
currently not present. However, densities have increased in Cold Springs Creek
(Catchments 9 and 11).
Through out the rest of the watershed brook trout
densities have not changed from the 1970s to the 2000s (Appendix C1). Cold
Springs Creek (Catchment 9 and 11) brook trout density increased from the
1970s to 2000s when the highest mean density was 0.31m2 in the 1990s
sampling period, which increased from 0.04/m2 in the 1970s and 0.18/m2 in the
1990s (Figure 6.03).
Brook trout were sampled in the Mainstem north of Canton up to the headwaters
in the 1970s sampling period. Brook trout were in low abundance (0.001/m2) at 1
of 5 sampling events on the Mainstem between Canton to Osaca (Catchment 2)
and increased in abundance to 0.03/m2 at 2 of 12 sampling stations between
Osaca to Jackson Dam (Catchment 3) (Figure 6.02). Highest abundance was
sampled at 4 of 5 sampling stations and had a mean density of 0.12/m2 in the
headwaters above Jackson Dam (Catchment 4).
Brook trout were only sampled in the headwaters of the Mainstem above
Jackson Dam in the 1990s and 2000s (Figure 6.02). Brook trout highest mean
density was found in the upper Little Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 10) where
the densities were 0.31/m2 in the 1990s and 0.18/m2 in the 2000s (Figure 6.02).
95
Brook trout showed no differences in density along the North Ganaraska branch
(Catchment 6, 7 and 8), Little Ganaraska above Elizabethville Dam (Catchment
10), and Burnham Branch above County Road 9 (Catchment 13) (Table 6.01).
6.3.2 Brown Trout
Along the lower reaches of the Mainstem, brown trout density has increased from
the 1970s to the present (Catchments 1,2, and 6) (Figure 6.04). In Catchment 1
brown trout were not present, but were found at low density of 0.0007/m2 in the
1990s and increased to 0.0011 in the 2000s. Canton to Osaca (Catchment 2)
brown trout mean density was 0.004/m2 in the 1970s and remained similar in the
1990’s (0.0065/m2) then increased to 0.0128 in the 2000s, which was
significantly higher than the 1970s density (Table 6.01).
The brown trout density in the upper reaches of the Mainstem (Catchments 3 and
4) and the headwater areas (Catchments 7, 8, 9,10, and 11) have remained the
similar and show no significant changes from the 1970s to the present.
Along the lower North Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 6), brown trout significantly
increased in mean density from 0.003/m2 to 0.045/m2 in 1970s and 1990s (Figure
6.04).
Brown trout mean density significantly decreased in the Cold Springs Creek
(Catchment 9 and 11). Brown trout mean density was 0.02/m2 in the 1970s, and
no brown trout were collected in the 1990s, however they were detection again
(0.01/m2 ) in the 2000s (Figure 6.05).
6.3.3 Rainbow Trout
Rainbow trout mean density increased through the entire Mainstem (Catchments
1,2,3 and 4) since the. Adult migratory rainbow trout were blocked at Corbett’s
dam until 1974 when a fishladder was installed (OMNR and GRCA, 2002). Adult
migratory rainbow trout were still restricted due to limited jumping pool depth on
96
the flat bedrock below Corbett’s dam until 1983 when channel structures were
redesigned (Karges, 1987).
Along the main branch, rainbow trout mean density significantly increased from
the 1970s sampling period to the 1990s and 2000s (Figure 6.06). In the 1970s,
rainbow trout were not sampled on the main branch above Corbett’s dam to
Canton (Catchment 1). Rainbow trout mean density increased to 0.036/m2 in the
1990s and 0.03/m2 in the 2000s above Corbett’s dam to Canton. Rainbow trout
mean density in the Mainstem (Catchment 2) was the highest reach sampled
across the time periods. Rainbow trout highest mean density was 0.31/m2 in
2000s, a significant increase from 0.19/m2 in the 1900s and 0.005/m2 in the
1970s (Table 6.01). Rainbow trout mean density sampled on the Mainstem
between Osaca and Jackson Dam (Catchment 3) showed similar significant
patterns. Rainbow trout mean density was 0.067/m2 in 1970s increasing to
0.16/m2 in the 1990s and 0.23/m2 in the 2000s (Figure 6.06). In the headwaters
of the Mainstem branch above Jackson Dam (Catchment 4), rainbow trout were
not present in the 1970s, but where in low density (0.017m2) by 1990s and
continued to increase in density (0.02/m2 ) by the 2000s.
Rainbow trout density showed no changes in Cold Springs Creek (Catchment 9
and 11), Soper Branch (Catchment 12), and the Little Ganaraska Branch
(Catchment 10). Rainbow trout were present in low abundance (0.01/m2) in the
2000s samples in Catchment 10, but were previously not present in 1970s
(Figure 6.07). Rainbow trout are not present in the North Ganaraska Branch
(Catchment 6,7 and 8), as the Canton Hydroelectric Dam prevents their
migration.
6.3.4 White Sucker
White sucker populations show minimal significant temporal changes in mean
density, only occurring in catchments 1, 3 and 9. Along the main branch above
Corbett’s dam to Canton (Catchment 1), white sucker mean density was
97
0.009/m2 in the 1970s sampling period followed by an increase to 0.017/m2 in
the1990s, then significant decline to 0.0005/m2 in the 2000s (Figure 6.08). Along
the Mainstem between Canton and Osaca (Catchment 2), white sucker mean
density was 0.03/m2 in the 1970s sampling period followed a density of 0.017/m2
in the 1990s and a decline to 0.009/m2 in the 2000s, however not significant
(Figure 6.08). Along the Mainstem between Osaca and Jackson Dam
(Catchment 3), white sucker mean density was 0.01/m2 in the 1970s and 1990s
followed by a significant decline to 0.004/m2 in the 2000s (Table 6.01).
Along the main section of the North Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 6), no
significant changes in mean density were observed. White sucker were present
above Garden Hill dam (Catchment 7) in the 1970s but not present in the 1990s
and 2000s sampling events. White sucker mean density decline from 0.13/m2 to
0.05/m2 above Fudge Mill dam (Catchment 8).
Along Cold Springs Creek (Catchment 9 and 11), white sucker mean density was
0.07/m2 in the 1970s sampling period, and were not present in 1990s and 2000s
sampling events (Figure 6.09).
6.3.5 Blacknose Dace
Blacknose dace populations showed temporal mean density changes across
some of the catchments. Along the Mainstem from Corbett’s dam to Canton
(Catchment 1), blacknose dace mean density was 0.02/m2 in the 1970s followed
by a increase to 0.04/m2 in the 1990s, and to 0.14/m2 in the 2000s (Table 6.01).
From Canton to Osaca (Catchment 2), blacknose dace mean density showed
similar trends to the previous zone. Blacknose dace mean density was 0.025/m2
in the 1970s with little change to 0.02/m2 in the 1990s and significant increase to
0.074/m2 in the 2000s (Figure 6.10). From Osaca to Jackson Dam (Catchment
3), blacknose dace mean density was 0.015/m2 in the 1970s, and declined to
0.004/m2 in the 1990s and 0.0007/m2 in the 2000s. No mean density differences
were sampled along the Mainstem headwaters (Catchment 4). Blacknose dace
98
mean density in the North Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 6, 7 and 8) was similar
over time (Figure 6.10). There has been significant decline of blacknose dace in
the Cold Springs Creek (Catchment 9) since the 1970s. Blacknose dace mean
density was 0.23/m2 in the 1970s followed by a decline to 0.008/m2 in the 1990s
and 0.02/m2 in the 2000s (Figure 6.11).
6.3.6 Longnose Dace
Longnose dace population showed temporal mean density changes across a few
catchments (Figure 6.12 and 6.13). Longnose dace mean density was
significantly higher in the 2000s along the lower Mainstem from Corbett’s Dam to
Osaca (Catchment 1 and 2). Along the Mainstem from Corbett’s Dam to Canton
(Catchment 1), longnose dace mean density was 0.04/m2 in the 1970s followed
by an increase to 0.13/m2 in the 1990s and a further increase to 0.31/m2 in the
2000s (Table 6.01). From Canton to Osaca (Catchment 2), longnose mean
density was 0.04/m2 in the 1970s and in the 1990s followed by a significant
increase to 0.09/m2 in the 2000s (Table 6.01). No difference was found in mean
density along the Mainstem from Osaca to Jackson Dam (Catchment 3). No
differences were observed on the North Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 6,7 and
8). Longnose dace mean density in Cold Springs Creek (Catchment 9 and 11)
significantly declined from 0.02/m2 in the 1970s to no fish present in the 1990s
and 2000s.
6.3.7 Creek Chub
Some temporal changes were observed in the creek chub mean densities
(Catchment 3). No significant differences were observed in the lower Mainstem
from Corbett’s Dam to Osaca (Catchment 1 and 2). Along the Mainstem from
Osaca to Jackson Dam (Catchment 3), creek chub mean density declined from
0.001/m2 in the 1970s, no fish present in the 1990s and 2000s. There were no
significant differences sampled in creek chub mean density along the North
Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 6, 7 and 8) (Figure 6.14) and throughout the
northern head waters (Figure 6.15).
99
6.3.8 Johnny Darter
Johnny darter showed temporal change only in Catchment 1 of the Mainstem.
Mean density was 0.01/m2 in the 1970s, 0.03/m2 in the 1990s and 0.02/m2 in the
2000s (Figure 6.16). Johnny darter mean density between Canton and Osaca
(Zone 2) was 0.01/m2 across all sampling periods. No significant differences
were observed along the North Ganaraska branch (Figure 6.17).
6.3.9 Sculpin
Mean density of sculpin showed temporal changes across some of the
catchments. Along the Mainstem from Corbett’s Dam to Canton (Catchment 1),
sculpin were not present in the samples until the 2000s. No differences in their
mean density were observed on the Mainstem from Canton to Osaca (Catchment
2). On the Mainstem from Osaca to Jackson Dam (Catchment 3), sculpin mean
density significantly increase from 0.025/m2 in the 1970s to 0.09/m2 in the 1990s
to 0.20/m2 in the 2000s (Figure 6.18). No differences in the mean density in the
headwaters of the Mainstem (Catchment 4). Sculpins were not present in the
North Ganaraska Branch (Catchment 6), however were present above Garden
Hill Dam (Catchment 7) and Fudge’s Mill Dam (Catchment 8). On Cold Springs
Creek (Catchment 9 and 11), sculpin mean density was significantly higher in
1970s. Sculpin mean density was 0.20/m2 in the 1970s, not present in the 1990s
and were sampled at 0.03/m2 in the 2000s. On Little Ganaraska Branch
(Catchment 10), sculpin mean density was also sampled higher in the 1970s at
0.19/m2 compared to 0.07/m2 in the 2000s (Figure 6.19). No differences were
sampled in the mean density of sculpin in Soper Creek Branch (Catchment Zone
12).
100
Figure 6.01 Sampling station locations sorted by sampling periods and catchments.
GANARASKA RIVER FISHERIES AND AQUATIC HABITAT BACKGROUND REPORT
101
Table 6.01 Summary of the Mann-Whitney U critical Z and p-value based on
the mean density of the dominant species sampled at each zone (continues on
next page).
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
70s vs 90s
-2.04 (0.041)
-2.99 (0.003)
-0.21 (0.831)
-0.74 (0.457)
-0.96 (0.339)
0.32 (0.750)
-2.55 (0.011)
70s vs 90s
2.83 (0.005)
-0.98 (0.327)
-3.05 (0.002)
-1.48 (0.140)
2.23 (0.026)
0.12 (0.905)
2.63 (0.009)
-0.01 (0.419)
-2.15 (0.031)
Catchment 1
70s vs 00s
90s vs 00s
-1.75 (0.081)
-2.56 (0.011)
2.56 (0.011)
-2.45 (0.014)
-2.45 (0.014)
0.73 (0.462)
-2.45 (0.014)
-1.34 (0.180)
-0.47 (0.635)
0.37 (0.711)
2.90 (0.004)
-2.96 (0.003)
-2.13 (0.033)
0.37 (0.711)
0.28 (0.781)
-2.43 (0.015)
Catchment 3
70s vs 00s
2.52 (0.012)
-1.12 (0.262)
-3.30 (0.001)
0.81 (0.417)
2.98 (0.003)
1.06 (0.288)
2.32 (0.020)
-0.63 (0.527)
-2.69 (0.007)
90s vs 00s
70s vs 90s
2.00 (0.046)
-1.36 (0.174)
-3.40 (0.001)
-0.70 (0.486)
0.62 (0.535)
0.54 (0.588)
-0.62 (0.534)
-1.55 (0.121)
-1.94 (0.052)
Catchment 2
70s vs 00s
1.00 (0.317)
-1.80 (0.072)
-2.64 (0.008)
0.37 (0.712)
-2.20 (0.027)
-2.20 (0.027)
0.26 (0.798)
-1.47 (0.142)
-1.23 (0.219)
70s vs 90s
-0.51 (0.609)
-0.98 (0.325)
-1.68 (0.094)
1.15 (0.248)
1.15 (0.248)
Catchment 4
70s vs 00s
90s vs 00s
0.76 (0.445) 0.367 (0.714)
-1.05 (0.294) -0.35 (0.734)
-2.56 (0.010) -1.07 (0.285)
1.00 (0.317)
1.00 (0.317)
90s vs 00s
-2.04 (0.042)
-0.54 (0.587)
1.43 (0.154)
-2.92 (0.003)
-1.97 (0.049)
0.95 (0.340)
-0.27 (0.786)
0.82 (0.415)
-2.17 (0.030)
-2.05 (0.041)
3.77 (0.0001)
1.39 (0.166)
1.48 (0.166)
0.00 (1.00)
0.26 (0.791)
-2.60 (0.009) -0.89 (0.372) -0.89 (0.376) 0.54 (0.593)
102
Catchment 6 Catchment 7 Catchment 8
Catchment 9 and 11
70s vs 90s
70s vs 00s
70s vs 00s
70s vs 90s
70s vs 00s
90s vs 00s
Time Period
-0.32
(0.749)
1.07
(0.286)
-0.89
(0.374)
1.93
(0.053)
Brook Trout
-2.71 (0.007) -2.41 (0.016)
Brown Trout
-2.36 (0.018) 1.31 (0.187) -0.82 (0.414) 2.21 (0.027) 0.68 (0.495) -1.94 (0.052)
-1.26 (0.205) -0.58 (0.564) 0.88 (0.386)
Rainbow Trout
-1.06 (0.288) 1.41 (0.157) 0.58 (0.564) 2.79 (0.005) 3.50 (0.001)
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace -1.24 (0.215) 1.41 (0.157)
2.05 (0.041) 2.43 (0.015) -0.42 (0.676)
Longnose Dace -1.36 (0.174) 1.41 (0.157) -0.82 (0.414) 1.93 (0.054) 2.50 (0.012)
-0.59 (0.555) 1.41 (0.157) 0.59 (0.554) 1.93 (0.054) 1.43 (0.140) -1.09 (0.274)
Creek Chub
1.41 (0.157)
1.00 (0.317) 1.34 (0.178)
Johnny Darter
1.41 (0.157) 0.65 (0.519) 2.35 (0.019) 2.25 (0.024) -0.75 (0.456)
Sculpin
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
70s vs 00s
70s vs 90s 70s vs 00s
90s vs 00s
-0.58 (0.564) 0.74 (0.461) -0.31 (0.759) -0.69 (0.490)
-0.82 (0.414)
-0.18
0.13 (0.897) 1.01 (0.313)
(0.861)
-1.29 (0.197) 0.18 (0.861) 1.58 (0.115) 1.42 (0.155)
-0.57
0.00 (1.00) 0.70 (0.483)
(0.566)
1.73 (0.083)
-0.68
(0.497)
-0.30 (0.767) 1.41 (0.158)
103
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.02. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of brook trout
density within each zone and sampling period.
104
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.03. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the density of
brook trout sampled within each zone and sampling period.
105
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.04. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of brown trout
density sampled within each zone and sampling period.
106
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.05. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of brown trout
density sampled within each zone and sampling period
107
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.06. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of rainbow trout
108
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.07. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of rainbow trout
109
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.08. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of white sucker
110
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.09. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of white sucker
111
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.10. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of blacknose dace
112
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.11. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of blacknose dace
density f sampled within each zone and sampling period
113
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.12. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of longnose dace
114
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.13. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of longnose dace
115
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.14. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of creek chub
116
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.15. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of creek chub
117
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.16. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of Johnny darter
118
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.17. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of Johnny darter
119
Catchment 1
Catchment 5
Catchment 2
Catchment 6
Catchment 3
Catchment 7
Catchment 4
Catchment 8
Figure 6.18. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of sculpin density
sampled within each zone and sampling period
120
Catchment 9 & 11
Catchment 10
Catchment 12
Catchment 13
Figure 6.19. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of sculpin density of
sampled within each zone and sampling period
121
References
Allan, D.J. 1995. Stream Ecology. Chapman and Hall, London, UK
Barnett, P.J., D.R. Sharpe, H.A.J. Russell, T.A. Brennand, G. Gorrell, F.M.
Kenny, and A. Pugin, 1998. On the origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 35: 1152-1167.
Barnett, P.J. 1992. Quaternary Geology of Ontario. In Geology of Ontario.
Bowlby, J. 1995. Field Protocol for Juvenile Migratory Salmonid Index. Internal
document Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Glenora, Ontario.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. (CCME). Updated 2003.
Summary Table. In: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Manitoba
Statutory Publications, Winnipeg.
Chapman, L.J and Putnam, D.F. 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario,
Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2.
Christie W.J 1973. Review of the Changes in the Fish species composition of
Lake Ontario. Great Lakes Fish. COMM. PECH. REP. 23: 65p.
Csuros, M. 1994. Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Technicians. Lewis
Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida.
Department of Energy and Resources Management. 1966. Ganaraska Region
Conservation Report.
Dodge, D.P., G.A. Goodchild, J.C. Tilt, and D.G. Waldriff. 1979. Manual of
instructions Aquatic habitat inventory surveys. Fisheries Branch. Ontario
Ministry of Natural Resources. Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario.
122
Dyke, L.D., Sharpe, D.R., Ross, I., Hinton, M. and Stacey, P. 1997. Potential
Springs in the Oak Ridges Moraine, Southern Ontario: Mapping from
Aerial Thermography. Geological Survey of Canada and Ministry of
Natural Resources, Geological Survey of Canada. Open File 3374. Scale
1:200,000.
Funk, G. 1977. Geology and Water Resources of the Bowmanville, Soper and
Wilmot Creeks IHD Representative Drainage Basin. Water Resources
Report 9a. Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch.
Toronto, Ontario.
Ganaraska River Conservation Authority (GRCA). 2006. Draft Source Water
Protection Water Budget. Port Hope, Ontario.
Ganaraska River Conservation Authority (GRCA). 1981. 35 Years of Watershed
Management. The Haynes Printing Company Ltd, Cobourg, Ontario.
Hinton, M.J. 2004. Methodology to determining the spatial distribution of low flow
in a watershed. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
J.D. Whall Environmental Consultants. 2001. Final Data Report: Ontario Ministry
of Natural Resources Fish Survey for the Ganaraska River, 1997 to 1999.
Prepared for Leon Carl, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent
University. Peterborough, Ontario.
Karges, R. 1987. Life history, reproductive success, and abundance of rainbow
trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the Ganaraska River, Ontario. M.Sc. thesis.
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S., and Stafford, S. 2000. Multivariate Statististics for
Wildlife and Ecoloy Research. Springer-Vergal, New York, NY.;
123
Ministry of the Environment (MOE). 1999. Water Management Policies
Guidelines Provincial Water Quality Objectives for the Ministry of
Environment and Energy. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. pp. 43-62.
Naiman, R.J. and B.E. Robert, 1998. River Ecology and Management. Springer
–Verlag, New York, NY.
Northeast Science and Information (NESI). 2002. Ontario Flow Assessment
Techniques (OFAT), Version 1.0. Ministry of Natural Resources, Queen’s
Printer for Ontario.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ganaraska Region Conservation
Authority (OMNR and GRCA). 2002. Draft Operational Manual for
Ganaraska Fishway Corbett’s Dam. Port Hope, Ontario.
Richardson, A.H. 1944. The Ganaraska Watershed: a study in land use with
plans for the rehabilitation of the post-war period. The Dominion and
Ontario Governments, Toronto.
Scheiner, S.M., and J. Guevitch, 1993. Design and Analysis of Ecological
Experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
Scott, W.B., and E.J. Crossman. 1985. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries
Research Board of Canada Bulletin. Ottawa, Ontario.
Singer S.N., 1981. Evaluation of the Groundwater Responses Applied to the
Bowmanville, Soper and Wilmot Creeks – IHD Representative Drainage
Basin; Ministry of the Environment, Water resources Branch, Toronto.
124
Singer S.N., 1974. A Hydrogeological Study along the North Shore of Lake
Ontario in the Bowmanville–Newcastle Area. Water Resources Report 5d;
Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Toronto.
Stanfield, L. (Editor). 2005. Ontario Stream Assessment Protocol. Version 7, Fish
and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough,
Ontario.
Stoneman, C.L. and Jones, M.L. 1996. A Simple Method to Classify Stream
Thermal Stability with Single Observations of Daily Maximum Water and
Air Temperature. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:
728-737.
Thurston, H.R. Williams, R.H. Sutcliffe and G.M. Stott. Ontario Geological
Survey, Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Special
Volume 4, Part 2. pp. 1011-1088. Bowlby, J. 1995. Field Protocol for
Juvenile Migratory Salmonid Index. Internal document Ontario Ministry of
Natural Resources. Glenora, Ontario.
United States Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA). 2003. Conductivity. In:
Monitoring
and
Assessing
Water
Quality.
Retrieved
from
http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/volunteer/stream/vms59.html
(Accessed December 2005).
Wootton, R.J. 1998.
Ecology of Teleost Fishes, (2nd Ed.). Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey.
125
Appendix A
126
Appendix A.1. Summary of the mean density, standard deviation, and rank of
brook trout for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to
Easting Northing Samples mouth (km)
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
Mean Standard
Density
Error
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.355
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.090
0.237
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.059
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.133
0.158
0.000
0.053
0.061
0.087
0.000
0.000
0.032
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Rank
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
3
3
0
2
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
127
GN04
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
699833
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4877322
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
10
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
32.5
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.000
0.303
0.000
0.000
0.194
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.029
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.329
0.000
0.000
0.206
0.039
1.111
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.101
0.000
0.024
0.310
0.193
0.072
0.000
0.107
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.143
0.000
0
4
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
4
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
4
3
2
128
brown trout for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
GN04
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
699833
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
4877322
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
32.5
Mean Standard
Density
Error
0.042
0.016
0.063
0.009
0.002
0.024
0.036
0.000
0.000
0.007
0.012
0.008
0.025
0.012
0.036
0.035
0.000
0.053
0.000
0.040
0.014
0.147
0.054
0.000
0.076
0.069
0.369
0.019
0.000
0.032
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.086
0.009
0.002
0.001
0.012
0.016
0.006
0.002
0.002
0.041
Rank
3
2
3
1
1
2
2
0
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
3
0
3
2
4
3
0
4
3
4
2
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
129
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.002
0.001
0.008
0.036
0.014
0.000
0.131
0.076
0.079
0.057
0.060
0.309
0.002
0.125
0.000
0.038
0.038
0.000
0.167
0.105
0.000
0.034
0.060
0.076
0.069
0.007
0.124
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.026
0.043
0.003
0.001
0.006
0.001
0.000
0.039
0.016
0.097
0.001
0.046
0.018
0.020
0.009
0.018
0.053
0.020
0.004
0.043
0.000
1
1
1
2
2
1
4
4
4
3
3
4
1
4
0
3
3
0
4
4
0
2
3
4
4
1
4
1
0
0
2
3
130
rainbow trout for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
Mean Standard
Density
Error
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.068
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.320
0.099
0.140
0.000
0.000
0.266
0.154
0.000
0.237
0.000
0.259
0.000
0.032
0.027
0.000
0.138
0.098
0.000
0.194
0.148
0.000
0.474
0.004
0.018
0.000
0.226
0.026
0.105
0.029
0.195
0.174
0.072
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.024
0.000
0.000
0.083
0.013
0.042
Rank
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
2
3
0
0
4
3
0
4
0
4
0
1
1
0
3
2
0
4
3
0
4
1
1
0
4
1
2
1
4
3
2
0
131
GN04
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
699833
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4877322
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
10
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
32.5
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.167
0.112
0.032
0.268
0.079
0.293
0.019
0.063
0.006
0.019
0.027
0.147
0.105
0.142
0.121
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.176
0.161
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.173
0.038
0.026
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.121
0.075
0.025
0.202
0.073
0.012
0.040
0.060
0.133
0.051
0.100
0.000
0.000
0.021
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.047
0.066
0.005
3
2
2
4
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
0
0
0
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
132
white sucker for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
Mean Standard
Density
Error
0.012
0.024
0.020
0.000
0.017
0.075
0.094
0.000
0.000
0.023
0.018
0.009
0.008
0.088
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.137
0.000
0.035
0.000
0.000
0.008
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.118
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.002
0.006
0.000
0.008
0.007
0.018
0.026
0.030
0.024
0.012
0.006
Rank
2
3
3
0
3
4
4
0
0
3
3
2
1
4
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
133
GN04
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
699833
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4877322
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
10
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
32.5
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.010
0.000
0.005
0.017
0.000
0.002
0.016
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.000
0.011
0.001
0.000
0.058
0.028
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.026
0.021
0.029
0.003
0.009
0.015
0.000
0.030
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.014
0.000
0.007
0.018
0.002
0.022
0.000
0.012
0.000
0.013
0.002
0.038
0.021
0.018
0.017
0.002
0.008
0.019
0.000
0.025
2
0
1
3
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
4
3
0
0
0
3
3
4
1
2
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
134
blacknose dace for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
GN04
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
699833
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
4877322
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
32.5
Mean
Density
0.105
0.074
0.166
0.000
0.026
0.396
0.350
0.000
0.000
0.009
0.010
0.009
0.415
1.490
0.000
0.003
0.000
0.000
1.131
0.000
1.023
0.000
0.000
0.529
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.019
0.010
0.108
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.008
0.223
0.221
0.540
0.431
0.098
0.057
0.180
0.187
0.001
Standard
Error
0.005
0.043
0.012
0.288
0.091
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.002
Rank
3
3
3
0
2
4
4
0
0
1
2
1
4
4
0
1
0
0
4
0
4
0
0
4
1
0
0
2
1
3
0
0
0
1
4
4
4
4
3
2
3
3
1
135
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.005
0.101
0.059
0.000
0.012
0.015
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.043
0.000
0.000
0.170
0.175
0.000
0.006
0.000
0.097
0.003
0.050
0.014
0.033
0.010
0.000
0.039
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.015
0.071
0.028
0.010
0.014
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.022
0.000
0.110
0.086
0.001
0.012
0.007
0.015
0.006
0.000
0.029
1
3
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
3
1
2
2
2
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
136
longnose dace for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
GN04
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
699833
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
4877322
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
32.5
Mean
Density
0.163
0.040
0.164
0.000
0.049
0.022
0.099
0.000
0.000
0.013
0.004
0.004
0.288
0.138
0.007
0.008
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.217
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.031
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.002
0.042
0.000
0.000
Standard
Error
0.055
0.034
0.047
0.019
0.058
0.008
0.005
0.004
0.002
Rank
4
2
4
0
3
2
3
0
0
2
1
1
4
4
2
2
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
1
3
0
1
137
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.000
0.295
0.109
0.000
0.028
0.038
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.055
0.000
0.000
0.036
0.175
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.088
0.002
0.108
0.119
0.106
0.007
0.000
0.051
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.125
0.034
0.020
0.044
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.029
0.000
0.022
0.036
0.001
0.036
0.049
0.050
0.004
0.000
0.045
0
4
4
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
3
1
3
4
3
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
138
creek chub for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to Mean Standard
Easting Northing Samples mouth (km) Density
Error
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
0.022
0.055
0.026
0.000
0.007
0.159
0.244
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.051
0.451
0.000
0.000
0.014
0.000
1.653
0.000
0.921
0.000
0.000
0.076
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.089
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.056
0.181
0.452
0.248
0.024
0.027
0.383
0.077
0.057
0.004
0.003
0.053
0.165
0.002
0.003
0.003
Rank
2
3
2
0
1
4
4
0
0
1
1
1
3
4
0
0
1
0
4
0
4
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
4
4
4
2
2
4
3
139
GN04
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
699833
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4877322
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
10
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
32.5
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.000
0.001
0.017
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.020
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.024
0.000
0.000
0.080
0.051
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.079
0.000
0.048
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.000
0.023
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.015
0.005
0.000
0.022
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.028
0.000
0.037
0.022
0.000
0.027
0.005
0.007
0.006
0.000
0.023
0
1
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
2
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
140
Johnny darter for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to Mean Standard
Easting Northing Samples mouth (km) Density
Error
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.012
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.004
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.023
0.000
0.000
0.211
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.022
0.041
0.000
0.000
0.024
0.002
0.036
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.003
0.004
Rank
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
4
0
0
3
1
4
0
141
GN04
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
699833
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4877322
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
10
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
32.5
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.000
0.000
0.031
0.014
0.000
0.000
0.046
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.150
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.000
0.016
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.032
0.009
0.000
0.038
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.010
0
0
3
2
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
142
sculpin for each sampling station
Sampling
Station
#
Distance to
7C03
7C06
7C07
8C03
BLDR
CHY2
CHY5
DELL
DELLRD
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
FS01
FS02
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0205
GAN0304
GAN0305
GAN0404
GAN0405
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN0904
GAN1004
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2104
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
GN04
707774
707744
707744
692454
713407
710017
710073
710694
696838
707977
707178
706850
710599
710472
702503
703576
718111
701447
713465
699833
707890
697821
695945
697425
698980
700406
699117
703507
701759
700719
703199
702053
701223
711711
713589
713503
712960
713268
715767
714991
714869
716464
699833
4878998
4879161
4879236
4878558
4874609
4876920
4876979
4882602
4881539
4876201
4876833
4876958
4876294
4876294
4876622
4876317
4881375
4877360
4874356
4877322
4881372
4877481
4878086
4878905
4877758
4878450
4879552
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4880790
4880923
4881775
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
4877322
1
2
2
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
19.7
19.9
20.0
41.9
9.9
15.2
15.4
27.4
37.1
18.0
19.7
20.1
14.0
14.0
28.1
26.1
18.4
29.8
9.8
32.5
23.0
34.9
37.6
36.3
33.7
31.7
33.8
24.8
27.1
29.0
26.7
29.1
30.1
27.7
10.0
12.6
16.5
16.6
7.5
10.0
12.0
15.9
32.5
Mean Standard
Density
Error
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.036
0.028
0.025
0.000
0.000
0.266
0.122
0.000
0.228
0.000
0.300
0.000
0.380
0.253
0.000
0.033
0.108
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.243
0.075
0.121
0.063
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.024
0.000
0.012
0.022
0.175
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.035
0.023
0.018
0.091
Rank
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
4
3
0
4
0
4
0
4
4
0
2
3
1
0
0
0
4
2
3
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
3
143
GN05
GN06
GN07
GN08
GNMD
GRCA
HEND
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
LADY
LANG
LEUT
MCCR
MCMILLIN
NOM3
NOM5
OAKHILL
ORM1
ORM4
ORM8
PATH
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
SHAM
SWMP
THMY
WALKERS
WIGGINS
WILSON
WRIGHT
701426
716764
709601
701234
704971
717380
700178
694363
697227
697034
701360
699327
712276
700554
698667
709513
708501
705996
705842
692426
713577
703079
708209
708197
708189
709357
697940
716906
704108
699638
707699
707473
4878344
4873606
4875365
4878608
4876374
4872918
4878721
4878767
4877749
4877923
4877563
4879404
4874480
4878271
4881944
4877522
4878177
4883243
4882767
4878567
4875795
4876541
4878243
4878253
4878271
4875334
4881168
4873398
4884738
4882561
4881989
4882576
8
10
10
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
27.5
5.6
15.6
27.9
24.0
4.2
32.2
41.1
35.8
36.2
30.0
33.4
11.5
31.4
32.9
16.5
18.1
26.7
26.1
41.9
10.7
27.1
18.5
18.5
18.6
15.9
36.0
5.2
29.1
32.7
23.7
24.1
0.000
0.001
0.012
0.000
0.085
0.000
0.029
0.000
0.563
0.196
0.075
0.034
0.000
0.026
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.122
0.691
0.000
0.028
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.216
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.013
0.049
0.000
0.004
0.040
0.010
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.023
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.114
0.000
0
1
1
0
3
0
2
0
4
3
3
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
3
4
0
2
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
144
Appendix B
145
160
140
No of Observations
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200+
Total Length (m m )
Appendix B.1 Bar graph displays number of observations of individual brook trout by total length (mm) sampled in the
Ganaraska River basin.
146
250
No of Observations
200
150
100
50
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150 160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
Total Length (m m )
Appendix B.2. Number of brown trout sorted by total length (mm) from the Ganaraska River Watershed
during all sampling efforts.
147
500
475
450
425
400
375
350
No of Observations
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200+
Total Length (m m )
Appendix B.3. Number of observations of individual rainbow trout by total length (mm) sampled in the
Ganaraska River Watershed
148
GANRASKA RIVER WATERSHED BACKGROUND REPORT
Appendix C
149
Appendix C.1. Mean density of the dominant species sampled in each catchment
Sample #
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Main Branch - Corbett's Dam to Canton
Catchment 1
4
14
5
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0011
0.0000
0.0367
0.0297
0.0088
0.0170
0.0005
0.0200
0.0391
0.1403
0.0433
0.1281
0.3143
0.0274
0.0190
0.0105
0.0051
0.0311
0.0197
0.0000
0.0000
0.0026
Main Branch - Canton to Osaca
Catchment 2
5
20
5
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0043
0.0065
0.0128
0.0051
0.1876
0.3090
0.0322
0.0174
0.0099
0.0257
0.0231
0.0741
0.0367
0.0440
0.0920
0.0042
0.0079
0.0034
0.0035
0.0089
0.0091
0.0031
0.0183
0.0079
Main Branch - Osaca to Jackson Dam
Catchment 3
12
13
10
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.0251
0.0000
0.0000
0.6187
0.0455
0.0807
0.0679
0.1596
0.2292
0.0109
0.0136
0.0004
0.0151
0.0036
0.0007
0.0129
0.0071
0.0015
0.0016
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0023
0.0256
0.0938
0.2020
Sample #
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Main Branch - Headwater
Catchment 4
5
4
3
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.1156
0.3667
0.0131
0.0475
0.0627
0.0922
0.0000
0.0116
0.0215
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0844
0.3626
0.2108
Quay's Branch
Catchment 5
1
1990s
0.0000
0.0000
0.1760
0.0264
0.0968
0.0880
0.0792
0.1496
0.0000
North Ganaraska – Canton Dam to 7thConc
Catchment 6
2
40
0
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.0000
0.0001
0.0034
0.0449
0.0000
0.0000
0.0131
0.0415
0.0489
0.2097
0.0308
0.1026
0.0369
0.0925
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1
1970s
0.0000
0.0101
0.0000
0.0202
0.5847
0.1915
0.2016
0.0605
0.0000
2
2000s
0.0000
0.0018
0.1259
0.0031
0.2222
0.0173
0.1183
0.0311
0.0000
150
Sample #
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
North Ganaraska - above Garden Hill Dam
Catchment 7
6
1
4
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.2773
0.0386
0.1239
0.0897
0.1671
0.0174
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
0.0711
0.0064
0.0000
0.0859
0.0000
0.0000
0.0178
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0613
0.1221
0.0000
Sample #
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Little Ganaraska - above Elizabethville dam
Catchment 10
2
0
3
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.1062
0.1411
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0075
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1933
0.0653
North Ganaraska - above Fudge Mill
Catchment 8
2
0
3
1970s
1990s
2000s
0.0112
0.0590
0.0000
0.0047
0.0000
0.0000
0.1297
0.0510
0.0056
0.3436
0.0000
0.0724
0.0595
0.3071
0.0000
0.0000
0.1570
0.0210
6
1970s
0.0365
0.1261
0.1081
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0259
Soper Creek
Catchment 12
12
1990s
0.0252
0.1723
0.0818
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0762
3
2000s
0.0789
0.1460
0.0328
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0380
9
1970s
0.0415
0.0216
0.0860
0.0743
0.2307
0.0154
0.0361
0.0097
0.1950
1
1970s
0.1651
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.4481
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0708
Cold Springs Creek
Catchment 9 and 11
5
1990s
0.3198
0.0000
0.1412
0.0000
0.0084
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
9
2000s
0.1826
0.0112
0.1204
0.0000
0.0152
0.0000
0.0107
0.0000
0.0270
Burnham Branch
Catchment 13
0
1
1990s
2000s
0.0588
0.0000
0.0000
0.0084
0.5294
0.0000
0.0756
0.0000
0.0000
151
Appendix C.1. Mann-Whitney U test of the rank sum and mean calculated from the mean density of the dominant species
for each of the sampling stations within each catchment.
Rank-70s
38.0
20.0
10.0
36.0
31.0
29.0
41.0
14.0
38.0
70s vs 90s
Rank-90s
133.0
151.0
161.0
135.0
140.0
142.0
130.0
157.0
133.0
Rank-70s
75.0
45.0
15.0
41.0
58.0
57.0
42.0
30.0
25.0
70s vs 90s
Rank-90s
250.0
280.0
310.0
259.0
242.0
243.0
258.0
270.0
275.0
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Mean
28.0
10.0
0.0
26.0
21.0
19.0
25.0
4.0
28.0
Mean
40.0
30.0
0.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
32.0
20.0
15.0
Rank-70s
20.0
14.0
10.0
30.0
10.0
10.0
23.0
10.0
16.0
Catchment 1
70s vs 00s
Rank-00s
25.0
31.0
35.0
15.0
35.0
35.0
22.0
35.0
29.0
Rank-70s
30.0
19.0
15.0
21.5
11.0
11.0
21.0
14.0
15.0
Catchment 2
70s vs 00s
Rank-00s
25.0
36.0
40.0
23.5
34.0
34.0
24.0
31.0
30.0
Mean
10.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.0
0.0
6.0
Mean
10.0
4.0
0.0
8.5
1.0
1.0
9.0
4.0
5.0
Rank-90s
140.0
135.0
144.0
171.0
108.0
117.0
144.0
143.0
126.0
90s vs 00s
Rank-00s
50.0
55.0
46.0
19.0
82.0
73.0
46.0
47.0
64.0
Mean
35.0
30.0
31.0
4.0
3.0
12.0
31.0
32.0
21.0
Rank-90s
260.0
230.0
252.0
281.0
217.0
231.0
274.0
256.0
272.0
90s vs 00s
Rank-00s
65.0
95.0
73.0
44.0
108.0
94.0
51.0
69.0
53.0
Mean
50.0
20.0
42.0
29.0
7.0
21.0
36.0
46.0
38.0
152
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Rank-70s
195.0
138.0
100.0
23.0
55.0
37.0
49.0
32.0
17.0
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Rank-70s
23.0
21.0
20.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
9.5
70s vs 90s
Rank-90s
130.0
187.0
225.0
130.0
98.0
116.0
104.0
121.0
136.0
70s vs 90s
Rank-90s
22.0
24.0
25.0
14.0
14.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
18.5
Mean
39.0
60.0
22.0
13.0
7.0
25.0
13.0
22.0
7.0
Mean
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
3.5
Rank-70s
168.0
121.0
88.0
33.5
49.0
36.0
40.0
28.0
11.0
Catchment 3
70s vs 00s
Rank-00s
85.0
132.0
165.0
71.5
56.0
69.0
65.0
77.0
94.0
Rank-70s
25.0
19.0
15.0
12.0
12.0
10.5
10.5
10.5
8.5
Catchment 4
70s vs 00s
Rank-00s
11.0
17.0
21.0
9.0
9.0
10.5
10.5
10.5
12.5
Mean
30.0
43.0
10.0
16.5
1.0
14.0
10.0
18.0
1.0
Mean
5.0
4.0
0.0
3.0
3.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
2.5
Rank-90s
156.0
121.0
123.0
215.0
175.0
177.0
156.0
158.5
114.0
90s vs 00s
Rank-00s
120.0
155.0
153.0
61.0
101.0
99.0
120.0
117.5
162.0
Mean
65.0
30.0
32.0
6.0
46.0
44.0
65.0
62.5
23.0
Rank-90s
17.0
15.0
13.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
17.5
90s vs 00s
Rank-00s
11.0
13.0
15.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
10.5
Mean
5.0
5.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.5
153
Rank-70s
41.0
3.0
Catchment 6
70s vs 90s
Rank-90s
862.0
900.0
Mean
38.0
0.0
25.0
22.0
20.0
33.0
43.0
43.0
878.0
881.0
883.0
870.0
860.0
860.0
22.0
19.0
17.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Rank-70s
48.0
82.5
58.0
40.0
37.0
35.0
35.0
30.0
37.5
70s vs 90s
Rank-90s
57.0
22.5
47.0
15.0
18.0
20.0
20.0
25.0
17.5
Mean
3.0
7.5
13.0
0.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
10.0
2.5
Rank-70s
38.0
39.0
Catchment 7
70s vs 00s
Rank-00s
17.0
16.0
Mean
7.0
6.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.0
9.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
14.0
12.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
Catchment 9 and 11
70s vs 00s
Rank-70s
Rank-00s
Mean
59.0
112.0
14.0
93.0
78.0
33.0
79.0
92.0
34.0
60.0
45.0
0.0
55.0
50.0
5.0
51.0
54.0
9.0
47.0
58.0
13.0
42.0
63.0
18.0
52.0
53.0
8.0
Rank-70s
4.5
5.0
Catchment 8
70s vs 00s
Rank-00s
10.5
10.0
Mean
1.5
2.0
7.0
5.5
5.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.5
10.0
8.0
9.0
8.0
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
Rank-90s
52.0
25.0
44.0
37.5
35.0
37.5
32.5
37.5
35.0
90s vs 00s
Rank-00s
53.0
80.0
61.0
67.5
70.0
67.5
72.5
67.5
70.0
Mean
8.0
10.0
16.0
22.5
20.0
22.5
17.5
22.5
20.0
154
Time Period
Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Rainbow Trout
White Sucker
Blacknose Dace
Longnose Dace
Creek Chub
Johnny Darter
Sculpin
Zone10
70s vs 00s
Rank-70s Rank-00s
5.0
10.0
5.0
10.0
4.0
11.0
9.0
6.0
Mean
2.0
2.0
1.0
70s vs 90s
Rank-70s Rank-90s
66.0
124.0
58.0
132.0
62.0
128.0
14.0
106.0
0.0
12.0
108.0
Mean
33.0
37.0
37.0
11.0
Zone 12
70s vs 00s
Rank-70s Rank-00s
29.0
16.0
30.5
14.5
36.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
9.0
5.5
9.5
Mean
8.0
8.5
3.0
3.0
90s vs 00s
Rank-70s Rank-00s
107.0
29.0
118.0
18.0
121.0
15.0
113.5
22.5
2.5
121.0
15.0
Mean
16.0
12.0
9.0
16.5
9.0
C.2. Technical Steering Committee Members
Dan Taillon
OMNR Peterborough District
District Fisheries Biologist
Marc Desjardins
Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority
Fisheries Biologist
Jim Bowlby
Lake Ontario Management Unit
Assessment Biologist
Stephen Haayen
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Fish Habitat Biologist
Jason Borwick
OMNR Aurora District
District Fisheries Biologist
Janice Szwarz
Municipality of Clarington
Senior Planning Director
Vannitha Chanthavong
Municipality of Durham
Planner
Brent Barnes
Township of Hamilton
Director of Planning
Mark Phillips
Ontario Ministry of Environment
Surface Water Scientist
155
Appendix D
156
Appendix D.1. All Fish data sites from the 1970s to the 2000s, names, locations,
and time periods for each catchment
Catchment
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Site ID
BLDR
GAN0273
GAN0373
GAN0473
GAN0573
GN06
GN06
GRCA
THMY
GAN0173
GAN1873
DRRG
FFDN
FFUP
GAN0673
GAN0773
GAN0873
GAN0973
GN07
GN07
LEUT
SHAM
GAN0104
GAN0204
GAN0304
GAN0404
GAN1004
GAN1073
GAN1173
GAN1273
GAN1373
GN04
GN04
GNMD
LADY
PATH
8CO3
GAN0504
GAN0604
GAN1473
GAN1573
GAN1673
KANADA
KEN902
KEN904
Year
(1993-1999)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1973-1979)
(1973-1978)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(2000-2005)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
Easting
713407
717145
716280
714128
713443
716764
716764
717380
716906
716882
712286
707977
707178
706850
711434
709386
707294
705343
709601
709601
712276
709357
702503
703576
701447
699833
698980
705352
701583
700646
698137
699833
699833
704971
701360
703079
692454
697821
695945
696736
692463
694949
694363
697227
697034
Northing
4874609
4872598
4873836
4874167
4874670
4873606
4873606
4872918
4873398
4871786
4875281
4876201
4876833
4876958
4874729
4875343
4876636
4877039
4875365
4875365
4874480
4875334
4876622
4876317
4877360
4877322
4877758
4876730
4876830
4877605
4877282
4877322
4877322
4876374
4877563
4876541
4878558
4877481
4878086
4877950
4878565
4879009
4878767
4877749
4877923
157
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
ORM4
GAN1773
GAN2204
GAN2304
GAN2404
GAN2504
ORM8
7CO3
7CO6
7CO7
CHY2
CHY5
FS01
FS02
GAN2273
GAN2373
NOM3
NOM5
PIG3
PIG4
PIG6
GAN2473
GAN3473
OAKHILL
ORM1
WALKERS
WILSON
WRIGHT
DELL
GAN0405
GAN2104
GAN2573
GAN2673
GAN1904
GAN2004
GAN2973
GAN3073
WIGGINS
DELLRD
GAN1104
GAN1204
GAN2073
GAN3373
HEND
LANG
MCCR
SWMP
GAN0904
GAN2173
(1993-1999)
(1973-1978)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(2000-2005)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
692426
713642
713589
713503
712960
713268
713577
707774
707744
707744
710017
710073
710599
710472
710804
707772
709513
708501
708197
708197
708189
707400
705480
705996
705842
704108
707699
707473
710694
707890
711711
711550
712971
702053
701223
701072
699807
699638
696838
700406
699117
700396
696487
700178
699327
700554
697940
697425
697674
4878567
4874878
4874721
4877070
4879230
4878994
4875795
4878998
4879161
4879236
4876920
4876979
4876294
4876294
4876315
4879153
4877522
4878177
4878253
4878253
4878271
4881766
4883374
4883243
4882767
4884738
4881989
4882576
4882602
4881372
4881775
4881558
4882376
4880790
4880923
4881169
4883230
4882561
4881539
4878450
4879552
4878492
4881803
4878721
4879404
4878271
4881168
4878905
4878627
158
14
14
14
14
14
16
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
9 and 11
GAN0205
GAN2604
GAN2704
GAN2804
GAN3004
GAN0305
GAN1973
GAN1304
GAN1404
GAN1504
GAN1804
GAN2773
GAN2873
GAN3173
GAN3273
GN05
GN05
GN08
MCMILLIN
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1973-1978)
(1993-1999)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
(2000-2005)
718111
715767
714991
714869
716464
713465
705233
703507
701759
700719
703199
704241
703099
704267
700811
701426
701426
701234
698667
4881375
4874832
4876231
4877712
4879887
4874356
4876973
4877175
4878082
4879485
4879038
4877344
4879687
4877221
4879493
4878344
4878344
4878608
4881944
159
Appendix D.2. Fisheries data sites from the 1970 to the 2000s, including site names, locations, and the number of sampling events
for each catchment (the number of sampling events appear in brackets following the site name).
160

Ganaraska River Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Background Report

Transcription

Similar documents

Watershed Committee of the Ozarks

HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS ON SINTERED SmCo5

Khiet Luong Pennsylvania Environmental Council 1315 W alnut

Kiamichi River Watershed - Oklahoma Water Resources Center

Little Uchee Creek Watershed

Khiet Luong Pennsylvania Environmental Council 1315 W alnut

Poster example – Oxgang Primary School

Lake Shenandoah County Park and Sports Field Complex