Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer

Transcription

Tree Colonization Behavior
as a Basis for Management of
Euwallacea nr Fornicatus Populations
in Avocado Plantations and Ornamentals
Zvi Mendel, Alex Protasov & Omer Margalit- Dept. of
Entomology, ARO;
Stanley Freeman & Michal Sharon Dept. of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO,
The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel;
Yonatan Maoz- Avocado Marketing Board, Israel
Israel – Where we are
Precipitation in the Middle East
Visit:
http://www.moag.gov.il/agri/fil
es/agriculture/index.html
Annual rainfall
(mm, multi-year average )
Rainfall- mostly December – February
Area: 22,000 Km2
600
Arable land: 437,000 ha
Irrigated land: 162,000 ha
Non -irrigated land: 138,000 ha
500
400
300
200
100
50
570 km
Water Resources
Three Main Water Sources:
•Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret)
•Coastal aquifer
•Mountain aquifer
80% of the water is in the North
20% in the South
35% of the irrigable land is in the North and
65% in the South
The National Water Carrier
Conveys water from the Sea of Galilee
southwards
•Regional water systems are incorporated into the
Nation Water Carrier
•Water can be shifted from one pipeline to
another as needed.
Fact: Existing water resources have been
over used
Solution: Enhancement of water sources.
Sea of Galilee
Saline springs
Irrigation Water Sources
•Existing potable water reservoirs
(lakes, aquifers, streams)
•Marginal water (saline water, treated
sewage effluents)
•Rainfall enhancements
•Desalination
“Main Street” Filtration Pools
Pumping System
Osmosis Process Area
Efficient Irrigation
•The most economic way to use water
•Water loss prevention under farmer’s
control
•Improved irrigation practices and
technologies
•Optimal supply of plant needs
•Drip irrigation
Precision Agriculture
Thermal Imaging for Water Status Mapping
•Thermal imaging exposes differences
in water status of plants which cannot
be detected visually.
•With adequate analysis and models,
thermal images can be transformed
into water status maps for decision
making in irrigation.
89 Phytophagous Insects and Mites Associated with
Avocado Trees in Israel
cycads
plant bugs
thrips
mites
moths
Leaf cutting bees
fruit flies
grasshoppers
beetles
ants
whiteflies
aphids
scale insects
9 species of economic importance
Beetles
Euwallacea nr. fornicatus Ambrosia beetle
Mites
Olygonychus perseae Spider mite
Scale insects
Protopulvinaria pyriformis Soft scale
Moths
Boarmia selenaria Avocado looper
Cryptophlebia leucotreta
Cryptoblabes gnidiella
Friut moths
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Thrips
Chaetanaphothrips orchidii
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
“The ambrosia problem”
First infested spot was
noticed in 2008
The Avocado Ambrosia Beetle
♂
♀
♀
♂
20
Development of Euwallacea sp. nr fornicates ~ 250C
First cycle 7-8 weeks, later cycles 5-7 weeks
larvae
development
16-18 days
Pupation 8-10
days
Adult maturation
4-6 days
Penetration till
oviposition 4 - 12
days
Incubation 4
days
Emergence is Set by the Deteriorating of
Surrounding Tissue
Emergence in avocado takes place
between 1-2 years after the initial attack
Stage Distribution of Euwallcea fornicatus in
Avocado Sampled in the Central Coast area of Israel
(n=155-221).
60
eggs
young larvae
mature larvae
pupae
adults
50
40
30
20
10
0
March (Hass, 2015)
July (Pinkerton, 2012)
October (Hass, 2013)
A girdle point,
a management practice
Lesion around a beetle
penetration point
Typical Response of Healthy Avocado Tissue
to the Attack
A Developed Lesion
Drilling the fungi injection points
(tested oak trees)
Fungi Injection (Tested Oak Trees)
2 Weeks
After Inoculation
6 Weeks
After Inoculation
Failure of Branch Colonization
Mean per tree + SD
Four trees for each test , 10 penetration
points on each tree
15
Palmachim, July 2012
Eyal, July 2013
10
Eyal, August 2013
5
0
penetration
gallery
initiation
Life Stage
larvae
production
Many of the Attacks in Avocado Do not End in Successful
Establishment of the Beetle, but the Fungus Alone
Attack Induction through Controlled Colonization
(Eyal plantations, Hass)
27 July 2013 - Colonization
6 August 2013 – Early
response
(Continued)
29 August 2013 - Defense response,
no development
21 July 2014 – Natural mass
colonization – successful development
Attack Induction through Controlled Colonization
(Eyal plantations, Hass)
Emergence is expected during the summer
and fall of 2015, and may be early summer of
2016 depending to the deterioration rate of
the branch.
The first successful colonization occurred in fall 2014.
April 2015:
Population egg
structure includes
parent beetles and
immatures,
including pupae.
Emergence and branch desiccation is expected in fall 2015.
Branch Colonization as Related to Previous Infestation
2
and Season
Additional lesions
per branch in 2013
1.5
1
Already Infested
branches
Non- infested
branches
0.5
Number
of 0
lesions
per 2
branch
March-Mid May Late May early August
Mid-August early October
Lesions per branch
infestation condition 2013
1.5
1
March-Mid May
0.5
0
Late November 2013
April 2014
July 2014
Sampling time
Late May –Early
August
Mid-August- Early
October
Polyphagous Shot Hole
Borer
Live
branch
Infested
section
Dried
section
Thick Branches May Support The Colonization
During Two Warm Seasons
Gallery Densities in Low Stem Section of 3 Suitable Tree Species
Box Elder
English Oak
Avocado (Pinkerton)
Lesions Density Per ~ 60 Cm Length
Lesion Density
10
8
Avocado (Hass)
Persea Americana
Box Elder
Acer Negundo
6
4
2
0
10 English Oak Group
8
Quercus Pedunculifolia
Oriental Plane (Sycamore)
Platanus Orientalis
6
4
2
0
Stem Or Branch Diameter (Cm.)
Gallery development index (0-3)
Gallery Development Index
3 Avocado (Hass)
Persea americana
Box elder
Acer negundo
English oak group
Quercus pedunculifolia
Oriental plane (Sycamore)
Platanus orientalis
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
Stem or branch diameter (cm.)
Schematic distribution within Elder box and English oak of the
ambrosia inflicted lesions
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Fully developed gallery
initiated in healthy or weak
branch of stem section.
Slight response of the tissue
Factors related to attack densities and
successful development
1)Tree wpecies and avocado variety
2) Seasonality, intensifying along the warm season
3) Poor phytosanitation
4) Alternating bearing, “on year”
1) Tree species and avocado variety (Relative susceptibility)
Attack frequency
Gallery density
Offspring production
Between different reproduction suitable tree species
Box Quercus pedunculiflora Castor Bean Platanus orientalis
Quercus robur
Elder
Avocado White
Mulberry
Between different avocado varieties
Fino
Hass
Pinkerton
Nabal
Galil
Ardit
2) Seasonality, intensifying along the warm season
Density (mean ± SE) of new conspicuous lesions on stem and main branches
during the 2013 warm season induced by Euwallacea nr fornicatus
Eyal, 910 sample trees
Ma’agan Michael, 480 sample trees
5
4
3
Number of
lesions per
branch per 4
weeks
2
1
0
April
May
June
July
August
Sampling month (2013)
10 yr old Avocado orchards (Hass)
September
3) Poor Phytosanitation
4) Alternating Bearing, “On Year”
Information accumulated by the research
team and many grower reports suggest high
density lesions and dying branches after high
fruit bearing season
Information about fruit yield (tons/ha) (2009-2015) in Avocado orchards (Hass)
as related to “ambrosia” infestation and planting year
Non- infested
Moderate infestation
Severe infestation
Hanita
tons/ha
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Glikson
2005 Planting
2007 Planting
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2007 Planting
2007 Planting
2007 Planting
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Maagan Michael
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2006 Planting
2002 Planting
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Regavim (Nabal)
1982 Planting
1981 Planting
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Kefar Masarik
2009 Planting
2010 Planting
Regba
2004 Planting
2007 Planting
2002 Planting
Fruit yield (tons/ha) (2009-2015) in Avocado
orchards (Hass) as related to “ambrosia” infestation
and planting year
tons/ha
Eilon
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2002 Planting
Eyal
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2006 Planting
Non- infested
Moderate infestation
Severe infestation
Bet A'emeq
2002 Planting
2006 Planting
2002 Planting
2006 Planting
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2007 Planting
2000 Planting
1982Planting
2003 Planting
2007 Planting
2006 Planting
Ma'abarot
1992 Planting
2006 Planting
2006 Planting
1990 Planting
Management strategies?
Short term
1) Chemical control
Cover spray
Systemic insecticides by drip irrigation
Systemic insecticides by stem injection
2) Biological control
Macrobial
Microbial
3) Chemical ecology
Kairomones
Plant volatiles and others
4) Prevention
5) Resistance/tolerance
Resistant cultivars
Endophytes
Mid term
Long term
Limitations
No natural enemies*
No known pheromones
Flight throughout the
warm season
*adults of the genera
Tarsonemus (Prostigmata) and
heteromorphic deutonymphs
of the family Histiostomatidae
(Astigmata).
Treatment with Beauveria Bassiana Products
Euwallacea nr fornicates
Orthotomicus erosus
Systemic insecticides (mostly) tested against the larvae
feeding on fungus growing on PDA with the incorporation of
10 ppm of the tested chemical
Emamectin benzoate Abamectin
Lambda-cyhalothrin Pyrethroid
100
80
Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid
Imidacloprid
Neonicotinoid
%
60
mortality
40
Cyantraniliprole Diamids
20
Azadirachtin Neem tree product
untreated
0
0
1
3
6
Days after exposure
9
Eyal, Hass, 10 yr old plantations
Mean (+SD)
number of
perseitol
lesions per
branch
20
15
10
5
0
Canopy treatment late mid March 2013
Lesion counting, late April 2013
Organophosphate Carbamate
Organophosphate
Neonicotinoid
Diamid + Pyrethroid
Pyrethroid
Emergence of Euwallacea nr fornicatus from
insecticide treated avocado pruning slash
% “unfit” beetles
Lab: 250C, 60% RH
100
Tested material:
Bifenthrin (Pyrethroid)
Chlorpyrifos ‐ethyl
(Organophosphate)
E.O.S Ecological mineral oil, ZICOS
80
60
Korea (SK)
40
20
0
Mean (± SD)
number of days
until emergence
after treatment
Tested compounds
“unfit” beetles
“fit” beetles
Number of days
until emergence
of the last beetle
after treatment
12.7±4.7
25
15.1±5.0
30
A week after the injection was performed
Stem Injection: Box Elder
•8 adult trees were
injected with
Thiamethoxam
(neonicotinoid) during
rather early phase of the
tree colonization.
None survived.
* Mainly in the
botanical gardens in
Jerusalem
Oak: Application of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam
* 12 adult trees were injected with
Imidacloprid during early phase of the
tree colonization
All survived !
** young trees were soil applied with
Thiamethoxam, 18 during early phase
of the tree colonization and 5 heavily
infested.
Early phase :all survived !
Heavily infested: none survived
* Mainly in the botanical gardens in
Jerusalem
** Mainly, Netanya, street trees
(Continued)
Oak: Application of
Imidacloprid and
Thiamethoxam
Sycamore (Platanus): application of Imidacloprid and
Thiamethoxam (summer 2015) mainly as preventive measure
6 adult heavily infested trees were soil applied with
Imidacloprid, none survived (different areas in the coastal area)
.
Recommended management in avocado
plantations (light and moderate invested plots)
1) Extensive monitoring.
2) Removed thin <6 cm diam. attacked branches.
3) Removed wilting branches, treat the branching point with
the main branch with Bifenthrin (Pyrethroid) 1%.
4) Attacked thick branches > 6 cm diam. Treat the lesion spot
about 30 cm on both sides along the branch with
Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid), and about a week later repeat
the treatment with Bifenthrin (1%).
Testing two chemical compounds
Mean
number
of beetle
penetrat
ed per
branch
12
Treatment:
10
Spinetoram
8
(spinosyn) 0.05%
6
and Phosmet
4
(organophosphat
e) 0.05%
2
0
Non – treated Phosmet Spinetoram
1
Mean
relatively
cover of the
stained
xylem
One applications (1
August 2013)
Maagan Michael
plantations. Three
days later selected
branches were
artificially colonized
by the beetles (box
elder)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Sampling was
conducted 4
weeks after the
colonization
Non – treated Phosmet Spinetoram
Insecticide treatments in commercial avocado plantation (1)
Two consecutive applications (1 and 15
July 2012) Maagan Michael plantations.
4
Number of perpetration
holes per 10 cm branch
length
Treatment: Methomyl (Carbamates ) 0.2% 3
+ Dichlorvos (organophosphate) 0.15%
2
Sampling was conducted 30 days after the 1
last application
0
Treatment
30
25
% bark area stained by the
fungus
4
20
3
15
2
Non Treated
Number of live adult beetle
per branch
10
1
5
0
0
Treatment
Non Treated
Treatment
Non Treated
Insecticide treatments in commercial avocado plantation (2)
Two consecutive applications (15 and
30 April 2013) Nordia plantations.
Treatment: I- Methomyl (Carbamates )
0.2% + Dichlorvos 0.2%; II - Methomyl
0.2% and Chlorpyrifos‐ethyl
(organophosphate) 0.2%;
Sampling was conducted 30 days after
the last application
% bark area stained by the
100
fungus
80
8
60
6
40
4
20
2
0
0
Treatment
Non Treated
5
4
3
2
1
0
Number of perpetration
holes per 10 cm branch
length
Non Treated
Treatment
Number of live adult beetle
per branch
Non Treated
Treatment
Tree colonization behavior as a basis for
management of Avocado ambrosia beetle
Euwallacea nr fornicatus populations in
avocado plantations
Zvi Mendel, Alex Protasov & Omer Margalit
Dept. of Entomology, ARO, The Volcani Center; Bet Dagan, Israel
Stanley Freeman, Michal Sharon, Mally Bachash
Dept. of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani
Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
Yonatan Maoz
Avocado marketing board, Israel

Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer

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