Transformational Leadership In Women`s Education In

Symbols Of Empowerment:
Transformational Leadership
In Women’s Education In
Southeast Asia
Raden Adjeng Kartini
(1879 – 1904)
In Indonesia
Malala Yousafzai
(1997 - )
In Pakistan
Indonesia
Pakistan
Parallels In Social /Historical Context
• Both countries have long, cross-cultural contexts
• Buddhism
• Hinduism
• Islam
• Christianity
• Both countries have long history of colonialism
• Indonesia – Dutch, 1603 – 1947
• India/Pakistan – British, 1602 – 1947
• Both countries resisted European domination
• Indonesia – Java Wars(1704 – 1830), Aceh War (1870 – 1914)
• India – Maratha Wars (1815 – 1825), Sepoy Mutiny (1857 – 1858),
Afghan Wars (1830 – 1878)
• Both experienced Company rule
• Indonesia – Dutch East India Company (1602 – 1800)
• India – British East India Company (1602 – 1858)
• Both dealt with Islamic resurgence and efforts to contain it
• Indonesia – (to ca, 1910)
• “Culture System – (1830 – 1870) – 6c’s
• Eduard Douwes Dekker, Multatuli, 1860
Eduard Douwes
Dekker
(1820 – 1887)
Also known as
Multatuli
Max Havelaar:
Or the Coffee
Auctions of the
Dutch Trading
Company
• Ethical Policy (1900 – 1940)
• Conrad Theodor van Deventer (1857 – 1915)
Conrad
Theodor van
Deventer in his
study (1915)
Dutch imperial
imagery
representing the
Dutch East
Indies (1916).
The Text reads
“Our most
precious Jewel”
• Queen Wilhelmina (1890 – 1940) “Honor Debt”
Wilhelmina of Netherlands wearing
her coronation robe in 1898.
(1880 -1962; reign 1890 – 1948)
• Association Theory – Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1889 – 1906)
Christiaan Snouck Pilgrims from Aceh on their
Hurgronje
way to Mecca. Picture taken by
(1857 - 1936) Snouck Hurgronje in the Dutch
A Dutch scholar of Consulate in Jeddah, 1884.
Islam.
Mosque in the Dutch East Indies,
1900.
• Kartini’s Support System and Friends
• Both women known and honored in their own lifetimes – influence
• Both had parental/family support
“Three Sisters”
Kartini Siblings
Kartini’s Support System: Family and Friends
• Aristocratic roots
• Sent to Dutch school (ELS)
• Fluent in Dutch – new horizons
• Seclusion at 12, 1892 – 1896; “Sheer hell”
• Read and wrote to “Subversives”
(Socialists, reformers, liberals, pacifists)
• Read Multatuli
• Read Frederik Willem van Eeden (1860 – 1932)
• Little Johannes
Frederik Willem van Eeden
(1860 – 1932)
• Read Cecile de Jong van Beek en Donk
(1866 – 1944)
• Hilda van Suylenburg (1897)
• Read Bertha von Suttner (1843 – 1914)
• Pacifist, social critic
• Lay Down Your Arms (1889)
Cecile de Jong van Beek en
• Nobel Peace Prize, 1905
Donk (1866 – 1944)
• Read Louis Couperus (1863 – 1923)
• Novelist, poet
• Hidden Force (1900)
Bertha von Suttner
(1843 – 1914)
Louis Couperus
(1863 – 1923)
• Read Pandita Ramabai (1858 – 1922)
• Hindu scholar, social reformer; author
• “I shook with excitement, so it’s not only while
women who are able to take care of themselves- a
brown Indian women can make herself free and
independent, too” (Letters, 21 July 1902)
• Corresponded with Estella Zeehandelaar, 1899 – 1904
• Feminist, socialist
• Wrote about plight of wood carvers
(“Forgotten Corner”)
• Wrote “Report on Language, Country and People
of East Indies”
Pandita
Ramabai
(1858 – 1922)
Jacques Henri Abendanon
(1900 – 1905)
• Impact of Abendanon – support and subversion
• Kartini as success of “Ethical Policy”?
• From Darkness Into Light, 1911
• Kartini’s marriage, 1903 – “a betrayal of her calling”?
Kartini with
Joyodiningrat
Kartini School in Jakarta
Opening of the Kartini School in
Buitzenborg (Bogor) May 1915
Katrini School building in Buitenzorg
(opened 1918)
Class
Kartini: Impact and Legacy Contested
• “Educate the Javanese”, 1903
• Dutch
• 1903 J. Slingenberg asked Kartini about aims and types of education for
Indonesians
• No woman’s opinion ever previously sought
• Ethical Policy would fail unless Indonesians made capable of coping with and
participating in the new world of western technology
• New leaders should assimilate new concepts for masses
• Article not included in 1911, 1920 Letters
• Printed 1964, stresses women’s role in resolution of social problems
• Kartini Foundation, 1913
• Applauded by Dutch advocates of Ethical Policy
• Curriculum
Kartini’s “Success”?
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Continuing Dutch language instruction
Javanese language and literature
Geography and history
Drawing and aesthetics
Home economics and gardening
Arithmetic and simple bookkeeping
Practical and fine needlework
Principles of hygiene and first aid
Principles of education
Singing and principles of musical theory
• Dewi Sartika (1884 – 1947)
• First school for women, 1904
• “Wife Eminency School”, 1910 (“School
of Virtuous Women”)
• Won service medal from Dutch
government, 1929
• Kartini’s sisters
• Rukmani - training hospital for nurses,
midwives, wrote texts
• Soematri – co-author of government report
on welfare, 1914
Dewi Sartika (1884 – 1947)
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WWI (1914 - 1918)
Depression (1929 – 1941)
WWII (1936 – 1945)
Independence For Indonesia (1948)
• “Old Order’ Sukarno (Pramoedya Toer)” Guided
Democracy, 1959 – 1965
• Populist hero of common people
• Could transcend classes and values
Pramoedya Ananta Toer
1925- 2006
Sukarno (1901 – 1970)
Photo from 1949
Sukarno with
Fatmawati and five
of their children.
Clockwise from
center: Sukarno,
Sukmawati,
Fatmawati, Guruh,
Megawati, Guntur,
Rachmawati.
• “New Order” Suharto (1965 – 1998)
• Noble woman with sense of responsibility
for peasants
• “Ibu” (mother of Nation) as appendage to
men, procreate children, housekeepers,
members of Indonesian society
Suharto
with his
wife and
six children
in 1967.
Suharto (1921 – 2008)
Photo from 1993
• Focus of education, 1959 – 1998 was Pancasila
• One God
• Humanitarianism
• National unity
• Democracy
• Social justice
• “Progress” in Indonesia?
• Al Jazeera in English “Why Indonesia’s Education System Is Among The
Worst In The World” (2013)
• Rank last of 50 nations measuring literacy, test results, graduation rates
• 1/3 of students complete basic education
• System plagued by poor teaching
• Emphasize rigid obedience, rote learning
• Unqualified teachers; teacher absenteeism, 20%; work outside classroom
for additional income
• Corruption – 40% budget siphoned off before it reaches classroom
• Government proposes to abolish or postpone teaching of science,
geography and English in elementary school, instead promote national
identity and patriotism
• 15 year-old students scored 2nd from bottom in math, science, reading
average Indonesian 15 year-old, four years behind 15 year-old Singaporean
• Cheating scandals, selling exam answers
• Tertiary education, of 400 university rankings, only three Indonesian
colleges made it, ranking 360, 369, 395
• Low enrollment rates in tertiary education (13.28%) and secondary (51.35%)
– Southeast Asia averages 27.4% and 65.2% respectively
• Constitution demands 20% state budget on education but does not – 17%,
but only 3% GDP
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• Effort now for teacher evaluation based on student performance
• Of 400 teacher training institutions, 40 considered “good” by Secretary of
Education
Definition of literacy “Any person over 15 who can with understanding, read
and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life.”
Archipelago has 18,000 islands, 700 languages
Working to establish 500 community colleges over four years
Barriers to women:
• Gender – biased textbooks
• Gender – stereotyping – “voluntary discrimination”
• Inadequate programs to promote gender equality
• Inadequate gender awareness
• Early marriage
• Aletta Jacobs, Dutch feminist, first woman MD in Netherlands
pioneer in birth control
• Toured Indonesia with Carrie Chapman Catt in 1912
• Part of International women’s Suffrage Alliance
• Urged reform for women in Indonesia, especially
education
• Narrow/vocational curriculum
• Make education for women to make them
independent as individuals and prepare them for
meaningful roles in society
Aletta Jacobs
(1854 – 1929)
Pakistan
• Pakistan (ca. 2015)
• “White Man’s Burden”
• Hindu/Muslim schism – Muslim League
• Mohammad Iqbal
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali
Jinnah
(1876 -1948)
1st Governor-General
of Pakistan
• Partition Riots, 1947 - 2 million deaths
Partition Images, 1947
• Islamic Republic, 1956
• Islamic political
resurgence – banned
• Bangladesh Secession, 1972
• General Zia-ul-Haq (1924 – 1988)
– Muslim resurgence, 1977 - 1988
• Amadi discrimination
• Sharia law
• General Pervez Musharraf
(1943 – 2008)
• In power (1993 – 2008)
• Recognized Taliban
government of Mullah
Mohammad Omar in
Afghanistan, 1999
General Muhammad
Zia-ul-Haq
(1924 – 1988)
Pervez
Musharraf
(1943 – 2008)
November 2004
Malala’s Support and Social Context/Success?
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Named for Pashtun hero in war vs. British
Parents marriage not arranged – “love”
Father Ziauddin outspoken vs. Zia-ul-Haq
• Sent to government high school – modern
education
• Father began his own school
Malalai of
Maiwand
Malala and Family
Malala
• Musharaf corruption
• Outrage vs. USA invasion of Afghanistan
• Honor killings
• Madrassas built
• Earthquake, 2005
• 73,000 dead; 123,000 injured; 6400 schools
destroyed, 11,000 orphans
• Taliban active in relief efforts
• Maulana Fazlullah – reactionary, murders, schools
destroyed
• Ziauddin openly critical of Fazlullah
• Malala: “How dare the Taliban take away my basic
right to an education.”
• Malala gave interviews on radio and T.V.
Maulana Qazi Fazlullah
(1974 – 2015?)
In swat, Pakistan, 2008
• Ziauddin debated Taliban leaders – asked for protection from death threats
• BBC diary of life under Taliban – Gul Makai pseudonym
• 2009 documentary of Malala
• 2011 Malala won Pakistan First National Peace Prize
• Warned of death threat
• Bus ride: “Who is Malala?”
First picture: Brave Malala
Yousafzai, who was shot by a
Taliban gunman in Pakistan, clutches
a teddy bear in her bed at the Queen
Elizabeth Hospital.
Malala accepting her Nobel Peace Prize
December 10, 2014.
• Ziauddin’s school enlarged – 70
teachers
• 42 international awards
(2011 – 2015), including shared
Nobel Peace a Prize
• Biography, biopic – uses celebrity
status to defend those who have
little option but to remain
subservient do tradition
• As perceived by some in Pakistan:
• All Pakistan Private Schools
Federation banned her book as
“ disrespecting Islam”
• Condemned as agent of the
West
The Problems Persist
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• Is CIA spy
Violence persists – schools bombed, teachers murdered, school buses attacked
Discrepancies in each literacy:
• Rural (28%), urban (96%) – 70% population is rural
• Old (55 – 64 = 38%; 45-54 = 46%) young (25 – 44 = 57%; 15 – 24 = 72%)
• Tribal areas for girls rate is 9.5%
Government spends 2.2% GNP on education
Primary enrollment = 60% girls; 84% boys
Secondary enrollment = 32% girls; 46% boys
Shortage of teachers, poorly – equipped schools, outdated curriculum
• Many Pakistani teachers reject evolution
College graduates (9% men, 3.5% women)
Definition of literacy: “One who can read and write clear print in any language;
one who can read a newspaper and write a simple letter.”
Malala’s Contested Legacy
• November 10 UN declared as Malala Day – Taliban made her a global hero
Members of Women2Gether and Amina Womens
Group, Birmingham based group working to
empower women.
Malala with her family in the hospital.
• “Alarming State of Education in Pakistan”
• Government claims literacy rate of 46% for men, 26% for women
• Other sources state literacy rate is 26% for men, 12% for women
• Social and cultural barriers, especially in tribal areas
• Education forbidden on religious grounds misinterpretation of Islam
(Taliban)
• Poverty – girls must work to support families
Assessment of Transformational Leadership Style of Kartini and Malala
In Their Own Words
• As a visionary, creative, active leader
• Kartini:
• Letter to Resident’s wife Ms. Ovink-Soer whose
husband was transferred: “…I wish you wore
back with us. Your daughters miss you so much.
I miss the talks with you, when I used to tell
[you] au the rebellions thoughts that came into
my head and laid bare the feelings of my restless
heart.”
• Committed to New Thinking, learning, actions
• Kartini:
• “I would do the humblest work, thankfully and joyfully, if by it I
could be independent…Why did God give us talents and not the
opportunity to make use of them?” (Letters, 42)
Raden Adjeng Kartini and her
book.
• Malala:
• “ I think of it often and imagine the scene clearly. Even if they come to kill
me, I will tell them what they are trying to do is wrong, that education is
our basic right.”
• Defends Amadi (as Muslims) despite government position (bio, 91)
Malala with her back packet ready to
head for school.
• Intellectual stimulation
• Kartini:
• Her voracious reading, her writings
about Arabs, folk crafts (wood carvers,
batik weavers, cultures of East Indies)
one of Indonesia's first intellectuals
• Letters
• Malala:
• Her blogs, diary, autobiography
Malala and her autobiographies
• Create a vision of what they aspire to be and communicate it to others politically
• Kartini:
• “If the child I carry under my heart is a girl, what
shall I wish for her? I shall wish that she live a
rich, full life and that she complete the work her
mother has begun. She shall never be compelled
to do anything abhorrent to her deepest feelings.
What she does must be of her own free will. She
shall have a mother that watches over her inmost
being, and a father who will never force her in
anything. It will make no difference to him and
his daughter remains unmarried her whole life
long; what will count will be that she shall
always keep her esteem and affection for us.”
(Letters, 204)
• Malala:
• Malala Fund website: “Post photo of you and favorite book and tell
world leaders to fund the real weapon for change – education.”
• Would leaders have money to fund primary and secondary education
around the world but [instead] spend it on military. If they stopped
spending on that for eight days, we would have $39 Billion needed to
provide 12 years of free, quality education to all children on the planet.
• Met with Obama family - told him to stop drone strikes
“Innocent victims are
killed in those acts, (drone
strikes) and they lead to
resentment among the
Pakistani people. If we
refocus our efforts on
education, it will make a
big impact”
• Malala: Celebrated her birthday (12 July in 2015), by opening a school in
Lebanon for 200 girls, ages 14-18: “Today on my first day as an adult, on
behalf of the world’s children, I demand of the world’s leaders, we must invest
in books instead of bullets.”
Malala Yousafzai (L) cuts a
ribbon at a school for Syrian
refugee girls in Lebanon’s Bekaa
Valley July 12, 2015. Yousafzai
celebrated her 18th birthday in
Lebanon on Sunday by opening
the school and called on world
leaders to invest in “books not
bullets.” Photo by Jamal
Saidi/Reuters
• Goal is to transform her followers needs, redirect their perceptions
• Kartini
• “ I want to live a hundred years. This life is so
short. There is much work waiting to be
done… and I am not yet able to start”
(Letters, 48-49)
• Malala:
• “Traditions are not sent from Heaven, they are not sent from God. It is we
who make cultures and we have the right to change it and we should
change it”
Malala Yousafzai speaks at the
'Girl Summit 2014' in Walworth
Academy on July 22, 2014 in
London, England where she
made the above statement.
• Kartini: feminist
• “Educate The Javanese” – emphasizes role of women in
resolving Indonesia’s problems.
• Was asked to do this by high ranting member of Ministry
of Colonies – no women’s opinion had ever been sought
before
• “Raise the Javanese women in mind and spirit and you
will have a rigorous fellow worker for the great,
wonderful task: the civilization of a people which
numbers millions! Give Java energetic, intelligent
mothers and the raising up of a people will be a matter of
time only”
• Put much effort into role of motherhood, actual and
spiritual, yet struggled to be independent and autonomous
• Not aggressive feminism, but perceives the fundamental issues and
refuses to accept double standard… and yet • “I would love to have children, but above all things, I would never
follow the unhappy custom of putting boys before girls…I should
teach my children, boys and girls, to regard one another as equal
human beings and give them the same education…
I should not allow my girls… to study as though she had no
other desire in life…
I should let down the bars which have so foolishly been
erected between the sexes. I am convinced when this is done, much
good will come of it, especially to the men…
I wish to form an alliance with our enlightened and
progressive men, to seek their friendship and cooperation with us.
We are not giving battle to men, but to old moss-grown edicts and
conventions (Letters, 83, 66)
• Malala:
• Malala Day is not my day. Today is the day of every women, every
boy and every girl who have raised their voice for their rights.”
• Belief in victory of her cause written three months before death:
• Kartini:
• “The freedom of women is inevitable; it is coming, but we cannot
hasten it. The course of destiny cannot be turned aside, but in
the end the triumph has been foreordained. We shall not be
living to see it, but what will that matter. We have helped to
break the path that leads to it, and that is a glorious privilege
(Letters, 226).
• Malala:
• July 12, 2013 at age 16 at United Nations
“Malala Day”
• “The terrorists thought they would change
my aims and stop my ambitions, but
nothing changed in my life except this:
weakness, fear and hopelessness died.
Strength, power and courage was born.. I
am not against anyone, neither am I here to
speak in terms of revenge against the
Taliban or any other terrorist group.”
Malala speaking
at the UN
I am here to speak of the right of education for every child. I want
education for all the sons and daughters of the Taliban and all terrorists
and extremists.”
Malala in 2015
Viewpoint: A teenage activist recently shot and critically
wounded by the Taliban risked her life to attend school –
and these children are similarly always in danger.
Conclusion
West also has a history of exploitation and
indiscretion, gender insensitivity – neglect of
women's’ rights is a global issue, but signs of progress
are appearing through such pioneers as Kartini and
Malala. Recall it took 80 years for woman to get the
vote in the United States. The struggle for full equality
is not yet over. One symbol of progress is the recent
Academy Award for Pakistan’s Sharmeen ObaidChinoy’s “Girl In The River”.
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (1978- ) poses in the press room
with the award for best documentary short subject for “A Girl
in the River: The Price of Forgiveness” at the Oscars on
Sunday, Feb. 28, 2016, at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.
After seeing the picture the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, the same
man who praised the efforts of Malala Yousafzai, outlawed “Honor Killings” in
his country. Hence to obtain a better future for women everywhere requires
solidarity with all those who resist violence, misogyny and xenophobia.
Prime Minister of Pakistan,
Nawaz Sharif with Malala
Yousafzai