Aquaculture Protein Centre

ANNUAL REPORT 2006
Aquaculture Protein Centre
Annual Report 2006
APC
Aquaculture Protein Centre
Centre of Excellence
Norwegian University
of Life Sciences
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Photo: Håkon Sparre
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
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Contents
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 4
2. VISION ................................................................................................................................... 6
- Major strategies ....................................................................................................................... 6
3. RESEARCH HIGHLIGTS ....................................................................................................... 7
- Feeding plant protein to Atlantic salmon ............................................................................. 7
- Dietary lysine requirement of Atlantic cod ............................................................................ 8
- BioProtein as an ingredient in diets for farmed fish ............................................................ 9
- Key immune cells are triggered by soybean meal ............................................................... 10
- Antinutrients act in concert .................................................................................................. 11
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 - Publications from APC in 2006 .................................................................. 12
- In peer-reviewed journals...................................................................................................... 12
- Books and book chapters ...................................................................................................... 14
- Participation and presentation from APC at scientific meetings ........................................ 14
Appendix 2 - Account statement for APC in 2006 ......................................................... 18
Appendix 3 - Personnel assigned to APC in 2006 .......................................................... 19
Appendix 4 Coordination with research programs and research network at APC ...................... 21
- Groups at AKVAFORSK, UMB and NVH ................................................................................ 21
- Other groups in Norway ........................................................................................................ 21
- Main international collaborators .......................................................................................... 21
- Other collaborators................................................................................................................ 22
Appendix 5 - The board and management of APC ....................................................... 23
- The board ............................................................................................................................. 23
- Management .......................................................................................................................... 23
Appendix 6 - Infrastructure and localities ....................................................................... 24
Appendix 7 - Coordination with educational programs at UMB and NVH ............. 25
Appendix 8 - Coverage in media ....................................................................................... 26
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
1. Executive summary
During 2006, APC moved several steps
towards its vision that is “to secure sustainable growth in aquaculture by providing basic and integrated nutritional,
physiological, pathological, and technological knowledge required for optimal
use of protein in feeds for farmed fish”.
Several projects were concluded and the
results submitted for publication. The
results include comprehensive information in areas such as
• Nutritional and physiological responses
to Bioprotein, a source of bacterial
protein produced on natural gas,
which we have shown to have a high
potential for use in fish feeds
• Physiological and feed technological
effects of heat treatment of vegetable
protein sources, such as different soy
products, and the identification of differences in tolerance to these ingredients among fish species, enabling the
feed producers to efficiently utilize
these ingredients
• Physiological effects of feeding the
genetically modified feed ingredients
(Round-up ready soybeans and Btmaize) to salmon. Our results indicate
that the salmon’s ability to grow and
utilize the protein and energy from
the feed did not differ whether the
diet contained GM ingredients or their
traditional counterparts. Compared
to their traditional counterparts the
genetically modified feed ingredients
altered immune parameters in blood
and internal organs, as well as intestinal nutrient transport characteristics.
The observed alterations were different for the two GM products
• Regulation and functionality of the
digestive system in fish, including
explanation for the dysfunctionality of
pancreatic amylase in salmon, and the
first successful staining of T-cells in fish
tissues, facilitating further studies in
nutritional effects on fish immunology
• Understanding of the dynamics of the
bacterial community in the fish intestine when subject to different feed
formulations. In spite of the importance of the comensal microflora for
protection against infection, this has
up to now been a largely neglected
field in fish research.
• Support for the hypothesis that essential amino acid requirements must
be assessed with rapidly growing fish,
an assumption widely ignored in fish
nutrition research. We have so far
established the lysine requirement for
cod.
• Understanding of the effects of phytic
acid, an antinutrient occurring in virtually all feed ingredients from plants,
on salmon, and development of a
process to eliminate this antinutrient
online during feed processing
Our vision has gained increased relevance during the 4 years APC has been
in existence. This is illustrated by the
development in price of fish meal, which
has increased from 400 US $ a ton in
2004 to more than 1,200 US $ in 2006,
due to shortage in the market. The need
for new solutions in fish nutrition, stimulated by this shortage of marine protein, has resulted in a sharp increase in
foreign and Norwegian enterprises and
research groups contacting us for development of joint research projects.
The scientists at APC have been active
in presenting our results nationally and
internationally. The most important
international event was the 10th International Fish Nutrition Symposium, in
Biarritz, France, where APC contributed
to 20 % of the oral presentations. The
most important national event was The
Fish Farming Conference in Bergen,
arranged by the Research Council of
Norway (RCN).
Trond Storebakken
Centre director
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
APC used a total of 30.4 mill NOK in
2006, where 8.6 mill were from RCN,
12.5 mill NOK from AKVAFORSK, NVH
and UMB, and 9.3 mill NOK was carried
over from previous years’ lowered annual expenditures. Accumulated budgetary surplus was eliminated by increased
research activities in 2006. APC had 45
members (26.9 person-years) in 2006. The
average publication rate was 2.0 peer-reviewed papers per scientist-year (including Post-docs, PhD students and Research
assistants).
Based on this development in our
research, the leadership group in APC
is convinced that the centre can successfully reach its goals.
Øyvind Andersen
Rewarded best researcher at the Department of
animal and aquacultural science,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, in 2006.
Photo: Øystein Brunborg
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
2. Vision
The vision of the APC is to secure sustainable growth in aquaculture by providing integrated basic nutritional, physiological, pathological and technological
knowledge required for optimal use of
protein in feeds for farmed fish.
Major strategies
• To develop and improve methods
for determination and knowledge of
amino acid requirements and protein
metabolism in fish.
• To develop and improve methods
for identification and elimination of
antinutritive compounds in protein
sources, and to gain basic knowledge
about gut function and responses to
dietary antinutritional factors in fish.
• To evaluate new protein sources, and
develop and modify processing procedures for protein-rich feed ingredients
to permit optimal use in diets for fish.
• To publish new information for use by
science, industry, government and the
general public.
APC Board 2007
Centre director Trond Storebakken flanked by
(from left) Thorbjørn Åsgård, Knut Hove, Mette Sørensen and Lars Moe
Photo: Øystein Brunborg
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
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3. Research highlights
Feeding plant protein to Atlantic
salmon
Farmed carnivorous fish like Atlantic
salmon traditionally have been fed fishbased diets. This is not seen as a sustainable practice, as it is an increasing threat
to wild fish stocks. Thus, alternatives
such as plant protein sources are attractive.
Margareth Øverland
Leader of Feed
ingredients and
processing section
(FIP)
Plant protein sources require a low degree of processing, are inexpensive and
readily available. However, their use for
carnivorous fish is limited by the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional
factors. The fish fed soybean meal do not
grow as fast, and they do not digest the
protein and fat as well as fish fed fishbased diets. In addition, inflammation in
the hindgut occurs when soybean meal
is used in substantial amounts. While
some of the growth-depressing effects,
like protease inhibitors and lectins, can
be overcome during feed processing,
other elements such as alkaloids, glucosinolates, non-starch polysaccharides,
phytates, and tannins, must be removed
by different techniques.
Starch is added to fish diets as a binder
to improve pellet quality. Beans and peas
are protein ingredients with high levels
of starch and these can also replace the
traditional cereal starch in the fish diets.
A graduate student in APC, Morten
Aslaksen, has been investigating a
number of plant protein sources in
diets for Atlantic salmon. He found that
several diets containing different plant
protein sources do not hinder growth or
present gastrointestinal problems to the
degree seen with commercial soybeans
in salmonids.
Plant protein sources with a low degree
of processing – for example lupines, faba
beans (whole and dehulled), field peas,
and corn gluten – gave similar or even
better performance than high-quality
fish meal. Rapeseed meal, sunflower
meal, and soybean meal, however, gave
lower performance when fed to salmon.
These plant protein sources have a potential to substitute fish meal for protein
and wheat as a source of starch in the
fish feed.
Reduced digestibility
Research by APC has shown that several
“anti-nutrients” affect nutrient digestibility. Researchers at APC have previously found that lipid digestibility – a key
indicator in anti-nutritional problems – is
typically reduced when salmon are fed
diets with defatted soybean meal. We
found that the soy diet resulted in lower
lipid digestibility than the other diets.
We have no good explanation to these
findings yet, but our research is aimed
at getting a better understanding of the
underlying mechanism.
Research at APC has shown that protein digestibility is closely associated
with protease inhibitor activity in the
feed. Aslaksen also discovered that the
soybean, sunflower and rapeseed diets
reduced the digestibility of protein,
while the corn gluten, lupine, pea and
bean diets gave protein digestibility levels comparable to the fish meal control
group (see figure 1 next page).
Gastrointestinal health
Feed containing soybean meal produced
changes in the intestinal wall of Atlantic
salmon that can affect nutrient digestion
and disease resistance. APC wanted to
examine the effects of other potential
plant feed sources, because no information was available on the effect of
extracted sunflower, peas, faba beans or
rapeseed meal on gastrointestinal health
in salmonids. The experiment showed no
changes in the stomach and intestine of
salmon fed the experimental diets other
than soybean meal. This is highly promising for identifying feed ingredients that
require little processing. These results
also narrow the search for what causes
soybean-induced intestinal inflammation
to the soybean itself. The findings eliminate non-starch polysaccharides from
vegetable ingredients as a cause.
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
We have also seen that different salmonid fish respond differently to plant protein ingredients: thus, responses to other
plant protein sources must be assessed
with the actual target species.
This research demonstrates that there is
potential for several plant ingredients
– especially field peas and faba beans
– to partially replace high-quality fish
meal in diets for Atlantic salmon.
Picture: The healthy intestine of Atlantic
salmon fed the sunflower diet.
Source: Michael Penn
Dietary lysine requirement of Atlantic cod
Cod is a new species in aquaculture and
few nutrient requirements have been
determined for this species. We used
a fish meal and wheat gluten based
diet supplemented with different levels
of crystalline lysine to determine the
requirement of this amino acid in 100 g
cod. During the first month of the trial,
the feed intake and growth rate of the
cod increased with increasing dietary
lysine. In the second month though, the
fish fed the low lysine diets compensated
and increased their intake such that
there was no effect of dietary lysine level
on feed intake or growth rate. The fish
grew well in this trial and approximately
doubled their weight. Overall, the lysine
gained by the fish increased with increasing dietary lysine and the requirement
for this amino acid was determined. We
found that the cod required 2.7% protein bound lysine in the diet for maximal
lysine gain during this trial. This level is
in the upper range of the lysine requirements that have been determined for
rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon.
Figure 1: Lipid digestibility was reduced when soybeans were added to the fish
feed, while the other diets gave similar or better lipid digestibility than the
control. Several of the other plant sources performed as well as the control in
protein digestibility.
Source: Morten A. Aslaksen
100
Protein
Lipid
90
85
80
75
Dehulled faba
bean
Whole faba
bean
Field pea
Rapeseed
Lupine
Sunflower
Soybean
Corn gluten
70
Fish meal
control
Apparent digestibility, %
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ANNUAL REPORT 2006
BioProtein as an ingredient in diets
for farmed fish
In cooperation with AKVAFORSK and
UMB, APC evaluated a bacterial protein
(BioProtein) as an alternative feed protein fed to all of the important aquaculture species in Norway: Atlantic salmon,
rainbow trout, cod and halibut.
Ståle Helland
Leader of Protein
and amino acid
metabolism, PAM
BioProtein is produced by the bacterial
conversion of methane from natural
gas into protein. This ingredient was
produced in full scale from 2001-2005 at
Tjeldbergodden, in Møre and Romsdal,
Norway. This bacterial protein has certain nutritional characteristics that differ
from fishmeal, even though the crude
protein contents are similar. The essential amino acid lysine is lower than in fish
meal, but higher than most plant proteins, the content of tryptophan is high
compared to fish meal, and the product
has a high content of nucleic acids.
Initial results with bacterial protein from
full-scale production showed that this
first batch of BioProtein was not accepted by neither halibut nor salmon.
A new batch was obtained and once
more tested with salmon, and remarkable results were obtained. It is well
documented that this product has a little
lower digestibility of nitrogen than fishmeal, as also occurred in our experiment.
However, the fish fed diets containing
18 or 36% of the product, retained more
nutrients than the fish fed the fishmeal
control diet. The growth of all groups
of fish in the trial was very good. The
nucleic acid content of the diet with 36%
BioProtein was about 4% and we did
not, in spite of this high concentration,
detect any negative metabolic responses
to this component.
Another batch of bacterial protein meal
was tested in dietary levels up to 27%
with rainbow trout and 18% with Atlantic halibut. The trout performed well
on the diets and no negative responses
were observed. The halibut accepted 9%
BioProtein in the diet, but higher levels resulted in reduced feed intake and
growth. The last growth trial that we
ran was a comparison between Atlantic
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salmon and Atlantic cod. This was done
with a fourth batch of BioProtein. The
performance of the fish was good, but
there was a clear feed intake adjustment
period needed for diets with high BioProtein levels. This adjustment was faster
in the salmon than the cod.
Histological examinations done on
different parts of the gastro-intestinal
tracts of the fish in the last three trials
revealed no negative responses. The
only difference we saw in the protein
utilization was that the lysine content of
the diet containing 36% BioProtein may
have been limiting for the salmon. This
can easily be circumvented by adding
crystalline lysine, as is done when many
types of plants are used in fish feeds.
Our measurements revealed no negative
effects of the high nucleic acid content.
In fact, some of the positive effects we
saw in the second salmon trial may have
been contributed by the nucleic acids.
The only negative aspect we can point
to so far is related to the palatability of
this product. Salmonids, followed by cod
and halibut, seem to be most tolerant
to this dietary ingredient. Our biggest
concern is that it appears to be batchto-batch variation in the product with
respect to the acceptability by fish. If this
palatability problem can be solved, then
it is our opinion that BioProtein is one of
the most promising alternative protein
feedstuffs for farmed fish.
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Growth performance – Atlantic salmon
1,6
1,5
1,4
Growth rate, SGR
Gain: feed
1,3
1,2
0
4,5
9
18
BioProtein Level %
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Figure 2: The fish fed diets containing 18 or 36% of the product retained more nutrients than the fish fed the fish meal control diet. Source: Aas et al, 2006
Key immune cells are triggered by
soybean meal
For optimal utilization of alternative
feedstuffs from plants, APC strives to
understand their effects on fish health.
Monitoring immunological responses
to variations in feed composition is an
important measure of health effects.
In the screening process carried out so
far, inclusion of extracted (standard)
soybean meal in feeds for salmonids
can be considered a worst-case scenario
and has therefore been investigated by
APC’s Gut and Health (GH) group as a
model system. Our work has shown that,
depending on the degree of processing,
soybean meal causes disturbances in the
structure and function of the hindgut,
at least partly due to the immunological
response connected to the inflammatory
reaction that develops. T cells are important white blood cells in cell-mediated
immune responses (see description in
figure 3).
Figure 3
From Wikipedia
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ANNUAL REPORT 2006
However, until now they have been
difficult to study in fish due to a lack of
suitable detection tools. Our recently
published results, representing a substantial advance in the research frontier
in the area, show that T cells most likely
are key components in the inflammatory
response.
Åshild Krogdahl
Leader of Gut and
health section (GH)
T-cells marked red in the photos taken
through a microscope of the distal intestinal
wall from fish meal fed [left] and soybean
meal fed [right] Atlantic salmon
As a result of the inflammation, increased death, renewal and stress
response have also been detected in the
cells that form the barrier between intestinal content and the body in general.
Enhanced knowledge of feed ingredients’ effects on immunological responses
will on the one hand contribute to the
development of feeds and feedstuffs
for optimal health. On the other hand,
the investigations will provide us with
experience and basic understanding that
may be important in resolving future
problems connected to fish physiology,
immune response and health, for example in association with vaccination and
combating disease.
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chitosan and lipase inhibitors which may
affect lipid digestion in particular. We
are also investigating protease inhibitors which inhibit protein digestion and
lectins which can bind to cells of the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract
and interfere with digestion and absorption of nutrients. They may also interfere
with receptors which monitor events in
the intestinal lumen, affecting messages
sent to other organs such as the pancreas, liver and brain which are normally
important for optimising intestinal processes and metabolism.
Results of our investigation, which will
continue in 2007, underline that just as
domesticated land animals, fish are affected by plant antinutrients, but the effects differ in many respects from those
observed in other animals. Effects were
observed, both on intestinal function
and on metabolism of nutrients after absorption. They also show, to our knowledge for the first time, that antinutrient
effects may not be simply additive. The
combined effect of protease inhibitors
and lectins, which both are present in
most beans, differed greatly from their
effects when investigated alone.
Antinutrients act in concert
Understanding effects of antinutrients
in plant feedstuffs on production traits
and health of fish requires knowledge
of responses to each antinutrient given
alone, as well as in combination. In 2006
in vivo and in vitro experiments were
carried out addressing single as well
as combined effects. The antinutrients
in focus were phytosterols, saponins,
Kidney bean lectin (Wikipedia). The tetramer
may bind and one molecule may impair four
cells in the gut wall or in plasma
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Appendix 1
Publications from APC in 2006
In peer-reviewed journals:
Ahlstrøm, Ø., Tauson, A-H., Hellwing, A.L.F., Mydland, L.T., Skrede, A., 2006. Growth
performance, nitrogen balance and urinary purine derivatives in growing-furring
mink (Mustela vison) fed bacterial protein meal produced from natural gas. Journal
of Animal and Feed Sciences, 15, 491-504. (PR63).
Andersen, Ø., Aas, T.S., Stugor, S., Takle, H., van-Nes, S., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland,
S. J., Terjesen, B. F., 2006. Purine-induced expression of urate oxidase and enzyme
activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Cloning of urate oxidase liver cDNA from
three teleost species and the African lungfish (Protopterus annectens). FEBS Journal, 273, 2839-2850. (PR-72)
Aslaksen, M.A., Romarheim, O.H., Storebakken, T., Skrede, A., 2006. Evaluation of
content and digestibility of disulfide bonds and free thiols in extruded and unextruded diets containing fish meal and soybean protein sources. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128, 320-330. (PR-37)
Baardseth, P., Blom, H., Skrede, G., Mydland, L.T., Skrede, A., Slinde, E., 2006. Lactic
acid fermentation reduces acrylamide formation and other Maillard reactions in
french fries. Journal of Food Science, 71, 28-33. (PR-49)
Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Refstie, S., Stefansson, S.O., Vanthanouvong, V., Roomans, G.,
Hemre, G.-I., Krogdahl, Å., 2006. Effects of dietary soybean meal and photoperiod
cycle on osmoregulation following seawater exposure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar L) smolts. Journal of Fish Biology, 69 1396-1426. (PR-39).
Burr, G.S., Li, P., Goff, J.B., Gatlin III, D.M., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., 2006.
Evaluation of Growth Performance and Whole-Body Composition of Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) and Red Drum (Sciaenops
Ocellatus) Fed High-Protein and High-Lipid Diets. Journal of World Aquaculture
Society, 37, 421-430. (PR-78).
Denstadli, V., Rotsukhon, V., Svihus, B., Skrede, A., Storebakken, T., 2006. Phytate
degradation in a mixture of ground wheat and ground defatted soybeans during
feed processing: Effects of temperature, moisture level and retention time in small
–and medium –scale incubation systems. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 54, 5887-5893 (PR-06)
Denstadli, V., Skrede, A., Krogdahl, Å., Sahlstrøm, S., Storebakken, T., 2006. Feed
intake, growth, feed conversion, digestibility, enzyme activities and intestinal structure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed graded levels of phytic acid. Aquaculture, 256, 365-376. (PR-73).
Frøystad, M.K., Lilleeng, E., Sundby, A., Krogdahl, Å., 2006. Cloning and characterization of -amylase from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Comparative Biochemistry
and Physiology, A145, 479-492. (PR-85).
Førde-Skjærvik, O., Skjærvik, O., Thomassen, M.S., Mørkøre, T., Rørvik, K.A., 2006. Dietary influence on quality of farmed cod (Gadus morhua): Effect on glycolysis and
buffering capacity in white muscle. Aquaculture, 252, 409-420. (PR-38)
Førde-Skjærvik, O., Refstie, S., Aslaksen, M.A., Skrede, A., 2006. Digestibility of diets
containing different soybean meals in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua); comparison of
collection methods and mapping of digestibility in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaculture, 261, 241-258. (PR-94)
Galloway, T.F., Bardal, T., Kvam, S.N., Dahle, S.W., Nesse, G., Randøl, M., Kjørsvik, E.,
Andersen, Ø., 2006. Somite formation and expression of MyoD, myogenin and
myosin in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) embryos incubated at different temperatures – transcient asymmetric expression of MyoD. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 001-010. (PR-80).
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
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Hatlen, B., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., 2006. Growth variation and fin damage
in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) fed at graded levels of feed restriction. Aquaculture, 261, 1212-1221. (PR-69).
Haugen, T., Kiessling, A., Rørå, M.B., Slinde, E., Nortvedt, R., 2006. Muscle fibre size
and selected quality attributes in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) exposed to seasonal variations in temperature and light, fed dietary lipids containing
soybean and/ or herring oil. Aquaculture, 261, 565-579. (PR-125).
Helland, S. Denstadli, V. Witten, P.E., Hjelde, K., Storebakken, T., Skrede, A., Baeverfjord, G., Åsgård, T., 20065. Hyper dense vertebrae and mineral content in Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets with graded levels of phytic acid. Aquaculture,
261, 603-614. (PR-134).
Hellwing, A.L.F., Tauson, A.-H., Skrede, A., 2006. Effect of bacterial protein meal on
protein and energy metabolism in growing chickens. Archives of Animal Nutrition,
60, 365-381. (PR-60)
Jentoft, S., Øxnevad, S., Aastveit, A.H., Andersen, Ø., 2006. Effects of tank wall colour
and up-welling water flow on growth and survival of Eurasian perch larvae (Perca
fluviatilis). Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 37, 313-317. (PR-81).
Johnston, I.A., Abercromby, M., Andersen, Ø., 2006. Muscle fibre number varies with
haemoglobin genotype in Atlantic cod as predicted by the optimal fibre size hypothesis. Biology Letters, 2, 590-592. (PR-77).
Jordan, A.D., Lampe, J.F., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., Shearer, K.D., Steffensen,
J.F., 2006. Growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different haemoglobin
subtypes kept near their temperature preferenda. Aquaculture, 257, 44-52 (PR-18)
Karlsson, A., Eliason, E. J., Mydland, L.T., Farrell, A.P., Kiessling, A., 2006. Postprandial
changes in plasma free amino acid levels obtained simultaneously from the hepatic
portal vein and the dorsal aorta in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of
Experimental Biology, 209, 4885-4894. (PR-97)
Kelly, M.C., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., Gatlin III, D.M., 2006. Refined understanding of sulfur amino acid nutrition in hybrid striped bass, (Morone chrysops x
M. saxatilis). Aquaculture Research, 37, 1546-1555. (PR-104).
Park, K.H., Terjesen, B.F., Tesser, M.B., Portella, M.C.,Dabrowski, K., 2006. a-Lipoic
acid-enrichment partly reverses tissue ascorbic acid depletion in pacu (Piaractus
mesopotamicus) fed vitamin C-devoid diets. Fish Physiology and
Biochemistry, 32, 329-338. (PR-139).
Refstie, S., Førde-Skjærvik, O., Rosenlund, G., Rørvik, K-A., 2006. Feed intake, growth,
and utilisation of macronutrients and amino acids by 1- and 2-year old Atlantic cod
(Gadus morhua) fed standard or bioprocessed soybean meal. Aquaculture, 255,
279-29. (PR-65)
Refstie, S., Landsverk, T., Bakke-McKellep. A.M., Ringø, E., Sundby, A., Shearer, C.D.,
Krogdahl, Å., 2006. Digestive capacity, intestinal morphology, and microflora of
1-year and 2-year old Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed standard or bioprocessed
soybean meal. Aquaculture, 261, 269-284. (PR-87).
Refstie, S., Bakke-McKellep. A.M., Penn, M.H, Sundby, A., Shearer, K.D, Krogdahl,
Å., 2006. Capacity for digestive hydrolysis and amino acid absorption in Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with soybean meal or inulin with or without addition of antibiotics. Aquaculture, 261, 392-406. (PR-89).
Refstie, S., Glencross, B., Landsverk, T., Sørensen, M., Lilleeng, E., Hawkins, W., Krogdahl, Å., 2006. Digestive function and intestinal integrity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar) fed kernel meals and protein concentrates made from yellow or narrowleafed lupins. Aquaculture, 261, 1382-1395. (PR-91)
Ringø, E., Sperstad, S., Myklebust, R., Refstie, S., Krogdahl, Å., 2006. Characterisation
of the microbiota associated with intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L). The
effects of fish meal, standard soybean meal and a bioprossed soybean meal. Aquaculture, 261, 829-841. (PR-92)
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Romarheim, O.H., Skrede, A., Gao, Y., Krogdahl, Å., Denstadli, V., Lilleeng, E., Storebakken, T., 2006. Comparison of white flakes and toasted soybean meal partly
replacing fish meal as protein source in extruded feed for rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 256, 354-364. (PR-74).
Sanden M., Krogdahl Å, Bakke-McKellep A.M., Buddington R.K., Hemre G.-I., 2006.
Growth, performance and organ development in Atlantic salmon, (Salmo salar L.)
parr fed genetically modified (GM) soybeans and maize. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12,
1 – 14. (PR-68).
Seppola, M., Olsen, R.E., Sandaker, E., Kanapathippillai, P., Holzapfel, W., Ringø,
E., 2006. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction
analysis of carnobacteria isolated from the hindgut chamber and large intestine of
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 29, 131-137.
(PR-07)
Takle H., McLeod, A., Andersen, Ø., 2006. Cloning and characterization of the executioner caspases 3, 6, 7 and Hsp70 in hyperthermic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
embryos. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 144, 188-198. (PR-70).
Takle, H., Baeverfjord, G., Helland, S., Kjørsvik, E., Andersen, Ø., 2006. Hyperthermia
induced atrial natriuretic peptide (ANO) expression and deviant heart development
in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos. General and Comparative Endocrinology,
147, 118-125. (PR-71).
Terjesen, B.F., Lee, K.J., Zhang, Y., Failla, M., Dabrowski, K., 2006. Optimalization of
dipeptide-protein mixtures in experimental diet formulations for rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins. Aquaculture, 254, 577-525. (PR-64).
Øverland, M., Romarheim, O.H., Hovin, M., Storebakken, T., Skrede, A., 2006. Apparent total tract digestibility of unprocessed and extruded diets containing basic and
autolyzed bacterial protein meal grown on natural gas in mink and rainbow trout.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 129, 237-251. (PR-32)
Øverli, Ø., Sørensen, C., Kiessling, A., Pottinger, T.G., Gjøen, H.M., 2006. Selection for
improved stress tolerance reduces feed waste from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) rearing units. Aquaculture, 261, 776-781. (PR-128).
Aarseth, K.A., Sørensen, M., Storebakken, T., 2006. Effects of red yeast inclusions in
diets for salmonids and extrusion temperature on pellet tensile strength: Weibull
analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126 75-91. (PR-31).
Aas, T. S., Grisdale-Helland, B., Terjesen, B. F., Helland, S. J., 2006. Improved growth
and nutrient utilisation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets containing a bacterial protein meal. Aquaculture, 259, 365-376. (PR-62).
Aas, T.S., Hatlen, B., Grisdale-Helland, B., Terjesen, B.T., Bakke-McKellep A.M., Helland, S.J., 2006. Effects of diets containing bacterial protein meal on growth and
feed utilisation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 261, 357-368.
(PR-106).
Books and book chapters:
Einen, O., Alne, H., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., Hemre, G-I., Ruyter, B., Refstie,
S., Waagbø, R., 2006. Ernæringsbiologi hos oppdrettsfisk. Havbruksforskning:
Fra merd til mat. Norges forskningsråd, 190-205.
Waagbø, R., Sørensen, M., Olsen, R-E., 2006. Fôrressurser- forteknologi. Havbruksforskning: Fra merd til mat, Norges forskningsråd, 224-239.
Participation and presentation from APC at scientific meetings:
Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Koppang, E.O., Krogdahl, Å., Landsverk, T. Histologi, histokjemi og laser-disseksjon som verktøy i søket etter alternative proteinkilder i fiskefôr.
Resultater fra fôringsforsøk med laks. Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006,
Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation.
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
15
Bakke-Mckellep, A.M., Mora Salas, P., Penn, M., Krogdahl, Å., Landsverk, T Proliferative cell nuclear antigen, heat shock protein 70, and caspase 3 reactivities in enterocytes are induced by a dietary soybean meal in atlantic salmon (salmo salar L). XII
Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006.
Oral presentation.
Bar, N.S., Sigholt, T., Krogdahl, Å. A dynamic modelof nutrient pathways, growth
and body composition in fish XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz,
France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Berge, G.M, Hansen, J.Øvrum., Ruyter, B., Krogdahl, Å., Holm, T.H.A., Galloway, T.F.,
Holm, J., Hillestad., M. Utnyttelse av fett og fettsyrer i fôr med ulik protein/energiratio til torsk (Gadus morhua). Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006, Bergen 29.
– 31. mars 2006. Poster presentation.
Burr, G., Hume, M., Ricke, S., Neill, W.H., Gatlin, D.M.III. Evaluation of prebiotic supplements with Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding
in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Bæverfjord, G., Helland, S., Refstie, S., Hjelde, K., Shearer, K.D. Skeletal deformities in
responce to restricted dietary mineral supply in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). XII
Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006.
Oral presentation.
Denstadli, V., Skrede, A., Krogdahl, Å., Sahlstrøm, S., Storebakken, T. Dose response
to dietary phytic acid: growth, utilization of nutrients and gut function in Atlantic
salmon, and nutrient digestibilities in mink. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in
Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Djordjevic, B., Kristensen, T., Øverli, Ø., Rosseland, B.O., Kiessling, A. Long term
cannulation, a future tool for nutritional studies in fish: Viability criterias. XII Int.
Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006.
Poster presentation.
Frøystad, M.K., Lilleeng, E., Sundby, A., Krogdahl, Å. Nye fôrmidler til fisk krever økte
kunnskaper om tarmen og fordøyelsen – II. Kloning og karakterisering av -amylase
fra Atlantisk laks (Salmo salar L.). Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006,
Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation.
Frøystad, M.K., Lilleeng, E., Vekterud, K., Valen, E.C. Krogdahl, Å. Comparison of
intestinal gene expression from atlantic cod fed standard fishmeal and soybean
meal, by means of suppression subtractive hybridization. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition
and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Frøystad, M.K., Valen, E.C., Lilleeng, E., Vekterud. K., and Krogdahl, Å. In search of
marker genes for gastrointestinal impairment in atlantic salmon and atlantic cod
fed alternative protein sources. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish,
Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Galloway T.F., Berge, G.M, Hillestad, M., Ruyter, B., Hansen, J.Ø., Holm, T.H.A., Holm,
J., Krogdahl, Å. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratio on growth and nutrient
utilisation in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in
Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Grisdale-Helland, B., Hatlen, B., McKenzie, D.J., Jordan, A.d., Steffensen, J.F., Helland, S.J. Rapsolje øker laksens toleranse til hypoki. Programkonferansen HAVBRUK
2006, Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation.
Grisdale-Helland, B., McKenzie, D.J., Hatlen, B., Steffensen, J.F., Jordan, A.D., Helland, S.J. Rapeseed oil increases the tolerance of Atlantic salmon to hypoxia. XII Int.
Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006.
Poster presentation.
Hatlen, B., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J. Energy and nitrogen utilisation in
groups of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed diets with different protein and lipid
content at graded levels of feed restriction. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in
Fish, Biarritz, France, , 2006. Poster presentation.
Helland, S., Denstadli, V., Hjelde, K., Bæverfjord, G. Graderte nivåer av fytinsyre i dietter til laks (Salmo salar L.) og beskrivelse av rygg-virvler med høy beintetthet Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006, Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation
16
AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Helland, S.J., Hatlen, B., Grisdale-Helland, B. Optimalisering av hovednæringsstoffene til torsk. Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006, Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006.
Oral presentation.
Helland, S., Denstadli, V., Hjelde, K., Witten, P.E., Bæverfjord, G. Graded levels of
phytic acid in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets and occurrence of high density
vertebrae. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Helland, S.J., Hatlen, B., Grisdale-Helland, B. Changes in the utilization of energy and
amino acids caused by feed intake level - implications for amino acid requirement
studies. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1,
2006. Oral presentation.
Hemre, G-I.,Sagstad, A., Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Krogdahl, Å., Sanden, M. Nutritional
and physiological responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) fed diets with increasing substitution of fishmeal with maize. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding
in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Holm, T.H.A., Krogdahl, Å., Galloway, T.F., Berge, G.M., Ruyter, B., Holm, J., Hillestad.,
M. Effekt av protein/energi-ratio på enzymaktivitet i mage/tarmkanalen hos torsk
(Gadus morhua). Sammenligning med laksefisk. Programkonferansen HAVBRUK
2006, Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation.
Holm, T.H.A., Krogdahl, Å., Galloway, T.F., Berge, G.M., Ruyter, B., Holm, J., Hillestad,
M. Gastro-intestinal enzyme activities are affected by dietary protein to energy
ratio in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish,
Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Kraugerud, O.F., Jørgensen, H.Y., Svihus, B. Physical properties of extruded diets with
vegetable ingredients XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France,
May 28-June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Krogdahl, Å., Nordrum, S., Olli, J.J., Røsjø, C., Holm, H. Passage rate, secretion of
digestive components, and absorption of amino acids and fatty acids along the
intestinal tract of Atlantic salmon (salmo salar L) depend on dietary protein source
and lipid quality. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May
28-June 2006. Oral presentation.
Li, P., Gatlin, D.M. III, 2006. Evaluation of dietary arginine supplementation for hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis). Aquaculture America 2006, Las
Vegas Nevada.
Li, P., Gatlin, D.M. III, 2006. Evaluation of -hydroxyl- -methylbutyric acid in the diet
of hybrid striped bass. (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis). Aquaculture America 2006,
Las Vegas Nevada.
Li, P. and Gatlin, D.M. III. Evaluation of dietary arginine supplementation for hybrid
striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis).XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in
Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Lilleeng, E., Frøystad, M.K., Krogdahl, Å.. Nye fôrmidler til fisk krever økte kunnskaper om tarmen og fordøyelsen – I. Virkninger av soya i fôret på trypsin uttrykt som
mRNA-, protein- og aktivitetsnivå i atlantisk laks (Salmo salar L). Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006, Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006
Mambrini, M., Helland, S.J., Grisdale-Helland, B. Species-specific regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase gene expression is connected with the features of nitrogen
utilization in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Mydland, L.T. Utilization of amino acid and nucleic acids from Bioprotein in farm animals. Seminar on the use of methane oxidising bacteria in production of defined
chemicals and bioprotein. Bergen, Oct. 5-6, 2006. Oral presentation
Penn, M.H., Ringø, E., Mora Salas, P., Refstie, S., Krogdahl, Å., Bakke-McKellep, A.M.
Alteration of intestinal microbiota by dietary soybean meal and contribution to
soybean enteritis in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and
Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
17
Refstie, S., Bakke-McKellep. A.M., Landsverk, T., Sundby, A., Shearer, C.D., Krogdahl,
Å. Fordøyelse og morfologi i tarmen hos 1 og 2 år gammel torsk gitt standard eller
bioprosessert soyamel. Abstract Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006,
Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation.
Refstie, S., Landsverk, T., Bakke-Mckellep, A.M., Ringø, E., Sundby, A., Shearer, K.,
Frøystad, M., Krogdahl, Å. Effects of soy on growth, nutrient utilisation, and intestinal function, morphology and microflora in atlantic cod. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition
and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Ringø, E., Sperstad, S., Myklebust, R., Refstie, S., Krogdahl, Å. Dietary effect on the
gut microbiota of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). Is it worth to study? XII Int. Symp.
Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006.
Oral presentation.
Ringø, E., Sperstad, S., Myklebust, R., Mayhew, T.M., Olsen, R.E. The effect of dietary
inulin on bacteria associated with hindgut of Artic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) XII
Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006.
Poster presentation.
Ruyter, B., Hansen, H., Krogdahl, Å., Galloway, T.F., Berge, G.M., Holm, J., Vegusdal,
A., Holm, T.H.A., Hillestad, M. Effekt av høy- og lavfett fôr på fettsyreabsorpsjon og
transport i torsk (Gadus morhua). Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006,
Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation.
Ruyter, B., Hanssen, H., Krogdahl, Å., Galloway, T.F., Berge, G.M., Holm, J., Vegusdal,
A., Holm, T.H.A., Hillestad, M. Dietary level affects fatty acid absorption and transport in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish,
Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation
Romarheim, O.H., Storebakken, T., Krogdahl, Å., Skrede, A. Soybean meal and white
flakes as protein sources in extruded and unextruded diets for mink, rainbow trout
and cobia. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Serrano, E., Bòrquez, A., Sàez, P., Hettich, C., Dantagnan, P., Carrasco, J. Partial replacement of fishmeal with white lupin (Lupinus albus) whole grain in extruded
feed for rainbow trout: Effects on growth, feed intake, nutrient digestibilities and
muscle fatty acid composition. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Biarritz,
France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Poster presentation.
Storebakken, T. Marint forskningssamarbeid med Kina – synergi og nytteverdi for
norske næringsaktører Seminar Kina-nytt marked, nye muligheter. Bergen, August
4. 2006. Oral presentation.
Storebakken, T., Svihus, B., Krogdahl, Å. Increased use of vegetable feed ingredients
for carnivorous fish – nutritional and feed technological consequenses. 2nd. Int.
Symp. On Cage Culture in Asia, Hangzhoow, China, July 3 – 8. Oral presentation
Svihus, B., Denstadli, V., Kraugerud, O.F., Skrede, A., Storebakken, T. Forbedring av
næringsverdien til fiskefôr ved modifisering av fôrproduksjonsbetingelsene. Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006, Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006. Oral presentation.
Terjesen, B.F., Aas, T.S., Skugor, S., Takle, H, van Nes, S., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland,
S.J., Andersen, Ø. Purine nitrogen metabolism in the Atlantic salmon: effects of dietary nucleic acids with focus on urate oxidase. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and Feeding
in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral presentation.
Øverland, M., Romarheim, O.H., Storebakken, T., Skrede, A. Nutritional and technical
quality of bacterial protein produced on natural gas. XII Int. Symp. Nutrition and
Feeding in Fish, Biarritz, France, May 28-June 1, 2006. Oral Presentation.
Øverland, M. Bioprotein: Nutritional applications. Seminar on the use of methane
oxidising bacteria in production of defined chemicals and bioprotein. Bergen, Oct.
5-6, 2006. Oral presentation.
Aas, T.S., Andersen, Ø., Stugor, S., Takle, H., van-Nes, S., Grisdale-Helland, B., Terjesen,
B.F., Helland, S.J. Nitrogen metabolisme hos laks gitt fôr med økende innhold av
BioProtein. Programkonferansen HAVBRUK 2006, Bergen 29. – 31. mars 2006.
Oral presentation.
18
AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Appendix 2
Account statement for APC in 2006
in NOK 1000
Funding
From Research Council of Norway
8 585
From UMB
8 484
From NVH
2 853
From Akvaforsk
1 208
Other private funds
Unallocated funds from 2005
Total funding
9 289
30 419
Expenses
Payroll and indirect expenses
Research equipment
19 395
553
Outsourcing of R&D services
2 192
Other operating expenses
5 233
Total expenses
Transfer of unallocated funds to 2007*
*)
27 373
3 046
Unallocated funds include extensible PhD salaries caused by maternity leave.
The Account does not contain income from cooperative projects with industry. These are all
kept in account by UMB, NVH and AKVAFORSK. Neither does the account contain turnover
from the three coordinating Strategic programs financed by the Research Council of Norway
(see App. 4).
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
19
Appendix 3
Personnel assigned to APC in 2006
All personnel in APC are formally employed by the three mother institutions
AKVAFORSK, UMB and NVH, and subject to the same regulations as employees
in these three institutions. Personnel are allocated to APC in three different
ways: Part- or full-time positions as own contribution from AKVAFORSK, UMB
and NVH; Part-time positions, compensated to AKVAFORSK or NVH by the grant
given by the Research Council of Norway; Hired for the specific APC position,
employed by AKVAFORSK or NVH, that is compensated by the grant given by the
Research Council.
Research personnel:
Section
Name
Position
Funding Assignment,
%
Trond Storebakken
Centre director
APC
100
Dag Bundgård
Engineer
APC
50
Common
resources
PAM
GH
FIP
Ståle J. Helland
Section leader
APC
70
Barbara Grisdale
Helland
Senior scientist
APC
60
Øyvind Andersen
Senior scientist
APC
20
Edle Zacchariassen
Technician
APC
100
Rita Storslett
Technician
APC
100
Bendik Fyhn Terjesen
Scientist
APC
10
Åshild Krogdahl
Section leader
NVH
50
Thor Landsverk
Senior scientist
NVH
70
Anne Marie BakkeMcKellep
Scientist
APC
50
Ståle Refstie
Scientist
APC
50
Einar Ringø
Senior scientist (Jan. - Oct.)
NVH
60
Kristin Vekterud
Engineer (Jan. - Febr.)
APC
10
Ellen Hage
Engineer
NVH
30
Elin Christine Valen
Research assistant
APC
100
Mahin Karimi
Engineer
APC
50
Katrine Hånes
Engineer (Febr. - July)
APC
25
Birger Svihus
Section leader
UMB
50
Anders Skrede
Senior Scientist
UMB
50
Mette Sørensen
Scientist
APC
50
Morten A. Aslaksen
Research assistant (Jan. - July)
APC
50
Margareth Øverland
Scientist
APC
75
Anders Kiessling
Senior Scientist
UMB
20
Jon Øvrum Hansen
Research assistant
APC
75
Tamara Zimonja
Research assistant
APC
66
Anastasia S. Hole
Research assistant
APC
25
20
AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Research personnel from our collaborating institutions:
¹)
²)
Name
Position
Funds from
Delbert Gatlin III
Senior Scientist
Texas A&M
Anne Helene Tauson
Senior Scientist
KVL ²)
¹)
Academic institution
Start
Texas A&M
2004
KVL
2004
New research candidates affiliated
to APC in 2006
Texas A&M University, USA.
The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark.
Graduate or postgraduate students or post-doctorate fellows:
Name
Position
Funds from
Academic
institution
Start - End
Vegard Denstadli
PhD
UMB
UMB
2003.01
Marianne K. Frøystad
Post-doc
APC
NVH
2003.08 – 2006.08
Oddhild Førde
PhD
UMB
UMB
2003.10
Olav Fjeld Kraugerud
PhD
UMB
UMB
2004.01
Morten A. Aslaksen
PhD
NRC
UMB
2006.07
Bjarne Hatlen
Post-doc
AKVAFORSK
AKVAFORSK
2004.05 – 2006.12
Einar Lilleeng
PhD
NVH
NVH
2003.08
Odd Helge Romarheim
PhD
UMB
UMB
2003.01
Edison Serrano
PhD
Chilean Scholarsh.
UMB
2006.01
Jim Thorsen
Post-doc
APC
NVH
2006.08
Mark Kelly
MSc/PhD
Texas A&M
Texas A&M
2003.08
Gary Burr
PhD
Texas A&M
Texas A&M
2004
Peng Li
PhD
Texas A&M
Texas A&M
2004
Liv Torun Mydland
Post-doc
NRC
UMB
2006.01
Michael Penn
Post-doc
APC
NVH
2005.12
Liv Torunn Mydland
Post-doc FIP section
Michael Penn
Post-doc GH section
Jim Thorsen
Post-doc GH section
Administrative personnel:
Name
Position
Funding
Assignment, %
Øystein Brunborg
Centre administrator
UMB
100
Knut Werner Alsèn
Communication adviser
UMB
10
Meike Aarstein
Consultant
NVH
30
Morten A. Aslaksen
PhD FIP section
Visiting Scientists affiliated to APC in 2006:
Name
Position
Nationality
Academic degree
Visiting period
Cai Chunfang
Post-doc
Chinese
PhD
Aug. - Dec.
Elliot Herman
Researcher
US American
PhD
Sept.
Alexandre Peron
Post-doc
French
PhD
March – Aug.
Edison Serrane
PhD FIP section
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
Appendix 4
Coordination with research programs and research network at APC
The research at APC was coordinated with two different strategic programs and five
research projects, financed by the Research Council of Norway and carried out in collaboration with other research institutions.
• Strategic program 143196/140 “Protein produced from natural gas – a new feed
resource for fish and other domestic animals”.
• Strategic program 146469/140 “Energy utilization in fish: consequences for the
economy and environment”.
• Research project 168462/ ”The APC- EWOS link”.
• Research project 157767/ ”A dynamic model for fish feed development ”.
• Research project 162371/ ”Nutrition for sustainable performance and cost in cod
and trout production”.
• Research project 172151/ ”Genetically modified plant products (GMPP) in feed for
Atlantic salmon – A follow-up study on physiological responses and DNA
traceability”.
• Research project 172546/ “Optimizing the nutritional value of non-marine protein
sources in extruded fish feed”.
The two strategic programs and one of the research projects are now completed and
funding were terminated in 2006.
Groups at AKVAFORSK, UMB and NVH
UMB: Departments of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences; Chemistry, Biotechnology
and Food Sciences; Plant and Environmental Sciences; Mathematical Sciences and
Technology, Centre of Integrative Genetics (Cigene), Centre for Feed Technology
(FôrTek).
NVH: Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Sections for aquatic medicine and nutrition, Biochemistry and physiology, Anatomy and pathology; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine;
FUGE platform for zebrafish research.
AKVAFORSK: All groups.
Other groups in Norway
•
•
•
•
•
•
BioMar AS, Trondheim
Ewos AS, Stavanger
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, NIFES, Bergen
The National Veterinary Institute, Oslo
The Norwegian Food Research Institute (Matforsk), Ås
University of Tromsø, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Biology,
Department of Molecular Biology
• University of Oslo, Institute of Nutrition
Main international collaborators
• Central Food Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary. Task: Analysis of antinutrients
in plant feedstuffs.
• Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia and Montenegro. Task: Nutritional and feed technological properties of soy cultivars.
• Joint Marine Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Zhejiang, China. Opened February 2004.
Task: Comparative fish nutrition studies.
• Ohio State University, Columbus, School of Natural Resources, College of Food,
Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, USA. Task: Arginine metabolism.
21
22
AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
• The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Department of Animal Science
and Animal Health, Copenhagen, Denmark. Task: Protein and energy metabolism.
Member or APC; Prof. Anne Helene Tauson, joined in 2004.
• Texas A&M University, USA. Task: Comparative research in amino acid metabolism
using warm water species. Member in APC; Prof. Delbert Gatlin III, joined in 2004.
• University of Lecce, Department of Biology, Italy. Task: Comparative studies of
mechanisms of nutrient transport in the fish intestine.
• WA Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia. Task: Research on lupines as an ingredient in fish feeds.
• Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St.
Louis, USA. Task: Elimination of antinutrients in vegetable feed ingredient.
• Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Aquaculture, Aghios Kosmas Helliniko, Greece. Task: Comparative intestinal studies in warm water species.
Other collaborators
Aker BioMarine – Aker ASA, Oslo, Norway
Ajinomoto Eurolysine S.A.S, Paris, France
Biomar AS, Trondheim, Norway
Bioprotein AS, Stavanger, Norway
Cevatech AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
Degussa, Dusseldorf, Germany
Evergreen Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
Ewos Innovation, Dirdal, Norway
Felleskjøpet Rogaland og Agder, Stavanger, Norway
Forberg AS, Larvik, Norway
INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique des Poissons, Jouy-en-Josas, France
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
Matforsk, Ås, Norway
Mississippi State University, Dep. Biol., Starkville, MS, USA
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
Rikshospitalet – Radiumhospitalet Hf, CoE Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo, Norway
SalmoBreed AS, Bergen, Norway
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
The Catholic University of Temuco, Chile
The Private University of Witten, Institute of Phytochemistry, Germany
Univ. Aarhus, Denmark
Univ. Belgrade, Serbia
Univ. Copenhagen, Denmark
Univ. Oslo, Institute of Nutrition, Norway
Univ. Sozhou, Jiangsu, China
Univ. Tromsø, Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Norway
VESO Vikan, Namsos, Norway
Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA, USA
Zhejiang Wanli Univ., Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
Appendix 5
The board and management of APC
The board
In 2006, the board of APC consisted of the following members:
Chairman: Knut Hove, Rector of UMB
Members: Lars Moe, Rector of NVH
Olai Einen, Research director of AKVAFORSK replaced by his substitute,
Thorbjørn Aasgård in July 2006, when Einen accepted another position
in Chile
Ståle Refstie, Representative of the scientists at APC
(deputy: Margareth Øverland)
The board held four meetings in 2006. A total of 19 items were on the agenda.
The main tasks in 2006 were:
• Research plan revisions
• Midway-evaluation submitted May 1 to the Research Council of Norway
• Budget and accounts analysis
Management
Management of APC is organized in a flat leadership structure, based on consensus
in a leader team consisting of the centre director (Trond Storebakken), the centre
administrator (Øystein Brunborg) and the three section leaders: Ståle Helland (Protein and amino acid metabolism, PAM), Åshild Krogdahl (Gut and health, GH), Birger
Svihus (Feed ingredients and processing, FIP).
The main administrative tasks in 2006 were:
• Midway-evaluation
• Industry workshop
• Budgeting and accounting
• Updating the research plan
• Negotiation with industries on collaboration
• Scientific meeting in APC with invited collaborative partners
• Preparation of applications for international collaborative grants
In addition, many administrative functions in APC have been carried out as own contributions from UMB, AKVAFORSK, and NVH.
Economy management
Coordination of the economy management, in accordance with the Norwegian
university law, is carried out as own contribution of UMB. Budgeting is supervised
as own contribution from UMB. AKVAFORSK, NVH and UMB administer salaries and
pensions as own contributions.
Other administrative functions
Archiving is currently carried out as own contributions from UMB, AKVAFORSK and
NVH.
Handling of intellectual property is assisted by UMB, and follows the routines of
UMB.
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Appendix 6
Infrastructure and localities
The administration is located at UMB, Ås. The FIP section is mainly located at UMB,
Ås, the GH section at the NVH campus in Oslo, and the PAM section at AKVAFORSK,
Sunndalsøra.
UMB, NVH and AKVAFORSK contribute with infrastructure such as office facilities,
accounting assistance and other administrative tasks, in addition to granting access
to their laboratories.
The main fish laboratories are at AKVAFORSK, Sunndalsøra.
Fish laboratories are constructed to study fish growth and well-being during various
research experiments. A wide range of custom-made fish tanks have been designed
to study respiration in rapidly growing fish. The Norwegian School of Veterinary
Science (NVH) has aquaria suitable for studies of physiological effects under normal
as well as disease conditions. In addition there is a small-scale fish laboratory at the
University of Life Sciences (UMB) and also other laboratories for measuring digestibility on animals comparable to fish. Furthermore APC is a partner in fish laboratories in the Joint Marine Nutrition Laboratory in Zhejiang, China, and also has access
to laboratories at the University of Lecce, Italy and Texas A&M University, USA.
This research cooperation provides a possibility to study comparative aspects in both
cold-water and warm-water species.
The Center of Feed Technology (FôrTek) at UMB is a feed manufacturing plant
in miniature, designed for production of research feed according to defined and
well-documented procedures. A new extruder line designed for flexible and precise
production of research feed was installed in 2005.
At NVH, APC has access to a range of microscopes, including electron, confocal,
and laser-capture microscopes for studies of structural and functional morphology;
equipment for intestinal nutrient transport studies; a range of fish cell lines and facilities for cell cultivation; laboratories for the study of digestive enzymes and other
biochemical parameters. For molecular studies, modern equipment is available, such
as PCR (Polemerase Chain Reaction) and real-time PCR machines, microarray facilities, bioanalyzer for RNA integrity measurements, and a Typhoon scanner for semiquantification in blotting, and other gel electrophoresis studies. Facilities for DNA
sequencing are also available.
Picture: Fecal collection devices in one of our fishlaboratories in Sunndalsøra
Photo: Ståle J. Helland
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
Appendix 7
Coordination with educational programs at UMB and NVH
In addition to the PhD students, 4 MSc students completed their theses in 2006
based on research at APC. These students are enrolled at their respective universities; , APC is responsible for providing experimental facilities and supervision.
Undergraduate students who completed their MSc thesis in APC in 2006:
Thesis Candidate(s) Thesis
#
Degree Dept.,
School
Year
APC
supervisor(s)
T-30
Anders
Karlsson
Temporal post-prandial changes
in plasma free amino acid levels
obtained simultane-ously from
the hepatic portal vein and the
dorsal aorta in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
MSc
UMB
2006
Anders
Kiessling
T-31
Stanko
Skugor
Cloning and Expression of Uricase Gene in Atlantic Salmon fed
Bacterial Protein Meal
MSc
UMB
2006
Øivind
Andersen
T-32
Vukasin
Draganovic
Conformational Changes of Proteins in Soy Protein Concentrate
and Maillard Reaction Development Result from Moist- Heat
Treatment
MSc
UMB
2006
Trond
Storebakken
Liv Torunn
Mydland
T-33
Junrong Li
Evaluation of an In Vitro Protein Digestibility Technique as a
Screening Tool for Protein Quality in Carnivorous Animals
MSc
UMB
2006
Trond
Storebakken
Picture: MSc students taking part in a feed production test at FõrTek
Photo: Trond Storebakken
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
Appendix 8
Coverage in media
A total of 6 articles on APC in media were published in 2006.
Date
Topic
Media
Journalist
Jan.
Physical qualities of commercial extruded feed highly
variable
Aquafeed.com
Suzi Fraser
Febr.
Utvikler prosesser for nye fôr- Havbruksprogrammets
midler (Develops new feed
nyhetsbrev 1/2006
processes)
Forskningsrådet
(Svihus, B)
April
Project tests prebiotics effects Fish Farming News
on growth
Roseanne Mizzoni
June
Norway researches soy protein for fish feed
Fish Farming International
Bernadette Tournay
Sept.
Lovende erstatning for
fiskemel
(Promising replacement of
fishmeal)
Havbruksprogrammets
nyhetsbrev 3/2006
Forskningsrådet
(Skrede, A., Øverland, M., Helland,
S.J.)
Sept.
Trefelts forskning på proteiner
(Three different fields of
protein research)
Havbruksprogrammets
nyhetsbrev 3/2006
Forskningsrådet
(Storebakken, T.)
From APCs fishlab at UMB.
Picture used in: “Havbruksprogrammets nyhetsbrev” - a pamphlet from the Research Council
of Norway Aquacultural research programme.
Photo: Tommy Ch. Olsen
ANNUAL REPORT 2006
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AQUACULTURE PROTEIN CENTRE
www.apc-coe.no
Photo: Knut Werner Alsén
Production: Øystein Brunborg • Graphic design: Knut Werner Alsèn • Localization: UMB, NVH and AKVAFORSK
Address: Aquaculture Protein Centre P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway, Phone : + 47 64 96 51 00 Fax.: + 47 64 96 52 78