EDITED_Phonology Revisited, CDL , 2015 (Moats)
Transcription
EDITED_Phonology Revisited, CDL , 2015 (Moats)
Phonology Revisited: What You Need to Know (and Do) That is Not in the CCSS — Louisa Moats — Plain Talk About Reading February 9-11, 2015 | New Orleans About the Presenter Louisa Moats Louisa C. Moats, Ed.D., has been a teacher, psychologist, researcher, graduate school faculty member, and author of scientific journal articles, books, and policy papers on the topics of reading, spelling, language, and teacher preparation. After a first job as a neuropsychology technician, she became a teacher of students with learning and reading difficulties, earning her Master’s degree at Peabody College of Vanderbilt. Later, after realizing how much more she needed to know about teaching, she earned a doctorate in Reading and Human Development from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Louisa spent the next 15 years as a licensed psychologist, specializing in evaluation and consultation with individuals who experienced reading, writing, and language difficulties. Louisa was the site director of the NICHD Early Interventions Project in Washington, DC, where she was invited to testify to Congress three times on teacher preparation and reading instruction in high poverty schools. She recently concluded 10 years as research advisor and consultant with Sopris Learning. Louisa was a contributing writer of the Common Core State Standards, Foundational Reading Skills for grades K-5. In addition to the LETRS professional development series, her books include Speech to Print: Language Essentials for Teachers, Spelling: Development, Disability, and Instruction, Straight Talk About Reading (with Susan Hall), and Basic Facts about Dyslexia. Louisa’s awards include the Samuel T. and June L. Orton award from the International Dyslexia Association for outstanding contributions to the field. About CDL Founded in 1992, the Center for Development and Learning (CDL) is a results-driven 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. CDL’s mission is to improve the life chances of all children, especially those at high risk, by increasing school success. We believe that all children, regardless of how they look, where they come from, or how they learn, can and will achieve school success when provided with highly effective teachers and positive, supportive learning environments. CDL’s services fall into three silos: 1. Evidence-based professional development for teachers, principals, teacher leaders, related specialists, paraprofessionals, parents and caregivers 2. Direct services to students 3. Public engagement of stakeholders at all levels CDL’s professional learning services comprise approximately 85% of our work. For over 18 years, we have been a trusted source of specialized professional learning services for educators. CDL’s professional learning is designed, facilitated, evaluated and adjusted to meet the needs of the learners. In collaboration with school and district leaders and teachers, we examine student and teacher data and build professional learning in response to student and teacher performance. We evaluate progress frequently and adjust accordingly. We have special expertise in literacy, building collaborative capacity, leadership and talent management, high-yield teaching strategies and tactics, differentiated instruction, and learner-specific instruction. Call us – we are ready to serve you. One Galleria Blvd., Suite 903 | Metairie, LA 70001 Phone: (504) 840-9786 | Fax: (504) 840-9968 | Email: [email protected] | Web: www.cdl.org PLAIN TALK ABOUT READING AND LEARNING New Orleans, LA |February 9-11, 2015 Phonology Revisited: What You Need to Know (and Do) That is Not in the CCSS Louisa C. Moats, Ed.D. ([email protected]) meaning (semantics) discourse structure morphology language sentences (syntax) phonology Phoneme awareness is the aspect of phonology that predicts reading and spelling. Production of Speech Context (background information, Processor sentence context) Automatic vocabulary, morphology Phoneme Awareness Meaning Processor speech sound system Phonological Processor phonics letter memory Orthographic Processor writing output speech output Metalinguistic Phonemes held in working memory create mental “parking spots” for graphemes. writing system (orthography) Four Major Brain Systems Recruited for Reading… Phonological Processing Phonological Memory pragmatics reading input On the whole, children with reading problems are relatively weak in phonological awareness (Fletcher, Lyon, Fuchs, & Barnes, 2007) Age Adjusted Standardized Score Reading Difficulty Groups /b/ /ē/ /ch/ // /z/ /sh/ /ā/ /p/ 1 0.5 IQ- Consistent -0.5 -1 -1.5 Problem Solving The Center for Development and Learning IQ-Discrepant 0 Concept Formation Phonological Awareness Rapid Naming Vocabulary Paired Associate Learning Visual Motor 1 PLAIN TALK ABOUT READING AND LEARNING New Orleans, LA |February 9-11, 2015 5 Year Olds Before Learning To Read Right Left Right Left Why Is Phoneme Awareness Challenging for Novice Learners? A Phoneme is a Mouth Gesture “ Children faced with the task of learning to read in an alphabe�c Consonant sounds are closed speech sounds. What is your mouth doing as you say each of these sounds? script cannot be assumed to understand that le�ers represent phonemes because awareness of the phoneme as a linguis�c object is not part of their easily accessible mental calculus, and because its existence is obscured by the physical proper�es of /p/ (pop) /t/ (tip) /b/ (bob) /d/ (dip) /m/ (mob) /n/ (nip) /k/ (back) /g/ (bag) /ng/ (bang) the speech stream.” (A. Liberman, 1989, Haskins Laboratories of Yale University) Allophonic Variation: Which is the best keyword to associate with each phoneme? CAVEAT! Phonological Deficits Characterize MANY But Not ALL Students with RD short e, /ĕ/ -‐-‐-‐ egg; elephant; engine; Ed; echo short I, /ĭ/ -‐-‐-‐ igloo, Indian, itch consonant /d/ -‐-‐-‐ desk, dress consonant /t/ -‐-‐-‐ table, train, twin L Some students do well on phonological processing tests but s�ll can’t read or spell words proficiently L Some students do well on phonological processing tests but have specific problems with reading comprehension L Some students learn to read and spell in spite of poor performance on phonological processing measures (e.g., the C-‐TOPP) The Center for Development and Learning Ellio� & Grigorenko, The Dyslexia Debate, 2014 2 PLAIN TALK ABOUT READING AND LEARNING New Orleans, LA |February 9-11, 2015 Subtypes of Reading Difficulty Oral and Written Language Comprehension Fluency of Word Recognition and Passage Reading Phonological Processing and Word Recognition Word percep�on, memory, and retrieval depend on phonological processing. /f/ /l/ /u/ /sh/ /f/ /l/ /e/ /sh/ /f/ /r/ /e/ /sh/ assess, access secede, succeed rela�ve, relevant Recogni�on of word form enables access to word meaning (Perfe�, 2011) Direct Teaching of Phoneme Awareness Pays Off Intervention! (NRP, 2000) The National Reading Panel concluded that “ . . . teaching children to manipulate phonemes in words was highly effective under a variety of teaching conditions with a variety of learners across a range of grade and age levels and that teaching phoneme awareness (PA) to children significantly improves their reading more than instruction that lacks any attention to PA.” Before and After Effective Intervention – Brain Activation Patterns Change Right Gains from training in phonological awareness in kindergarten predict reading comprehension in Grade 9! Kjeldsen, Niemi, Olofsson, & Witting (2014), Scientific Studies of Reading, 18:452-467. First-Grade Left Before Intervention 7th-Grade After Intervention The Center for Development and Learning 3 PLAIN TALK ABOUT READING AND LEARNING New Orleans, LA |February 9-11, 2015 Consonant Phonemes by Place and Manner of Articulation Summary So Far L Phonological processing weaknesses typically characterize poor readers at all ages L Phoneme awareness tasks (segmen�ng, iden�fying and manipula�ng individual speech sounds in words) are important predictors of risk L Some students with reading difficul�es do not demonstrate weaknesses in PA L Teaching PA in the first year of schooling has las�ng beneficial effects lips (bilabial) stops unvoiced voiced nasals teeth on lips/ labiodental between teeth (interdental) behind teeth (alveolar) roof of mouth (palatal) back of throat (velar) /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /m/ /n/ /ng/ /f/ /v/ fricatives unvoiced voiced /th/ /th/ /s/ /z/ glottis /sh/ /zh/ /ch/ /j/ affricates unvoiced voiced glides /y/ unvoiced voiced liquids /l/ /wh/ /w/ /h/ /r/ Phoneme Segmentation of “Hard Words” , Vowel Sounds of English, by Articulation LANGUAGE SPEECH, AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS, October 2008, 39, 512–520 % correct ǝ yu Phoneme Awareness: How Many Speech Sounds? ice _______ sigh ______ peak _____ keep ____ weight ______ cheese _____ song _______ fox ______ The Center for Development and Learning knuckle sing think poison squirrel quick box start fuse use SLPs 90 71 75 60 51 70 61 31 21 17 Teachers 73 45 41 34 18 11 10 6 3 3 Think Sound, Not Spelling Phonological awareness can be done in the dark! Pronunciation (articulation) is key. A phoneme is NOT a letter! 4 PLAIN TALK ABOUT READING AND LEARNING New Orleans, LA |February 9-11, 2015 Children Confuse Sounds That Are Alike Which Errors are Phonologically Driven? EFRY every INEMS items PASMET basement GOACH SGAT fan pet dig garage skate mob rope Refer to Mouth Position When Teaching Speech Sounds L How high is the tongue? L What part of the tongue (tip, middle or root) is lowered or raised? L What is the position of the lips? L Is the sound stopped or continuous? Nasal or not nasal? Ehri, L. (2014) Scientific Studies of Reading General Principles of Instruction L brief [10–15 minutes], distributed, frequent lessons L two to three activities within a lesson L goal is phoneme segmentation/ blending by first grade L progressive differentiation of what’s in a word – larger linguistic units to smaller The Center for Development and Learning wait dream blade chunk coach sled stick fright shine snowing PA Benchmarks Between Ages 4–9 Typical Age Skill Domain 4 Rhyme identification, alliteration. 5 Rhyme production, phoneme matching, syllables counting. Onset-rime, initial consonant isolation. 5.5 6 Phoneme blending, segmentation (simple). 6.5 Phoneme segmentation, blending, substitution. 7 Initial and final sound deletion. 8 Deletion with blends. 9 Longer and more complex deletion tasks. Explore Phonological Space (words) syllables onset-rime division production of rhyme Phonemes [match, blend, segment, delete] 5 PLAIN TALK ABOUT READING AND LEARNING New Orleans, LA |February 9-11, 2015 General Principles, Teaching PA L teach the IDENTITY of each sound L have children produce words and sounds L model, lead observe (I do one, you do one) L give immediate corrective feedback L use movement – vocal, manual, whole body L transition to letters as appropriate. Sound Substitution With Colored Blocks Using Sound Boxes L Say the word. L Model: listen as I say the sounds. L Guided practice: let’s do one together. L Now you map the sounds. /sh/ /ar/ /k/ Sound Chaining with Colored Blocks L Show me “shop”. steem L Now show me “chop”. stream L Now show me “chip”. street streets Exercise: Minimal Pairs and Sound Chaining L three, free, tree, tee, teem, steam, stream, streams, streets L rain, ____, ______, ______, Phonemic Awareness: Sound Reversal pay male sick lime Max sign zone The Center for Development and Learning chow safe note file ice 6 PLAIN TALK ABOUT READING AND LEARNING New Orleans, LA |February 9-11, 2015 Correcting Spelling Errors with Reference to the Mouth Example: Hold your nose! med pasmet trasplant quitet (mend) (basement) (transplant) (quintet) Additional Strategies to Correct Confusions L Did I say cloud or clown? L Say this after me: “ir-reg-u-lar” “nucle-ar” L Is your word (“abset”) the same as mine? “absence” What is different? L What was the word we just learned? (word retrieval) Teaching Adaptations… L Reduce competing noise. L Say everything clearly and at an appropriate volume. L Ask children to look at you when you speak. Touch if necessary. L Ask for oral production of sounds and words. L Write or use pictures and objects as you talk. References “Know your stuff; know who to stuff; and know how, when, and in what way to stuff.” Adams, Foorman, Lundberg, & Beeler (1998). The Phonemic Awareness Curriculum. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing. Brady, S., Fowler, A., & Braze (2011) Explaining individual differences in reading. Psychology Press. McCardle, P. & Chhabra, V. (2004). Voice of evidence from reading research. Brookes Publishing. Moats, L.C. (2009) LETRS, Module 2. Sopris Learning. Joe Torgesen The Center for Development and Learning 7