Sustainable Towns: the case of Frederikshavn aiming at 100 Per

Draft version 5: October 31st 2008
Sustainable Towns: the case of
Frederikshavn aiming at 100 Per cent Renewable Energy
Henrik Lund*, Professor in Energy Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark
Poul Alberg Østergaard, Associate Professor in Energy Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark
Abstract
In 2006, a number of Danish energy experts made the proposal that Denmark should convert the supply of a specific
town to 100 per cent renewable energy by 2015. The experts suggested Frederikshavn in the northern part of Denmark
for a number of reasons: The town area of 25,000 inhabitants is well defined, the local support is high, and
Frederikshavn already has a number of large wind turbines at the harbour. In February 2007, the city council
unanimously decided to go for the project and sat up a project organisation involving utilities and municipality
administrators. Moreover, the local industry and Aalborg University are involved in the project.
This chapter
• presents the methodology of mapping the existing energy system, including transport, and defining the share of
renewable energy, which is approx. 20 per cent in the present situation.
• introduces a proposal for a potential 100 per cent renewable energy system for year 2015 and a number of
realistic short-term first steps, which will take Frederikshavn to approx. 40 per cent by 2009 or 2010.
• describes detailed hour-by-hour energy system analyses of the proposal for a 100 per cent renewable energy
system
• relates the proposal to the perspective of converting Denmark to a 100 per cent renewable energy supply
system
1. Introduction
This chapter provides an example of how Frederikshavn, within a short space of time, can be
converted into a town supplied 100 per cent by renewable energy. The example is based on a
proposal drawn up by a working group in relation to a project called “Energy Camp 2006”. The
proposal is described in detail in the paper “Next City, Frederikshavn - Denmark’s renewable
energy city”.
It should be underlined that this is only a proposal, which may serve as an inspiration for future
work. The final project must develop in close dialogue and co-operation with all the actors involved
in converting this idea into reality.
1.1 Definition of renewable energy
Renewable energy is here defined as energy arising from natural resources such as sunlight, wind,
rain, waves, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished within a time span of a few
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +45 9635 8309; fax: +45 9815 3788.
E-mail address: [email protected]
1
years. Renewable energy includes the technologies which convert natural resources into useful
energy services:
-
Wind, wave, tidal and hydro power (incl. micro and river-off hydro)
Solar power (incl. photovoltaic), solar thermal and geothermal power
Biomass and biofuel technologies (including biogas)
Renewable fraction of waste (household and industrial waste)
Household and industrial waste is composed of different types of waste. Some fractions are
regarded renewable energy sources, such as e.g. potato peel, while others are non-renewable
sources, such as e.g. plastic products. Only the fraction of waste that is naturally replenished is
usually included in the definition. However, in the Energy Town Frederikshavn project, for
practical reasons, the entire waste fraction is included as forming part of the renewable energy
sources.
When calculating the share of renewable energy (RES) in the system, the import and export of
power is converted to fuel-equivalence; i.e. the fuel needed in order to produce the power on a
power plant with an efficiency of 40%. The same factor has been used when wind power is
compared to fuel. Moreover, when calculating the share of RES, the share of wind power has been
corrected into the expected production of a normal wind year. In Denmark, wind years vary within
±20 per cent.
1.2 Definition of project area
The project covers the town of
Frederikshavn, the three suburbs of
Strandby, Elling, and Kilden as well
as a limited number of isolated hou- Nielstrup
ses. The population of the entire area
is approximately 25 000 inhabitants.
The delimitation of the project area is
in large part established to correspond
Elling
to the boundary of the local electricity
distribution company Frederikshavn
el
Elnet A/S.
Nø
rg
år
ds
Nø
rtv
e
dv
ej
j
ve
en
tt
ra
Egerisvej
ve
j
Strandby
Skeltv
edvej
Sk
ole
va
ng
ve
j
sv
e
j
Tuen
vej
Amag
ervej
Lie
Mariendalsvej
Knivholtvej
Bækmojenvej
v
ha
en
ej
Frederikshavn
ej
ev
Kilden
St
ls
gda
Lan
vej
Tegnforklaring:
Flad
e ræ
vdal
vej
Energiby Frederikshavn
Frederikshavn Varme A/S
Strandby Varmeværk A.M.B.A.
Naturgas
Haldbjerg
van
gv
ej
vej
æk
ngb
Vra
Hest
r st
ed
ve
j
sn
Øk
Un
de
rsted 2
ej
gv
jer
eb
Vangen
Uoverenstemmelser mellem matrikeltema og det tekniske kort
(bygninger, hegn mv.) kan alene skyldes forskelle i opmålings
metoder for kortet og er derfor ikke nødvendigvis udtryk for en
juridisk uoverensstemmelse i virkeligheden.
Init:
ngtehbj
Mål:
1:40000
Dato:
17-04-2008
Frederikshavn Kommune
Teknisk Forvaltning
Rådhus Allé 100
9900 Frederikshavn
Tlf. 9845 5000
www.frederikshavn.dk
Emne: Energiby Frederikshavn. Varmegrænser
dv
ej
The entire area is indicated on the map
to the left, where the blue line shows
the delimitation. Areas hatched in red
are district heating areas. Areas
hatched in green are supplied with
natural gas. Evidently, even within the
contiguously built-up area of central
n
Hjørringv
t
vhol
Kni kvej
mar
The town of Frederikshavn should not
be confused with the Municipality of
Frederikshavn, which encompasses a
larger area extending to the Northern
tip of Denmark.
ve
Kold
enå j
ve j
Copyright: KMS, COWI, Frederikshavn Kommune
Frederikshavn, there are potentials for an expansion of district heating, as some areas are currently
supplied by natural gas for heating purposes.
1.3 Development phases
In Frederikshavn, the actual supply in 2007 has a renewable energy share of approx. 20%. Based on
this fact, the project works with the following years and development phases:
1.
The first step is until 2009 when the UN Climate Summit COP15 will be held in Denmark.
The objective is to raise the share of renewable energy in Frederikshavn to approx. 40%.
2.
Transformation to 100% renewable energy on an annual basis in Frederikshavn by 2015.
However, exchange of energy with the surrounding areas is allowed.
3.
Further development of the 100% renewable energy system in such a way that possibilities
are created for the transformation to 100% renewable energy in Denmark as a whole.
The distinction between phase 2 and 3 is based on the fact that the purpose of the project is not to
create an isolated “energy island” with no connections to the surroundings. On the contrary, the
purpose is to show what a 100% RES future will look like and what it will take to implement it.
Consequently, e.g. vehicles in Frederikshavn fuelled by RES in 2015 will have to be able to leave
the town. However, they may not be able to refuel in other parts of Denmark until the whole county
is converted into a 100% RES system. And vehicles from outside Frederikshavn will still have to be
able to refuel in the town. A sufficient quantity of “bio-gasoline” will be produced to cover the
transport demand in Frederikshavn, but not all cars will be expected to change to the use of biogasoline. Moreover, cars from Frederikshavn are not expected to be able to refuel with bio-gasoline
in other locations in Denmark. Besides, the exchange of electricity across the project boundary from
one hour to another may occur, and biogas from the natural gas network may be used. However, on
an annual basis, the amount of fuels for vehicles, electricity and heat productions based on 100%
renewable energy should meet the exact demands of Frederikshavn by the year 2015.
In 2030, the target is to implement a solution in which the amount of biomass resources and the
exchange of electricity and fuels will comply with a strategy according to which Denmark as a
whole is converted into a 100 per cent renewable energy system. Again, the target is not to entirely
avoid exchange. However, it would not be acceptable for Frederikshavn to merely export any
imbalances in e.g. electricity to the areas outside the town, as this would compromise the
possibilities of a conversion to 100 per cent renewable energy in these areas. Exchange should thus
be limited to an appropriate level and should consider the fact that some parts of Denmark may
utilise more wind power than others, while other parts may utilise more biomass resources.
Moreover, Scandinavia may explore mutual benefits of exchanging e.g. wind power in Denmark
with hydro power in Norway.
2. The present situation: Year 2007, approximately 20% renewable energy
The existing energy supply in Frederikshavn is shown in Figure 1 Most houses and apartments are
connected to the public district heating network, but the area also covers a small share of
individually heated homes. In addition to this is the energy consumption of industry and transport.
3
The energy demand consists of:
- an electricity demand of 164 GWh/year supplied by the public grid
- a district heating demand of 190 GWh/year distributed into two separate systems of 175 and
15 GWh, respectively. Including grid losses of 52 GWh/year, the annual production in 2007
added up to 242 GWh/year.
- a transport demand of local transport equal to 165 GWh/year of gasoline and diesel.
- the heating of houses with individual boilers equal to 37 GWh of fuel and estimated 28
GWh of heat.
- fuel for industry of 36 GWh equal to an estimated room heat demand of 28 GWh and
process heat of 3 GWh.
Out of the 36 GWh plus 37 GWh fuel for individual houses and industry, an estimated 70% can be
converted into district heating.
The district heating in the large system (central Frederikshavn) is produced on combined heat and
power plants (CHP), partly based on waste incineration and partly including peak load boilers
fuelled by natural gas.
District heating in the small system (the northern suburb
Strandby) is produced on a small CHP plant fuelled by
natural gas – shown in the photo to the right.
The individual supply is based on oil and gas-fired
burners and a small amount of wood.
Figure 1 shows that a large share of the power demand in
Frederikshavn is already met by local wind power and
CHP production. In addition to the electricity production
of the three mentioned CHP plants, 10.6 MW of nearshore wind power placed at the Frederikshavn Harbour (see photo) covers some of the demand. The
rest is imported from the national grid. Here, the latter is assumed to be produced on a coal-fired
power station with an efficiency of 40 per cent, equal to the average of Danish condensing mode
power plants.
4
Figure 1: Frederikshavn 2007 (20% renewable energy)
Fossil fuels
623 GWh
Renewable energy
201 GWh (~ 24%)
Power and district
heating
Demand
135 GWh coal FE *)
Power
plant
54 GWh
85 GWh FE *)
Electricity
demand
164 GWh
34 GWh
76 GWh
112 GWh
Waste
203 GWh Natural gas
51 GWh Natural gas
Waste
and
natural
gas
Heat and
power
plants
Heat loss
52 GWh
194 GWh
District
heating
190 GWh
Reserve
capacity
48 GWh
Industry
36 GWh oil and natural gas
33 GWh oil and gas
4 GWh Wood
Individual
heating
28 GWh
Transport
165 GWh
petrol and diesel
*) Electricity as given in fuel equivalents of electricity production of a coal-fired steam turbine with an efficiency of 40 per cent.
5
3. The first step: Frederikshavn in the year of 2009
The year of 2009 is chosen as the terminal date of phase one, because the planned UN Climate
Summit in Denmark will provide a good opportunity for promoting the project at an international
level. The objective is to raise the share of renewable energy to approximately 40% by
implementing the following four projects before the end of 2009:
-
-
-
-
12 MW wind turbines. These wind
turbines represent step one of a new
off-shore project of a total expected
capacity of 25 MW. The project has
been decided, and the procedure of
environmental impact assessments is
in progress. The first 12 MW are
expected to be implemented during
2009 (see visualisation to the right).
8000 m2 of thermal solar collectors
(see photo) in combination with an
additional 1500 m3 of water heat
storage and an absorption heat pump
(see photo) at the CHP plant of the
small district heating supply of
Strandby. At present, the project is
being implemented. The absorption
heat pump will cool the exhaustion
gas and increase the total efficiency
from currently 94% to 98%, and the solar
collectors will generate an annual heat
production of approximately 4 GWh.
Implementation of a facility which
upgrades biogas from a local biogas plant
outside the town to natural gas quality and
transports the gas to a biogas-fuel station
in Frederikshavn. Furthermore, an
investment in 60 bi-fuel cars will be made.
This will supply 7 GWh of biogas. The
biogas that will not be used for transport
will be used in the CHP plant.
Establishment of a 1 MWth heat pump at
the waste water treatment plant of the
town, which is expected to utilise 2 GWh
of electricity annually to extract 4 GWh of
heat from the waste water and produce 6 GWh of heat for the district heating supply.
The total budget of this phase is estimated at approximately 200 million DKK and, as illustrated in
figure 2, it is expected to increase the share of renewable energy to 38 per cent.
6
Figure 2: Frederikshavn 2009 (40% renewable energy)
Fossil fuels
516 GWh
Renewable energy
310 GWh (~ 39%)
Power and district
heating
Demand
50 GWh coal FE *)
Power
plant
20 GWh
183 GWh FE *)
Electricity
demand
164 GWh
73 GWh
2 GWh
73 GWh
112 GWh
Waste
194 GWh Natural gas
Waste
and
natural
gas
190 GWh
Heat and
power
plant
6 GWh
Heat
demand
190 GWh
Solar heat
4 GWh
45 GWh Natural gas
District
heating
52 GWh
Reserve
capacity
42 GWh
Industry
36 GWh oil and natural gas
4 GWh Wood
33 GWh oil and natural gas
Individual
heating
28 GWh
Transport
7 GWh Biogas
158 GWh petrol and diesel
7
4. Frederikshavn in the year of 2015
On a continuous basis, the Energy Town Frederikshavn project is in the process of identifying a
proper scenario for the implementation of a 100% renewable energy system by the end of the year
2015. Here, a status on the results of such considerations is presented. Each of the proposed projects
will be subject to more detailed analyses in the coming period. However, the key components have
been identified and are included in the planning phase and the project phase, which are expected to
last for several years.
New Waste incineration CHP plant.
Public
waste
treatment
in
Frederikshavn is based on the same
principles as in the rest of
Denmark, i.e. giving priority to
recycling of most of the waste,
then incineration producing heat
and power and only land filling of
very small shares. However, the
amounts of waste for incineration
now exceed the capacity of the two
existing plants in the area (one is
beyond the project area in the town
of Skagen; the other is shown to
the right) and it is planned to build
a new waste incineration plant.
Consequently, the Energy Town project includes a new waste incineration CHP plant with an
expected net-electricity efficiency of 23% and a heat efficiency of 64%, and with an incineration
capacity of 185 GWh/year, equal to the available amount of local resources.
Expansion of district heating grid
The project also includes an expansion of the existing
district heating grid, whereby 70 per cent of the heat
demand in the presently individually heated houses
and industry is replaced by district heating. The
demand covered by district heating will thus expand
from presently 190 GWh to a total of 236 GWh. The
rest of the industry (process heating) will be supplied
from biomass boilers and the remaining individually
heated houses convert to a mixture of solar thermal
and electric heat pumps.
Transport
With regard to transport, the project is heading for a solution in which the vehicle fleet consists of
bi-fuel cars (using biogas in combustion engines), electric cars, and plug-in hybrid cars. In order to
implement as much electric driving as possible, it is suggested to implement cars which combine
the use of batteries with fuel-cell driving based on either methanol or hydrogen. The specific
proposal calculated in the following assumes that motorcycles & mopeds (4 GWh) and vans &
busses (25 GWh) are converted to biogas, hydrogen or methanol in the ratio of 1:1. Of the
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remaining transport demand, 10 GWh is converted into biogas in the ratio of 1:1; 50% of the
remaining demand is converted into electric driving (1 kWh of electricity replaces 3 kWh of
gasoline due to improved efficiencies) and the rest into FC-based driving replacing 2 kWh of
gasoline by 1 kWh of methanol or hydrogen. In total, 165 GWh of gasoline and diesel are replaced
by 10 GWh of biogas, 21 GWh of electricity and 61 GWh of methanol.
Biogas plant and methanol production.
Partly to be able to produce methanol for transportation and partly to replace natural gas for
electricity and heat production, the project includes a
biogas plant utilising 34 million tons of manure per
year for the production of 225 GWh of biogas. The
facility itself consumes 42 GWh of heat to attain the
optimal digestion temperature and 7 GWh of
electricity.
The biogas can be converted into methanol with an
efficiency of 70%. Consequently, the production of
61 GWh of methanol is expected to consume 87 GWh
of biogas. However, the production of methanol will
provide 17 GWh of heat, which can be utilised for
district heating.
The methanol may also be fully or partly produced by electrolysis. Moreover, in the end, the cars
may consume hydrogen instead of a certain share of the methanol. In such case, part of the biogas
will be replaced by wind power instead.
Geothermal and heat pumps
The town of Frederikshavn is located on top of
potential geothermal resources which may be
included in the project. The resources can supply
hot water with a temperature of approximately
40°C. However, the temperature can be increased
to district heating level by the use of an absorption
heat pump, which can be supplied with steam
from the waste incineration CHP plant. It has been
calculated that an input of steam of 13.3 MW in
combination with a geothermal input of 8.7 MW
can produce 22 MW of district heating. The steam
input will decrease the electricity production from
the CHP plant by only 1.3 MW and the heat
production by 11.9 MW. Marginally, the
absorption heat pump has a coefficient of
performance (COP) of more than 7.
The Geothermal plant in Thisted, Denmark produces
15.4 GWh of heat per year.
© Thisted Varmeforsyning
Additional compression heat pumps may be applied in order to utilise the exhaust gases from the
CHP plants and the boilers supplemented by other sources, such as e.g. waste water, as already
9
included in the plans for 2009. A potential of 10 MWth output is included by use of a heat pump
with a COP of 3.
CHP plant and boilers
The project includes a biogas CHP plant of 15 MW and efficiencies of 40% electricity and 55%
heat. The rest of the heat production will be supplied from a biomass boiler burning straw with an
efficiency of 80%.
Wind Power
Finally, the project includes enough wind turbines to cover the rest of the electricity supply, i.e. a
total of around 40 MW of which already more than half will be implemented by year 2009.
5. Energy System Analysis
By the use of the EnergyPLAN model, a series of detailed energy system analyses of the expected
year 2015 system have been conducted in order to identify the hourly balances of heat supply and
exchange of electricity.
The EnergyPLAN model is a deterministic input/output model. General inputs are demands,
renewable energy sources, energy station capacities, costs, and a number of optional different
regulation strategies emphasising import/export and excess electricity production. Outputs are
energy balances and resulting annual productions, fuel consumption, import/exports of electricity,
and total costs including income from the exchange of electricity. Se the figure on the following
page.
The model can be used to calculate the consequences of operating a given energy system in such
way that it meets the set of energy demands of a given year. Different operation strategies can be
analysed. Basically, the model distinguishes between technical regulation, i.e. identifying the least
fuel-consuming solution, and market-economic regulation, i.e. identifying the consequences of
operating each station on an electricity market with the aim of optimising the business-economic
profit. In both situations, most technologies can be actively involved in the regulation. And in both
situations, the total costs of the systems can be calculated.
The model includes a large number of traditional technologies, such as power stations, CHP and
boilers, as well as energy conversion and technologies used in renewable energy systems, such as
heat pumps, electrolysers, and heat, electricity and hydrogen storage technologies including
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES). The model can also include a number of alternative
vehicles, for instance sophisticated technologies such as V2G (Vehicle to Grid) in which vehicles
supply electricity to the electric grid. Moreover, the model includes various renewable energy
sources, such as solar thermal and photovoltaic, wind, wave and hydro power.
10
EnergyPLAN
INPUT
Demands
Electricity
Cooling
District heating
Individual heating
Fuel for industry
Fuel for transport
OUTPUT
Distribution data
Electricity demand
District heating
Solar thermal
Photo Voltaic
Industrial CHP
Wind
Results
Hydro
Geothermal
Transportation
Wave
Waste
Individual heating
Market prices
Capacities &
efficiencies
Fuel consumption
Regulation
Heat storage
Hydrogen storage
Electricity storage
CAES
Share of RES
Either:
Fuel Cost
Types of fuel
CO2 emission factor
CO2 emission costs
Fuel prices
Transport
Petrol/Diesel Vehicle
Gas Vehicles
Electric Vehicle
V2G
Hydrogen Vehicle
Biofuel Vehicle
CO2 emissions
Technical limitations
Choice of strategy
CEEP strategies
Transmission cap.
External
electricity market
Power Plant
Boilers
CHP
Heat Pumps
Electric Boilers
Micro CHP
Storage
Electricity production
Electricity import/export
electricity excess production
Import expenditures,
export revenues
RES
Wind
Solar Thermal
Photo Voltaic
Geothermal
Hydro Power
Wave
(Annual, monthly
and hourly values)
Cost
Variable Operation
Fixed Operation
Investment
Interest rate
Technical regulation strategies
1 Balancing heat demand
2 Balancing both heat and electricity demand
3 Balancing both heat and electricity demand (reducing CHP even
when partially needed for grid stabilisation)
4 Balancing heat demand using triple tariff
Or:
Electricity market strategy
Market simulation of plant optimisation based on business economic
marginal production costs.
And:
Critical Excess Electricity Production
Reducing wind
Replacing CHP with boiler or heat pump
Electric heating and/or bypass
Key data in the analyses are hourly distributions of demands and fluctuating renewable energy
sources, as shown in the diagrams. Fluctuations in electricity demand are based on actual
measurements of the demand of Frederikshavn in the year 2006, and the district heating demand has
been based on a typical Danish distribution adjusted by monthly values of the district heating
demand of Frederikshavn in 2007. Wind power is based on the actual production of the existing
wind turbines in 2006. However, the productions have been corrected for down-time and adjusted to
the expected annual production of an average wind year. The case of solar thermal uses a typical
Danish production of solar thermal power supplying district heating systems.
11
District Heating (Typical Danish hour distribution adjusted
by use of monthly values of Frederikshavn 2007)
Electricity demand in Frederikshavn 2006
40000
3
30000
kW
kW
2
20000
1
10000
0
0
1
1001 2001 3001
4001 5001
Hour distribution
1
6001 7001 8001
1001
2001
3001
4001
Hour distribution
Duration curve
5001
6001
7001
8001
Duration curve
Thypical Danish distribution for Solar thermal connected
to district heating
Vind power in Frederikshavn 2006
2500
12
9
1500
kW
kW
2000
1000
6
3
500
0
0
1
1001
2001
3001
4001
Hour distribution
5001
6001
7001
1
8001
1001
2001
3001
4001
Hour distribution
Duration curve
5001
6001
7001
8001
Duration curve
The results of the energy system analyses reveal that if the use of waste for incineration is increased
from the present 112 GWh to 185 GWh in a plant with efficiencies and district heating demand
corresponding to the present level, the summer heat production will exceed the demand by 10 GWh.
Such excess production will be even higher if heat from methanol production is included. However,
by building a new plant with higher electric output, expanding the district heating network and
adding the heat consumption of the biogas plant, excess heat production is avoided.
Moreover, the analyses show that, on an
annual basis, all energy demands in the
Energy Town Frederikshavn can be met by
100% renewable energy by using 185 GWh of
waste, 225 GWh of biogas, 48 GWh of straw,
5 GWh of solar thermal power, 48 GWh of
geothermal heat and 130 GWh of wind power
(equal to a fuel equivalence of 325 GWh).
However, the production of electricity is not
able to meet the demands during all hours.
The analyses indicate that the system needs an
exchange of approximately 25 GWh of
imported electricity. However, on an annual
basis, such import is compensated by a similar export during other hours.
The system configuration is shown in the diagram on the next page.
12
Figure 3: Frederikshavn 2015 (100% renewable energy)
External
Frederikshavn
RE =836 GWh (100%)
Power and district
heating
Demand
1 GWh solar heat
Individual
heating
8 GWh
Heat pump
7 GWh
3 GWh
Net exchange of power: 0 GWh
Import =25GWh, export = 25 GWh
325 GWh FE *)
225 GWh
Electricity
demand
164 GWh
130 GWh
Biogas plant
128 GWh
185 GWh waste
Heat and
power
plants
226 GWh
Methanol
District
heating
210 GWh
95 GWh
Heat loss
65 GWh
Biogas
42 GWh
87 GWh
Straw
21 GWh
91 GWh
Waste and
bio fuel
42 GWh
Electric cars
21 GWh
Biogas etc.
12 GWh
17 GWh
Industry
heat
26 GWh
18 GWh
power
4 GWh
6 GWh
Bio fuels 6 GWh
Transport
61 GWh Methanol
Net exchange of petrol: 0 GWh
Biogas 10 GWh
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Phase 3: Frederikshavn in the year of 2030 – 100% renewable energy and less biomass
Phase 3 involves the reduction of
biomass including waste to a level
corresponding to Frederikshavn’s
share of the national resources. A
potential of 165-400 PJ of
domestic biomass in Denmark has
been identified, depending on the
scale of energy crops. Residual
resources (straw, biogas, wood
chips and waste) account for 165
PJ/year. Based on the size of the population, Frederikshavn’s share is in the range from 220 to 500
GWh/year. The expected system of year 2015 utilises around 450
GWh. This is in the upper end of the range, and will then have to be
adjusted accordingly. However, the use of biomass is in the right
order of magnitude with regard to the long-term objective of the
project.
Phase 3 will, among other things, include a better insulation of
homes, power savings and an increased efficiency in the industry as
well as further transition to electric vehicles in transport. The changes in phase 3 must be
coordinated with conditions and activities in the rest of the country.
The changes are not made more specific, and no attempt has been A 2 W LED lamp giving the
same light output as a 25 W
made to assess the need for investments.
filament light bulb
*) Henrik Lund is Professor in Energy Planning at the Department of Development and Planning at Aalborg University
and was head of department from 1996 to 2002. Dr. Lund holds a PhD in “implementation of sustainable energy
systems” (1990). He has researched and published about energy system analysis, energy planning and energy
economics for more than 20 years. The International Energy Foundation (IEF) gave him a gold medal for ”Best
Research Paper Award” within the area “Energy Policies & Economics” in 1998. He has been involved in a number of
research projects and committee works in Danish energy planning, and in the implementation of various local energy
projects.
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